NUS Pile Foundation Lecture on Pile Capacity Calculation Methods

1
CE5107 Pile foundation Lecture 2 : Pile capacity CE5107 Pile foundation Lecture 2 : Pile capacity
Lecture 2
Lecture 2
Pile capacity
Associate Professor C F Leung
Department of Civil Engineering, NUS
E-mail : cvelcf@nus.edu.sg
Load Transfer Mechanism
1
2
3
3
1. Structural load
(e.g. column)
2. Pile cap
3. Pile (material)
4. Soil (geotechnical)
4
2
2.1 Structural Capacity
(allowable material stress)
Bored Cast In-Situ Piles
Q
a
= 0.2 f
cu
A or 0.25 f
cu
A
(depending on specifications and limited to Grade 35
concrete for design)
Precast Reinforced Concrete Piles
Q
a
= 0.25 f
cu
A
Prestressed Concrete Spun Piles:
Q
a
= 0.25 (f
cu
- prestress after losses) A
Steel Piles
Q
a
= 0.3 f
y
A (driven piles)
Q
a
= 0.5 f
y
A (jacked-in piles)
Timber Piles
Q
a
= 0.25 f
c
A
where Q
a
= allowable working load
A = cross-sectional area of pile
f
cu
= concrete strength
f
y
= yield stress of steel
(Grade 43A: 275 N/mm
2
; Grade 50A: 355 N/mm
2
)
f
c
= compressive strength of timber
3
Partially embedded piles (e.g. piles for jetties)
For the portion of pile above ground, it should be
designed as column in accordance with BS8110 which
recommends the following effective length and fixity:
In firm ground, the lower point of contraflexure is

taken at 1 m below the ground surface.
In soft soils, the point may be taken as one-half of the
depth of penetration into the stratum or 3 m, whichever
is lower.
2.2 Reinforcement
Pile subject to axial loading only
0.5% nominal reinforcement for the first 6 m of
pile (first 12 m is preferred in some cases).
[Appropriate reinforcement needs to be provided to resist
the bending moment for piles subject to lateral loads,
eccentric loads, uplift or tension loads.]
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Pile Cap
Appropriate depth of pile cap over piles
- transmission of vertical load
- to resist high shear forces and to avoid punching shear
Adequately reinforced against
- bending due to eccentric loading
- high stress induced by differential settlement between piles
Adequate attachment of pile head to pile cap
- transmission of lateral loads
Pile Cap (cont.)
Method of attachment
- Square top, treated with preservative
and embedded in concrete pile cap.
Timber pile
- Adequate length of pile embedment,
otherwise fitted with cleats
Steel Pile
- Project into cap for bonding RC pile
Method Type of pile
Refer to BS8110 and see also Tomlinson
5
2.3 Geotechnical capacity
Ultimate bearing capacity of pile (Q
u
):
Q
u
= Q
s
+ Q
b
where Q
s
= shaft capacity = (f
si
A
si
)
Q
b
= end bearing capacity = q
b
A
b
f
si
= unit shaft resistance for soil layer i
A
si
= total shaft area of pile in soil layer i
q
b
= unit base resistance
A
b
= base area of pile
Load
Pile base,
Q
b
Pile shaft
Q
s
Geotechnical capacity (cont.)
Allowable working load
All pile types: Q
a
= Q
u
/F
where F = overall factor of safety (usually 2 to 3)
Alternative for bored piles: Q
a
= Q
s
/F
s
+ Q
b
/F
b
where F
s
= factor of safety for shaft (usually 1.5)
F
b
= factor of safety for pile toe (usually 3)
6
2.4 Cohesive soils (clay)
Unit base resistance
q
b
= N
c
c
b
where N
c
= bearing capacity factor (= 9) ;
may be conservative for local soils
c
b
= undrained cohesion of clay at pile base
Unit shaft friction (total stress approach)
f
s
= c
u
where c
u
= undrained shear strength
= adhesion factor (generally correlated with c
u
)
Limiting f
s
value for clay
f
s
< 100kPa (or 200kPa to be confirmed by load test)
Driven piles:
from the work of Tomlinson (1986)
[refer to Fig. 2.1]
Bored piles:
= 0.3 to 0.6 (overconsolidated clays)
= 0.8 to 1.0 (normally consolidated clays)
= 0.45 (if no previous data available)
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Fig. 2.1 Values of adhesion factor (after Tomlinson)
Piles driven through overlying or sandy gravels
Fig. 2.1 (cont.)
Pile driven through overlying weak clay
Piles without different overlying strata
8
Cohesive soils (cont.)
Unit shaft friction (effective stress approach)
Burland proposed that
f
s
=
v
where = dimensionless parameter depending on soil type
= OCR (1 sin ) tan
= drained friction angle of clay,
OCR = overconsolidation ratio of clay
(= 1 for normally consolidated clay)
(>> 1 for heavily overconsolidated clay)
and
v
= average effective vertical stress for given pile segment
Cohesive soils (cont.)
Preliminary design --
take = 0.3 for soft clay and
= 0.8 for stiff clay
For long piles with pile length / width ratio ( L/B) >15, a reduction factor
of ( 1 log L/15B) may be applied to .

v
at a given elevation is the effective overburden pressure at the
given elevation
= (H
i

i
)
where H
i
= thickness of soil layer i and
i
= effective unit weight of soil layer i =
i
-
w
(
w
= unit weight of water; use full for soils above water table)
9
2.5 Cohesionless soils (Sand)
Unit base resistance
q
b
= N
q

b
where N
q
= bearing capacity factor for sand, see Fig. 2.2
and subjected to limiting value of
(a) Driven piles, see Fig. 2.3
(b) Bored piles : 2 to 11 MPa
b
= Effective overburden pressure at pile base
Fig. 2.2
10
Fig. 2.3 Limiting static cone resistance versus for sand (Meyerhof 1976)
Unit shaft friction (sand)
f
s
= K
s

v
tan
(limiting value 100 kPa; higher value to be verified by load tests)
Values of K
s
tan
Sand Driven piles Bored piles
Loose ( < 33
o
) 0.8 0.3
Medium
(33
o
< < 38
o
) 1.0 0.5
Dense ( > 38
o
) 1.5 0.8
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2.6 Design based on in-situ tests
(a) Standard penetration resistance N value (blow count)
Clay -- Use c
u
= 5N (for conservative design)
Sand Use Fig. 1.3 to determine or
Bored piles:
f
s
= 2N (local data)
f
s
= 13 N (D
b
/d) kPa (Meyerhof)
Driven piles
f
s
= 3N (local data)
q
b
= 40 N (D
b
/d) kPa (Meyerhof)
where D
b
is the pile penetration in bearing stratum (stiff soil) &d is pile diameter.
[Need to verify limit values for q
b
as before]
SPT
For clay,
Undrained apparent
cohesion (kPa)
c
u
= 5N to 6N
Friction angle,
Fig. 1.3
Relationship
between N
value and
(for sand)
Sand
12
Design based on in-situ tests (cont.)
(b) Cone penetration test
Use Fig. 1.1 to determine for sand or
Q = 2C
s
A
s
+ q
cb
A
b
where q
cb
= cone resistance at base of pile,
C
s
= average shaft friction along pile
as measured on friction jacket
= 0.005 q
c
for driven concrete and timber piles
= 0.0025 q
c
for driven steel H-piles,
and q
c
= cone resistance at given elevation.
(c) Pressuremeter Test
Refer to Lecture 1 for the determination of soil
parameters from pressuremeter test results.
Friction angle,
Fig. 1.1 Correlation between static cone resistance q
c
and friction angle of sand
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Example 2.1 : Piles in clay
Given: Working column load = 6000 kN
Soil condition
Determine the number of piles and penetration required to
support the column.
500 100 Hard silty clay 25 - 35
100 20 Stiff silty clay 5 25
50 10 Firm silty clay 0 -5
Av. c
u
(kPa) Av. N value Soil Depth (m)
Solution
(A) Try precast RC pile
f
cu
= 40 N/mm
2
, X-section 320 mm x 320 mm,
Desired factor of safety, F = 2.5
(1) Structural material strength
Q
a
= allowable load = 0.25 f
cu
A
p
= 0.25 x 40 x 0.32
2
x 10
3
kN
= 1024 kN
6 number of piles required for working load of
6000kN
Working load on each pile = 1000 kN
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(2) Geotechnical considerations
Try penetration depth of 25m (Consider Why?!)
(a) Total stress () approach
Base resistance at 25 m (c
u
= 500 kPa & N
c
= 9),
Q
b
= 9 x 0.32 x 0.32 x 500 = 460 kN (conservative)
Q
s
= 320 + 2176 = 2496 kN see next slide
This is a friction pile with most resistance from the shaft!
Q
a
= Q/F = (2496 + 460)/ 2.5 = 1182 kN > 1000 kN Okay!!
2176 85 0.85 100 5 -25 m
320 50 1.0 50 0 5 m
Shaft friction,
Q
s
(kN)
Unit shaft friction,
f
s
(kPa)
Fig. 2.1
c
u
(kPa)
Shaft
friction
Calculation of shaft friction
15
(b) Effective stress () approach
Assume water table is at ground level for the worst scenario
(one can use the actual water table elevation for a less
conservative design)
Firm silty clay (0 to 5 m)
Assume effective unit weight, =
w
= 9 kN/m
3
Overconsolidation ratio OCR = 3
Friction angle = 27
= OCR ( 1 sin ) tan = 0.482
At 0 m ,
v
(effective overburden) = 0
At 5 m,
v
= 9 x 5 = 45 kPa
(
v
)
av
= 22.5 kPa
Tests should
be carried out
to determine
these values
f
s
= (
v
)
av
= 0.482 x 22.5 = 10.84 kPa
which is lower than 50 kPa for the approach. This is due
to the small
v
values.
Q
s
= 10.84 x 0.32 x 4 x 5 = 69.4 kN
Stiff silty clay (5 to 25 m)
Assume = 10.5 kN/m
3
, OCR = 5, = 29
= OCR ( 1 sin ) tan = 0.639
A reduction factor may need to be applied for long pile, see
lecture note.
At 25 m ,
v
= 45 + 10.5 x (25-5) = 255 kPa
(
v
)
av
= (45 + 255)/2 = 150 kPa
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f
s
= 0.639 x 150 = 96 kPa
Q
s
= 96 x 0.32 x 4 x (25-5) = 2454 kN
This value may be lower if one has applied a reduction factor
to for long piles.
Base resistance is the same as before. Q
a
can hence be
determined using the same procedure described earlier.
Notes: Q
a
will increase (or verse versa) considerably for
method if
(i) water table is lower
(ii) is higher
Both imply
higher
v
(B) Try bored pile
f
cu
= 25 N/mm
2
, Diameter = 0.8 m,
(1) Structural material strength
Q
a
= 0.25 f
cu
A
p
= 0.25 x 25 x x 0.4
2
x 10
3
kN
= 3142 kN
2 number of 800-mm diameter bored piles are required for
working load of 6000 kN
Working load on each pile = 3000 kN
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(2) Geotechnical considerations
For a desired factor of safety of 2.5,
Ultimate load = 2.5 x 3000 kN = 7500 kN
Base resistance = N
c
c
b
A
b
= 9 x 500 x x 0.4
2
kN
= 2262 kN
Shaft resistance from 0 to 5 m = c
u
A
s
= 0.45 x 50 x x 0.8 x 5
= 283 kN
Shaft resistance from 5 to 25 m = 0.45 x 100 x x 0.8 x 20
= 2262 kN
For bored piles, one can try to achieve an optimum design by
penetrating deeper to arrive at the same geotechnical and structural
capacities.
Shaft resistance required from below 25 m
= 7500 2262 283 2262 = 2693 kN
Unit shaft friction f
s
for hard silty clay = c
u
= 0.45 x 500
= 225 kPa
A maximum f
s
= 200 kPa may be used but such value needs to be
confirmed by pile load test. Say use f
s
= 200 kPa
Contact length required = 2693 kN / (200 kPa x x 0.8 m)
= 5.357 5.4 m
Total penetration required = 25 + 5.4 m = 30.4 m (say 31 m)
Poser: Why
bored piles
is usually lower than
driven pile
?
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Example 2.2 : Piles in sand (from Tomlinson)
An isolated 350 mm x 350 mm reinforced concrete pile
(f
cu
= 35) in a jetty structure is required to carry a
maximum compression load of 400 kN and a net uplift
load of 320 kN. The soil consists of a loose to medium-
dense saturated fine sand (average N = 12) extending to
a depth of 9 m below sea bed followed by dense sand
and gravel (average N = 40). Determine the required
depth of penetration of the pile to resist the
compression load. No erosion is expected.
Solution
Seabed to 9 m (N = 12)
= 31 from Fig. 1.3; = 7.36 kN/m
3
(estimated)
K
s
tan = 0.8 for driven piles
(
v
)
av
= [ 0 + 7.36 x 9] / 2 = 33.1 kPa
Shaft friction = 0.8 x 33.1 x 4 x 0.35 x 9 = 334 kN
Try penetration of 4 m into dense sand and gravel
N = 40 = 38.5
o
K
s
tan = 1.5 (Fig. 1.3 & table)
= 11.77 kN/m
3
(estimated)
(
v
)
av
= [ 7.36 x 9] + [ 11.77 x 4] /2 = 89.74 kPa
Unit shaft friction =K
s
tan (
v
)
av
> 100 kPa (use limiting
value 100 kPa)
Shaft friction = 100 x 4 x 0.35 x 4 = 560 kN
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Base resistance
For = 38.5
o
, Fig. 2.2 gives N
q
= 120
b
= 7.36 x 9 + 11.77 x 4 = 113.2 kPa
Unit base resistance =
b
N
q
= 113.2 x 120 = 13.6 MPa
Fig. 2.3 gives limiting q
c
= 15 MPa and thus use 13.6 MPa
Base resistance = 13.6 x 0.35
2
= 1.666 MN = 1666 kN
Total geotechnical capacity = 334 + 560 + 1666 = 2560 kN
F = 2560/400 = 6.4 >> 2.5
This indicates that the pile penetration may be reduced from
geotechnical capacity viewpoint. You are encouraged to try
shorter pile penetrations until you reach F = 2.5.
Based on loading, select pile type and material.
Work out number of piles and cross-sectional
area of pile required based on allowable material
stress (structural capacity).
Determine pile penetration required based on
geotechnical considerations. If geotechnical capacity
is a problem, (a) increase the number of piles for
driven piles, or (b) increase the penetration depth for
bored piles such that structural capacity =
geotechnical capacity.
Pile selection and design
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2.7 Pile Driving Formula
Monitoring of pile penetration for every 10 hammer blows.
Each hammer blow causes (i) permanent pile penetration (set)
and (ii) temporary pile penetration during pile driving, see Fig. 2.4
(a).
Typical record of blow counts for pile penetration with depth is
shown in Fig. 2.4 (b).
Pile is deemed to be driven to set (refusal) if the set is < 2 mm
per blow or 20 mm per 10 blows.
Estimated required set can be determined using Hiley formula
(1925).
Fig. 2.4(a)
10 hammer blows
Permanent set
10 mm for 10 blows
Temporary
Compression (T/C)
Hydraulic
Hammer
1.10 m drop
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Fig. 2.4(b)
Soft soil
Easy pile penetration
Stiff soil
Difficult pile penetration
Hiley formula (1925)
Assume Energy in = Work + Impact loss + losses in (driving
assemble + pile + soil)
The ultimate pile capacity Q
u
is given as
where e
f
= hammer efficiency (Table 2.1)
W = hammer weight
H = hammer drop height
n = coefficient of restitution (Table 2.2)
W
p
= weight of pile
S = set (pile penetration in mm/hammer blow)
C
1
, C
2
, C
3
= temporary compression due to pile head and cap,
pile and soil compression, respectively (Table 2.3)
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Pile driving assembly
Hammer Energy =
weight x drop height
Cushion and helmet
Table 2.1 Values of Hammer Efficiency, e
f
, (from Chellis 1969)
23
Table 2.2 Values of Coefficient of Restitution, n, (after Whitaker 1970)
Table 2.3 Values of C
1
, C
2
, C
3
for Hiley Formula (after Chellis 1961)
24
(1) Limitations of Hiley and other pile driving
formula {Important!!}
(2) Although Q
u
can be determined by trial and error
using Hiley formula. Pile capacity Q
u
so obtained
needs to be re-checked based on geotechnical
capacity for the given pile penetration.
(3) The use of actual measured temporary
compression at a given site may be used to
recalculate the required set.
Example 2.3 Pile Driving Formula
Precast RC pile 320 mm x 320 mm
Q
a
= Working Load = 1000kN
Try Kobe K 35 diesel hammer W = 3500 kg 35 kN
Drop height H = 3 m
F >> 3 preferred Pile capacity Q = 3000 kN
where e
f
= 1 (Table 2.1)
n = 0.4 (Table 2.2)
W
p
=
conc
x A
p
x length
= 25 kN/m
3
x 0.32
2
m
2
x 27 m
= 69.1 kN
As example 2.1
Depending on helmet
L = 25 m in Example 2.1.
Add 2 m for driving
25
C
1
= 0.05 in = 1.27 mm (Table 2.3 for medium driving)
C
2
= QL / AE
p
= (3000 x 27) / (0.32
2
x 32 x 10
6
)
= 0.0247 m = 24.7 mm [This is the major component!]
C
3
= 0.1 in = 2.54 mm
Temporary compression C = C
1
+ C
2
+ C
3
= 28.51 mm
After calculation, set s = 1.23 mm for last blow.
or 12.3 mm for last 10 blows
2.8 Pile groups
Failure mechanism
Capacity of pile group may not be equal to the sum of
capacities of individual piles.
The ratio of the two capacity is termed the efficiency of a
pile group.
Pressure bulbs of neighbouring piles tend to overlap,
creating greater stress concentration on the surrounding
soil.
This leads to greater settlement of the pile group and is
termed as group interaction.
Soil will fail in shear (local failure) or the pile group will
settle excessively (block failure)
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BS 8004 recommends that
Friction piles -- pile centre to centre spacing > perimeter of
square piles; or > 3 times pile diameter for circular piles
End bearing piles -- distance between surface of shafts of
adjacent piles > least width of the pile.
Local Failure Block Failure
(1) Pile group in clay
(a) Local failure
Capacity of pile group = QG = m n Q
where = pile group efficiency (Fig. 2.5, after Whitaker),
=
(after Converse Labarre)
m = number of rows of piles,
n = number of piles in a row,
d = diameter of piles,
s = centre-to-centre spacing between piles
= tan
-1
(d/s), in degrees,
and Q = ultimate capacity of single pile.
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Fig. 2.5 Bearing capacity of pile group in cohesive soils
(b) Block failure
The ultimate bearing capacity of the whole block
QG = c
b
N
c
B
g
L
g
+ c
u
[ 2 D (B
g
+ L
g
)]
where D = depth of pile in bearing stratum
B
g
= width of pile group
and L
g
= length of pile group
Choose the lower QG from (a) local or (b) block failure
for design.
28
(2) Pile group in sand
Pile driving compacts the sand to a radius of at least three
times the pile width.
For loose sands, efficiency > 1 due to sand densification
between piles.
For dense sand, pile driving causes loosening and
efficiency less than 1 may result.
Block failure to be considered if centre-to-centre pile
spacing < 7 pile diameters.
Capacity of pile group is the lesser of (a) sum of capacity
of individual piles, and (b) load capacity of pile group
block.
Example 2.4 Pile Group
Using the same data as Example 2.1. That is:
Column load 6000 kN
6 Precast RC piles 320 mm by 320 mm each of allowable
working load of 1000 kN and ultimate geotechnical capacity
Q
u
of 2956 kN are chosen and arranged in a pattern of n = 2
by m = 3 as shown above with pile centre-to-centre
arbitrarily taken to be 0.72 m. The piles are assumed to rest
on the very stiff soils at 25 m below ground surface.
29
(a) Check against local failure
Equivalent pile diameter d for the precast pile
= [(0.32 x 0.32)/] x 2 = 0.361 m
Pile centre-to-centre spacing is hence 2 pile diameters.
Refer to Fig. 2.5 -- If pile number is less than 9, use 3 x 3
pile group lines as this would be conservative. If pile length is
shorter than 24 pile diameters, use 24 diameter lines as this
would also be conservative. If pile number is greater than 81,
use 9 x 9 pile group lines as the pile group efficiency for larger
pile groups does not decrease much. If pile length is longer
than 48 diameters, use 48 diameter lines for similar reason.
In the present case, pile number is 6 (<9) and pile length is
(25/0.361 = 69) pile diameters (>48). Therefore use the 48
pile diameter 3x3 pile group line and
pile group efficiency = 0.7 for pile spacing of 2 diameters
from Fig. 2.5
Pile group geotechnical capacity = m n Q
u
= 0.7 x 3 x 2 x 2956 kN = 12415 kN
Factor of safety against local failure = 12415/6000 > 2
OKAY
30
(b) Check against block failure
Assume failure as a single block comprising all 6 piles.
Length of block L
g
(consisting of 3 piles)
= 0.32/2 + 2 x 0.72 + 0.32/2 = 1.76 m
Width of block B
g
(consisting of 2 piles)
= 0.32/2 + 0.72 + 0.32/2 = 1.04 m
Geotechnical capacity of single block
= block shaft resistance + block base resistance
= c
u
[2D(B
g
+ L
g
)] + c
b
N
c
B
g
L
g
= 1 x 50 x 2 x 5 (1.04 + 1.76) + 0.85 x 100 x 2 x
(25 5) (1.04 + 1.76) + 500 x 9 x 1.04 x 1.76
= 1400 + 9520 + 8237 = 19157 kN
(1
st
component may be ignored for crude estimation)
Note: For , c
u
, pile contact length for each soil layer, refer
to Example 2.1
Factor of safety against block failure = 19157/6000 >> 2
OKAY
Posers:
(1) Under what pile group configuration and soil conditions
that block failure would be a concern in pile design.
(2) If the factor of safety of either local or block failure falls
below 2, suggest means to improve the situation!
31
2.9 Uplift Capacity
Piles may be required to resist uplift forces structure
foundation subjected to large overturning moments.
Examples : tall chimneys, transmission towers, or jetty
structure.
If uplift load is temporary (e.g. wind load) engineers may
use a lower safety factor.
If uplift load is permanent higher safety factor is desired.
Fig 2.6 Lateral Load on Raked Piles
.
Lateral Load
Tension Compression
Lateral Load
Pile in
Tension
(Uplift)
Pile in
Compression
32
Single Pile
Ultimate uplift resistance = pile weight + mobilized negative shaft
resistance.
Actual shaft resistance in uplift may be < resistance in compression
uplift resistance = x calculated shaft resistance for downward
loading (this can be a conservative estimation)
Best to design piles subjected to uplift loading by uplift testing
Structural capacity should be checked to ensure sufficient
reinforcement in concrete piles.
Additional resistance through underreaming or enlarging pile base.
In such case, uplift capacity produced by pile shaft can be ignored.
Approximate approach to determine the uplift capacity of
pile with underream (Meyerhof & Adams)
(1) Short term stability (soil parameter c
u
)
Uplift capacity of pile in clay is given by the lesser of
(a) S x k + W
where S = Shear resistance of a vertical cylinder above the base,
k = 1 to 1.25 for soft clays
0.7 for medium stiff clays
0.5 for stiff clays
0.25 for stiff fissured clays (low value due to
premature tension failure of clay)
W = weight of soil and pile above the base.
33
(b) The uplift capacity of the base plus W, i.e.
Q
u
= (/ 4) (d
b
2
d
2
) c
u
N
c
+ W
where d
b
= diameter of underream,
d = diameter of pile shaft,
and N
c
= bearing capacity factor (as for downward
load)
Underream diameter d
b
Pile shaft diameter d
(2) Long term stability (Soil parameters c and )
The ultimate uplift capacity is given by the lesser of
(a) The sum of net base bearing capacity, side adhesion of
shaft and pile weight. i.e.
Q
u
= (/4) (d
b
2
d
2
) (c N
c
+
vb
N
q
) + A
s
q
s
+ W
where N
q
= bearing capacity factor (as in downward
loading), and
vb
= effective vertical stress at level of pile base.
34
(b) By assuming underream behave as an anchor,
for shallow underream (pile length, L < d
b
)
Q
u
= c d
b
L + s (/2) d
b
L
2
K
u
tan + W
for L > limiting height of failure surface above base, H
Q
u
= c d
b
H + s (/2) d
b
(2L H) H K
u
tan + W
where s = shape factor = 1 + mL/d
b
with a maximum value of 1+ mH/d
b
,
= soil unit weight (use for soil below water table),
m = coefficient depending on (Table 2.4), and
K
u
= earth pressure coefficient (approximately 0.9 to 0.95 for
value between 25 and 40)
Table 2.4 Factors for uplift analysis (from Meyerhof and Adams, 1968)
35
Pile Group
Ultimate uplift capacity of pile group is the lesser of
(Meyerhof & Adams)
(1) Sum of uplift capacity of individual piles.
(2) Uplift capacity of an equivalent pier foundation
consisting of piles and enclosed soil mass
Example 2.2 (continued)
An isolated 350 mm x 350 mm reinforced concrete pile (f
cu
= 35) in a
jetty structure is required to carry a net uplift load of 320 kN. Using
the same soil properties and pile penetration depth, evaluate the factor
of safety against uplift failure of the pile.
Taking the uplift resistance as half of the compressive shaft resistance
(may be conservative) -- Q
u
= 0.5 (334 + 560) = 447 kN
Factor of safety against uplift failure = 447/320 = 1.40
This is not acceptable. (a) Either increase the number of piles to
enhance uplift resistance, or (b) Further evaluate the uplift shaft
resistance which may be more than half of the compressive resistance.
36
.
Slender Pile
Very soft
soil
Stiff soil
Need to check
buckling of Pile
Slender Column
Beam
Beam
2.10 Buckling of Piles
May be experienced by long and slender piles driven in soft soils
(a) Single piles (Whitaker)
Minimum buckling load, Q
cr
= 2 (kEI)
where k = coefficient of soil lateral reaction
= 67 c
u
(Davisson, 1970)
E = modulus of elasticity of pile material
I = second moment of area of pile section
(b) Pile Group
If piles are closely spaced, critical buckling load is
reduced. The value of k can be arbitrarily reduced
(Poulos & Davis) by 2 times for 2-pile group,
by 3 times for 3pile & 4pile groups, and
by 4 times for 5 or more piles in a group.
37
Example 2.5 Buckling of pile
Using the same data as Example 1, evaluate the buckling resistance
of the pile.
Minimum buckling load, Q
cr
= 2 (kEI)
Where k = 67 c
u
= 67 x 50 = 3350 kPa
E
conc
= 30 x 10
6
kPa
I = 0.32 x 0.32
3
/12 = 8.74 x 10
-4
m
4
Thus Q
cr
= 18742 kN which >> 1000 kN working load OKAY!
Take note that even if Q
cr
is smaller than the working load, the pile
may not buckle but further checks are warranted, refer to Poulos
and Davis for more details.

NUS Pile Foundation Lecture on Pile Capacity Calculation Methods

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1

In firm ground, the lower point of contraflexure is

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