CHAPTER II

REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDY

This chapter presents the review of related literature and studies both from
foreign and local sources. This also includes the synthesis of the art, gap
bridged by the study, and the theoretical and conceptual frameworks. Terms are
also defined conceptually and operationally for clarity.
Foreign Literature
One of the most widely used environmental management systems, which
has been developed by the International Standards Organization (ISO, is the
ISO!"##! standard for environmental management of activities. Independent
certification of an $nvironmental %anagement System ($%S can be achieved,
which demonstrates conformance with the re&uirements of the ISO!"##!
standard. The ISO!"##! standard provides a logical framework within which to
prepare an $nvironmental %anagement 'lan ($%', even in cases where an
organization is not intending to obtain certification.
!
In the ISO!"##! process, an $nvironmental %anagement 'rogramme is
prepared during the 'lanning stage. The key ob(ectives of the $nvironmental
%anagement 'rogramme are to achieve the environmental performance
ob(ectives and targets that have been set, Identify the responsibilities for the
actions re&uired, identify the means for conducting the actions (eg. technical,
financial and organizational resources, specify timeframes, specify procedures
for amending the programme when necessary.
)
The *reenhouse *as 'rotocol (*+* 'rotocol is the most widely used
international accounting tool for government and business leaders to understand,
&uantify, and manage greenhouse gas emissions. The *+* 'rotocol Initiative
with a decade,long partnership between the -orld .esources Institute (-.I and
the -orld /usiness 0ouncil for Sustainable 1evelopment (-/0S1 is working
with businesses, governments, and environmental groups around the world to
build a new generation of credible and effective emissions accounting and
reduction programs for tackling climate change. The *+* 'rotocol provides the
accounting framework for nearly every *+* standard and program in the world ,
from the International Standards Organization (ISO to the 0arbon 1isclosure
'ro(ect to hundreds of *+* inventories prepared by individual companies.
2

The *+* 'rotocol offers developing countries build the capacity to
participate in a meaningful way in tackling the global climate challenge while
meeting local sustainable development needs.
%any Organizations are developing *+* inventories. 3n inventory is a list
of emission sources and the associated emission &uantified using standardized
methods. $nvironmental 'rotection 3ssociation ($'3 inventory guidance is
based on the -/0S1 *+* 'rotocol 0orporate 3ccounting and .eporting
Standard (*+* 'rotocol, which has become the global standard for calculating
*+* emissions. 0alculating *+* emissions involves the following process4
0hoosing a base year for the emissions inventory , against which future
emissions will be tracked5 identifying the facilities to include in the inventory
( organizational boundaries5 identifying the sources within the facilities to include
6
in the inventory (operational boundaries5 and following a standardized and
accepted methodology to calculate the *+* emissions from each identified
source5 include each of the si7 ma(or *+*s4 carbon dio7ide (0O2, methane
(0+
"
, nitrous o7ide (8
2
O, hydrofluoric (+90s, perflouro carbons ('90s, and
sulfur he7afluoride (S9
:
.
;
In this study, the organizational and operational boundaries were identified
to track down the schools carbon emission.
In 2##<, the =.S. transportation sector accounts ;;> of the nation?s
carbon dio7ide emissions. In !" states, the transportation sector is the single
largest source of carbon dio7ide emissions. 0alifornia?s transportation sector, in
particular, generates almost :#> of the state?s carbon dio7ide emissions.
0alifornia is in a uni&ue position regarding the regulation of air emissions from
motor vehicles. It is the only state with conditional authority (i.e., the state needs
a waiver from $'3 to develop motor vehicle pollution standards that are more
stringent than federal re&uirements. The law permits other states to choose to
follow 0alifornia?s more stringent provisions, and many states have adopted
0alifornia standards in the past. In 2##2, 0alifornia enacted the first state law
(3/ !"6; re&uiring greenhouse gas limits from motor vehicles. 3s directed by
the statute, the 0alifornia 3ir .esources /oard (03./ issued regulations in
September 2##", limiting the @fleet average greenhouse gas e7haust mass
emission values from passenger cars, light,duty trucks, and medium,duty
passenger vehicles.
"
The literature implies that fuel consumption in transportation sector emits
!#
higher amount of carbon dio7ide. The higher the usage of vehicles, the higher the
carbon emissions. In relation to this study, the school management may develop
environmental policy on the use of school vehicles to limit carbon emissions.
The Intergovernmental 'anel on 0limate 0hange (I'00 has stated that
@the balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global
climate.A 8early )< > of human,induced *+*s in the =nited States come from
the burning of fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, and petroleum. *reenhouse gases
remain in the atmosphere for decades or centuries (depending on the type of
gas, and their potential impacts may escalate overtime. $ven if we start reducing
global emissions today, atmospheric 0O
2
concentrations (the most prevalent
*+* will continue to grow for years to come. To minimize risks, all sectors need
to act now to reduce their 0O
2
emissions.
<
The above literature implies that the potential impacts of greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere may rise overtime. There is therefore a need to
determine the rate of there emitted greenhouse gases and strategize ways to
reduce emissions.
The largest potential energy savings are for building e&uipment. 0ost,
effective energy savings for these end uses vary by product and energy prices,
but savings in the range of !#BC#> (most typically ;#B"#> are available by
replacing e7isting technology with such energy,efficient technologies as
condensing furnaces, electric air,source heat pumps, ground,source heat pumps,
efficient air conditioners, air,source or e7haust air heat pump water heaters,
efficient refrigerators, horizontal a7is clothes washers, heat pump clothes dryers,
!!
kerosene stoves, compact fluorescent lamps, efficient fluorescent lamps,
electronic ballasts, lighting control systems, efficient computers, variable speed
drives and efficient motors.
:
The school use various e&uipment?s and machines. Darge &uantity of
energy is used during the operation of these e&uipments. The literature above
implies that large amount of energy can be save using energy,efficient
e&uipments.
Local Literature
The 'hilippines was one of the first countries in the world to create a
8ational 3ction 'lan on 0limate 0hange (!66C. There are mechanisms
established under the Eyoto 'rotocol that developing countries can benefit from
especially in increasing investment flows and in reaching their sustainable
development goals. One of these is the 0lean 1evelopment %echanism (01%
which is a fle7ibility mechanism that allows governments or private entities in
developed countries to implement emission reduction pro(ects in developing
countries while developed countries receive carbon credit in the form of Fcertified
emission reductionsF or 0$.s. In order to participate in the 01%, the 'hilippines
ratified the Eyoto 'rotocol on 2# 8ovember 2##;. 1eveloping countries that are
interested in participating in the 01% are e7pected to establish a 1esignated
8ational 3uthority (183. The 'hilippines has already identified its 183, which is
the 1epartment of $nvironment and 8atural .esources (1$8., and is currently
drafting the 01% implementing rules and regulations including the 8ational
!2
3pproval 'rocess for the 183.
:
The development of a national or local climate policy necessarily takes
into account the overlaps that occur in complementary environmental policy
initiatives, such as the 'hilippine 0lean 3ir 3ct, the 0lean -ater bill, the
.enewable $nergy bill, the Solid -aste %anagement 3ct, forest policies and
regulations, biodiversity, and the like. It should likewise consider the geographic
differences in climate impacts and vulnerability, as well as the resources needed
by communities to address these. 8ational and local action plans on climate
change adaptation and emissions reduction have been initiated.
C
The above literatures implies that the various environmental policies and
initiative?s developed by the 'hilippine government plays a vital role in reaching
sustainable development goals of the country. The 'hilippines ratified the Eyoto
'rotocol to participate in the 0lean 1evelopment %echanism (01% to receive
carbon credit in the form of Fcertified emission reductionsF or 0$.s by
implementing emission reduction pro(ects. This research can be considered as
one of the environmental initiatives to track down schools carbon emissions as
one of the emission reduction pro(ects of the government that may be
implemented among institutions in the 'hilippines.
The International 'anel on 0limate 0hange (I'00 defines adaptation as
any ad(ustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or e7pected
climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or e7ploits beneficial
opportunities. Scientific studies suggest that even if the world makes a significant
reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, the lag in the climate system means that
!;
the world is faced with decades of climate change due to the emissions already
put into the atmosphere. -hile the 'hilippines is not a ma(or emitter of
greenhouse gases and, in fact, is a carbon sink, the adverse effects of global
climate changes will not spare the country. 3daptation is, therefore, a necessary
complement to measures that reduce greenhouse gas emissions. 3daptation is a
mechanism to manage risks, ad(ust economic activity to reduce vulnerability, and
to improve business certainty.
)
The literature implies that adaptation is considered as measure to reduce
*+* emissions. Though 'hilippines is not a ma(or emitter of *+*s, the adverse
effect of global climate change is felt by the country. 3s gases remains in the
atmosphere a lag in the climate system appears. There is therefore a need for
adaptation as a mechanism to manage the risk of the climate system.
The greenhouse gas emissions from buildings are generally resulting from
the electricity and gas usage. The two ma(or energy sources are mainly used for
appliances, lighting, small power, lifts, e&uipment and ancillaries for heating,
ventilating and space conditioning re&uirement of the building.
The global built environment is becoming one of the fastest growing sources of
greenhouse gas emission. 3ccording to research and studies, energy used for
buildings accounts for almost ;<> of all energy related greenhouse gas
emission. This alarming figure indicates that the building industry re&uires
significant energy efficient measures in reducing overall greenhouse gas
emission.
6
The literature implies that energy consumption has become one of the
!"
most important global issues today, aside from the money wasted in inefficient
use of energy and depleting finite resources5 there are ma(or environmental
concerns with regards to the 0O
2
emission and its contribution to the well,known
*reenhouse effect.
Foreign Studies
3s a signatory of the 3merican 0ollege and =niversity presidents 0limate
0ommitment (30='00, 'arkland 0ollege has committed to measuring its
greenhouse gas (*+* emissions and to implement sustainability in the
curriculum. The short ,term goal of being an 30='00 signatory to identify the
levels of green house gases the college emits on a yearly basis and to take
actions to reduce those emissions. The long,term goal is to make the college
campus carbon neutral. The beginning steps to this process are to measure the
carbon footprint and use it as a base line for evaluating methods of institutional
e7pansion and energy consumption methods. -ith that goal in mind, a
subcommittee of the 'ark land Sustainable 0ampus 0ommittee (S00 began
collecting data in Ganuary of 2#!# to measure the carbon footprint of the college
and to measure energy consumption. The data was collected by making contact
with various departments in the college. 1epartments involved include 'hysical
plant, /usiness Office, Institutional 3ccountability and .esearch, /usiness and
3gri,/usiness, and 'rint Shop. 3fter data was collected from its respective
department it was entered into the F0lean,3ir,0ool 'lanet (030' 0ampus
0arbon 0alculatorF Hersion :. The calculator uses a format developed for used in
!<
higher education. The 030' calculator is an e7cel based spreadsheet that
generates reports and can use e7trapolation to show trends of *+* emissions,
energy consumption, student and physical building growth based on the amount
of background data entered. The basic segments of the calculator inputs are
institutional data, and emissions sources broken down by three scopes
(refferedto as Scope !, 2, and ;. Institutional data refers to operating budget
size, energy budget, student, faculty and staff size, and physical building size in
s&uare feet. The first scope deals directly with emissions produced by institutions
owned processes, such as agriculture and cogeneration for heating and onsite
energy producing sources. 3dditionally, college vehicle fleet fuel usage and
chemical use is tracked in scope one. Scope two considers emissions that are
produced offsite, including chilled water, steam and electricity. The final set
inputs, Scope three references commuting information and college financed
travel. It also includes paper consumption and both li&uid and solid waste. 9inally
there is a segment in scope three that allows input of any offsets, like
composting, forest preservation and purchased offsets. 9or the scope of this
audit the boundaries of the college refer to the main campus on /radley 3ve.,
and the 0$3 building on %attis 3ve. both located in 0hampaign. In the current
data model, purchased electricity makes up the whole Scope two for 'arkland
0ollege, and it is the largest segment of *+* emissions. It is obvious here that
finding ways for the college to save electricity consumption is of great
importance. Implementation of the various $nergy .eduction %easures ($.%Is
could be employed to save on energy and reduce the carbon footprint. In terms
!:
of actual energy consumption numbers, Scope one output was zero, Scope two
was !;), )6:.< %%/T=. Scope three was calculated to !26,<!6.2 %%/T=, with
a net total of 2)2,!<2.C %%/T=. 'roper planning is imperative in this area
because 'arkland is only going to grow in size, considering the lack of ade&uate
space currently available per student. .enovations to the main campus and new
construction would benefit greatly from high efficiency building practices and
researching viable alternative electrical generation methods.
!#
The study implies that consumption of the purchased electricity
contributes highest *+* emission in 'ark Dand 0ollege. The scenario is also
similar to the local setting in which finding ways to save electricity consumption is
of great importance. It is recommended that various energy reduction measures
must be implemented to reduce carbon footprint.
Douisiana State =niversity 3gricultural and %echanical 0ollege (DS=
3J% is a public grant university located in /aton .ouge, Douisana, =S3. DS= is
committed to being a responsible institution dedicated to the pursuit of truth and
the advancement of learning while upholding the highest standards of
performance in an academic and social environment. DS= decided to address its
contribution to atmospheric greenhouse gas pollution by commissioning an
inventory of greenhouse gas emissions on the main campus during the 2##),
2##6 school year. This is recognized as are re&uired initial step in understanding
and reducing the annual *+* emissions of the =niversity. DS= *+* operational
boundary includes Scope !, 2, and ; as described by the -orld /usiness
0ouncil for Sustainable 1evelopment (-/0S1 and the -orld .esources
!C
Institute (-.I guidelines in the *+* protocol. This approach assumes that the
=niversityIs responsibility for emissions is directly related to its control over, or
ownership of, the sources of those emissions. Scope ! emissions include the
production of electricity and steam from the campus co,generation power plant,
university fleet fuel consumption, and fugitive emissions which include intentional
and unintentional emissions released from e&uipment leaks including
refrigerants. 3gricultural emissions in the form of methane (0+
"
produced by
campus livestock and nitrous o7ide (8
2
O emissions resulting from fertilizer
application on campus grounds are also considered in scope !. Scope 2
emissions are from sources that are neither owned nor operated by the
=niversity but whose products are directly linked to on,campus energy
consumption. Indirect emissions sources that occur from the use of purchased
electricity, heat, steam are considered Scope 2 emissions. Scope ; emissions
include indirect emissions that occur as the result of outsourced activities. Scope
; are considered optional by corporate inventories because they originate from
sources that are neither owned nor operated by the =niversity but are either
directly financed or otherwise linked to campus via influence or encouragement.
It includes solid waste disposal5 directly financed air travel5 faculty, staff, and
student commuting5 transportation and distribution losses from purchased
electricity5 emissions resulting from wastewater treatment. Total campus *+*
emissions in 9iscal year 2##C were !:2,C"2 %T 0O
2
e. The ma(ority of emissions
(<C> were the result of On,0ampus stationary source (Scope ! electricity
generation at the university cogeneration facility. 'urchased electricity (Scope 2
!)
emissions accounted for !)> of the total and Scope ; emissions accounted for
the remaining 2<>. 0arbon dio7ide was the most common greenhouse gas
emitted followed by methane and nitrous o7ide. 0ampus emissions are directly
related to fuel source and overall energy usage on campus.
!!
In the study above, electricity generation got the highest percentage of
emissions followed by consumption of purchased electricity. It implies that the
rate of carbon emission depends on the type of activity of the school. *eneration
of electricity contributes the higher amount of carbon emission than the
consumption of purchased electricity.
The =niversity of %assachusetts, 3mherst (=%3 began efforts to track its
carbon dio7ide (0O
2
emissions in 9K 2##2. This effort fell under the
re&uirements of the $7ecutive Order 8o. ";) which established the
%assachusetts states Sustainability 'rogram, which was overseen by the
%assachusetts $7ecutive Office of $nergy and $nvironmental 3ffairs ($O$$3.
'rior to the 0ommitment, =%3 annually emission data to the state for the
following sources4 coal, electricity, natural gas, L2 fuel oil, gasoline, propane,
diesel, biodiesel, and paper cubes. =%3Is carbon footprint was !"2,2;2 metic
tonnes. =%3 anticipates a ;#> reduction in emissions, based on pro(ected fuel
use, associated with heating and cooling and electricity as a result of the new
0entral +eating 'lant going on,line summer 2##).
!2
Local Studies
3mong 2!2 nations in the world, the 'hilippines is ranked ")
th
in terms of
!6
carbon emission in the transportation sector. .esults revealed an annual
gaseous pollutant contribution of !,#C2626.<6C>H for carbon mono7ide and
<#!,2)2,#C;.! ppm for hydrocarbon emission which, together, roughly e7plain
:> of the country?s overall *+* (*reen house gases output per year.
0onsidering that there are !22 cities in the 'hilippines, the :> *+* contribution
of 1ipolog 0ity is considered well beyond the normal threshold. The study also
identified some of the factors leading to this inordinate amount of *+* output of
the city, such as, but not limited to4 (a strict implementation of the standards for
vehicle emission levels prior to renewal of registration, and (b strict monitoring
and implementation of the anti,smoke belching law or the 0lean 3ir 3ct (.3
)C"6.
!;
The study implies that carbon emission in the transport sector in the
'hilippines is affected by stringent policy implementation for vehicle emissions
and, as well as, anti,smoke belching law.
The .esources, $nvironment and $conomics 0enter for Studies, Inc.?s
(.$$0S 2##2 study on household waste management systems and the
attitudes and behavior of the communities in two barangays in %etro %anila. It
showed that4 !. -aste management is still perceived by many as the
responsibility of government. 2. 'ublic participation in waste management,
especially in segregation at source, remains limited. ;. %ore e7tensive
awareness, raising activities and training on ecological waste management are
needed, together with stricter enforcement of the Daw and local ordinances must
be observed. ". There is lack of community empowerment and political will to
2#
resolve the problem.
!"
.ecognizing the importance of the environment?s immediate recovery and
effects of improper waste management in the 'hilippines, there is a need for
understanding and reformation of attitudes and concern towards the protection of
environment. The impending garbage crisis can be prevented if we only practice
waste segregation at source, recycling, and composting as what the law re&uires.
3n intensive social marketing program has to be established on a long,term
scale within a barangay, the smallest unit of the local government.
-aste disposal remains a challenge for many municipalities in the
'hilippines. %ain reasons are restricted funds in combination with lack of
knowledge and low grade solid waste management (S-% systems. The
presented paper applies 9ull 0ost 3ccounting (903 for the /ayawan 0ity S-%
system and discusses issues and impacts of a newly applied @'ay,3s,Kou,
ThrowA ('3KT system. .esults show that by re&uesting a minimal fee for waste
collection, a significant waste diversion increase for all types of waste materials
e7cept for residuals can be obtained. The most substantial diversion is observed
for bio,waste whereas the collection rate of such materials declined from :2 to !:
percent in 2#!#. -ith an average organic content of :# percent, '3KT can be
considered as a key option to improve the waste disposal situation in the
'hilippines. 9urthermore, the municipality can enhance the profitability of their
S-% centre by inviting ;rd party users for waste disposal and by e7ploring
options for recovery of .esource 1erived 9uels.
!<
2!
The literature above implies that proper solid waste disposal can be
observe through correct implementation of policies and education of the
residents of the different municipalities.
Snt!esis o" t!e Art
The literature and studies provided insights on the greenhouse gases and
environmental management plan for %'09,D0.
It is necessary to understand each emission patterns and identify the
ma(or sources of emissions as well as reduction opportunities from both direct
and indirect sources to address growing concerns on *+* emissions.
The *+* 'rotocol offers developing countries an internationally accepted
management tool to help their businesses to compete in the global marketplace
and their governments to make informed decisions about climate change.
The 'hilippines ratified the Eyoto 'rotocol to participate in the 0lean
1evelopment %echanism (01% to receive carbon credit in the form of Fcertified
emission reductionsF or 0$.s by implementing emission reduction pro(ects.
$nergy consumption has become one of the most important global issues
today, aside from the money wasted in inefficient use of energy and depleting
finite resources5 there are ma(or environmental concerns with regards to the 0O
2
emission and its contribution to the well,known *reenhouse effect.
9uel consumption in transportation sector emits higher amount of carbon
dio7ide. The higher the usage of vehicles, the higher the carbon emissions.
'roper waste management can be observed through proper
22
implementation of policies regarding waste disposal and practices
#a$ %ridge & t!e Stud
The need to know environmental management plan in %ariners?
'olytechnic 0olleges 9oundation, .awis, Degazpi 0ity is a vital concern of the
school administrators that includes the activities that contribute to electricity
consumption, fuel consumption and solid waste, the level of environmental
awareness of %'09,D0 management, the efforts of the management to reduce
fuel consumption, electricity consumption, and solid waste disposal, and the
e7tent of carbon emission in %'09,D0, along electricity and fuel consumption.
3s implementers of the schools policies and programs, they may be guided with
the necessary feedback on the environmental protection practices of the school.
These are the gaps the study addressed.
T!eoretic al Fra'e(or)
This study is anchored on the risk and social theory by /arbara 3dam and
Goost van Doon. The perception of risk entailed a particular relationship to an
essentially unknown future whose likelihood of coming about could nevertheless
be calculated on the basis of e7trapolating from past occurrences4 a calculated
socio,cultural response to potential anticipated happenings.
In risk society, a greater knowledge and sensitivity towards the unintended
conse&uences of our actions are developed which includes an awareness of an
Mopen? rest,category, that is, the inevitability of other unattended conse&uences
2;
we do not and cannot yet know. The double parado7 of un N calculability and unN
decidability generates an7ieties that are pervasive in the risk society as it moves
from crisis to crisis. In between these crises there is a build up of displacement
strategies which pro(ect a sense of security onto the dense comple7ity of risks by
inhibiting their articulation in public discourses,in particular those of the mass
media. .isk management is intricately connected with strategies of risk
displacement. $nvironmental hazard and they pose for society are often
unintended conse&uences of the industrial production process, a rest,product. 3s
surplus, they are in e7cess of the utility of goods and services that have been
intentionally produced. This residual character provides an anchoring point for
the socio cultural dimension of risk perception and risk management. 8ot merely
a technical or organizational problem, the issue of risk has important cultural
implications. It involves practices of sense,making and, such, operates as a
cover for all that cannot be Mnamed?.
!:
Traditionally, social theory has taken three roles4 (! Social engineering4
through functionalist perspectives to assist in the social construction of order,
control and regulation5 (2 'olitical mobilization4 through %ar7ist, critical and
feminist theories to establish a base for criti&ue and emancipation5 and (;
sense,making4 through interpretative approaches to facilitate understanding of
how socio,cultural intelligibility is achieved. 0o,e7isting as traditions of (applied
social science, the articulations of each of these roles could develop in relative
isolation from each other, constituting their own problems, methodologies and
accumulated knowledge. Social Theory is perhaps not as much engaged in
2"
establishing aims and ob(ectives, a telos,oriented abstraction, but much more
pragmatic. It is means,oriented form of abstraction. Dinking nuclearism to
modernity, discourse and desire, and tying genetics to democracy, risk
management, probability calculations, individual utilization and the future, allows
us to make connections between the various concerns involved that are effective
fragmented by the specific operational logic of e7pertise in modern societies. 3s
such, social theory has the capacity to connect science, technology, engineering
and risk management to politics, media and economics. The critical function of
social theory therefore does not stop with immanent criti&ue, with criticizing
inconsistencies, empirical inade&uacies, illogical conclusions and unverifiable
hypothesis that constitute @common senseA, nor does it end with placing the full
moral weight of informed political correctness behind the analysis. In the face of
risk society, social theory needs to redefine itself as an art of bridging,
connecting, formatting, as well as, abstracting. This form of @knowledgeA allows
political mobilization to team up with informed and sustained immanent criti&ue,
to broaden perspective and articulate alternative interpretations5 work on the
multiplicity (collage rather than the unity (narrative of perspective.
!C
The two theories are much likely applicable in this study. In a risk society,
higher knowledge and sensitivity towards unintended conse&uences are
developed. The main goal or intention of %'09,D0 is to achieve higher level of
client satisfaction in administrative, instruction, and student activities. The
institution provide a state,of, the ,art facilities installed with various e&uipment,
and support and conduct activities as an avenue for students learning such as
2<
co,curricular and e7tra curricular activities. +owever, there are unintended
conse&uences developed in the process of meeting the goal or intention. In this
study, carbon emission, solid waste generation, and electricity and fuel
consumptions were among the identified unintended conse&uences that affects
the environment. On the other hand, it does not only focus on the identification of
these conse&uences but also on the ways or means on how to broaden the
perspective of the mariners? community and articulate alternative interpretations
on the activities that contribute to these conse&uences. Thus, environmental
management plan were designed by the researcher to establish ways in reducing
the rate of electric and fuel consumptions of the institution, as well as, its carbon
emission. In constructing the plan, the three roles of social theory is applied.
Social engineering in which control, order, and regulation were constructed5
political mobilization in which a base of criti&ue and emancipation were
established, and sense,making in which it facilitate understanding on how socio,
cultural intelligibility is achieved.
9igure ! shows the theoretical framework of the study.
2:
Social
Engineering
Sense *a)ing
Social
$ngineering
9igure !
T!eoretical Fra'e(or) o" t!e Stud
2C
UNINTENDED
C+NSE,UENCES
+igher rate of
electricity and 9uel
0onsumptions
Increase of solid
wastes generated
+igher rate of carbon
emissions
INTENTI+N -
#+AL
To ac!ie.e
!ig!er le.el o"
client
satis"action
Process o"
Ac!ie.ing t!e
#oals - Intentions
3vailability of
the state of the
3rt 9acilities
Installation of
Instructional
$&uipments
Political *o&ili/ation
Support J conduct
activities for
students learning
(0o,curricular and
$7tra curricular
3ctivities
Conce$tual Fra'e(or)
This study aims to determine the proposed environmental management
plan for %'09,D0.
The study is divided into four parts. The first part aims to know the
activities of the school that contribute to electricity consumption, fuel
consumption and solid waste. The second part is the level of environmental
awareness of %'09,D0 management. The third part is the efforts of the
management to reduce fuel consumption, electricity consumption, and solid
waste disposal. The last part is the environmental management plan that can be
proposed to reduce carbon emission
The data of this study were obtained through the use of research
instrument, electricity and fuel consumptions of the institution will be obtained
from the records of the Office for 9inancial 3fffairs.
=pon analysis and interpretation of the gathered data a environmental
management plan may be proposed to %'09,D0 management viewed as an
opportunity in reducing school?s carbon emissions. Once adopted, monitoring
and evaluation of *+* emission may be conducted.
9igure 2 shows the paradigm of conceptual framework.
2)
9igure 2
Conce$tual Fra'e(or) o" t!e Stud
De"inition o" Ter's
26
'.O'OS$1
$8HI.O8%$8T3D
%383*$%$8T 'D38
9O. %'09,D0
3ctivities of the school that
contribute to electricity
consumption, fuel
consumption and solid
waste.
Devel of environmental
awareness of %'09,D0
management
$fforts of the management
to reduce fuel consumption,
electricity consumption, and
solid waste disposal
$nvironmental
%anagement 'lan 4
opportunities to minimize
electricity and fuel
consumptions and
reduce carbon emission
%onitoring and
$valuation of 0ampus
0arbon $mission
9$$1/30E
9or clarification and better understanding of the key terms used in this
study, the following are conceptually and operationally defined4
Car&on Dio0ide 1C+
2
34 3 greenhouse gas that is primarily released from
burning fossil fuels e.g. machines and motors that use coal, oil and natural gas,
and also by deforestation. 0arbon dio7ide is a ma(or contributor to the
greenhouse effect.
!)
In this study, it refers to one of the green house gases emitted from fuel
and electricity consumption in %'09,D0.
CFCs4 0hlorofluorocarbons are industrial solvents and materials that both
deplete the ozone layer and contribute to the greenhouse effect. The production
of this chemical is now controlled by an international agreement to protect the
ozone layer.
!6
In this study, it refers to one of the green house gases emitted from fuel
and electricity consumption in %'09,D0.
Cli'ate c!ange4 means a change of climate, which is attributed directly
or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global
atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over
comparable time periods.
2#
In this study, it refers to the gradual change in the global temperature
caused by the accumulation of greenhouse gases (*+*s in the atmosphere.
$ffects of climate change are e7treme heat and rainfall.
Energ E""icienc4 $fficient use of energy or Mdoing more for less energy?
e.g. using 09D lamps (0ompact 9luorescent Damps instead of incandescent
;#
lamps5 using ;2,watt lamp with electronic ballast instead of traditional "#,watt
with magnetic ballast, etc.
2!
In this study, energy efficiency refers on the efficiency on the uses of
energy from fuel and electricity consumption of %'09,D0.
E'issions4 mean the release of greenhouse gases andNor their
precursors into the atmosphere over a specified area and period of time.
!6
In this study, it refers to the release of various green house gases from
fuel and electricity consumption of %'09,D0.

#reen!ouse #ases4 *reenhouse gases means those gaseous
constituents of the atmosphere, both natural and anthropogenic, that absorb and
re,emit infrared radiation. 3tmospheric gases such as water vapor, and ozone
which have the ability to trap heat at the $arthIs surface. *reenhouse gases
contribute to the greenhouse effect and global warming.
22
In this study, it refers to the gases, such as, carbon dio7ide, methane,
nitrous o7ide, 090s emitted in %'09,D0 from fuel and electricity consumptions.
Notes
;!
!
$%S and ISO !"##!, (((4rdn4&c4ca, web, !2 sept. 2#!!
Ohttp4NNwww.rdn.bc.caNcms.aspPwpI1Q!!;2R.
2
*reenhouse gas protocol, wri.org, web, #6 sept 2#!!,
Ohttp4NNwww.wri.orgNpro(ectNghg,protocolR.
;
0limate Deaders =.S. $nvironmental 'rotection 3gency, 0DI%3T$
D$31$.S 'ractical Steps to .educe your Organization?s *reenhouse *as
$missions, *uide to *reenhouse *as %anagement for Small /usiness J Dow
$mitters, '19 9ile.
"
@.educing Transport *as $missions Trends and 1ata 2#!#,A
internationaltransportforum.org, Web, 2! Gan. 2#!2,
Ohttp4NNwww.internationaltransportforum.orgN'ubNpdfN!#*+*Trends.pdfR.
<
Technologies , 'olicies, and %easures in %itigating 0limate 0hange ,
Intergovernmental panel on 0limate 0hange, =nited 8ations 9ramework
0onvention on 0limate 0hange, '19 9ile.
:
Ibid
C
1eveloping countries, monitoring and reporting on greenhouse gas
emissions, policies and measures, 9inal .eport 2#!#, $uroconsult %ott
%ac1onald in association with4 $08 (The 8etherlands $coprogresso ('ortugal,
'19 9ile.
)
Suantification of the effects on greenhouse gas emissions of policies and
measures .eference4 $8H.0.!NS$.N2##CN##!6, 1aniel 9orster 3$3 group The
*emini /uilding 9ermi 3venue +arwell International /usiness 0entre 1idcot
OT!! #S., '19 9ile.
6
Ibid
!#
@%IT$I,led study offers comprehensive look at the future of natural gas,A
mit.eduNnews office. Web, 2: 9eb. 2#!2 , Ohttp4NN mit.eduNnewsoffice
web.N2#!#Ngas,report,#:2<.htmlR.
!!
Ibid
!2
Ibid
;2
!;
@0O2 $missions from the Dand Transport Sector in the 'hilippines4
$stimates and 'olicy Implications,A tssp.tripod.com, -eb, 2" 9eb. 2#!2,
Ohttp4NNtssp.tripod.comNdocumentsN!CthUtsspNfabian.pdfR.
!"
8ews and 9eatures, denr.gov.ph, Web, 2" 9eb. 2#!2
Ohttp4NNwww.denr.gov.phNinde7.phpNnews,and,featuresNlatest,newsN";;,denr,
partners,to,undertake,ghg,inventory,in,metro,manila,.html R.
!<
@$nvironmental 'roblems in the 'hilippines, Peoples Behaviour Toward
Waste, -eb, !: %arch 2#!2, <http4NNimagineechopro(ectswaste.blogspot.comN?>.
!: @
The .isk Society and /eyond, @w7y.seu.edu.cn, -eb, 8ovemeber !2,
2#!2
Ohttp4NNw7y.seu.edu.cnNhumanitiesNsociologyNhtmleditNuploadfileNsystemN2#!##)26
N2#!##)26!"!C"6<2".pdfR.
!C
Ibid.
!)
@Elima climate change center, climate change glossary,A www. Klima.
ph ,-eb, !C %arch 2#!2 Ohttp4NNwww.klima.phNglossary.htmlR.
!6
Ibid.
2#
Ibid.
2!
Ibid.
2#
Ibid.
2!
Ibid.
;;
;"
!
2
;
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