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Abstract:

We aimed to study the material properties of different materials by tensile


testing. Different specimens after measuring the gauge length and diameter were
plugged into the two jaws of Universal Tensile Testing Machine which was
operated by computer software. Stress strain graph was drawn from the data of
software and material properties were determined.
Introduction:
Stress-strain curves show the response of a material to an applied (usually tensile)
stress. They allow important information such as a material's elastic modulus and
yield stress to be determined. Accurate knowledge of these parameters is
paramount in engineering design.
It is unique for each material and is found by recording the amount of
deformation (strain) at distinct intervals of tensile or compressive loading.
Mechanical Properties of Materials:
There are many mechanical properties of materials associated with the stress
strain curve.
Engineering Stress:
Engineering Stress is defined as the instantaneous force per unit original area.


Engineering Strain:
It is defined as the change in length per unit original length of the specimen.


True Stress:
It is defined as the load F divided by the instantaneous cross-sectional area over
which deformation is occurring.


True Strain:
True strain is defined by:



Anelasticity:
Elastic deformation will continue after the stress application, and upon load
release some finite time is required for complete recovery. This time dependent
time behavior is known as anelasticity.
Yield Strength:
The stress level at which plastic deformation begins or where the phenomenon of
yielding occurs is known as yield strength.
Tensile Strength:
The maximum stress that can be sustained by a structure in tension is known as
tensile strength TS.
Ductility:
It is the measure of the degree of plastic deformation that has been sustained at
fracture.
Brittleness:
A material that experience very little or no plastic deformation upon fracture is
termed as brittle.

Resilience:
Resilience is the capacity of a material to absorb energy when it is deformed
elastically and then, upon unloading, to have this energy recovered.


Toughness:
Toughness is the measure of the ability of a material to absorb energy up to
fracture.


Elastic limit:
The point up to which stress is proportional to strain or the point up to which
Hooks law is valid is called elastic limit.

Procedure:
Dogbone specimens of Brass, Aluminum, SS and Mild Steel were taken.
Total length, initial gauge length and initial gauge diameter of each
specimen was measured with the help of vernier caliper.
Specimens were put into the jaws of Universal Tensile Testing Machine.
By computer software we set the uniform elongation rate of 2mm/min.
The machine measured continuously and simultaneously the instantaneous
applied load and the resulting elongations.
From the data, we drew the stress strain curve and different mechanical
properties were computed.



Observations and Calculations:

Quantities SS MS AL Brass
Total Length
L

G. Length initial
l
o

G. diameter initial
D
o


G. length final
l
f

G. Dia final (neck)
D
f n

G. Dia final (uniform)
D
f u


Area of cross-section



Area of cross-section final (neck)
A
f n

Area of cross-section final
(uniform)
A
f u

%age elongation at break



Ductility total



Ductility (true) total (neck)




Ductility (true) total (uniform)




Reduction in area (neck)



Reduction in area (uniform)




Graphs: Brass
Module of elasticity Maximum force Tensile strength Lower yield strength Upper yield strength
GPa kN MPa MPa MPa
9.09 397.09 215.24 215.36



Yield strength by 2% offset method =
Area under the curve/ Toughness =

Aluminum:
Module of elasticity Maximum force Tensile strength Lower yield strength Upper yield strength
GPa kN MPa MPa MPa
5.53 270.64 219.83 219.87



Yield strength by 2% offset method =
Area under the curve/ Toughness =

Stainless Steel:
Module of elasticity Maximum force Tensile strength Lower yield strength Upper yield strength
GPa kN MPa MPa MPa
15.41 725.4 388.15 388.23



Yield strength by 2% offset method =
Area under the curve/ Toughness =

Mild Steel:
Module of elasticity Maximum force Tensile strength Lower yield strength Upper yield strength
GPa kN MPa MPa MPa
11.81 652.85



Yield strength by 2% offset method =
Area under the curve/ Toughness =

Discussion:
Errors are the fate of almost every experiment. Same is the case with the
experiment performed. In this experiment, errors may be due to the defects in
the material of the specimen, casual behavior of the performer while taking
measurements and during computation.
In tensile testing the brittle materials break without the formation of necking
while in ductile materials, necking occurs before they beak.

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