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LITERATURE REVIEW

Introduction:
An apartment, or flat, is a self-contained housing unit that occupies only part of a building. Such a
building may be called an apartment building, especially if it consists of many apartments for rent.
Apartments may be owned by an owner/occupier or rented by tenants.
In simple words apartment is the building in which accommodation is provided for 3 or more families
living independently of one another
Historical background:
High-rise apartment buildings had already appeared in ancient antiquity: the insulae in ancient Rome
and several other cities in the Roman Empire, some of which might have reached up to 10 or more stories,
one reportedly having 200 stairs.
In Egypt, there were many high-rise residential buildings, some seven stories tall that could reportedly
accommodate hundreds of people. Al-Muqaddasi in the 10th century described them as resembling
minarets, while Nasir Khusraw in the early 11th century described some of them rising up to 14 stories,
with roof gardens on the top storey complete with ox-drawn water wheels for irrigating them. By the 16th
century, Cairo also had high-rise apartment buildings where the two lower floors were for commercial and
storage purposes and the multiple stories above them were rented out to tenants.
The 16th century Yemeni city of Shibam is made up of over 500 tower houses,each one rising 5 to 11
stories high, with each floor having one or two apartments. The city has the tallest mud buildings in the
world, with some of them over 30 meters (100 feet) high.
During the 19th century tenements became the predominant type of new housing in Scotland's industrial
cities, although they were very common in the Old Town in Edinburgh from the 15th century where they
reached ten or eleven storeys high and in one case fourteen storeys. Built of sandstone or granite, Scottish
tenements are usually three to five storeys in height, with two to four flats on each floor.
In 1839, the first New York City tenement was built, housing mainly poor immigrants. The Dakota (1884)
was one of the first luxury apartment buildings in New York City. The majority, however, remained
tenements. Some significant developments in architectural design of apartment buildings came out of the
1950s and 60s.
Apartments were popular in Canada, particularly in urban centres like Vancouver, Toronto and Montreal
in the 1950s to 1970s. By the 1980s, many multi-unit buildings were being constructed as condominiums
instead of apartments, and both are now very common. Specifically in Toronto, high-rise apartments and
condominiums have been spread around the city, giving almost every major suburb a skyline
The earliest apartment buildings were in the major cities of Sydney and Melbourne as the response to fast
rising land values. Melbourne Mansions on Collins Street, Melbourne (now demolished), built in 1906 for
mostly wealthy residents is believed by many to be the earliest.
NEED OF APARTMENTS
Scarcity of land.
Higher land value
Inconveniency of services like water supply in individual level
Inconveniency of construction work in individual level.
security and privacy
Increase in population
migration to city
trend of parent-child unit eliminating the extended family concept

CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGH RISE APARTMENTS
Two entrances/exits, front and back
Laundry, water, heating, telephone, cable, electricity facilities common, parking, air conditioner, extra
storage, garbage disposed in trash containers, provision of fire escape and lifts because of the no. of
stories
Space must be simple and universal for variety of lifestyles
Balconies for asthetic purpose , visual extention of living space, outdoor sitting area, green area, extra
storage space

AMENITIES & SERVICES:
PUBLIC FACILITIES:
WATER SUPPLY
LAUNDRY AND DRIER
ELECTRICITY
SURFACE DRAINGE
GARBAGE AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM
PEDESTRIAN AND VEHICULAR LANE
COMMUNITY FACILITIES:
TELECOMMUNICATION
PARK AND PLAYGROUND
MULTIPURPOSE HALL
SECURITY
HEALTHCARE & RECREATIONAL SPA
COMMERCIAL FACILITIES:
MARKET & STORES
BANK
ENTERTAINMENT SECTOR
FACTORS AFFECTING HIGH RISE APARTMENTS:
Land topography: slope economics
Available materials/ technology: steel structure
Skilled manpower
Market situation: people to buy, available land
TYPES OF APARTMENTS:
A. According to vertical movement
1.Central corridor:
Most economical type of high-rise apartment. Max. Gross floor area with minimum number of of stairs
and elevators. Orientation as major factor for light.
2.Point block
Point block is schematically a square or near square..Apartments are planned along all sides in a ring
pattern around the core. Its radial expansion is limited. It can take many shapes (having own inherent
limitations)
3.Multi core
A rhythm created with numbers of point block types. It is used to satisfy variety of factors like site
condition. It provides a sense of seclusion and improved surveillance. Undeniably costlier than central
corridor and point block system
4.Exterior corridor system
Apartments can have two exteriors zones due to form of access. it is Logical if use is in moderate climate
as for cross ventilation. It is not an economical type of housing-each apartment carries twice the amount
of corridor cost of central corridor scheme
5.Skid stop system
Skip-stop- apartment have 2-3 levels with half floor differences. It is two story apartment with interior
stairs. The Stair- the connector between various levels plays a relatively minor role as an aesthetic
element. There is two level living space for an aesthetic pleasure.




B. According to design
1. Simplex apartments
Most common and simplest type.
All the components are in one level.
Size varies from Efficiency up to Multi-bedroom unit.
Simplex and most economic to built.
Simplified circulation.
Planning can be followed in High-rise as well as in Garden Apartment.
More floor area due to corridors and stairs.
The type is usually blend with other type
2.Duplex apartments
located on two levels.
Living, dining and kitchen on one level and sleeping on upper level.
Separation of sleeping and living provides greater privacy.
elimination of corridor and elevator as the economic factor.
Both levels can have through ventilation.
Need of interior stair sever problem for handicapped and elderly people.
Has more prestige and values than other.
Expensive than conventional




3.Triplex apartments
Located on three different levels.-
Functions are similar to that of duplex type
Restricted to most luxurious hi-rise apartment.
Greater privacy and livability.-
Interior staircase most be provided

4.Efficiency apartments
One large space-living, dining, sleeping, kitchen and toilet.
Apartment for single person, newly married couple, elderly etc.
Referred as STUDIO APARTMENT" when efficiency units increase.
Often less than minimum area is provided for subsidiary functions

c. According to no. of bedrooms
Single
Double
3 bedroom
4 bedroom

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