Uni Graphics

1
MEEM4403 Computer-Aided Design Methods

CAD Surfaces
From Planes to NURBS Surfaces!
Types of Surface Equations
Non-parametric - explicit
Parametric
Non-parametric implicit
e.g. sphere:
Primitive Surfaces
Plane P(u, v) = u i + v j + 0 k
x
y
z
u
v
Cylinder P(u, v) = R cos u i + R sin u j + v k
x
y
z
u
v
R
e-Learning Centre TDI Nasik
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Primitive Surfaces
Plane
Cylinder
Sphere
Cone
Torus
P(u, v) = u i + v j + 0 k
P(u, v) = R cos u i + R sin u j + v k
P(u, v) = R cos u cos v i + R sin u cos v j
+ R sin v k
P(u, v) = m v cos u i + m v sin u j + v k
P(u, v) = (R + r cos v) cos u i
+ (R + r cos v) sin u j + r sin v k
Use a transformation matrix to move these
into the desired location and orientation.
The Bilinear Surface
A bilinear surface is a linear interpolation of the
four corner points in the u and v directions.
The Bilinear Surface
Advantage:
Only four corner points need to be
supplied.
Limitations:
The boundaries of the bilinear surface
are straight.
Surfaces generally tend to be flat
3
Bi-cubic Patch
The Bi-cubic patch is represented by polynomials
of degree 3 in the u and v directions:
or, written as a matrix equation:
Bi-cubic Patch
There are 16 x 3 unknowns need 16
vector equations.
x(0,0) 5
e.g. P(0,0) = y(0,0) = 8
z(0,0) 3
x
u
(0,0) 0.5
e.g. P
u
(0,0) = P(0,0) = y
u
(0,0) = 0.8
u z
u
(0,0) 0.3
Set P(0,0), P(0,1), P(1,0), P(1,1)
Set P
u
(0,0), P
u
(0,1), P
u
(1,0), P
u
(1,1),
P
v
(0,0), P
v
(0,1), P
v
(1,0), P
v
(1,1)
Set twist vectors: P
uv
(0,0), P
uv
(0,1), P
uv
(1,0), P
uv
(1,1)
Bi-cubic Patch
Final equation:
where:
(These are the Hermite
blending functions!)
4
Bi-cubic Patch
Advantages:
Boundary curves are Hermite curves
Control over interior points
Disadvantages:
What value to give to the twist vector? The
effect of the twist vector value can not be
visualized intuitively. (Fergusons patch has a
twist vector of 0.)
Cant be used with higher order polynomials.
Bezier Surface
The Bezier surface is an
extension of the Bezier
curve concept to one
higher dimension.
Evaluate in v to get
control points in u.
Bezier Surface
We can verify that
P
0,0
lies on the
surface by substi-
tuting u = 0, v = 0 to
see if we can get
back P
0,0
.
5
Bezier Surface
We can verify that the edge of the surface is
a Bezier curve by substituting u = 0:
Bezier Surface
Advantages:
Boundaries are Bezier curves.
Intuitive control of surface interior.
Derivatives (surface normals) can be eval-
uated using same algorithm used to eval-
uate points.
Disadvantages:
No local control. (Moving one control point
affects entire surface.)
The B-spline Equation
Recall the B-spline curve
N0,4
N1,4 N2,4
N3,4
N4,4 N5,4 N6,4
N7,4
B-spline surface
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Linear Extrude Operation
1. Start with NURBS curve:
4. Duplicate the weightings in
each row.
j j j
h h h = =
, 1 , 0
2. Duplicate the control points.
j j
P P =
, 0
3. Create another duplicate
row of control points
translated by da.
a P P d
j j
+ =
, 1
MEEM 4403 COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN METHODS
FINAL EXAM Practice - FALL 2005

Name: ______________________ You are allowed one sheet of notes.

1. For the cubic Bezier curve P(u) [0 u 1] with the control points
shown,
draw the control polyline,
draw the convex hull,
draw a rough sketch of the curve, and
draw the approximate position of u = 0, u = 2/3, and u = 1,
calculate the values of the Bernstein polynomials (B
i,n
) for u =
2/3.
use the Bernstein polynomials to calculate the position of the
curve point P (2/3).

P
0
P
1

P
2

P
3

1 2 0
1
2
0
15

2. Calculate the position of the surface point P(0.3, 0.6) where P (u, v) [0 u 1; 0 v 1] is a
bilinear surface given by the control points:
=
1
2
0
,
0
1
1
,
0
1
1
,
0
0
0
1 , 1 1 , 0 0 , 1 0 , 0
P P P P .

15

3. For the Bezier surface P (u, v) [0 u 1; 0 v 1] with the control points shown,
draw the mesh of the control points,
draw a rough sketch of the surface boundaries, and
using Bernstein polynomials, calculate the position of the surface point P(0.5, 0.75).

=
0
0
2
,
1
0
1
,
0
0
0
0 , 2 0 , 1 0 , 0
P P P ,
=
1
1
2
,
2
1
1
,
1
1
0
1 , 2 1 , 1 1 , 0
P P P ,
=
0
2
2
,
1
2
1
,
0
2
0
2 , 2 2 , 1 2 , 0
P P P .

Note that:
B
0,2
(0. 5) = 0.25, B
1,2
(0.5) = 0.5, B
2,2
(0.5) = 0.25.
B
0,2
(0.75) = 0.06, B
1,2
(0.75) = 0.37, B
2,2
(0.75) = 0.56.

x
y
z
P
0,0

P
0,1

P
0,2

P
1,0

P
1,1

P
1,2

P
2,0

P
2,1

P
2,2

15

4. What is the Gruebler count useful for? What does it mean when it equals (i) zero, (ii) greater
than zero, and (iii) less than zero?

5. Name two ways of achieving inter-part associativity (e.g., when using master models)?

6. How are the MX, MY, and MZ machining coordinates oriented with respect to a horizontal
lathe? Show using a sketch.

6
3
2

7. Mathematically, a constrained optimization problem is defined as:

( ) ( )
( )
( ) q j H
m i G
F F R
j
i
u l
n
,..., 2 , 1 0
,..., 2 , 1 0
min that so
*
*
*
* *
= =
=

=
X
X
X X X
X X X

We wish to design a cylindrical fuel storage container that maximizes the volume (V) but
uses only up to 15 lbs of steel. The diameter of the container is D, the height is H, the wall
thickness is t, and each of these dimensions can be controlled. As well, the container must be
strong enough to hold the fuel, assuming static conditions and using a safety factor of four.

Draw connecting lines to relate each of the elements of the problem on the left to the
corresponding mathematical element(s) in which it occurs on the right:

Fuel volume calculation (V)
15 lbs of steel
D
H
t
Stress calculation
Steel weight calculation
Safety factor of 4

( )
( )
( )
*
*
X
X
X
X
X
X
j
i
u
l
H
G
F

8

6. Which structural optimization technique would be best for determining:
(a) the most effective position of lightening holes (cutouts in the structure to reduce weight)?

(b) the radius of a fillet to minimize stress concentration?

(c) the shape of a fillet to minimize stress concentration?

7. Which optimization solution technique would be best for
determining:
(a) the optimal speed of a jet engine to minimize vibration (if
the vibration is a function of speed as shown)?

(b) the radius of a fillet to minimize stress concentration?

7. Which of the three major approaches to Process Planning would be best suited to:
(a) a one-of-a-kind job in a job shop?

(b) a factory producing hundreds of the same component using an injection molding
machine?

(c) a job shop producing many similar items?

6
4

Rotation speed
Vibration
amplitude
very high peeks
6

8. Circle the items that can be controlled directly from NC code:

(a) tool spindle rotation speed
(b) cutter position
(c) cutting force applied
(d) cutter feed velocity
(e) whether the coolant flow is on
(f) when to change to a different cutting tool
(g) which clamping fixtures to use
(h) which machine to use
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LAB EXAM PRACTICE - FALL 2005

For all questions, use "Save Link As" in your web browser to download the parts required from
the course web page (www.me.mtu.edu/~cadm4403).

1. Create the part shown, with the given dimensions (in mm):
the hole on the side has a bottom 10 mm from the shaft centerline
the keyway width is 10 mm
add a pattern of 10 holes at a 30 mm radius on the flange. The holes should be 10 mm in
diameter.

40

2. Download the part lab_exam_practice_q2.prt. Modify the notch from a V shape to a U
shape as shown. Modify the sketch only.

3. Use Unigraphics expressions to control a parameter Y as a function of X as shown in the
graph. (Set X to be 6 when you submit the part.)

X
Y
0
2
3
4
0 2 5 7
4. Download the part lab_exam_practice_q4.prt. Correct the problematic feature. The part
should look as shown in Figure 4. Save the part as "lab_exam_practice_q4_username.prt".

Figure 4. Cover

5. Download the part lab_exam_practice_q5.prt. Move the connecting lines to make the
surface shape more triangular on the sides, as shown in Figure 5. Save the part as
"lab_exam_practice_q5_username.prt".

Figure 5. Loft

6. Download the part lab_exam_practice_q6.prt. Edit the loft to change the shape from that
shown in Figure 6(a) to that shown in Figure 6(b). Be sure to edit the loft feature. Do not
create a new feature (it is possible to tell if the feature is a new one.) Save the part as
lab_exam_practice_q6_username.prt.

(a) (b)
Figure 6. Twisted Loft (a) before, (b) after.
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10
10

7. Download the parts BLOCK_1x2_BLUE and BLOCK_1x6_RED. Create the assembly
part Floor_username.prt. Use bottom up design techniques to add the pieces and mate
them as shown in Figure 7(a).
Figure 7.

8. Create an assembly Tower_username.prt using three Floor sub-assemblies and one 1x2
piece. Constrain the sub-assemblies and 1x2 piece as shown in Figure 7(b).

9. Create an exploded view of the Floor sub-assembly.

(a) Single Floor Sub- assembly
Name it: Floor_userid
(b) Tower Assembly
Name it:Tower_userid
10
5
5

10. Download the part BLOCK_1x6_RED. Create the assembly part Link_username.prt. Use
bottom up design techniques to add the pieces and mate them as shown in Figure 7(a).

Figure 7.

11. Create an assembly TwoLinks_username.prt using two Link sub-assemblies. Constrain the
sub-assemblies as shown in Figure 7(b).

12. Create an exploded view of the Links sub-assembly.

10
5
5
(a) Single Link Sub- assembly
Name it: Link_userid
(b) Two Link Assembly
Name it: TwoLinks_userid

13. Download the part lab_exam_practice_q13.prt and save it as
lab_exam_practice_q13_username.prt.
Create the sketch shown in Figure 9(a) on the horizontal datum plane.
Extrude upwards and intersect with the surface, in order to get the outside shape of the
hatch.
Use Thicken Sheet to create the 0.1 inch thick hatch.

(a) (b)

Figure 9. (a) Sketch for cutting hatch, (b) the hatch.

14. Download the part wing_master_shape.prt. This is the master part to give the shape for a
wing design.
Create a new wing assembly part wing_assy_username.prt, using inch units.
Add the wing_master_shape part to the wing assembly.
Create a new (empty) part called wing_hatch_username.prt, using inch units, and add
this part to the wing assembly.
Use associative copy (Wave Geometry Linker) to add the three fixed datums and the
surface of the wing from the wing shape master part to the wing hatch part.

10
10
Practice Lab Exam Answers to Selected Questions

2. Turn on layer 21 to view the sketches. Edit the sketch SKETCH_BACK_FACE.
Create and constrain the new lines. Edit the section string ( ) to make it use the
new lines instead of the old lines. (You cant delete the old lines directly because they
are being used by the extrude operation.) Finish the sketch to observe that the solid
updates correctly. Go into the sketch again to delete the lines from the original V.

3. Create a new part (name it lab_exam_practice_q3.prt or similar). Use Tools
Expressions to create X and Y parameters with the corresponding formulas:
X = 6
Y = if (X<2)(3-0.5*X) else if (X<5) (2) else if (X<7) (-3+X) else (4)

4. To get an idea of how the part has been constructed:
- Make all layers visible.
- Unblank all of part.
- From the menu, select EditFeaturePlayback.
- Continue pressing the Step button and observe the creation of the solid model
- Repeat if necessary from a different vantage point, or with some objects blanked
To fix the problem, in Model Navigator, select EXTRUDE EDGE_SHAPE (25).
Press RMB to Edit ParametersFeature Parameters. Observe the extent of the
extrude by the arrows in the graphics window. Change the start distance to 0.

5. Make Layer 21 selectable. In Part Navigator, select THROUGH_CURVES(4)
operation. Press RMB to Edit Parameters. In Edit Parameters:
- Respecify Starting Curve (as shown in Figure 1).
- Edit Alignment (change to By Points, select points as shown in Figure 1.)

1
1
2
2
3
3

Figure 1


7. Use the regular bottom-up assembly modeling techniques, including creating Mating
Conditions to construct the parts. Refer to the CAST system for how to create
exploded views.
1
Geometric
Constraints
2D Geometric Entities
Geometric Entity Deg.-of-freedom
Point
Infinite straight line
Straight line segment
Circle
Circular arc
Ellipse
Parabola
Freeform (e.g. b-spline)

Entity Equation
Point

Infinite line

Line seg.

Circle

2
Entity Equation
Circular arc

Ellipse

Parabola

Freeform

2D Wireframe Constraints
Dimensional:
Distance (linear, horizontal, vertical)
Angle
Radius (or diameter)
Curve Length
Geometric
Coincident, Incident
Parallel, Perpendicular
Tangent, Concentric
Mirror
Fixed, Fixed Horizontal, Fixed Vertical
Constraint Deg.-of-freedom removed
Point-
Point
Line-
Line
Point-
Line
Distance
Incident
Angle
Perpendicular
Parallel

1
2
N/A
N/A
N/A
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
N/A
N/A
N/A

3
Constraint Equation
Distance (P1, P2, s)

Distance (L1, L2, s)

Distance (P, L, s)

Angle (L1, L2, )

( ) ( )
2 2
1 2
2
1 2
s y y x x
P P P P
= +

s d d
L L
=
1 2
s d y x
L L P L P
= + sin cos

=
1 2 L L

Constraint Equation
Coincident (P1, P2)

Coincident(L1, L2)

Incident(P, L)

Fix (P) (at 10, 5)

1 2 P P
x x =
; 1 2 P P
y y =

1 2 L L
=
; 1 2 L L
d d =

0 sin cos = +
L L P L P
d y x

10
2
=
P
x
;
5
2
=
P
y

Under/Over-Constrained
Geometry
If there are not enough constraints, then
the geometry is under-constrained.
If there are too many constraints, then the
geometry is over-constrained.
7
5
7
5
4
6
6
Under-constrained Over-constrained
4
Potential Exam Question
What constraints could be added to fully constrain the
wireframe shown? Include constraints to remove rigid body
motion.
Vertices: A, B, C, D
Straight Lines: AB, BC,
CD, DA
B
A
C
D
Potential Exam Question
Sketch the figure resulting when the following constraints
are satisfied for the following entities. A has been drawn to
start you off.
Entities
Vertices: A, B, C, D
Straight Lines: AB, BC, CD
Circular Arc: DA
Constraints
Fixed (A)
Horizontal (AB)
Distance (A, B, 2 in.) (B to the right of A)
Angle (AB, BC, 45) (up and to the right)
Distance (AB, CD, 1 unit) (CD above AB)
Tangent (DA, AB), (DA, CD) (DA left of
AB)
A
How Under/Over-Constrained
Geometry is Identified
Under-constrained:
Arrows show remaining degrees-of-freedom.
Status bar text tells how many constraints are
still needed.
Dragging under-constrained geometry.
(Note that you must be in constraining mode ( ) to see
the arrows or status bar text.)
Over-constrained geometry is shown yellow.
Well-constrained, but no solution shown pink.
5
Multiple Solutions
These two shapes have the exact same
geometric entities and constraints
3 5 2
10
6
2
3 5 2
10
6
2
Use to flip between two solutions.
1. When geometry is deleted, associated
constraints are also deleted automat-
ically!
Be careful!
2D Fillet
2. Constrain to
opposite lines,
not points, if
possible.
Distances to perpendicular line. GOOD!
2D Fillet
Distances to line ends. BAD!
See problem with filleting.
Constraining Procedure
1. Create Sketch object
2. Sketch curves
3. Restrain rigid body motion. (Constrain
against something that is not in sketch.)
4. Constrain the points and curves of the
sketch with respect to each other.
2D Entity Degrees-of-
Freedom
Equation(s) Variables that
need to be specified
Point 2 N/A x, y
Infinite Line 2
b mx y + =
Alternative form:
0 cos sin = + d y x
m, b

, d
Line Segment 4 Parametric form:
( )
( )
1 0

1 2 1
1 2 1

+ =
+ =
t
t y y y y
t x x x x

(Note that t is an extra parameter whose
degrees-of-freedom are cancelled by the
extra equation.)

x
1
, y
1
, x
2
, y
2

Circle 3
( ) ( )
2 2 2
r y y x x
c c
= +
Alternative parametric form:
2 0
sin
cos

+ =
+ =
t
t r y y
t r x x
c
c

x
c
, y
c
, r

x
c
, y
c
, r
Circular Arc 5
2 1
sin
cos
t t t
t r y y
t r x x
c
c

+ =
+ =

x
c
, y
c
, r, t
1
, t
2

Ellipse 5

2 0
cos sin
sin cos
sin
cos

+ + =
+ =
=
=
t
y x y y
y x x x
t b y
t a x
shape shape c
shape shape c
shape
shape

a, b, x
c
, y
c
,
Note that a and b are
DOF related to shape
and x
c
, y
c
, are DOF
related to rigid body
motion.
Parabola 4

cos sin
sin cos

2
shape shape c
shape shape c
shape
shape
y x y y
y x x x
at y
t x
+ + =
+ =
=
=

a, x
c
, y
c
,
Note that a is DOF
related to shape and x
c
,
y
c
, are DOF related to
rigid body motion.
Freeform shape
(Shape is fixed as:
2 0
) (
) (

=
=
t
t F y
t F x
y ff
x ff

but can be scaled,
translated and
rotated.)
4

cos sin
sin cos

shape shape c
shape shape c
ff shape
ff shape
y x y y
y x x x
sy y
sx x
+ + =
+ =
=
=

s, x
c
, y
c
,
Note that x
ff
and y
ff
are
fixed not free. s is
must be specified for
scaling and x
c
, y
c
, are
DOF related to rigid
body motion.

1
Basic Sweep
Operations
Creating Solids from 2D Profiles!!
What is a Defining String and
what is it used for?
A Defining String is a set of connected 2D curves
used in a sweep operation.
Closed string section will generate a solid
with end caps.
Open section will generate a sheet
Closed: Open:
Exception:
UG Offsets
- Another exception: Preferences Modeling Options Body Type: Sheet setting will
create sheets from closed profiles.
Creating Defining Strings
Defining Strings are created automatically
when you pick sketches for a sweep operation.
Unconnected curves yield separate defining
strings, and will result in separate features in
the Model Navigator.
Dangling and intersecting curves will cause
problems.
Reference curves will not become part of a
defining string. Use to make curves into
reference curves.
2
Editing Defining Strings
1) Bring up Sketch Tool ( )
2) Activate Sketch
3) Add new curves
4) Edit Defining String ( )
- pick new curves to add
- shift-pick old curves to remove
5) Delete old curves
6) Constrain all curves
7) when finished!
Extrude Command
1) Select tool ( )
2) Select sketch, edges, 3D curves, or face to
extrude.
3) Extrude options:
Start/end options: Distance to start/end | Start/end
at next/selected face or plane | through all
Solid Boolean options: Create/Unite/Subtract/
Intersect Use Create if possible.
Direction
Taper angle
Profile offset distances
Other options are set using PreferencesModeling.
Revolve Command
1) Select tool ( )
2) Select sketch, edges, 3D curves, or face to
extrude.
3) Select revolve axis
4) Revolve options:
Start/end options: Angle to start/end | Start/ end at
trim face
Other options are set using PreferencesModeling.
Revolved profile must be on one side of revolve axis!
3
Sweep Command
1) Select InsertSweepSweep Along Guide
2) Select cross-section profile (sketch, edges, 3D curves,
or face)
3) Select sweep path (sketch, edges, 3D curves, or face)
4) Sweep Options:
Sweep profile must be at start of sweep path!!
Sweep profile must be perpendicular to sweep path!!
Swept shape must not self-intersect!!
1
Datum Geometry &
Engineering Features
As well as, Primitives, Boolean
Operations & Design Intent
Datum Geometry
Datum geometry is points, curves, and sur-
faces that are used as reference to help the
designer define locations and orientations
for the placement of features.
In Unigraphics there are three types :
1)
2)
3)
Datum Geometry
As well, any point, curve or surface that is
not part of a solid can be used as a datum
as long as it does not disappear in later
modeling operations.
For example:

2
Datum Planes
Can be used to:
Provide a planar location for a sketch
Position engineering features
Provide a trimming object
There are two types:
1. Fixed Datum Plane
Always use to start the part.
Use ONLY to start the part.
Can not be moved after they are created.
Datum Planes
2. Relative Datum Plane
Use them extensively while creating parts.
Can be moved by adjusting parameters or
dependent geometry
Various construction methods are available:
Build on other datum if you can.

Datum Axes
Can be used to help create:
datum planes
revolved features
extruded features
1. Fixed Datum Axis
Like datum planes, datum axes:
Should be used only to start the part.
Can not be moved after they are created.
3
Datum Axes
2. Relative Datum Plane
Use them extensively while creating parts.
Can be moved by adjusting parameters or
dependent geometry
Various construction methods are available:
Build on other datum if you can.

Datum Coordinate Systems
Can be used to automatically create a set of
orthogonal datum planes and axes
1. Fixed (Absolute) Datum Coordinate Sys.
(Use in CSYS Constructor dialog.)
2. Relative Datum Coordinate System
Why use Datum Geometry?
Some shapes can only be created using datum
geometry.
Building on datum geometry is safer than building
on solid geometry. Design changes can cause solid objects (faces,
edges, points) to actually disappear!! Datum geometry will always be
there for you!
Building on datum geometry is more flexible. You
can re-order the sequence of features more easily since there are
fewer dependencies between features.
4
Engineering Features automate the
construction of shapes commonly used in
mechanical engineering:
Boss
Slot
Pocket
Hole
(What are other ways of creating these solid shapes?)
Creating an engineering feature involves:
1) Specifying the feature parameters
2) Specifying the position of the feature
The idea is that they save you time. How?
It is also possible to create your own user-
defined features.
A Note About Primitives in UG
Primitives should not be used in this
course. They are not associative and
therefore will not move if the geometry they
are built on moves.
5
Boolean Operations in UG
Use Insert Combine Bodies
Unite/Subtract/Intersect
When creating solid shapes (by sweeping or primitives),
when possible, use the Create option, then
create the Boolean operation. This makes the shapes
more independent, since you can just delete the Boolean operation
and the two shapes will remain.
(What is another way features can be made more
independent?)
A Note on Design Intent
Yes, it does matter how you create a solid, even
if the results look the same!
Design Intent is the rational behind why you
made the part the way you did. Shapes on a part
are there to enable some functionality or fulfill
some requirement.
Your modeling approach, the sequence of
features you choose, must reflect your design
intent.
A Note on Design Intent
Your model should satisfy the following
criteria:
1. Try for 1-1 mapping between design intent &
feature. Each feature should embody one function/
requirement. Each function/requirement should be embodied
by one feature.
2. All important dimensions must appear
explicitly. If wall thickness is an important design
parameter, it should appear in Tool Expressions.
3. Minimize the number of parameters.
4. Minimize the number of features.
SOLID MODELING DATA STRUCTURES Practice Questions

1. Give the octree representation for the prism shown. Show using
the shaded box representation with numbering convention
shown. The hole is centered in the lower right quadrant and has
depth of 1 mm. Show to a resolution of 1 mm.

2. Show a CSG tree representation of the shape in question 11. Beside each node in the tree
show what the primitive or operator result looks like.

4
4
4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

8

1 2
3 4
5
6
7

3. Show the half-edge B-Rep data structure for the shape shown. Label all squares in the graph.
Information about faces other than F1, F2, F3, and F4 does not need to be included.

Show lists
as arrays:

F1
F2
F3
F4
1
Solid Modeling
Implementation
And what is a non-manifold solid?
Euler Operators
The Euler-Poincare formula says how many
faces, edges, vertices, etc. there are on a
valid solid:
v e + f h = 2(s p)
where the variables give the number of:
v vertices h hole loops
e edges s shells
f faces p passages
Euler Operators
For example, given the shape shown,
16 24 + 10 2 = 2(1 1)
therefore the shape may be a valid manifold.
2
Euler Operators
Euler operators provide specific topology
changes that guarantee that the Euler-
Poincare formula is maintained.
The operator Make an Edge and a
Loop (MEL) is shown.
Euler Operators
Figure fromK.Lee, Principles of CAD/CAM/CAE Systems, Addison-Wesley
How Solid Boolean Operators
Are Implemented
1. Split edges at intersections.
2. Determine whether each edge is inside,
outside, or on the boundary of the other solid.
3. Recombine edges according to the type of the
Boolean operation.
Figure fromK. Lee, Principles of CAD/CAM/CAE Systems, Addison-Wesley
3
Nonmanifold Solids
In a manifold solid, every point on a
surface is locally two-dimensional.
(A bug traveling on the surface can always move forward,
backward, left, and right.)
Here are some non-manifold models:
Figure fromK. Lee, Principles of CAD/CAM/CAE Systems, Addison-Wesley
Practice
Questions from text:
5.1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14
1
Computer-Aided
Drafting
Basic Drafting Functions
Create new drawing
Create views of solid in drawing
Draw curves (like in Sketcher)
Dimension (for display only)
Annotate
with leaders and without leaders
with notes or symbols (e.g., welding symbols)
position with respect to model or view
Create tabular notes
Drawing Properties
Size of drawing (A,B,C,D,E,A4,A3,A2,A1,A0)
Scale
Projection convention
Use Drawing Edit to change these
settings in UG
2
View Properties
Scale (can be different from drawing scale)
Position on drawing
Solid view
orientation (top view, bottom view, etc.)
display settings (e.g., show hidden lines)
boundary (all of solid vs. part of solid in detailed view)
cross-section cut
Drafting in Unigraphics
Start Drafting application.
Press to create base view.
Press to add other views.
Press to add dimensions.
(These are associative, but can not be used to control
the part.)
Press to add annotations and
symbols.
Press to create a new sheet.
Drafting in Unigraphics
Some hints:
Hide datum geometry (using layer settings or blanking)
before starting Drafting Application.
Uncheck Display Borders in Preferences
Drafting View.
Border and title block must be created
manually (as far as I know) using manually
drawn lines, annotation and tabular notes.
1
Assembly Modeling
Assemblies
An assembly is a collection of components
(parts and sub-assemblies) arranged in a
specific way.
Assemblies are useful for:
E.g., Widget assembly has
components: A, B, C.
C B A
Assembly Part Info.
In early Assembly Modelers, all the information for each component
was put in the file. This was very inefficient when the same part was
used multiple times. E.g., A and C are the same. Information for A and C was
included twice.
Now CAD systems keep pointers to the part or sub-assembly
information. I.e., an assembly only keeps track of which file has the
part information for each components.
C B A
Widget Assembly End_part Middle_part
2
Assembly Positioning
Since the details of each component come from a
separate part file, it is also necessary to keep track of the
position of each component.
The position of each component is given as a
transformation matrix.
C B A
Widget Assembly End_part Middle_part
x
y
x
y
x
y
Assembly Positioning
Widget_Assembly
Component A : End_Part,
Component B : Middle_Part,
Component C : End_part,

Assembly Constraints
Components can be positioned with respect to
each other using positioning commands.
However, modern CAD systems use constraints
(mating conditions) to automatically position
components.
Assembly constraints allow components to be
automatically re-positioned when the size of a
part changes (e.g., if Middle_part becomes wider, component C
automatically moves right.)
UG assembly constraints are:
3
Assembly Data Structure
In UG, a part file can contain:
For each component, an assembly keeps track of:

Bottom-Up vs. Top-Down Design
Bottom-up: component parts are designed and
edited apart from their usage in a higher
assembly.
1. Create part solid models.
2. Combine parts into sub-assemblies.
3. Combine sub-assemblies into assemblies.
Top-down: the hierarchy of assemblies and sub-
assemblies is designed first, then part solid
models are designed in place.
1. Create highest level assembly.
2. Add empty sub-assemblies and parts to assemblies.
3. Create solid models in empty part files.
Bottom-Up vs. Top-Down Design
Bottom Up Top Down
3.
2.
1.
2.
3.
1.
4
Design in Place
Also known as Design in Context.
Solid Models are created such that the part and
assembly coordinate systems line up in the assembly.
Neighboring part can be used as reference.
x
y
Not Designed in Place
x
y
Designed in Place
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
1
Using Vendor
e-Catalogs
Identifying Needed Components &
Obtaining Component Model Files
Component Searches
Old way vs. New way
When manufacturing a product, a large percentage of components
are typically obtained from vendors, rather than being
manufactured in-house.
The designer is typically responsible for identifying the needed
components, and determining whether they will function properly
in the product.
The old pre-Internet way of performing these activities, was to:
1. Identify components in paper catalogs or on Microfiche
2. Draft the components by referencing vendor drawings
The new Internet-age way of performing these activities is to:
1. Perform an Internet search for components.
2. Download model files and insert into assembly model
Performing a Component Search
Searches can be performed in 3 ways:
Keyword search in Google, Yahoo or other search engine,
type in words that describe the component, being as specific as
possible.
Hierarchical search using GlobalSpec (www.globalspec.com),
Thomas Register (www.thomasnet.com) or other hierarchically
organized oracle, choose product category starting at highest
level and then being more specific as you work your way down.
Some sites allow specifying limits on engineering and dimension
parameters to narrow the search.
Shape-based search use 3DSearchIT, PartSolutions or other
shape search software to look through company records to find
existing components similar to what you need.
2
Downloading Model Files
Several vendors provide model files of their
components on their web-sites.
These are available in different formats:
Bitmap Image (e.g. JPG, GIF)
2D Drawing (e.g. AutoCAD dwg)
3D Surface model (e.g. VRML)
B-REP (e.g. IGES, STEP)
Solid model with history (i.e., can modify
parameters, but must be given in native CAD software-
specific format)
Using PartSolutions to get Native
Format Model Files
To use PartSolutions to get NX3 model files:
1. Open or create the model file for your assembly.
2. Select PARTsolutions PARTdataManager.
3. In Part selection dialog box, double-click vendor
catalog or NORM (standards). Double-click on
specific component (or feature) required.
4. Examine part in graphics window, Technical details
window and configuration spreadsheet.
5. In the configuration spreadsheet (see next slide)
select the size/configuration by selecting the row.
Double-click on yellow boxes to change values.
Using PartSolutions to get Native
Format Model Files
6. Press or select Export Export to bring the component
into your assembly.
7. For each new component, make it the work part and use Save
As to save it in your assembly directory with the same name.
8. To bring in another component, repeat steps 2-7. Note that you
DO need to repeat step 2 to reconnect with PartSolutions.
3
Installed Catalogs
These catalogs are currently installed with
PartSolutions:
NORM AISC Steel sections & ANSI Nuts, Bolts, etc.
Albion casters and wheels
Burger & Brown flow manifolds
Carr Lane pins, knobs, clamps
Monroe Eng. handles & clamps
Parker valves & fittings
Phd clamps, grippers & sliders for robots
RoboUnits conveyer systems
Rockwell Automation bearings, AC & DC motors
Welker Bearing actuated pins, lifters & slides
1
Freeform Surface
Modeling
Review of Sweep Operations
Types of sweep operations are:
Elements of sweep operations are:

Types of Freeform Features
1. Features from points
Point interpolation
Control points
Point cloud
Points are incident with surface.
Points pull surface.
(Not necessarily incident.)
Best fit to jumble of points.
(E.g., laser scanned data)
2
2. Features from multiple sections
Ruled surface
Through curves (loft)
Matching points on each curve
are joined by straight lines.
Best fit of surface to curves.
(If only two curves, same as ruled.)
Through curve mesh
Advanced sweep
Best fit to two sets of curves,
one set for each direction.
Similar to basic sweep, but guide
rails can be used to change size
and orientation of cross-section.
Bounded plane or surface
Best fit to bounding curves.
For Features from multiple sections,
can also control tangency at edges.
3
3. Surface construction from existing
surfaces
Offset surface
Midsurface
Offset surface is same perpendicular dist-
ance from original surface at every point.
Can also offset in specific directions.
Midsurface is same perpendicular distance
from both original surfaces at each point.
Both of these surfaces are associative.
3. Surface construction from existing
surfaces
Others we already use:

4. Operations on sheets and faces
Trim sheet
Split face
Sew face
4
Practical Hints
UG demo
Choosing loft direction:
Fixing twist:
Difference between sweep and loft:
Rounding ends:
Bezier Curve and Surface Evaluation Practice - FALL 2005

1. For the cubic Bezier curve P(u) [0 u 1] with the control
points shown,
draw the control polygon,
draw the convex hull,
draw a rough sketch of the curve,
i,n
) for u
= 0.2, and
curve point P (0.2).

1
P
0

P
2

P
3

1 2 0
2
0
3
3
P
1

15

2. For the cubic Bezier curve P(u) [0 u 1] with the control
points shown, draw the
control polygon,
convex hull,
a rough sketch of the curve, and
i,n
) for u
= 0.75, and
curve point P (0.75).

P
0

P
2

P
1

P
3

1 2 0
1
2
0
15

3. Calculate the position of the surface point P(0.25, 0.5) where P (u, v) [0 u 1; 0 v 1] is
a bilinear surface given by the control points:
=
1
1
1
,
0
1
0
,
0
0
1
,
0
0
0
1 , 1 1 , 0 0 , 1 0 , 0
P P P P .


draw a rough sketch of the surface, and
calculate the position of the surface point P(0.25, 0.5).

=
0
0
2
,
0
0
1
,
0
0
0
0 , 2 0 , 1 0 , 0
P P P ,
=
1
1
2
,
1
1
1
,
0
1
0
1 , 2 1 , 1 1 , 0
P P P ,
=
0
2
2
,
0
2
1
,
0
2
0
2 , 2 2 , 1 2 , 0
P P P .

Note that:
B
0,2
(0.25) = 0.56, B
1,2
(0.25) = 0.37, B
2,2
(0.25) = 0.06.
B
0,2
(0. 5) = 0.25, B
1,2
(0.5) = 0.5, B
2,2
(0.5) = 0.25.

x
y
z
P
0,0

P
0,1

P
0,2

P
1,0

P
1,1

P
1,2

P
2,0

P
2,1

P
2,2

15

draw a rough sketch of the surface boundaries, and
using the blending functions, calculate the position of the surface point P(0.5, 0.25).

=
0
0
2
,
0
0
1
,
0
0
0
,
2
0
0
0 , 3 0 , 2 0 , 1 0 , 0
P P P P ,
=
0
1
2
,
1
1
1
,
1
1
0
,
2
1
0
1 , 3 1 , 2 1 , 1 1 , 0
P P P P ,
=
0
2
2
,
0
2
1
,
0
2
0
,
2
2
0
2 , 3 2 , 2 2 , 1 2 , 0
P P P P .

Note that:
B
0,3
(0.5) = 0.125, B
1,3
(0.5) = 0.375, B
2,3
(0.5) = 0.375, B
3,3
(0.5) = 0.125.
B
0,2
(0.25) = 0.56, B
1,2
(0.25) = 0.37, B
2,2
(0.25) = 0.06.

15

x
y
z

P
0,0

P
0,1

P
0,2

P
1,0

P
1,1

P
1,2

P
2,0

P
3,0

P
2,1

P
2,2

P
3,1

P
3,2


draw a rough sketch of the surface, and
calculate the position of the surface point P(0.5, 0.25).

=
0
0
3
,
0
0
2
,
0
0
1
,
0
0
0
0 , 3 0 , 2 0 , 1 0 , 0
P P P P ,
=
0
1
3
,
1
1
2
,
1
1
1
,
1
1
0
1 , 3 1 , 2 1 , 1 1 , 0
P P P P ,
=
0
2
3
,
0
2
2
,
0
2
1
,
0
2
0
3 , 2 2 , 2 2 , 1 2 , 0
P P P P .

Note that:
B
0,3
(0.5) = 0.125, B
1,3
(0.5) = 0.375, B
2,3
(0.5) = 0.375, B
3,3
(0.5) = 0.125.
B
0,2
(0. 25) = 0.56, B
1,2
(0.5) = 0.37, B
2,2
(0.5) = 0.06.

x
y
z
P
0,0

P
0,2

P
1,0

P
1,1

P
1,2

P
2,0

P
2,1

P
2,2

P
3,0

P
3,2

P
3,1

P
0,1


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1

MEEM4403 Computer-Aided Design Methods

e-Learning Centre TDI Nasik

Build on other datum if you can.

Build on other datum if you can.

For each component, an assembly keeps track of:

MEEM4403 Computer-Aided Design Methods

Elements of sweep operations are:

MEEM4403 Computer-Aided Design Methods

MEEM4403 Computer-Aided Design Methods

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