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CONDUCTIONANDRADIATIONHEATTRANSFER
Md. Mahbubul Islam
Lecturer, Dept. of MechE
BUET, Dhaka-1000
Download Course Materials from
www.mislam.info/ocw.html
Suggested Reference books
Heat and Mass transfer A Practical Approach by Yunus A Cengel
Heat Transfer A Basic Approach by M. Nekati Ozisik
Fundamentals of Heat and mass Transfer by Incropera and Dewitt
Heat Transfer by J P Holman
TODAYSTOPIC
Basic ideas of Radiation Heat Transfer
Thermal Radiation
Electromagnetic Spectra
THREE BASIC MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER IN CONTRAST WITH OTHER TWO MODE OF HEAT TRANSFER
Conduction and convection are short range phenomena, Mean Free Path (MFP) is very small
Radiation is a long range phenomena. MFP varies widely from 10-10to 1010 m
Different in terms of required medium
THUS THERMAL RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER IS IMPORTANT IN
Combustion application (Fire, Furnace, Engines etc)
Nuclear Reactions (in the sun, fusion reactor etc)
Atmospheric Re-entryspace vehicle
Others are solar energy collector and the green house effect both due to radiation from high temp
sun
Radiation heat transfer is important for LOW temperature application too!
EXAMPLE OF LOW TEMP RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER WITH PRESENCE OF OTHER MODE
OF HEAT TRANSFER
A florist used plastic coverings over flower flats. He observed water collecting in the plastic has
formed ice a quarter inch thick (at night), when the official temp reading was far above freezing.
So why Ice was formed?
Its due to the radiation loss occurring between the water covered surface and the very cooled
outer space and the evaporative heat loss from the water
EXAMPLE OF LOW TEMP RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER WITH PRESENCE OF OTHER MODE
OF HEAT TRANSFER
Ancient Egyptians made ice by putting water filled porous earthen pot on the roof of the house during
clear night.
So why Ice was formed?
EXAMPLES OF RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER9
A hot object is enclosed in a evacuated chamber
THERMAL RADIATION MECHANISM
Electromagnetic WavesMaxwells Electro-magnetic wave theory
Can easily predict radiative properties of liquid and solids (including tiny particles)
Photons-Max Planks Quantum Mechanics
Can explain radiative properties of gases
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRA
Review of previous class
Introduction to Radiation Heat Transfer
Thermal Radiation Properties and Spectra
At the end of the class you will come to know
Radiation properties of Surfaces
Absorptivity, Reflectivity, Transmissivity, Emissivity
Blackbody, Graybody, Specularbody , Diffusebody
Kirchhoffs Law
Little more about Radiation basics
For gases and for semi-transparent solids and salt crystals at elevated temp, emission is a volumetric
phenomenon. That is radiation emitted from a finite volume of matter is the integrated effects of local
emission throughout the volume.
In most solids and liquids radiation emitted from interior surface is strongly absorbed by the adjoining
molecules. So radiation that is emitted from solid or liquid originates from molecules that are within a
distance of 1mfrom the exposed surface so this is a surface phenomenon.
Absorptivity =
=
0 1
Reflectivity =
=
0 1
Transmissivity =
=
0 1
IRRADIATION, G: Radiation flux incident on a surface is called irradiation.
Proof: + + = 1
EMISSIVITY
Emissivity of a surface represents the ratio of the radiation emitted by the surface at a given tempto
the radiation emitted by a BLACKBODY at the same temp.
Emissivity depends on
Body temp
Wavelength of the emitted energy
Angle of emission
BLACK BODY RADIATION
Any body above 0 K emits radiation in all directions over a wide range of wavelength.
Amount of radiated energy emitted from a surface at a given wavelength contingent on
material of the body
surface condition
surface temperature
Different body may emit different radiation per unit surface area so interest is on the max amount of
radiation
DEFINITION OF BLACK BODY
A blackbody can be defined as a perfect emitter and absorber of radiation.
Any specified temp no body can emit more energy than blackbody
Example-Carbon black, Carborundum, Platinum black, Gold black etc.
Large isothermal cavity with a small opening. The small opening closely resemble a blackbody.
Is it necessary for a body to be physically black for being considered as BLACKBODY?
NO
DEFINITION OF GRAY BODY
If the radiativeproperties , , of a body are assumed to be uniform over the entire wavelength
spectrum, such body is called gray body.
This concept is used to simplify the analysis.
DEFINITION OF SPECULAR BODY
If a body is mirror polished in such a way that it reflects the incident ray like mirror. The reflection is
called specularreflection and the body is called specularbody.
In this case angle of incident is equal to angle of reflection.
DEFINITION OF DIFFUSE BODY
When a body is has certain roughness that the incident radiation is reflected in all direction and it is
assumed that for ideal case the reflected radiation is constant for all the angle of reflection and
independent of the incident
This concept is used to simplify the analysis.
EMISSIVE POWER
TOTAL EMISSIVEP OWER,E
E = emitted energy from a surface/time/surface area.
SPECTRAL EMISSIVE POWER, EV
Ev= emitted energy/time/surface area /frequency
In can also be per unit wavelength E.
KIRCHHOFFS LAW
At any temp the ratio of total emissive power, E to the total absorptivity, is a constant for all the
substances which are in thermal equilibrium with their environment.
Derivation of Kirchhoffs Law
STEPHEN BOLTZMANN LAW
The emissive power of a blackbody is proportional to the fourth power of the absolute temperature of the
body.
E = T
4
Proof that : BLACKBODY is a perfect emitter.
Review of previous class
Different types of bodies
Kirchhoffs Law
S-B Law
Todays Topic
Plancks Law
S-B law and Wiens Displacement Law from Plancks Law
Various feature of Blackbody radiation
PLANCKS LAW
For a black surface bounded by a transparent medium with refractive index n, Plancks Law is
DERIVATION OF S-B LAW FROM PLANCKS LAW.
DERIVE WIENS DISPLACEMENT LAW FROM PLANCKS LAW.
BLACK BODY EMISSIVE POWER SPECTRUM
SALIENT FEATURES OF PLANCKS LAW
The emitted radiation is continuous function of wavelength. At any specified temperature it increases
reaches a peak and then decreases with increasing wavelength.
At any wavelength the amount of emitted radiation increases withincreasing temperature
As temperature increases, the curve shifts to the left to the shorter wavelength region. Consequently
a larger fraction of radiation is emitted at shorter wavelengths at higher temperature.
SALIENT FEATURES OF PLANCKS LAW(CONT.)
The significant amount of radiation emitted by the sun which may be approximated as blackbody at
5777K, the visible region of spectra..
The area under the monochromatic emissive power vs wavelength at any temperature gives the rate
of radiant energy emitted within the wavelength interval, d
Review of previous class
Plancks Law
S-B law from Plancks Law
Wiens displacement law from Plancks Law
Various feature of Blackbody radiation
Todays Topic
Related problems: Planks Law and S-B law
Blackbody Radiation functions
PROBLEM
Determine the maximum wavelength emitted from the earth surface and from the Surface of the
sun?
PROBLEM2
An isothermal cubical body is suspended in the air.The rate at which the cube emits radiation energy
and the spectral black body emissive power are to be determined at 4m wavelength
BAND EMISSION AND RADIATION FUNCTION
PROBLEM1
The temperature of the filament to fan incandescent light bulb is 2500K.The fraction of visible
radiation emitted by the filament and the wave length at which the emission peaks are to be
determined.
SOLID ANGLE
Angle generated at the center of a sphere by any given surface areais known as Solid Angle.The
differential solid angle d= ds/r
2
PROBLEM
Determine the solid angle with which the sun is seen from the earth.
Radius of the sun = 6.96 108 m
Distance of sun from the earth = 1.496 1011 m
Review of previous class
Some problems related to S-B Law, Plancks Law
Blackbody Radiation functions
Solid angle
Todays Topic
Solid angle (contd.)
Radiation Intensity and derivation of E = Ib
Hemispherical Emissivity
SOLIDANGLE(CONTD.)
E = Ib DERIVATION
Radiation Intensity for emitted radiation Ie(, ) is defined as the rate at which the radiation energy
is emitted in the (, ) direction per unit area normal to this direction and per unit Solid Angle about
this direction.
In differential form the Emissive energy can be expressed as
E = Ib DERIVATION
Now Hemisphere above the surface intercepts all radiation rays emitted by the surface, so the
emissive power from the surface to the hemisphere surrounding can be determined by integration.
The intensity of radiation emitted by a surface in general varies with the direction (Especially with
zenith angle ). But in practice for a diffusely emitting surface the intensity of the emitted radiation is
independent of direction thus Ie= const.
EMISSIVITY
Spectral Hemispherical Emissivity can be expressed as a ratio of Spectral emissive power of a real
surface to that of the blackbody.
Average value of emissivity over all wavelengths called Total Hemispherical emissivity.
oRadiation properties average over all directions is called Hemispherical properties