http://www.parliament.

uk/about/how/laws/passage-bill/
Guide to the passage of a Bill
A Bill is a proposal for a new law, or a proposal to change an existing law, presented for
debate before Parliament.
A Bill can start in the Commons or the Lords and must be approved in the same form by both
Houses before becoming an Act (law).
This guide shows the passage of a Bill through Parliament and provides further information
about each stage of the process.

Bill becomes an Act of Parliament
Once a bill has completed all the parliamentary stages in both Houses, it is ready to receive
royal assent. This is when the Queen formally agrees to make the bill into an Act of
Parliament (law).
There is no set time period between the conclusion of consideration of amendments/ping
pong and royal assent.
What happens at royal assent?
When royal assent has been given, an announcement is made in both Houses by the Lord
Speaker in the Lords and the Speaker in the Commons.
At prorogation (the formal end to a parliamentary session), Black Rod interrupts the
proceedings of the Commons and summons MPs to the Lords chamber to hear the Lords
commissioners announce royal assent for the bills passed towards the end of the session
which had not received royal assent earlier in the year.
What happens after royal assent?
The legislation within the bill may come into effect immediately, after a set period or only
after a commencement order by a government minister.
A commencement order is designed to bring into force the whole or part of an Act of
Parliament at a date later than the date of the royal assent.
If there is no commencement order, the Act will come into force from midnight at the start of
the day of the royal assent.
The practical implementation of an Act is the responsibility of the appropriate government
department, not Parliament.



1
construe
verb \kn-str\
: to understand (an action, event, remark, etc.) in a particular way
: to understand the meaning of (a word, phrase, or sentence)
construedconstruing
Full Definition of CONSTRUE
transitive verb
1
: to analyze the arrangement and connection of words in (a sentence or sentence part)
2
: to understand or explain the sense or intention of usually in a particular way or with respect to a
given set of circumstances <construed my actions as hostile>

to legislate = to make laws
legislation /l slen/ noun
[noncount] 1 : a law or set of laws made by a government
They passed new state legislation this week. Two new pieces of legislation are being
considered. She introduced/proposed legislation for protecting the environment. More
legislation is needed on this matter. Certain animals are protected under/by state legislation.
The legislation was vetoed/repealed. anti-gun legislation
2 : the action or process of making laws
One of the important functions of government is legislation.

legislature /lslet/ noun
plural legislatures
[count] : a group of people with the power to make or change laws
Our legislature passed a law requiring people to wear safety belts. Each state has its own
legislature. state legislatures


legislature /lslet/ noun
plural legislatures
[count] : a group of people with the power to make or change laws
Our legislature passed a law requiring people to wear safety belts. Each state has its own
legislature. state legislatures

legislator /lsleto, lslet/ noun
plural legislators
[count] : a person who makes laws : a member of a legislature
Write to your state legislator. Legislators [=lawmakers] in both parties have supported the
idea.

legislative /lsletv, Brit lsltv/ adjective
always used before a noun
1 : having the power to make laws
the state legislative body/assembly [=the group in a state government that makes laws] the
legislative branch of the government compare executive, judicial
2 : relating to the making of laws
She is interested in the legislative process. legislative power

2
state verb
states; stated; stating
[+ obj] 1 : to express (something) formally in speech or writing
The lawyer will state the facts of the case. He stated his name in full. I was merely
stating an opinion. This is a difficult situation, he stated simply. Please state the purpose
of your visit. I'd like to state for the record that I disagree with the board's decision. For
the reasons stated above, I hereby withdraw from the competition. She accused me of
stating the obvious. [=telling people things they already know]
2 : to give (specific information, instructions, rules, etc.) in writing
The rules clearly state that you can only draw one card. often used as (be) stated The
rules of the contest are stated at the bottom of the page. You must comply with the terms as
stated [=written, specified] in the contract.


statutory /stttori, Brit stttri/ adjective
law 1 : of or relating to formal laws or statutes
statutory acts
2 : controlled or determined by a law or rule
He had reached the statutory age of retirement. [=the age at which retirement was required
by law]

statutable
statute of limitations noun
plural statutes of limitations
[count] law : a law that states the amount of time that must pass before a crime can no longer
be punished or a right can no longer be given

1
reform /rfom/ verb
reforms; reformed; reforming
1 [+ obj] : to improve (someone or something) by removing or correcting faults, problems,
etc.
The program is designed to reform prisoners. They want to reform campaign spending.
The laws need to be reformed.
2 [no obj] : to improve your own behavior or habits
The program is designed to help former gang members who are trying to reform.

2
reform noun
plural reforms
1 [noncount] : the improvement of something by removing or correcting faults, problems, etc.
A group of senators are calling for reform of the nation's health-care system.
economic/educational/political/tax reform a reform movement


reformer /rfom/ noun
plural reformers
[count] : a person who works to change and improve a society, government, etc.
an economic/educational/social reformer

REFORMATION
1
: the act of reforming : the state of being reformed
2
capitalized : a 16th century religious movement marked ultimately by rejection or modification of
some Roman Catholic doctrine and practice and establishment of the Protestant churches

reformative
adjective \ri-fr-m-tiv\
Definition of REFORMATIVE
: intended or tending to reform

reformable - susceptible to improvement or reform; "a redeemable sinner"
redeemable
corrigible - capable of being corrected or set right; "a corrigible defect"; "a corrigible prisoner"



susceptible
adjective [after verb] (POSSIBLE) /ssep.t.bl / formal
(especially of an idea or statement) able to be understood, proved, explained, etc. in a particular
way: Shakespeare's plays are susceptible to various interpretations.UK The facts are susceptible of
other explanations.




approve
verb \-prv\
: to believe that something or someone is good or acceptable
: to officially accept (an idea, action, plan, etc.)


approbate
transitive verb \a-pr-bt\
approbatedapprobating
Definition of APPROBATE
: approve, sanction
Examples of APPROBATE
1. <Congress must approbate the President's nominees to the U.S. Supreme Court.>

approbation
noun [U] /p.rbe.n/ forma
an act of approving formally or officially

probationer
noun \-sh(-)nr\
Definition of PROBATIONER
1
: a person (as a newly admitted student nurse) whose fitness is being tested during a trial period
2
: a convicted offender on probation

approbatory
adjective
expressing approval <the candidate's views on taxes received overwhelmingly approbatory nods
from the conservative audience>
approving adjective
[more approving; most approving] : showing that you believe that something or someone is
good or acceptable : showing approval
an approving nod/smile
approvingly /pru:vli/ adverb
She spoke approvingly of their efforts. He nodded approvingly.

approbatory
adjective
expressing approval <the candidate's views on taxes received overwhelmingly approbatory nods
from the conservative audience>



sanction /skn/ noun
plural sanctions
formal 1 [count] : an action that is taken or an order that is given to force a country to obey
international laws by limiting or stopping trade with that country, by not allowing economic
aid for that country, etc. usually plural The United Nations has decided to impose
trade/economic sanctions on the country. often + against Sanctions against the country
have been lifted.
2 [noncount] : official permission or approval
The country acted without the sanction of the other nations. Their policy has/lacks legal
sanction.

constitute
transitive verb \kn(t)-st-tt, -tyt\
: to make up or form something
: to be the same as something : to be equivalent to something
: to establish or create (an organization, a government, etc.)
constitutedconstituting
Full Definition of CONSTITUTE
1
: to appoint to an office, function, or dignity
2
: set up, establish: as
a : enact
b : found

enact
transitive verb \i-nakt\
: to perform (something, such as a scene in a play)
: to make (a bill or other legislation) officially become part of the law

constitutionalism
noun \-sh(-)n-li-zm\
: the belief that a government should be based on a constitution

constitutionality
noun \-t-sh-na-l-t, -ty-\
: the state of being allowed by or in agreement with a constitution : the state of being
constitutional
Full Definition of CONSTITUTIONALITY
: the quality or state of being constitutional; especially : accordance with the provisions of a
constitution <questioned the constitutionality of the law>



CONSTITUENCY
1
a : a body of citizens entitled to elect a representative (as to a
b : the residents in an electoral district
c : an electoral district
2
a : a group or body that patronizes, supports, or offers representation
constituency for continuing the project
b : the people involved in or served by an organization (as a business or institution)
corporate customers as its prime

CONSTITUENT
1
: one who authorizes another to act as agent
2
: a member of a constituency
3
: an essential part : component
4
: a structural unit of a definable syntactic, semantic, or phonological category that
more linguistic elements (as words, morphemes, or features) and that can occur as
larger construction
See constituent defined for English
See constituent defined for kids
Examples of CONSTITUENT
1. She's pledged to help her elderly
2. Many senators have received calls from
law.
3. the chemical constituents

constitutional
adjective \-shnl, -sh-n

l\
: of or relating to the system of beliefs and laws that govern a country : of or relating to a
constitution
: allowed by a country's constitution
: of or relating to the health and strength of a person's body
Full Definition of CONSTITUTIONAL
1
: relating to, inherent in, or affecting the
2
a body of citizens entitled to elect a representative (as to a legislative or executive position)
the residents in an electoral district
a group or body that patronizes, supports, or offers representation <creating a grass
for continuing the project Fred Reed>
in or served by an organization (as a business or institution)
ate customers as its prime constituency Andrew Hacker>
one who authorizes another to act as agent : principal
component, element
a structural unit of a definable syntactic, semantic, or phonological category that
more linguistic elements (as words, morphemes, or features) and that can occur as
defined for English-language learners
defined for kids
CONSTITUENT
She's pledged to help her elderly constituents.
Many senators have received calls from constituents who want them to vote in favor of the
constituents of the liquid
: of or relating to the system of beliefs and laws that govern a country : of or relating to a
a country's constitution
: of or relating to the health and strength of a person's body
CONSTITUTIONAL
relating to, inherent in, or affecting the constitution of body or mind
legislative or executive position)
<creating a grass-roots
in or served by an organization (as a business or institution) <regards its
a structural unit of a definable syntactic, semantic, or phonological category that consists of one or
more linguistic elements (as words, morphemes, or features) and that can occur as a component of a
who want them to vote in favor of the
: of or relating to the system of beliefs and laws that govern a country : of or relating to a
: of, relating to, or entering into the fundamental makeup of something
3
: being in accordance with or authorized by the constitution of a state or society
government>
4
: regulated by or ruling according to a constitution
5
: of or relating to a constitution
6
: loyal to or supporting an established constitution or form of government
See constitutional defined for English
See constitutional defined for kids
Examples of CONSTITUTIONAL
1. the constitutional guarantee of
2. a constitutional right to vote
3. Constitutional symptoms of the disease include headache and fever.
4. He has a constitutional dislike of controversy.

of, relating to, or entering into the fundamental makeup of something : essential
being in accordance with or authorized by the constitution of a state or society
regulated by or ruling according to a constitution <a constitutional monarchy>
of or relating to a constitution <a constitutional crisis>
loyal to or supporting an established constitution or form of government
defined for English-language learners
defined for kids
CONSTITUTIONAL
guarantee of free speech
right to vote
symptoms of the disease include headache and fever.
dislike of controversy.
essential
being in accordance with or authorized by the constitution of a state or society <a constitutional

constitutive
adjective \kn(t)-st-t-tiv, -ty
Definition of CONSTITUTIVE
1
: having the power to enact or establish
2
: constituent, essential
3
: relating to or dependent on constitution
constitutively adverb
Examples of CONSTITUTIVE
1. <the proposition that liberty and justice are
society>

unify
transitive verb \y-n-f\
: to cause (people or things) to be joined or brought together

union
noun \yn-yn\
: an organization of workers formed to protect the rights and interests of its members
: an act of joining two or more things together
: a group of states or nations that are ruled by one government or that agree to work together



ty-; kn-sti-ch-tiv\
CONSTITUTIVE
having the power to enact or establish : constructive
constitution <a constitutive property of all electrolytes>
CONSTITUTIVE
that liberty and justice are constitutive elements of an enlightened
: to cause (people or things) to be joined or brought together
: an organization of workers formed to protect the rights and interests of its members
: an act of joining two or more things together
states or nations that are ruled by one government or that agree to work together
property of all electrolytes>
elements of an enlightened
: an organization of workers formed to protect the rights and interests of its members
states or nations that are ruled by one government or that agree to work together
UNIFICATION
: the act, process, or result of unifying : the state of being unified

unionist
noun \-nist\
: someone who supports labor unions
Unionist : a supporter of the Union (sense 4b) during the American Civil War
Unionist : a person who believes that Northern Ireland should remain a part of the United
Kingdom
Full Definition of UNIONIST
: an advocate or supporter of union or unionism

unionize
verb [T] (UK usually unionise) /ju.ni.n.az/
to organize workers to become members of a trade union: They're about to launch a campaign to
unionize workers at all major supermarkets in the area. unionized employees/labour/workers

unionize
verb [T] (UK usually unionise) /ju.ni.n.az/
to organize workers to become members of a trade union: They're about to launch a campaign to
unionize workers at all major supermarkets in the area. unionized employees/labour/workers

authorize
transitive verb \-th-rz\
: to give power or permission to (someone or something)
: to give legal or official approval to or for (something)

authoritative
adjective \-thr--t-tiv, -, -thr-\
: having or showing impressive knowledge about a subject
: having the confident quality of someone who is respected or obeyed by other people
Full Definition of AUTHORITATIVE
1
a : having or proceeding from authority : official <authoritative church doctrines>
b : clearly accurate or knowledgeable <an authoritative critique>
2: dictatorial 2
authoritarian
adjective \-thr--ter--n, -, -thr-\
: expecting or requiring people to obey rules or laws : not allowing personal freedom
Full Definition of AUTHORITARIAN
1
: of, relating to, or favoring blind submission to authority <had authoritarian parents>
2
: of, relating to, or favoring a concentration of power in a leader or an elite not constitutionally
responsible to the people <an authoritarian regime>

REGULATE
1
a : to govern or direct according to rule
b (1) : to bring under the control of law or constituted authority (2) : to make regulations for or
concerning <regulate the industries of a country>
2
: to bring order, method, or uniformity to <regulate one's habits>
3
: to fix or adjust the time, amount, degree, or rate of <regulate the pressure of a tire>
regulative adjective

regulation
noun \re-gy-l-shn, re-g- also r-\
: an official rule or law that says how something should be done
: the act of regulating something

regulator
noun \re-gy-l-tr also r-\
: a device for controlling the level or amount of something (such as speed or temperature)
: an official who works for the part of the government that controls a public activity (such as
banking or insurance) by making and enforcing rules

1
construe
verb \kn-str\
: to understand (an action, event, remark, etc.) in a particular way
: to understand the meaning of (a word, phrase, or sentence)
construedconstruing
Full Definition of CONSTRUE
transitive verb
1
: to analyze the arrangement and connection of words in (a sentence or sentence part)
2
: to understand or explain the sense or intention of usually in a particular way or with respect to a
given set of circumstances <construed my actions as hostile>


amendment to amend amended

requirement vs. request (not mandatory) to required required

abolishment (law) vs. abolition (institutions, slavery) - to abolish abolished n. abolisher, abolitionist
a aboli o monarhie, slavie vs a abroga o lege
- to bind = a lega, a obliga binding = obligatoriu a binding contract, the law is biding
defence to defend defended
code to codify vs. to encode, to decode codified


Common Law system de dr. anglo-saxon
Case law = jurispruden colecie de hotarri judectoreti
Customary law dr. cutumiar
equity echitate
rule of law stat de drept domnete ordinea juridic
folosit ca sdj: a rule of law state
legislaie primar vs legislaie secundara
- legislativ Parlament - executive Guvern delegate de Parlament (ordonan de Guvern)

lege: law
statute
act of Parliament
bye-law: decizie, ordin, act la nivel local (primar etc)
repeal = abolishment (abrogare)
ultra vires = abuz de putere
original jurisdiction = at first instance prima infatisare
in the appeal = apel
NU RECURS in Common Law (= review)
proces: case
trial
suit
prima facie case = caz civil the plaintiff has enough evidence to begin the trial
summons citaie
writ judgment = hotrre judectoreasc
precedent = hotrre anterioara
ratio decidendi se expun motivele la baza deciziei (de judecator) devine cutuma
"the reason" or "the rationale for the decision". The ratio decidendi is "the point in a case which determines
the judgment"
[1]
or "the principle which the case establishes".
[2]

In other words, ratio decidendi is a legal rule derived from, and consistent with, those parts of legal reasoning
within a judgment on which the outcome of the case depends.
It is a legal phrase which refers to the legal, moral, political, and social principles used by a court to compose
the rationale of a particular judgment. Unlike obiter dicta, the ratio decidendi is, as a general rule, binding on
courts of lower and later jurisdictionthrough the doctrine of stare decisis. Certain courts are able to
overrule decisions of a court of coordinate jurisdictionhowever, out of interests of judicial comity, they
generally try to follow coordinate rationes


obiter dictum mai detaliat
said in passing". An obiter dictum is a remark or observation made by a judge that, although included in the
body of the court's opinion, does not form a necessary part of the court's decision.

appellant vs appelle
barrister = avocai pledani
solicitor folositi pt dosare, nu pledeaza (10 ani)
Crown prosecutor
despgubiri: remedy, relief damage
damages prejudicii
tort delict civil
injunction interzicerea unei activiti
specific performance = executare in natur being forced to comply to sth. you accepted to do by contract
pertain
intransitive verb \pr-tn\
: to relate to someone or something : to have a connection

entitle
transitive verb \in-t-t

l, en-\
: to give a title to (something, such as a book)
: to give a right to (someone)

Another word for impartial

adjective
1. Free from bias in judgment:
disinterested, dispassionate, equitable
square, unbiased, unprejudiced
2. Not inclining toward or actively taking either side in a matter under dispute:
neuter, neutral, nonaligned, nonpartisan
on the fence.

an often formal act of putting an end to:
defeasance, invalidation, negation, nullification


someone or something : to have a connection to a person or thing
: to give a title to (something, such as a book)
from bias in judgment:
equitable, fair, fair-minded, indifferent, just, nonpartisan
unprejudiced. Idiom: fair and square. See fair
Not inclining toward or actively taking either side in a matter under dispute:
nonpartisan, unbiased, uncommitted, uninvolved,
n often formal act of putting an end to: abolishment, abrogation, annihilation, annulment
nullification, voidance. Law avoidance, extinguishment
nonpartisan, objective,
Not inclining toward or actively taking either side in a matter under dispute:
, unprejudiced. Idiom:
annulment, cancellation,
extinguishment
Another word for available

modified
accessible, usable, ready, convenient, serviceable, prepared, handy, on call, ready for use, open,
obtainable, attainable, practicable, achievable, feasible, possible, procurable, realizable, reachable,
within reach, at one's disposal, at one's beck and call, at hand, at one's elbow, free, at liberty, to be
had, on tap*, on deck*.
Antonyms occupied*, unavailable, unobtainable.
Search ThesaurusRoget's II: The New Thesaurus Copyright 2010 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio.
Used by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Another word for available

adjective
Capable of being obtained or used:
acquirable, attainable, gettable, obtainable, procurable. Idioms: on hand, to be had

enforcement
(n.)
The act of enforcing; compulsion.

(n.)
That which enforces, constraints, gives force, authority, or effect to; constraint; force applied.

(n.)
A giving force to; a putting in execution.

Performance:
the fulfilment of an obligation or a promise, as in the completion of a contract; the act of
performing.
misleading
Pointing to an interpretation that is not factual or is unrealistic. Facts or statements that may be misstated,
distorted, augmented, omitted, and arranged in such a manner as to obscure and conceal material aspects of
an item are misleading. The accountant carefully prepares, based on the reliance on accepted standards of
auditing practice and statement presentation, financial information to avoid misleading inferences.
Tending to lead one into error: deceptive, delusive, delusory, fallacious, illusive, illusory.

pertain
intransitive verb \pr-tn\
: to relate to someone or something : to have a connection to a person or thing

decision (d -s zh n)
n.
1. The passing of judgment on an issue under consideration.
2. The act of reaching a conclusion or making up one's mind.
3. A conclusion or judgment reached or pronounced; a verdict.
4. Firmness of character or action; determination.

confine
verb \kn-fn\
: to keep (someone or something) within limits : to prevent (someone or something) from going
beyond a particular limit, area, etc.


A mitigating factor, in law, is any information or evidence presented to the court regarding the
defendant or the circumstances of the crime that might result in reduced charges or a lesser
sentence
Criminal trials Civil trials
the criminal law regulates the
relationships between the
state and the individual people
or bodies
the civil law regulates the relationship
between individuals or bodies
Parties prosecutor / D.A.
defendant = acuzatul
plaintiff / complainant= reclamant
defendant = prt

the wrongs infraciune:
offence
crime
delict civil = civil wrong
rspundere civil = tort



guilt guilyy not guilty / innocent rspundere liability liable
a da in judecata to prosecute to sue / to bring an action against sb.
results incarceration in a jail / prison

punishment / (life) imprisonment

fine (amend) paid to the
government
the death penalty
award of damages = a acorda despgubiri

injunction interzicerea unei activiti


crimes:

a defendant in civil litigation never
- felonies have a maximum
possible sentence of more than 1
year incarceration

- misdemeanours have a
maximum possible sentence of
less than 1 year incarceration


incarcerated and never executed
reimburses the plaintiff for losses by
his behaviour

- the punitive damages are never awarded in
a civil case under a contract law.
- under tort law possibility of punitive
damages, if the defendants conduct is
egregious (flagrant) and had
- malicious intent (desire to cause
harm)
- gross negligence (conscious
indifference)
- a wilful disregard for the rights
of others





prosecution - the action
- rom. Parchet

defendant prtul
acuzatul
probation order
plaintiff reclamant
act document that sets out legal rules and has been
passed by the Parliament
injunction interzicerea unei activiti
conviction condamnare
enactment promulgare
decret
life imprisonment
parole
discharged without a sentence / charge
to contest in court (a face apel)
trespassing






misstatement



Common law, also known as case law or precedent, is law developed by judges through
decisions of courts and similar tribunals.
[1]
By contrast, civil law (codified/continental
law) is set on statutes adopted through the legislative/parliamentary process and/or
regulations issued by the executive branch on base of the parliamentary statute

IMPROMPTU
made, done, or formed on or as if on the spur of the moment : improvised


WHIM
a capricious or eccentric and often sudden idea or turn of the mind : fancy <quit his job
on a whim>

toane, capricii
amount
cuantum

binding
adjective
: forcing or requiring someone to do something because of a promise, agreement,
etc.
imposing an obligation
1. The contract is legally binding.
2. The parties agreed to settle the dispute through binding arbitration.


obligatorii
enforce
transitive verb \in-frs, en-\
: to make (a law, rule, etc.) active or effective : to make sure that people do what is
required by (a law, rule, etc.)

a pune in
aplicare,
executare
common law
drept comun -
cutume
bring about

litigation
litigiu
law implies imposition by a sovereign authority and the obligation of obedience on the
part of all subject to that authority <obey the law>. rule applies to more restricted or

specific situations <the rules of the game>. regulation implies prescription by authority in
order to control an organization or system <regulations affecting nuclear power plants>.
precept commonly suggests something advisory and not obligatory communicated
typically through teaching <the precepts of effective writing>. statute implies a law
enacted by a legislative body <a statute requiring the use of seat belts>. ordinance
applies to an order governing some detail of procedure or conduct enforced by a limited
authority such as a municipality <a city ordinance>. canon suggests in nonreligious use a
principle or rule of behavior or procedure commonly accepted as a valid guide <the
canons of good taste>.
enact to make (a bill or other legislation) officially become part of the law
a adopta
theft
robbery
burglary
hoie

jaf

spargere


scrutinize
verb \skr-t-nz\
: to examine (something) carefully especially in a critical way
resolution
noun \re-z-l-shn\
: the act of finding an answer or solution to a conflict, problem, etc. : the act of resolving
something
: an answer or solution to something
: the ability of a device to show an image clearly and with a lot of detail