EMB 5433 / MAB 4643

DRILLING AND PRODUCTION

TECHNOLOGY
DRILLING BIT
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LESSON OBJECTIVES
To describe the basic types of drill bit and their
differences
Select drill bit for specific application
Describe the bit evaluation process and IADC
system
Describe the techniques to evaluate bit
performance
Calculate cost per foot of a bit run
Select a bit on a basis of a previous bit run data
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF DRILLING BIT
BIT SELECTION
BIT EVALUATION
BIT PERFORMANCE
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Drill Bit
INTRODUCTION
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INTRODUCTION
Drill bit is the cutting or boring tool which is made
up on the end of the drill string
It drills through the rock by scraping, chipping,
gouging and grinding
How well a bit drills depends on:
Type and condition of the bit
The weight applied to make it drill
The rate at which it is rotated
The type of drilling fluid used for circulation
The kind of rock/formation it is drilling
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TYPES OF DRILL BIT
DRILL BITS
FIXED CUTTER
ROLLER CONE
FISHTAIL
PDC
(POLYCRYSTALLINE
DIAMOND
COMPACT)
NATURAL
DIAMOND
MILL TOOTH
TUNGSTEN CARBIDE
INSERT
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ROLLER CONE BIT
The cones are mounted on bearing pins, or arm journals,
which extend from the bit body
The cones rotate and drill hole with a crushing and/or
gouging action
Require high WOB to fail the rock with high compressive
loads
Major advances:
Jet nozzles to improve cleaning
Tungsten carbide for hardfacing and gauge
protection
Sealed bearings
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NATURAL DIAMOND BIT
Employ natural diamonds set into
tungsten carbide matrix body
Cutting action is by scraping/grinding
Very resistant to erosion and abrasion
and are especially effective in harder
formations.
Expensive and care must be exercised
when running in the hole since they are
not resistance to impact loading or
drilling on junk.
Normally requires high RPM for better
performance due to the limited depth per
cut per rev
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PDC BIT
Use small discs of synthetic diamond
Use shearing or grinding action
In relatively plastic, sedimentary rocks as shales,
limestone, and weakly cemented sandstones the
shearing action is most efficient cutting
mechanism requiring the least energy to drill.
The PDC cutters self sharpening effect results in
long bit life and high rates of penetration.
Thermally Stable Polycrystalline (TSP) is similar
to PDC bits but are tolerant of much higher
temperatures
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BIT SELECTION
Must consider both mechanical and geological
factors
Useful to have condition of previously used bit
in that hole or in the same section of an earlier
drilled hole
Cutters - offset, journal angle,
tooth or insert bits
Fluid Circulation - regular, jet
fluid, air cooled
Bearing Assemblies
Soft Fmn soft clay, unconsolidated
Medium Fmn shales, gypsum, salt,
chalk, siltstone, limestone, sandstone
Hard Fmn limestone, dolomite,
lime, hard compacted sand, quartzitic
MECHANICAL FACTORS GEOLOGICAL FACTORS
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BIT SELECTION (contd)
Not critical 40 - 100 High
(6000 10000
lb/in)
HARD
High 150 - 250
(shales)
100 - 150
(chlk/soft ss)
Low
(3000 6000
lb/in)
MEDIUM
High since ROP
high
(500 800 gpm)
125 - 150 Low
(3000-5000 lb/in)
SOFT
Flowrate Rotary Speed
(rpm)
WOB (per in of
bit diam)
Formation Type
BIT OPERATING PARAMETERS
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BIT SELECTION (contd)
Many variations in the design of drill bits
IADC has developed a system of classifying drill bits,
based on formation type and design variations.
One for Roller Cone and one for Fixed Cutter
Series # - Type Features Additional
Example: 1-2-4-E
5-1-7-X
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ROLLER CONE IADC CHART
Mill Tooth
TC insert
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IADC - example
A Smith F2 bit has an IADC classification of 517X:
5 indicates that the Smith F2 has tungsten carbide inserts,
1 The bit is designed for use in soft formations with low
compressive strength;
7 indicates that the cones on this bit have sealed friction bearings,
and that the bit is designed for protection against gauge wear;
X indicates that the inserts have a chisel tooth configuration (as
opposed, for example, to a conical shape) there are 10 other
characteristics.
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BIT EVALUATION
As each bit is pulled from the hole, its physical
appearance is inspected and graded according to the
wear it has sustained
Why evaluate bit?
To improve future bit type selection
To identify effects of WOB, RPM etc.
To improve ability of personnel to recognise when a
bit should be pulled due to wear
To improve bit design
Using IADC Dull Grading system
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IADC BIT DULL GRADING
Inner / Outer Cutting Structure Location of Dull Characteristics
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BIT PERFORMANCE
A good drill bit should gives:
Good Rate-of-Penetration (ROP)
Longest possible number of rotating hours
Drill hole the same as the bit (true-to-gauge)
Lowest cost per foot of hole drilled
ROP is affected by:
WOB
Rotary Speed (RPM)
Mud Properties
Hydraulic Efficiency
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BIT PERFORMANCE (contd)
Cost per foot of hole drilled
( )
F
C T R C
C
r t t b
+ +
=
C = Overall cost per foot ($/ft)
C
b
= Cost of bit ($)
R
t
= Rotating time with bit on bottom (hrs)
T
t
= Round trip time (hrs)
C
r
= Cost of operatiing rig ($/hrs)
F = Length of the bit run (ft)
The equation can be used to:
Post drilling analysis to compare one bit run with another in a
similar well
Real-time analysis to decide when to pull the bit theoretically
when the cost per ft is at its minimum
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BIT SELECTION FROM OFFSET WELLS
The process requires several assumptions:
The lithology encountered in the offset bit runs must be
similar to that expected in the proposed well
The depth of the offset bit runs are similar to that in the
proposed well
The bit runs in the offset wells were run under optimum
operating conditions
Having made the assumptions, the best bit will be
selected on the basis of footage drilled, ROP and
Cost-per-foot of bit run