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] closely collapses onto the
parallel shedding curve [S
o
] by the
transformation :
S
o
= S
/ cos
OBLIQUE MODE OF VORTEX
SHEDDING
Even for a cylinder that is hundreds of diameters in length, theangle of
shedding depends on the particular boundary conditions at the span
wise ends of the cylinder.
Shedding assumes a cellular
structure, with different
frequencies co-existing at
different span wise locations.
PARALLEL MODE OF VORTEX
SHEDDING
Promotion of oblique shedding to parallel vortex
shedding:
Very large aspect ratios ( L/D > 2000)
Slight speeding up of the flow near the ends
Techniques to manipulate end
boundaries
USING EDGE OF END PLATE:
angling inwards the leading edge of
endplates.
USING COAXIAL END
CYLINDERS:
Ending the span with larger coaxial
cylinders
Techniques to manipulate end
boundaries
USING CONTROL CYLINDERS: locating
large cylinders normal and upstream of the test
cylinder.
USING SUCTION TUBES FROM
DOWNSTREAM: incident flow near the ends
is speeded up by suction pipe.
Flow past spheres: MAGNUS
EFFECT
A Transverse aerodynamic force can be detected on a rotating body.
Magnus force results from the asymmetric distortion of the boundary layer
displacement thickness caused by the combined spinning and flow past the
sphere.
Boundary layer separation is delayed
on the side of the spinning object that
is moving in the same direction as the
free stream flow, while the separation
occurs prematurely on the side moving
against the free stream flow.
The wake then shifts toward the side moving against the free stream flow.
AERODYNAMICS OF CRICKET
BALLS
The key to making a cricket ball swing is to cause a pressure difference
between the two sides of the ball.
Swing is achieved by keeping
one side of the ball polished
and bowling while keeping the
seam at particular angle.
This turbulent boundary layer by
virtue of its increased energy,
separates relatively late compared to
the boundary layer on the nonseam side.
FLOW PAST SPHERES
Calculated streamlines colored by
velocity at Re = 100. Flow is steady and
axis symmetric and exhibits a large (~D)
toroidal vortex in the near wake.
By Re =211 the axial symmetry of the flow past
the sphere breaks down although the flow remains
temporarily steady. This figure shows select
streamlines at Re = 250.
By Re = 270, the flow field
becomes unsteady but periodic.
Streamlines colored by pressure
are shown here for every quarter
period at Re = 300.
The unsteadiness results from the
rapid growth of a portion of the wake
vortex.
The section of the vortex formed in
the separating shear layer at t = T/2
quickly outgrows its equilibrium
strength. As it increases in strength,
it eventually cuts itself from the
wake and sheds.
FLOW PAST A CUBE
The simulation of an external flow
around a square cylinder at
Re=22,000
Unlike spherical cylinders and
cube, the square cylinders have
sharp corners.
The formation of vortices
depends on the edges and the
corners.
SUMMARY
Vortex shedding, vortex dislocations and different vortex
shedding regimes.
Oblique shedding and influence of end boundary
conditions.
Variation of Strouhal number with Reynolds no.
Vortex shedding around spheres and cubes.
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YOUR ATTENTION.