Experiment No: 10 Date:

AIM : To measure distortion in current transformer due to saturation using MATLAB

Specific Objective:

After performing this experiment one should be able to:

measure distortion in current transformer due to saturation


Theory:

A current transformer (CT) is used to measure current in a shunt inductor connected on a 120 kV
network. The CT is rated 2000 A / 5 A, 5 VA. The primary winding which consists of a single turn
passing through the CT toroidal core is connected in series with the shunt inductor rated 69.3 Mvar,
69.3 kV (120kV/sqrt(3)), 1 kA rms. The secondary winding consisting of 1*2000/5 = 400 turns is
short circuited through a 1 ohm load resistance. A voltage sensor connected at the secondary reads a
voltage which should be proportional to the primary current. In steady state, the current flowing in the
secondary is 1000*5/2000 = 2.5 A (2.5 V rms or 3.54 V peak read by the voltage measurement block
V2).

Open the CT dialog box and observe how the CT parameters are specified. The CT is assumed to
saturate at 10 pu and a simple 2 segment saturation characteristic is used.

The primary current reflected on the secondary and the voltage developed across the 1 ohm
resistance are sent to trace 1 of the Scope block. The CT flux , measured by the Multimeter block is
converted in pu and sent to trace 2.

(1 pu flux = 0.0125 V *sqrt(2)/ (2*pi*50) = 5.63e-5 V.s)

The switch connected in series with the CT secondary is normally closed.This switch will be used
later to illustrate overvoltage produced when CT secondary is left open.

















Sankalchand Patel College of Engg. VIII Electrical Commissioning of Electrical Equipments





































































Sankalchand Patel College of Engg. VIII Electrical Commissioning of Electrical Equipments
Demonstration

1. Normal operation
In this test , the breaker is closed at a peak of source voltage (t = 1.25 cycle). This switching
produces no current asymmetry. Start the simulation and observe the CT primary current and
secondary voltage (first trace of Scope block).As expected the the CT current and voltage are
sinusoidal and the measurement error due to CT resistance and leakage reactance is not significant.
The flux contains a DC component but it stays lower than the 10 pu saturation value.

2. CT saturation due to current asymmetry
Now, change the breaker closing time in order to close at a voltage zero crossing. Use t = 1/50
s. This switching instant will now produce full current asymmetry in the shunt reactor. Restart the
simulation. Observe that for the first 3 cycles, the flux stays lower than the saturation knee point (10
pu). The CT voltage output V2 then follows the primary current. However, after 3 cycles, the flux
asymmetry produced by the primary current causes CT saturation, thus producing large distortion of
CT secondary voltage.

3. Overvoltage due to CT secondary opening

Reprogram the primary breaker closing time at t = 1.25/50 s (no flux asymmetry) and change the
secondary switch opening time to t = 0.1 s. Restart the simulation and observe the large overvoltage
produced when the CT secondary is opened. The flux has a square wave shape chopped at +10 and -
10 pu. Large dphi/dt produced at flux inversion generates high voltage spikes (250 V).


Conclusion:




































Sankalchand Patel College of Engg. VIII Electrical Commissioning of Electrical Equipments
Experiment No: 5
Date:
AIM: To find out phase shift of /Y transformer.

Apparatus:

/Y Connected 3- transformer.
Ammeter (0-10A)
Voltmeter (0-500V)
Wattmeter (0-1200 W)



Rationale:

The parallel operation of transformer is largely dependent upon polarity, phase
sequence and phasedisplacement of both the transformers. The correct selection and
connecting up of transformers, which are going to operate in parallel can best be studied
and to be checked with the use of vector diagrams. Vector diagrams are used to represent
induced emf in transformer phase.

In 3- transformer, there is inherent angular displacement between DELTA
voltage vector of the primary side and STAR induced voltage vector of secondary
winding. In figure, where a /Y transformer is shown and standard supply voltage having
counter clockwise revolving vector is applied to primary. It is to be noted from vector
diagram that secondary STAR voltage has 30
0
displacements in clockwise or negative
direction w.r.t. DELTA vectors of applied voltage.

For 3- transformer having similarity in connections of primary and secondary
windings like Y-Y or /, a reversal of polarity on either side of one transformer winding
will make paralleling without an alteration of connections.

However, the transformers which are having different connections of primary and
secondary windings like -Y, Y- transformers, the change of external connections to
primary side affects both phase sequence and polarity of induced secondary vectors.
Although it should be noted that a reversal of internal winding connections on either side
i.e. on primary or on secondary side, produces a reversal of polarity without altering the
phase sequence.

The property of -Y, Y- transformer also helps to connect the effect of wrong polarity
resulting from a reversal of internal connections on primary and secondary side by
changing in external connections and this make parallel operation without alternating to
the internal connection. In the -Y, Y- the internal connections on the sides are such, which
secondary vectors of the induced terminal voltage are displaced 30
0
in forward direction.
This is not due to reversal of polarity but to a re-arrangement of winging so that in case
primary side is -, transformer A2-C1, B2-A1 and C2-B1 are joined, to form the terminal
points instead of A2-B1,B2-C1 and C2-A1.

Figure shows a total 60
0
phase displacement between secondary induced terminal
voltages of transformer. Make the connections as per circuit dia. Take the set of readings
of ammeter, voltmeter, and wattmeter. Then find out PF and phase shift of any two phases.











Sankalchand Patel College of Engg. VIII Electrical Commissioning of Electrical Equipments
Procedure:

To find out phase shift of the transformer winding, connect the ckt., as shown in fig. Now
to find out PF of the ckt. We measure Voltage, Current and Power of the ckt. And then we can
have cos = W/ (V*I). Same way here phase displacement is nothing but angular difference in
between the voltages of primary side and secondary side. So to measure that phase
displacement we will take the voltage reference of primary side and current reference of
secondary side and then we will measure the power. And putting the values in the equation we
would have phase displacement,

Phase displacement = W
2
/ (V
1
*I
2
)

Where, W
2
= Power consumption with connection as shown in fig.

V
1
= Primary side voltage.

I
2
= Secondary side current.



Circuit Diagram:


























Observation:





Sankalchand Patel College of Engg. VIII Electrical Commissioning of Electrical Equipments


Sr. No.

Power
W
2

Watts

Voltage
V
1

Volt

Current
I
2

Amp.

Phase
Displacement
W
2
/ (V
1
*I
2
)

Calculation:



























Conclusion























Sankalchand Patel College of Engg. VIII Electrical Commissioning of Electrical Equipments
Experiment No: 6 Date:

AIM : To measure the dielectric strength of oil by 0-60kV oil test kit

Apparatus:

30kv oil testing set

THEORY:

The liquid tested is transformer oil. It should have a dielectric strength of at least 30 kV
(rms) with a gap of 2.5mm. If this not obtained then the oil should be filtered and again tested
filtration of oil is done either
(1) At 90
0
C at vacuum 2.67 kN/m
2

(2) At room temperature at vacuum 0.07 kN/m
2


Generally a sample of 300-400ml of transformer oil is taken. The electrode may be of
brass, copper, bronze and stainless steel. Diameter should be 12.5 to 15mm. These should be
immersed in oil to test at 40mm oil depth.
The voltage rise of the apparatus is 2kV/sec. the auto trip relay acts in 0.02 sec. after
break down. Generally 6 reading are taken at 1 mm interval and the average of 6 is taken to
give the dielectric strength of liquid.

The final report of the test must contain the following:

1. Breakdown voltage obtained
2. Type of electrode
3. Frequency of test voltage
4. Oil temperature

Oil:

Petroleum based mineral insulating oil is used in transformer as coolant and as a
dielectric medium. Periodic testing of transformer oil is necessary to ensure safe, economical,
trouble free and undistributed power supply.
Deterioration of oil begins from the moment it is fill in the transformer due to again
and oxidation. The oil produces undesirable products like acids, sledges, moisture etc.

Oil Deterioration:

The transformer oil is liable to deteriorate under normal operating conditions. In some
application oil is in contact with air. Its hence prone to oxidize accelerated by the presence of
catalysts consequently the oil darken in colour and the acid in it begins to increase thereby
increasing sludge and consequently causing other electrical properties such as dissipation
factor tan to increase ultimately hindering the life of transformer.















Sankalchand Patel College of Engg. VIII Electrical Commissioning of Electrical Equipments
Field Test:

Primary information about quality of insulation oil can be gathered on site as follows:

1. By conducting electric strength and acidity test kits are available commercially which
are useful in evaluating the above said tests on site.
2. By visual examination of oil.
i. Cloudiness in oil may be due to suspended particle, sediments of moisture.
ii. Dark brown color oil may indicate the presence of dissolve impurities.
iii. Green color indicates the presence of copper compounds and rapid deterioration
of oil may be expected.
iv. Acric acid smell indicates the presence of volatile acids, which may corrosion
information thus obtained, is recorded.


Procedure:

As per specification, handle the oil and place the test sample bowl, place it in the
equipment.
Adjust the gap between electrodes to required value.
Apply the high voltage across the electrodes and increase till break down occurs.
The auto trip relay automatically trip supply with in 0.02 sec. of break down.
Take 6 readings at interval of 10 min. each. In case bubble is formed, wait for 5 min
to take the reading.
Take the average of all the reading to get the average break down voltage.


Observation:

1. Liquid material used: - _________________________________

2. Break down voltage: - ___________________ kV _________ mm gap of.


Conclusion:


















Sankalchand Patel College of Engg. VIII Electrical Commissioning of Electrical Equipments
Experiment No: 7 Date:

Aim: To study method of measuring earthing resistance.

Specific Objective:
After performing this experiment one should be able to:
Know different methods of measuring earthing resistance.

Rationale:

Earthing is very important for electrical apparatus and the person, working with
electricity, as far as safety is concerned. If an apparatus of some installation is not earthed
and if a person happens to touch the metal case, he is likely to get an electrical shock, if the
insulation between line path and the apparatus is not provided healthy. Hence in order to
avoid such accidents it is always desirable to earth the body or non conducting metallic parts
of electrical apparatus in use.

Direct measurement of earth resistance

The meggar earth tester is essentially a direct reading ohm meter and it is having
a hand driven generator which supplies the testing current. The ohm meter consists of two
coil (Current coil and potential coil) mounted at a fix angle to each other on a common axle.
The current coil carries current proportional to current flowing in test ckt. Whereas potential
coil is having potential proportional to the needle is proportional to the ratio of current in
two coils. It gives resistance directly (Because potential coil acts as voltmeter and current
coil acts as an ammeter). So D.C. is converted into A.C. R=V/I the hand operated generator
produces D.C. current but to eliminate the effect of electrolytic, it is necessary to pass A.C.
through the coil. So D.C. is converted into A.C. A synchronous rotary rectifier is also
mounted on the same shaft of generator because ohm-meter is moving coil type instrument
working on D.C. alone.

Method of use :

For measurement of earth resistance two different electrodes are inserted into
ground at a distance of 25m and 12.5 minimum from earth electrode which is under test. Now
the farthest end terminal is connected to C2 terminal of Earth Tester and nearer terminal is
connected with the P2 terminal of Earth tester. Terminals P1 and C1 of the Earth tester are
shorted together and are connected to earth electrode, which is under test.

The megger should be placed on a horizontal stand and should be free from the
surrounding magnetic field. The range switch is set at the required position. The handle is
then turned at a slightly higher than the rated speed and reading of the needle deflection is
noted.

Two or three readings are taken by placing the electrode at other positions keeping
the distance same as for the first reading. The average of this reading is the earth resistance
which is found as ___________ ohm.

After having no of measurements, earthing resistance v/s distance graph is plotted as
shown in fig (2). This graph shows the characteristic of soil or formation of the soil. As per
the graphs, initially the earthing resistance raises with the distance because comparatively
Sankalchand PatelCollege of Engg. VIII Electrical Commissioning of Electrical Equipment
higher resistance is offered by nearby soil and the contact resistances of the electrodes.
After that it slightly rises because long distance between the two electrodes and high soil
resistance of long path.



Two point method:

This method is useful when another electrode is of known resistance. For
measurement a known value, current I is allowed to flow and the potential between the
electrodes measured. The I will give the combine resistance of two electrodes A and B.
The value of earth resistance must be less than the prescribed value. Thus resistance of
electrode is negligible then resistance of A= measured resistance.

Three point method:

In this method the two auxiliary electrodes B and C are used and it is necessary
that their resistance be known. Three electrodes are placed at the corner of the triangle.
The resistance between each other pair of electrode A and B is R1, R2 is that of between B
and C and R3 is between A and C.



Resistance of electrode =
(R1+R2+R3)
/2



Fall of potential method:

In this method again the auxiliary electrodes are used, which are not placed at
the corner of the triangle but in straight line. An alternating current I and C passed through
A and C and the potential between A and B is measured. Thus the resistance of electrode
A is R = E/I.

The resistance of (3 M) B and C does not affect the result. The electrode C must
be placed at a sufficient distance from A so that resistance are A and C are quite
independent. In order to know whether the electrode has been so placed or not the
electrode placed at any distance and at earth resistance is measured by placing B at
different points between A and C and curve of resistance along Y-axis and distance along
X-axis is obtained. If the curve is similar to that of obtained it shows that area of A and C
are not independent. If independent curve P is obtained earth resistance is determined by
placing electrode B anywhere between neutral line X and Y for horizontal position.
















Sankalchand Patel College of Engg. VIII Electrical Commissioning of Electrical Equipments



























Fig-1















Fig-2









Sankalchand Patel College of Engg. VIII Electrical Commissioning of Electrical Equipments
Experiment No: 8 Date:

AIM : To find out number of poles of induction motor without energizing the motor.

Specific Objective:

After performing this experiment one should be able to:
Find number of poles of induction motor without energizing the motor.

Apparatus :

Centre tap Galvanometer(0-3V)
Connecting wires.

Rationale:

If 3-phase supply is given to induction motor it produces rotating magnetic field which
rotates at synchronous speed. Rotor of this induction motor also rotates at a speed near to
synchronous speed and motor gets magnetized. When supply is switched off, the residual
magnetism remains present in the motor ckts. The no of poles of this no of poles for stator
winding we can find by manually sweeping the stator winding. The oscillation of emf induced
is equal to the no of pole pairs sweeping the stator winding. Because when the rotor completes
one revolution as it is hand rotated, one complete a.c. cycle completes. So we get one
revolution of galvanometer pointer.

Procedure:

The circuit is connected as shown in figure. The shaft is rotated at approximately 10
revolutions per minute by hand and counting the no. of oscillation made by galvanometer
pointer. The no of pole pair is then given by

No. of pole pairs = No. of oscillations
No. of revolutions

Multiplying the no. of pole pair by two will give the no of poles of induction motor.



Theory:

If 3-phase supply is given to induction motor , it produce rotating magnetic field which
rotates at a speed near to synchronous speed & motor gets magnetized when supply is switch
off. And the residual magnetism remains present in motor circuit. The no. of poles of this
residual magnetism is equal to no of poles of rotating field. Now this no. of poles we can found
by manually sweeping the stator winding. The oscillation of emf induced is equal to the no. of
pole pairs sweeping the stator winding. Because when the rotor completes one revolution, one
complete a.c cycle completes. So we get one revolution of galvanometer pointer.




Sankalchand Patel College of Engg. VIII Electrical Commissioning of Electrical Equipments
Circuit Diagram:






























Observation:


No. of oscillations No. of revolutions No. of pole pairs No. of pole



Calculation:

No. of pole pairs = No. of oscillations
No. of revolutions







Conclusion :










Sankalchand Patel College of Engg. VIII Electrical Commissioning of Electrical Equipment