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Link to Contents
Introduction
Formula
Handbook
including
Engineering
Formulae,
Mathematics,
Statistics
and
Computer Algebra
Name__________________________
Course__________________________
http://is.gd/formulahandbook
http://ubuntuone.com/p/dAn
Introduction
This handbook was designed to provide engineering students at Aberdeen College with
the formulae required for their courses up to Higher National level (2nd year university
equivalent).
In order to use the interactive graphs you will need to have access to Geogebra
(see 25 ). If you are using a MS Windows operating system and you already have Java
Runtime Environment loaded then no changes will be required to the registry. This
should mean that no security issues should be encountered. If you have problems see
http://www.geogebra.org/cms/en/portable
I have the handbook copied as an A5 booklet with a spiral binding. The covers are
printed on thin card rather than paper.
It is typed in LibreOffice Writer. Future developments will include more hyperlinks within
the handbook and to other maths sites, with all the illustrations in it produced with
Geogebra (see 25) or LibreOffice.
Any contributions will be gratefully accepted and acknowledged in the handbook.
If you prefer, you can make changes or add to the handbook within the terms of the
Creative Commons licence
. I will send you a copy the original LibreOffice file
on request. Please send me a copy of your work and be prepared to have it
incorporated or adapted for inclusion in my version.
My overriding concern is for the handbook to live on and be continuously improved.
I hope that you find the handbook useful and that you will enjoy using it and that that
you will feel inspired to contribute material and suggest hyperlinks that could be added.
Many thanks to my colleagues at Aberdeen College and elsewhere for their
contributions and help in editing the handbook. Special thanks are due to Mark Perkins
at Bedford College who adopted the handbook for his students, helped to format the
contents and contributed to the contents. Without Mark's encouragement this project
would have never taken off.
If you find any errors or have suggestions for changes please contact the editor:
Peter K Nicol. (p.nicol@abcol.ac.uk) (peterknicol@gmail.com)
Contents
Peter K Nicol
Aberdeenshire,
Scotland
Contents
1 Recommended Books..................................3 9 Mathematical Notation what the symbols
mean...........................................................17
1.1 Maths.................................................3
9.1.1 Notation for Indices and Logarithms 18
10.1 Algebra...........................................20
3.1.2 Units........................................................6
3.1.3 Rounding................................................6
6.1.2 Conversions.........................................10
8 Combinational Logic..................................16
8.1.1 Basic Flowchart Shapes and Symbols
.........................................................................16
Contents p1
9 Notation
20 Calculus ................................................46
22 Financial Mathematics.............................66
24.3 SMath.............................................70
20.3.8 Centroid..............................................54
20.3.9 Partial Fractions................................54
25 Calibration Error......................................74
28 Electrical Tables......................................77
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9 Notation
24 Computer Input
1 Recommended Books
referred to by author name in this handbook
1.1 Maths
General pre-NC and NC : Countdown to Mathematics; Graham and Sargent
Vol. 1 ISBN 0-201-13730-5, Vol. 2 ISBN 0-201-13731-3
NC
K Singh
www.palgrave.com/science/engineering/singh
J Bird
Degree
Mechanical Engineering
NC and HN
Electrical Engineering
NC and HN
Contents p1
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24 Computer Input
Mathcentre
MC
WolframAlpha
BetterExplained
BE
Khan Academy
Freestudy
matek.hu
QuickMath
Mathway
Contents p1
9 Notation
24 Computer Input
Read the text very carefully on all the pages and then go to
http://mathschoices.open.ac.uk/routes/p6/index.html and try the
quizzes.
OU Learning Space
Many courses for many levels - try them
http://openlearn.open.ac.uk/course/category.php?id=8&perpage=15&page=1
The one below is really useful
Using a Scientific
Calculator
name=MU123_1
Plus Magazine
Waldomaths
HND Engineer
http://www.hndengineer.co.uk/
Android Scientific
Calculator
Try HEXFLASHOR
If you come across any Engineering or Mathematics sites that might be useful to
students on your course please tell me (Peter Nicol) - p.nicol@abcol.ac.uk
Contents p1
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24 Computer Input
3 Evaluation
3.1.1
4 possible answers
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.1.2
Units
MC
( )
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24 Computer Input
Rectangle
A=l b
Area
length
Volume = Area x length
Triangle
1
A= b h
2
Circle
d2
A=
4
A= r 2
C= d
C=2 r
b
r
d
Cylinder
d2
V cyl =
h
4
V cyl = r 2h
d2
Total surface area = A= d h+ 2
4
side + 2 ends
A=2 r h+ 2 r 2
Cone
V cyl
d2h
V cone =
or V =
3
12
r2 h
V=
3
d l
A= r l
2
A= r l+ r 2
Sphere
V sphere=
2V cyl
3
V=
d3
6
d
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V=
4 r3
3
A=4 r 2
5.1 Basic
Unit symbol
Series Resistors
R T =R 1 R 2R 3 .
Parallel Resistors
1
1
1
1
= .
R T R1 R2 R 3
Potential Difference
V =I R
Power
P= I V or P= I 2 R or P=
W =P t
Frequency
f=
V2
R
W
J or kWh
1
T
Hz
-------------------------------------------------------
5.2 Electrostatics
Series Capacitors
1
1
1
1
= .
CT C1 C2 C3
Parallel Capacitors
C T =C 1C 2C 3 .
Charge
Q=I t or Q=C V
Capacitance
C=
A A 0r
=
d
d
12
08.85410
Absolute Permittivity
F/m
-------------------------------------------------------
5.3 Electromagnetism
Magnetomotive Force
F=I N
Magnetisation
H=
Reluctance
S=
At
IN
At/m
l
l
=
A o r A
At/Wb
0=4 10
Absolute Permeability
H/m
-------------------------------------------------------Contents p1
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5.4 AC Circuits
Unit Symbol
Force on a conductor
F =B I
Electromotive Force
E= B v
Instantaneous emf
e= E sin
Induced emf
e= N
RMS Voltage
V rms=
Average Voltage
2
V AV = V peak
Angular Velocity
=2 f
d
dt
e= L
di
dt
1
V
2 peak
V rms0.707 V peak V
V AV 0.637 V peak V
rad/s
16.4.2
Transformation Ratios
V s Ns I p
=
=
V p N p Is
Potential Difference
V =I Z
Power Factor
pf =cos()
Capacitive Reactance
X C=
1
2 f C
Inductive Reactance
X L=2 f L
Admittance
Y=
True Power
P=V I cos()
Reactive Power
Q=V I sin ()
VAr
Apparent Power
S=V I *
VA
1
Z
= P j Q
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6 Mechanical Engineering
[K Singh(1) 298 especially 32 40 and 69 - 73 (2) 2-99]
6.1.1
Linear
Angular
(m)
s= displacement
= angular displacement (rad)
1= initial velocity
(m/s)
(rad/s)
u= initial velocity
2= final velocity
(m/s)
(rad/s)
v= final velocity
2
(m/s )
(rad/s2)
a= acceleration
= acceleration
(s)
(s)
t = time
t= time
-------------------------------------------------------6.1.2
Conversions
Displacement
s=r
Velocity
v=r
Acceleration
a=r
v=
s
t
360
o
2 radians = 1 revolution = 360 , i.e. 1 rad =
57.3 see 16.4.1
2
2 N
If N = rotational speed in revolutions per minute (rpm), then =
rad/s
60
o
--------------------------------------------------------
Angular
MC
v=ua t
2= 1 t
1
s= uvt
2
1
= 12 t
2
1
s=ut a t 2
2
1
=1 t t 2
2
v 2=u 22 a s
22= 212
a=
vu
t
2 1
t
-------------------------------------------------------------
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Angular
F =ma
T=I
where T = F r , I =m k 2
and k = radius of gyration
--------------------------------------------------------6.3.1
Centrifugal Force
m v2
CF=
r
CF=m 2 r
--------------------------------------------------------
Work Done
Linear
Angular
WD= F s
WD=T
Work done
Time taken
Fs
=
t
=F v
P=
Power
P=T
--------------------------------------------------------
6.5 Energy
Linear
Angular
Kinetic Energy
1
KE= m v 2
2
Potential Energy
PE=m g h
1
KE= I 2
2
1
KE= m k 2 2
2
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MC
Linear
Angular
Ft=m2 v m 1 u
Tt= I 2 2 I 1 1
F = m g cos m g sin m a
F =m gm a=m ga
F = m gm a
T app =T F F r I
Winch drum torque
--------------------------------------------------------
E= Stress / Strain
F
A
l
x
or =
l
l
E=
M E
= =
I
y R
Bending of Beams
b d3
I=
12
b d3
I=
+ A h2
12
T G
= =
J r
L
Torsion Equation
D4 d 4
J=
32
32
nd
-------------------------------------------------------Thanks to Frank McClean Scott Smith and William Livie, Aberdeen College
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24 Computer Input
m=
A V , or
Bernoullis Equation
p C2
z = constant
g 2g
or
m=
AC
p 1 C 21
p 2 C 22
z 1=
z 2z F
g 2g
g 2g
Q=A v
Q= A0 c d
V D
v
4 f l v2
,
h=
2gd
Re=
Reynolds number
Darcy formula for head loss
2gh
m
1
f
A1
1
A2
Efunda Calculator
2gh
m
1
f
D
1 0
D1
VD
Efunda calculator
4 f l v2
energy loss
h=
2d
Re=
Efunda Calculator
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 R 1 h 1 2 k 1
2 k 2 2 R 3 h 3
Q=
Through a slab
Through a composite
Through a cylindrical pipe
where
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contents p1
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24 Computer Input
6.11 Thermodynamics
Boyles Law
p 1 V 1= p 2 V 2
Charless Law
V1 V2
=
T1 T2
p1 V 1 p 2 V 2
=
T1
T2
Perfect Gas
pV =m R T
m=
AC
Polytropic Process
pV n = constant
Isentropic Process
cP
cV
(reversible adiabatic)
pV
Gas constant
R=c p c v
Enthalpy (specific)
h=u p v
C2 C1
m
Q=
h 2 h 1 g z 2 z 1 W
2
2
Vapours
v x= x v g
where =
= constant
u x =u f x u g u f
h x =h f xh g h f
or
h x =h f x h f g
___________________________________________________________________
Thanks to Richard Kaczkowski, Calgary, Canada and Scott Smith, Aberdeen College.
Contents p1
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24 Computer Input
a to the base n
a 10
decimal; denary
( a d)
a2
binary
( a b)
a 16
hexadecimal
( a h)
a8
octal
( a o)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 3
(1000)
106
kilo
2 10
1024
kilobyte
Mega
2 20
1024 2
megabyte
Giga
2 30
1024 3
gigabyte
Tera
2 40
1024 4
terabyte
but
10
1012
5
Peta
petabyte
2 50 1024
_____________________________________________________________
7.1.1
Notation for Set Theory and Boolean Laws
1015
universal set
A={ a , b , c }
a A
a is a member of A
{ }
B A
E
A
.a
.b
.c
B A
E
A
B is a subset of A
A B A B
Set theory
Boolean
union
OR
intersection
AND
E
A
A B AB
E
A'
complement of A
NOT
A'
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8 Combinational Logic
A0= A
A0=0
A1=1
A1= A
AA= A
A A= A
A A=0
A A=1
A= A
AB=BA
A B= B A
A BC = AB AC
A BC = A B AC
A BC =C AB
A BC=C AB
A AB= A
A AB= A
De Morgan's Laws
ABC...= ABC...
A BC...= ABC...
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8.1.1
Basic Flowchart Shapes and Symbols
Start / End
Input / Output
Action or Process
Connector
Decision
Flow Line
______________________________________________________________
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p
; p , q
q
..
therefore
w.r.t.
with respect to
not equal to
approximately equal to
a xb
ab
abbreviation for ab or ab or ab
a10n
n!
n factorial
Contents p1
nn 1n 2n3...1
9 Notation
17
24 Computer Input
AB
infinity
implies
-------------------------------------------------------9.1.1
Notation for Indices and Logarithms
MC
see 19.1
1
2
k a
k th root of a number a .
ex
log e ( x)
log 10 ( x)
x= x = x 0.5
3 8=2 k a=a k .
-------------------------------------------------------9.1.2
Notation for Functions
f x
f 1 x
g f
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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10 Laws of Mathematics
Associative laws - for addition and multiplication
abc=abc
a b c=a b c
ab=ba
but
a bba
a b=b a
but
a b
b a
bc b c
=
a
a a
a bc=a ba c
-------------------------------------------------------Arithmetical Identities
x 0= x
x0=0
x 1=x
-------------------------------------------------------Algebraic Identities
K Singh pp 73 75
ab2=abab=a 22 a bb 2
a 2 b 2= abab
a
a 1
=ab=
b
1 b
a b=ab
ab=ab=ab
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ------
a c a d b c
=
b d
bd
a c ac
=
b d bd
see 20.3.9, 5
a c a d
=
b d b c
MC
FOIL
--------------------------------------------------------
MC
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10.1 Algebra
10.1.1
Sequence of operations
[K Singh (1) 40-43 (2) 40-43]
Division
comes before
------------------------------------------------------------------
Addition
comes before
Subtraction
-------------------------------------------------------------------
x squared
times a
plus b
right bracket
sine of the result ( sin a x 2b )
times 3
minus 5
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10.1.2
An equation or formula must always be BALANCED whatever mathematical operation you do to one side of an equals sign
must be done to other side as well. (to all the terms)
5a - 7
3b
You cant move a term (or number) from one side of the equals sign to
the other.
You must UNDO it by using the correct MATHEMATICAL operation.
UNDO
with
and
with
UNDO
with
and
with
UNDO
with x 2
and
x2
with
UNDO
xn
with
and
with
xn
UNDO
UNDO
ex
with ln x
ln x with
UNDO
10 x
dy
dx
UNDO
UNDO
with
dx
and
and
L[ y ] with L1 [ y ] and
ex
log 10 x with 10 x
dy
dx with dx
1
L [ y ] with L[ y ]
etc
Generally (but not always) start with the terms
FURTHEST AWAY from the new subject FIRST.
Think of the terms in the formula as layers of an onion
- take the layers off one by one.
a x 2 b
Try this first http://www.waldomaths.com/Equation3NLW.jsp
There is a link to Equations 1 if you need a bit more help.
MC
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y
y2
( x2 , y2 )
+ve gradient
dy
y1
c
( x1 , y1 )
-ve gradient
dx
x1
x2
y =m xc
where the gradient
m=
or
y2 y1
x 2 x 1
or
dy y 2 y 1
=
. See 20.1.1, 20.2 and 16.3
dx x 2 x 1
y 1=m x 1+ c (1)
y 2=m x 2+ c (2) then (1) (2) and solve for m (then c )
Also:
A straight line, gradient m passing through a , b has the equation:
yb=m xa
Also see 24.3.1, back to 20.2.3, 20.5, 21.2.1, 20.3.10, 13,
MC
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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12 Quadratic Equations
[K Singh (1,2) 86 - 90 & (1) 109 - 113 (2) 110-113]
x=
b
2a
-ve a
2
y=a x b xc
+ve a
x1
x2
Focus
b (b 4 a c1)
F=
,
2a
4a
The real solutions (roots) x 1 and x 2 of the equation a x 2b xc=0 are the
value(s) of x where y=a x 2 b xc crosses the x axis.
The solutions (roots) x 1 and x 2 of a x 2b xc=0 are given by the
Quadratic Formula.
2
b (b 4 a c)
x=
(2 a)
(2 a)
b b2 4 a c
x=
or
2 a
Definition of a root:
The value(s) of x which make y equal to zero.
.........................................................................................................................
Also:
a x 2 b xc=0
b
c
2
x x =0
a
a
b
a
2
2
where 2 c
b
d =
a
a
2
x
d =0
2
If y=k x A2 B the turning point is A , B
see 22.4
Geogebra
back to 13,
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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24 Computer Input
General method:
Write down both equations and label (1) and (2).
a x+b y=e (1)
c x+ d y= f (2)
Multiply every term on both sides of (1) by c and every term on
both sides of (2) by a and re-label as (3) and (4).
c a x+ c b y=c e (3)
a c x+a d y=a f (4)
Multiply every term on both sides of (4) by -1 and re-label.
c a x+c b y=c e
(3)
a c xa d y=a f (5)
Add (3) to (5) to eliminate x
Calculate the value of y
Substitute the value of y into equation (1)
Calculate the value of x
MC
y2
c x +d y= f
y1
x1
x2
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14 Matrices
[K Singh (1) pp 507 566 (2) 560-635]
Notation:
[ ]
1 0 0 ..
0 1 0 ..
Identity =
0 0 1 ..
. . . ..
a ij
a 11 a 12
b 11 b12
and B=
a 21 a 22
b 21 b 22
If
A=
then
A B=
and
A B=
[
[
a 11b11 a 12b12
a 21b 21 a 22b22
a 11 b11a 12 b 21 a 11 b 12a 12 b 22
a 21 b11a 22 b 21 a 21 b 12a 22 b 22
Columns A=Rows B
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Solution of Equations 2 x 2
[ ][ ] [ ]
a b
c d
If A X = B then X = A1 B
If
A=
x
e
=
y
f
[ ]
a b
c d
A =
1
d b
, a d b c0
det A c a
MC
a b
=ad bc
c d
--------------------------------------------------------
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Start with
]
[ ]
a 11 a12 a 13 1 0 0
a 21 a22 a 23 0 1 0
a 31 a32 a 33 0 0 1
1 0 0 b 11 b12 b13
0 1 0 b 21 b22 b23
0 0 1 b 31 b32 b33
b 11 b12 b13
1
where b 21 b22 b 23 = A
b 31 b32 b33
Determinant of a 3 x 3 matrix
a 11 a 12 a13
a
a 23
a
a
a
a
det A= a 21 a 22 a 23 =a 11 22
a 12 21 23 a 13 21 22
a32 a 33
a 31 a 33
a 31 a 32
a 31 a 32 a33
a 11 a 12 a 13 a 11 a 12 a 13 a 11 a 12
det A= a 21 a 22 a 23 = a 21 a 22 a 23 a 21 a 22
a 31 a 32 a 33 a 31 a 32 a 33 a 31 a 32
+
detA=a 11 a 22 a 33 a 12 a 23 a 31 a 13 a 21 a 32
a 31 a 22 a 13 a 32 a 23 a 11a 33 a 21 a 12
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Thanks to Richard Kaczkowski, Calgary, Canada.
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[ ]
a b c
A= d e f
g h i
A1=
1
(adjA)
detA
cf (a)=det
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
e
h
f
i
cf (d )=det b c
h i
cf ( g)=det b c
e f
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
cf (b)=det d
g
cf (e)=det a c
g i
cf (h)=det a
d
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
f
i
cf (c)=det d
g
c
f
cf ( f )=det a b
g h
cf (i)=det a b
d e
Co-factor Matrix
+ +
+
+ +
e
h
cf (a) cf (d ) cf (g )
C = cf (b) cf (e) cf (h) = adjA
cf (c) cf ( f ) cf (i )
T
_________________________________________________________
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15 The Circle
A
Minor Sector
Minor Segment
C
A
D
Major Sector
Major Segment
-------------------------------------------------------y
(x,y)
The equation x a2 y b2=r 2
represents a circle centre a , b
and radius r .
r
b
Parametric
x=a+ r cos t ,
y=b+r sin t
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------15.1.1
Radian Measure
r
A radian: The angle subtended (or
r
made by) an arc the same
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16 Trigonometry
[K Singh (1) 167-176 (2) 171-234]
16.1.1
Labelling of a triangle
sin
cos
tan
=sin1 b
value is b . 90oo90 o or
2
2
=cos1 b
=tan1 b
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
R 2=a 2b 2
or
R= a b
2
R
2
--------------------------------------------------------Contents p1
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A
MC
sin ()=
O
H
cos ()=
A
H
tan()=
O
A
and 11
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------16.3.1
Sine and Cosine Rules and Area Formula
[K Singh (1) 187-192 (2) 195-191]
A
In any triangle ABC, where A is the
angle at A, B is the angle at B and C
is the angle at C the following hold:
Sine Rule
a
b
c
=
=
sin ( A) sin (B) sin(C)
sin ( A) sin (B) sin(C)
=
=
a
b
c
or
http://www.ies.co.jp/math/java/trig/seigen/seigen.html
Cosine Rule
(b 2 +c 2 a 2)
cos( A)=
(2b c)
or
a 2=b 2+ c 2 2b c cos( A)
http://www.ies.co.jp/math/java/trig/yogen1/yogen1.html
Area Formula
Area =
b c sin( A)
2
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contents p1
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MC
Radians i.e. no units - horizontal axis is usually time.
y=sin (t)
Calculator answer
y=cos(t )
Calculator answer
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24 Computer Input
y=sin (x o)
Calculator answer
Geogebra Sine wave slider
http://www.ies.co.jp/math/java/trig/graphSinX/graphSinX.html
y=cos (x o)
Calculator answer
Geogebra Cosine wave slider
Contents p1
http://www.ies.co.jp/math/java/trig/graphCosX/graphCosX.html
9 Notation
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24 Computer Input
y=tan (x o)
Calculator answer
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------16.4.1
Degrees - Radians Conversion
[K Singh (1) 192-195 (2) 201-204]
0, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 135, 150, 180, 210, 225, 240, 270, 300 315, 330, 360
2 3 5
7 5 4 3 5 7 11
2
6 4 3 2 3
4
6
6
4
3
2
3
4
6
Degrees to radians
x 180= rad
r
Radians to degrees
rad 180=x
=1 radian
Geogebra Radians
BE degrees and radians
see 6.1.2
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Contents p1
9 Notation
33
24 Computer Input
16.4.2
Sinusoidal Wave
[K Singh (1) 195-202 (2) 204-212]
V =R sin t
Period =
Frequency =
= phase shift
+
+
1
sin()
cos()
(-)
(-)
(-)
Unit Circle
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Odd Function
Even Function
Saw Tooth
Square Wave
Contents p1
9 Notation
34
24 Computer Input
tan( A)=
sin ( A)
cos( A)
cot ( A)=
1
cos ( A)
=
, (the cotangent of A )
tan ( A) sin ( A)
--------------------------------------------------------
sec( A)=
1
1
, (secant of A ), cosec( A)=
, (cosecant of A )
cos( A)
sin ( A)
-------------------------------------------------------2
tan Atan B
1 tan A tan B
tan A B=
tan Atan B
1tan A tan B
tan 2 A=
2 tan A
1 tan 2 A
--------------------------------------------------------
Contents p1
9 Notation
35
24 Computer Input
1
cos Asin B= sin ABsin AB
2
1
cos Acos B= cos A Bcos A B
2
1
sin Asin B= cos ABcos A B
2
--------------------------------------------------------Sums to Products
A B
A B
cos
2
2
AB
A B
sin
2
2
AB
A B
cos
2
2
A B
A B
sin
2
2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Contents p1
9 Notation
36
24 Computer Input
17 Complex Numbers
[K Singh (1) 463-506 (2) 513-559]
symbol representing
(defined as j2 =1 )
a j b
=arg z =tan1
Argument,
b
a
(or angle)
Re
Argand Diagram
Addition
a jbc j d =ac j bd
Multiplication
a jbc jd
Division
a jbc jd
c jd c jd
Polar Multiplication
z 1 z 2=r 1 1r 2 2=r 1 r 2 12
Polar Division
z 1 r 1 1 r 1
=
= 12
z 2 r 2 2 r 2
r = r 2
http://www.justinmullins.com/home.htm
____________________________________________________________
Contents p1
9 Notation
37
24 Computer Input
18 Vectors
Notation for Graphs and Vectors [K Singh (1) 567-600 (2) 636-671]
x , y
AB
a vector
a i b j
a
b
---------------------------------------------------------
Vectors
y
x (a,b)
bj
A vector v=
A point a , b
ai
a
or v=r
b
MC
a
c
ac
=
b
d
bd
Vector Addition
ab=abcos()
Dot Product
ab=a 1 b 1a 2 b 2a 3 b 3 ...
b1
a1
b
a
where a= 2 and b= 2
a3
b3
.
.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contents p1
9 Notation
38
24 Computer Input
x
to r ( x jy to r )
y
Rectangular to Polar
P to R
x
( r to x jy )
y
r to
Polar to Rectangular
SHIFT
Pol(
SHIFT
= r
out
P to R
SHIFT
Rec(
SHIFT
x
y
out
R to P
SHIFT
Pol(
SHIFT
= r
out
RCL tan
out
P to R
SHIFT
Rec(
SHIFT
= x
out
RCL tan
out
2ndF
r ,
out
2ndF
x y
x, y
out
Sharp WriteView
,
R to P
x
( x , y)
P to R
,
( x , y)
R to P x 2ndF ,
2ndF
r out
out
or
MATH
r out
2ndF
out
P to R r 2ndF ,
2ndF x y
x out
y out
or
MATH
y out
x out 2ndF
SHIFT
RP
y = r
out
SHIFT
X Y
out
P to R
SHIFT
PR = x
out
SHIFT
X Y y
out
Contents p1
9 Notation
39
24 Computer Input
Texet - albert 2
R to P
INV
x y y RP r
out
INV
xy
out
P to R
INV
x y PR x
out
INV
xy y
out
SHIFT
Pol(
SHIFT
) EXE
out
ALPHA
J EXE
out
P to R
SHIFT
Rec(
SHIFT
) EXE
out
ALPHA
J EXE
out
) EXE
ALPHA J EXE
) EXE
ALPHA J EXE
OPTN
F2
Pol(
) EXE
r ,
out
R to P
OPTN
F2
Rec(
) EXE
x,y
out
CPLX
R to P
b 2ndF
out
out
P to R
b 2ndF
out
out
Texas - 36X
R to P
x x y y
3rd
RP r
out
x y
out
P to R
x y
2nd
PR x
out
x y y
out
Contents p1
9 Notation
40
24 Computer Input
P to R
2nd
Angle
2nd
Angle
2nd
Angle
2nd
Angle
R Pr (
R P (
x,y
) ENTER
out
x,y
) ENTER
out
P Rx(
P R y(
r ,
r ,
) ENTER
out
) ENTER
out
Sharp Graphics
R to P
P to R
MATH
(D)CONV
) ENTER
out
(D)CONV
xy r (
(4) xy (
MATH
) ENTER
out
MATH
(D)CONV
(5) r x (
) ENTER
out
MATH
(D)CONV
(6) r
) ENTER
out
(3)
y(
Insert the keystrokes for your calculator here (if different from above)
R to P
P to R
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Degrees to Radians
180 Radians to degrees
180
_____________________________________________________________
Contents p1
9 Notation
41
24 Computer Input
19 Functions
19.1 Indices and Logarithms
[K Singh (1,2) 7-11, (1) 223-245 (2) 235-259]
notation 9.1.1
Rules of Indices:
MC
1.
a ma n
=a mn
2.
am
an
3.
a m n
=a mn
4.
= a
5.
k an
=a mn
m
n
a = a
1
n
k
an
Also,
1
2
a 0=1
x= x = x 0.5
a 1=a
a=b bn =a
and
a= a
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Definition of logarithms
If N =a n
then
n=log a ( N )
--------------------------------------------------------Rules of logarithms:
MC
1.
2.
log
3.
log ( An )
=n log (A)
4.
log a N
A
B
log b N
log b a
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
exp (x)=e( x)
log e ( x)=ln( x)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contents p1
9 Notation
42
24 Computer Input
x x2 x3 x 4 x5 x6 x7
e =1 ...
1! 2! 3 ! 4 ! 5! 6! 7 !
x
for x
jx
e e
sin x=
j2
jx
e e
cos x=
2
x
x
x
=x ...
3! 5! 7 !
jx
x
x
x
=1 ...
2! 4! 6!
x1 x12 x13
ln x=
...
1
2
3
for x
for x
for 0 x2
--------------------------------------------------------Hyperbolic Functions
- definitions
[K Singh (1) 246-247 (2) 259-260]
pronunciation
MC
x
sinh x=
e e
2
x
=x
e e
cosh x=
2
x
x
x
...
3! 5! 7!
2
x
x
x
=1 ...
2! 4! 6!
shine x
e x e x
tanh x= x x
e e
cosh x
thaan x
______________________________________________________________
y = cosh x
y = ex
y=x
y = sinh x
y = ln x
y = tanh x
y = tanh x
y = sinh x
ke
ax
slider
k lna x
slider
Contents p1
9 Notation
43
24 Computer Input
Contents p1
9 Notation
44
24 Computer Input
y=a x 3b x 2c xd
y=a x 4b x 3c x 2d x f
a
y= b
x
y=x 2 and y= x
y=k 1e t
Contents p1
y=k e tb
9 Notation
45
24 Computer Input
20 Calculus
20.1.1
Differentiation
dy
dx
f ' x
D u
d2 y
dx 2
f '' x
z
x
dy
dy
of
dx
dx
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Integration
f x dx
f x dx
F x
L[ f t]
9 Notation
discovring pi - betterexplained.com
46
24 Computer Input
dy
or f ' x
dx
y or f x
See 11 , 11
________________________________________________
nx
MC
n1
sin x
cos x
cos x
sin x
ex
ex
ln x
1
x
________________________________________________
k xn
k n x n1
sin (a x)
a cos(a x)
cos (a x)
a sin (a x)
e (a x)
a e( a x)
ln (a x)
a 1
=
ax x
________________________________________________
k a xbn
k n a a xbn1
k sin a xb
k a cos a xb
k cosa xb
k a sin a xb
k tan a xb
k a sec 2 a xb=
k e axb
k a e ax b
k ln a xb
ka
a xb
ka
cos a xb
2
gradient slider
________________________________________________
Contents p1
9 Notation
47
24 Computer Input
y or f x
______________________________________________
f ' x
f x
ln [ f x]
sin1
x
a
1
,
2
2
a
x 2a 2
x
a
a2 x
x 2a 2
x
a
a
a x2
cos
tan
,
2
sinh a xb
a cosha xb
cosh a xb
a sinh a xb
tanh a xb
a sech (a x+ b)
sinh
cosh
tanh
1
2
x a
x
a
x
a
x a
x
a
a
,
2
a x
1
2
x 2a 2
x 2a 2
_____________________________________________________________
Differentiation as a gradient function (tangent to a curve).
y=k x n c
dy
=k n x n1
dx
c
x
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contents p1
9 Notation
48
24 Computer Input
20.2.1
dy
= f ' x=0
dx
Determine the nature (max, min or saddle) of the turning points by evaluating
gradients locally (i.e. close to turning point).
MC
dy
dx
d2 y
dx2
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20.2.2
Differentiation Rules
[K Singh (2) 274285 (2) 286-302]
D [k f x]=k f ' x ,
k a constant
MC
D uv=
Addition Rule
du dv
=u ' v '
dx dx
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
D uv=v
Product Rule
du
dv
u =v u ' u v '
dx
dx
MC
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
du
dv
u
u
dx
dx vu ' uv '
D
=
=
2
v
v
v2
Quotient Rule
MC
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Contents p1
9 Notation
49
24 Computer Input
20.2.3
Set
xn
f x 0 f ' ' x 0
f x n
[ f ' x 0]2
see 11
see 9 - modulus
f x n
f ' x n
(where f ' x n 0 )
f ' xn
x n1= x n
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20.2.4
Partial Differentiation
[K Singh (1) 695-725, (2) 772-805]
z
z
z
x
y... where
is the partial derivative of z
x
y
x
z
w.r.t. x and
is the partial derivative of z w.r.t y .
see 9
y
such that z
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20.2.5
Implicit Differentiation
[K Singh (1) 298-306 (2) 315-325]
z
x
If z = f x , y then dy =
dx
z
y
Also dy = 1
dx
dx
dy
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20.2.6
Parametric Differentiation
y=g t
dy
=g ' t
and
dt
dy
dt
dx
dy g ' t
dy
f ' t , 0
=
=
or
MC
dx
dx f ' t
dt
dx
dt
______________________________________________________________
If
x= f t
dx
= f ' t
dt
and
Contents p1
9 Notation
50
24 Computer Input
dy
or f x
dx
f x dx
or F x + c
____________________________________________________
y or
x n1
n1
cos x
sin x
ex
sin x
cos x
ex
1
= x1
x
ln x
n1
(when n=1 )
____________________________________________________
kx
kx n1
n1
n1
cos(a x)
a
sin (a x )
a
(ax )
e
a
k xn
sin (a x)
cos (a x)
e (a x)
k
=k x1
x
k ln x
(where n=1 )
___________________________________________________
k a xb
k a xbn1
n1a
k cos a xb
a
k sin a xb
a
k tan a xb
a
a xb
ke
a
k ln a xb
a
k sin a xb
k cos a xb
k sec2 a xb
k e a xb
k
a xb
n1
n=1
_____________________________________________________
Contents p1
9 Notation
51
24 Computer Input
dy
or f x
dx
or F x + c
________________________________________________________
dy
dx
y
y or
f x dx
f ' x
f x
ln f x
1
, x 2a 2
2
a x
1
2
2
a x
sin1
ln y
x
a
1
x
tan1
a
a
1
cosh a xb
a
1
sinh a xb
a
1
tanh a xb
a
x
sinh1
or ln x x 2a 2
a
x
cosh1
or ln x x 2a 2
a
a x
1
x
1
tanh1
ln
or
a
a
2 a a x
xa
1
x
1
coth 1
ln
or
a
a
2 a xa
sinh a xb
cosh a xb
sech 2 a xb
1
, x 2a 2
2
x a
1
, x 2a 2
2
2
x a
1
, x 2a 2
2
2
a x
1
, x 2a 2
2
2
x a
2
______________________________________________________________
Addition Rule
f x g x dx= f x dx g x dx
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20.3.1
Integration by Substitution
[K Singh (1) 368 (2) 414]
f g x dx
f u du
MC
du
du
= g ' x and dx=
g ' x
dx
u when x=b
f g xdx to
x=a
f udu
u when x=a
du is a function of u or du
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20.3.2
Integration by Parts
[K Singh (1) 388-395 (2) 432-440]
u dv=u v v du
see 20.6
MC
Notes and exercises
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contents p1
9 Notation
52
24 Computer Input
20.3.3
Indefinite Integration
dy
= f x
dx
dy= f x dx
1dy= f x dx
y=F xc
MC
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------y
20.3.4
Area under a Curve
y = f(x)
- Definite Integration [K Singh (1) 442 (2) 489]
b
f x dx
a
=[ F x c ] a
= F bc F ac
F(b) - F(a)
a
MC, MC
http://surendranath.tripod.com/Applets/Math/IntArea/IntAreaApplet.html
Procedure
+ve
+ve
R1
-ve
R2 b x
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20.3.5
Mean Value
[K Singh (1) p 445 (2) 492]
If y= f x then y ,
the mean (or average) value of y
over the interval x =a to x=b is
y = f(x)
y=
1
y dx
ba a
a
x
b
-------------------------------------------------------20.3.6
1
2
y rms=
y dx
ba a
where y= f x
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contents p1
9 Notation
53
24 Computer Input
20.3.7
Volume of Revolution
around the x axis
[J Bird 207-208]
MC
V = y dx
where y= f x
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20.3.8
Centroid
[J Bird 208 - 210]
y = f(x)
x y dx
x=
and
y dx
y=
1
2
y dx
2 a
y dx
Centroid = (x, y)
x
b
a
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20.3.9
Partial Fractions
[K Singh (1) 396-410 (2) 440-455]
f x
A
B
see 10
xa xb x a x b
f x
A
B
C
2
2
xa xb xa xa xb
f x
Ax
B
C
2
2
x a xb x a x a xb
2
MC
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Contents p1
9 Notation
54
24 Computer Input
20.3.10
20.3.10.1
Simpson's Rule
w=
y = f(x)
ba
n
yn
y1 y2 y3
yn-1 yn
x1 x2 x3
a
b
xn-1 xn
f x dx Area 3 y 14 y 22 y 32 y n14 y n y n1
a
( n is even)
Multiplier m
Product m y n
1 y 1
1
1
4 y 2
2
4
2 y 3
3
2
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
y n1
2 y n1
.
2
n1
yn
4 y n
.
4
n
y n1
1 y n1
1
n1
b
Sum =
w =
3 =
---------------------------------------------------------
20.3.10.2
b
xn
a
aw
a2w
yn
y1
y2
y3
Trapezium Method
f xdx y 12 y 22 y 3......2 y n y n1
2
a
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Contents p1
9 Notation
55
24 Computer Input
L[ f (t )] is defined by
f t est dt
0
f t
tn
ea t
1ea t
t ea t
t n ea t
sin ( t )
cos ( t )
10
1cos( t)
11
t sin ( t )
12
sin ( t) t cos ( t )
13
ea t sin( t )
14
e a t cos( t)
a
ea t (cos ( t) sin ( t ))
sin ( t+ )
16
17
a
ea t + sin ( t)cos( t)
Contents p1
9 Notation
and is written as F s
L[ f t ]
15
L [ f (t)]
56
1
L[0]=0
s
1
s2
n!
s n 1
1
sa
a
ssa
1
sa2
n!
san1
2
s 2
s
2
2
s
2
s(s 2+ 2)
2 2 s
s 22 2
23
s 22 2
2
2 see 13
sa
sa
2
2
sa
s
2
2
sa
ssin cos
2
2
s
a 22
sa s 2 2
24 Computer Input
L[ f t]
2
s 2
s
2
2
s
2
2
sa
sa
2
2
sa
f t
18
sinh (t )
19
cosh(t )
20
e a t sinh( t)
21
ea t cosh(t )
[ ]
dy
=s L[ y ] y 0 where y 0 is the value of y at t=0
dt
see also 26.1 Diff Eq
[ ]
2
d y
dy
L
=s 2 L[ y ] s y0 y ' 0 where y ' 0 is the value of
at t =0
2
dt
dt
MC
Efunda Calculator
Efunda - Laplace
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Eulers method
y 1= y 0h y ' 0
Range x=ahb
11
x0
y0
( y ' )0
( )
dy
dx
y 1= y 0+ h( y ' )0
9 Notation
57
24 Computer Input
2
T
f t =a 0 a n cosn t b n sin n t
n=1
where
a 0=
1
T
T
2
f t dt
T
2
see 20.3.2
a n=
b n=
2
T
2
T
T
2
f t cosn t dt
n=1, 2, 3
f t sin n t dt
n=1, 2, 3
T
2
T
2
T
2
( )
an
bn
Contents p1
9 Notation
58
24 Computer Input
20.6.1
T 2 1
,
,
and
2 T T
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------!!
use (type as w ) in input, not a number.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
an
2
f t cosn w t
T
T
T
Integrate between
and
2
2
Input
T
T
and 0 and 0 and
2
2
or smaller intervals
Add the parts of a n
---------------------------------------------------
bn
2
f tsin n w t
T
T
T
Integrate between
and
2
2
Input
1
f t
T
Integrate between
T
T
and
2
2
as above.
Contents p1
9 Notation
59
24 Computer Input
21 Statistics
[K Singh (1) 726-796 9 (2) 806-887]
21.1.1
sample size
x
xi
a population statistic
frequency
df
x!
x x1 x2 x 31, x
Range
Quartiles
k
1
n .
100
2
Mode
9 Notation
60
24 Computer Input
fx
f
or x=
xi
f is frequency
n is the sample size
BE - averages
x i x2
f d2
f
xi x2
n
d = xi x
s=
n1
f xi
x x
f xx
f xx 2=
f xi =
f xi =
x =
s=
f xx 2 =
n1
-------------------------------------------------------Coefficient of Variation
s
100
x
of a sample (as a %)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SIR=
Semi-interquartile Range
Q 3Q 1
2
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Contents p1
9 Notation
61
24 Computer Input
21.2.1
Regression Line
- see 11 and 24.3.1
a=
y b x
b=
n xy x y
2
n x x
r=
n xy x y
n x2 x
n y 2 y
1r1
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Z=
Z Scores
e x
P X = x=
x!
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------21.2.2
T Test
1 sample
Standard Error of the Mean
SE x=
t=
s
n
x
SE x
s1 s 2
n1 n2
x x 1 2
t= 1 2
SE x 1 x 2
SE x 1x 2=
n 1 1 s 1n2 1 s 2
sp=
n1n 22
1 2
SE x 1x 2=s p
n1 n 2
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contents p1
9 Notation
62
24 Computer Input
21.2.3
Statistical Tables
21.2.3.1
Normal Distribution
0.00
0.5000
0.5398
0.5793
0.6179
0.6554
0.6915
0.7257
0.7580
0.7881
0.8159
0.8413
0.8643
0.8849
0.9032
0.9192
0.9332
0.9452
0.9554
0.9641
0.9713
0.9772
0.9821
0.9861
0.9893
0.9918
0.9938
0.9953
0.9965
0.9974
0.9981
0.9987
21.2.3.2
0.01
0.5040
0.5438
0.5832
0.6217
0.6591
0.6950
0.7291
0.7611
0.7910
0.8186
0.8438
0.8665
0.8869
0.9049
0.9207
0.9345
0.9463
0.9564
0.9649
0.9719
0.9778
0.9826
0.9864
0.9896
0.9920
0.9940
0.9955
0.9966
0.9975
0.9982
0.9987
0.02
0.5080
0.5478
0.5871
0.6255
0.6628
0.6985
0.7324
0.7642
0.7939
0.8212
0.8461
0.8686
0.8888
0.9066
0.9222
0.9357
0.9474
0.9573
0.9656
0.9726
0.9783
0.9830
0.9868
0.9898
0.9922
0.9941
0.9956
0.9967
0.9976
0.9982
0.9987
0.03
0.5120
0.5517
0.5910
0.6293
0.6664
0.7019
0.7357
0.7673
0.7967
0.8238
0.8485
0.8708
0.8907
0.9082
0.9236
0.9370
0.9484
0.9582
0.9664
0.9732
0.9788
0.9834
0.9871
0.9901
0.9925
0.9943
0.9957
0.9968
0.9977
0.9983
0.9988
0.04
0.5160
0.5557
0.5948
0.6331
0.6700
0.7054
0.7389
0.7704
0.7995
0.8264
0.8508
0.8729
0.8925
0.9099
0.9251
0.9382
0.9495
0.9591
0.9671
0.9738
0.9793
0.9838
0.9875
0.9904
0.9927
0.9945
0.9959
0.9969
0.9977
0.9984
0.9988
0.05
0.5199
0.5596
0.5987
0.6368
0.6736
0.7088
0.7422
0.7734
0.8023
0.8289
0.8531
0.8749
0.8944
0.9115
0.9265
0.9394
0.9505
0.9599
0.9678
0.9744
0.9798
0.9842
0.9878
0.9906
0.9929
0.9946
0.9960
0.9970
0.9978
0.9984
0.9989
0.06
0.5239
0.5636
0.6026
0.6406
0.6772
0.7123
0.7454
0.7764
0.8051
0.8315
0.8554
0.8770
0.8962
0.9131
0.9279
0.9406
0.9515
0.9608
0.9686
0.9750
0.9803
0.9846
0.9881
0.9909
0.9931
0.9948
0.9961
0.9971
0.9979
0.9985
0.9989
0.07
0.5279
0.5675
0.6064
0.6443
0.6808
0.7157
0.7486
0.7794
0.8078
0.8340
0.8577
0.8790
0.8980
0.9147
0.9292
0.9418
0.9525
0.9616
0.9693
0.9756
0.9808
0.9850
0.9884
0.9911
0.9932
0.9949
0.9962
0.9972
0.9979
0.9985
0.9990
00.08
z0.09
0.5319
0.5714
0.6103
0.6480
0.6844
0.7190
0.7517
0.7823
0.8106
0.8365
0.8599
0.8810
0.8997
0.9162
0.9306
0.9429
0.9535
0.9625
0.9699
0.9761
0.9812
0.9854
0.9887
0.9913
0.9934
0.9951
0.9963
0.9973
0.9980
0.9986
0.9990
0.5359
0.5753
0.6141
0.6517
0.6879
0.7224
0.7549
0.7852
0.8133
0.8389
0.8621
0.8830
0.9015
0.9177
0.9319
0.9441
0.9545
0.9633
0.9706
0.9767
0.9817
0.9857
0.9890
0.9916
0.9936
0.9952
0.9964
0.9974
0.9981
0.9986
1
Z
2.0
P{Z to }
0.02275
Z
3.0
P{Z to }
0.001350
Z
4.0
P{Z to }
0.00003167
Z
5.0
P{Z to }
2.867E-7
2.1
0.01786
3.1
0.0009676
4.1
0.00002066
5.5
1.899E-8
2.2
0.01390
3.2
0.0006871
4.2
0.00001335
6.0
9.866E-10
2.3
0.01072
3.3
0.0004834
4.3
0.00000854
6.5
4.016E-11
2.4
0.00820
3.4
0.0003369
4.4
0.000005413
7.0
1.280E-12
2.5
0.00621
3.5
0.0002326
4.5
0.000003398
7.5
3.191E-14
2.6
0.004661
3.6
0.0001591
4.6
0.000002112
8.0
6.221E-16
2.7
0.003467
3.7
0.0001078
4.7
0.000001300
8.5
9.480E-18
2.8
0.002555
3.8
0.00007235
4.8
7.933E-7
9.0
1.129E-19
2.9
0.001866
3.9
0.00004810
4.9
4.792E-7
9.5
1.049E-21
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21.2.3.3
2-tailed testing
2 sample test
1-tailed testing
0.05 0.01
df 0.1
5
2.015 2.571 4.032
0.1
0.05
0.01
1.476
2.015 3.365
1.440
1.943 3.143
1.415
1.895 2.998
1.397
1.860 2.896
1.383
1.833 2.821
10
1.372
1.812 2.764
11
1.363
1.796 2.718
12
1.356
1.782 2.681
13
1.350
1.771 2.650
14
1.345
1.761 2.624
15
1.341
1.753 2.602
16
1.337
1.746 2.583
17
1.333
1.740 2.567
18
1.330
1.734 2.552
19
1.328
1.729 2.539
20
1.325
1.725 2.528
21
1.323
1.721 2.518
22
1.321
1.717 2.508
23
1.319
1.714 2.500
24
1.318
1.711 2.492
25
1.316
1.708 2.485
26
1.315
1.706 2.479
27
1.314
1.703 2.473
28
1.313
1.701 2.467
29
1.311
1.699 2.462
30
1.310
1.697 2.457
40
1.303
1.684 2.423
50
1.299
1.676 2.403
60
1.296
1.671 2.390
80
1.292
1.664 2.374
1.290
1.660 2.364
1.289
1.658 2.358
1.282
1.645 2.327
http://facultyweb.berry.edu/vbissonnette/tables/tables.html
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21.2.4
y=
1
2
x
2 2
1sd68%
2sd95 %
3 sd99.7 %
Geogebra Normal Dist slider
Geogebra Skewed Dist
---------------------------------------------------------------------------21.2.5
Binomial Theorem
MC
n
x yn=
k=0
x yn= x n
n nk k
x y
k
where
n!
n
=
k k ! n k !
n!
n!
n!
x n1 y 1
x n2 y 2...
x 1 y n1 y n
1!n1!
2 ! n2!
n1! 1!
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------21.2.6
Permutations and Combinations
The number of ways of selecting r objects from a total of n
BE - permutations and combinations
Permutations
Repetition allowed
P r =nr
No repetition
Pr=
n!
nr !
No repetition
Cr=
n!
r !nr !
Repetition allowed
Cr=
nr1!
r !r1!
Combinations
______________________________________________________________
Thanks to Gillian Cunningham, Aberdeen College.
Contents p1
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24 Computer Input
22 Financial Mathematics
Notation for Financial Mathematics
Principal
Accrued amount
Amount
Sn
NPV
irr
r=1i
A= P 1i n
a r n 1
S n=
r1
A= P 1 d n
or
a1r n
S n=
1r
a 1 rn
P=
r1
(annuities)
BE - visual guide to interest rates
Efunda Calculator
______________________________________________________________
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24 Computer Input
23
wxMaxima
http://wxmaxima.sourceforge.net/wiki/index.php/Main_Page
Windows: download maxima 5.24.0 (or later version)
http://portableapps.com/node/18166 (portable application)
A open source free download computer algebra system. It is being constantly
updated. You are not allowed implicit multiplication.
5e 2t3sin
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SMath
free (Closed Source)
MS Windows and Linux
http://en.smath.info/forum/default.aspx?g=posts&t=1158
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24 Computer Input
wxMaxima and Geogebra are recommended .
Most of this also applies to spreadsheets and online maths sites.
Spreadsheet programs are not recommended (except for statistical
calculations).
Calculator key
x2
(Shift 8)
/
/
/
^2
^2
^2
(Shift 6 then 2)
(Shift 6 then 2)
x or ^ or x y
or y x
5sin x o 30o
(1)
ln
100.7
sin1 0.5
means
arcsin(0.5)
sqrt() (also on
drop down list)
sqrt( )
n
1
1
^
^
x
x
Calculator toolbar
o
o
5sin x 30
5*sin(x/180*%pi+
o symbol from 5sin x deg 30 deg
30/180*%pi)
ln
CTRL g
10 CTRL g*0.7
%e^( )
or
exp( )
log
%pi
10*%pi*0.7
asin(0.5)
asin(0.5)
asin(0.5)
(1) As all programs work in radians by default you must change every input
into degrees (if you have to work in degrees).
(2) Also available on toolbars.
(3) Only x allowed as variable
(4) See also 17.5
(5) In wxMaxima typing pi will produce as a variable NOT 3.1415...
The same is true for e .
Back to 2 Web Sites
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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24 Computer Input
Zoom in
Alt I
Insert Text Box CTRL 1 (or F6)
Zoom out
Alt O
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Copy as an Image to a
Edit - Select All
Spreadsheet File
Right click Copy as Image...
Paste onto a worksheet
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Assign
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[ ][ ]
Matrix multiplication
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Newton Raphson
load(newton1)
newton f x , x , x 0, p . Start with precision p=0.1 and then
p=0.01 etc. until outputs are identical to
significant figures required
--------------------------------------------------------24.1.1
Differential Equations
see also 20.4 (2nd page)
dy
dx
typed as
d2 y
typed as
d x2
diff(y,x)
diff(y,x,2)
rk f x , y , y , y 0, [ x , x 0, x end , h]
where
dy
= f (x , y)
dx
20.5
To plot result:
wxplot2d([discrete,%o#],[style,points])
you can replace points with line. %o# is a previous output line.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contents p1
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24 Computer Input
m
s2
24.3 SMath
This entry will be expanded but at the moment have a look at the SMath
Primer by Bernard V Liengme
http://people.stfx.ca/bliengme/SMath/SmathPrimer.pdf
This is a truly remarkable program that looks and works like Mathcad and
should be of use to engineers in particular. It is also available as a live
program - no download required although that particular version may have a
few bugs.
Contents p1
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24 Computer Input
x1
y1
x2
y2
x3
y3
x4
y4
etc
etc
Highlight
Select
Chart Type
Titles
(Chart Location
(Right click on plot
Right click on data point
Type
Options
Options
Rt click on trendline
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------24.4.2
Euler's Method
dy
= f ( x , y) ,
dx
A
1
step size
dy/dx
y1=y0+hX(dy/dx)
x0
y0
f (x 0 , y 0 )
=B3+$C$1*C3
=A3+$C$1
=D3
axis.
Contents p1
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71
24 Computer Input
Contents p1
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72
24 Computer Input
Contents p1
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73
24 Computer Input
25 Calibration Error
Output
Output
IDEAL
Input = Output
Zero Error
Input
Input
Output
Output
Linearity Error
Span Error
Input
Input
Output
Output
Linearity Error
Zero-Span
Error
Input
Input
PID
Proportional/Integral/Differential Control: See http://dexautomation.com/pidtutorial.php
Measurement and Uncertainty
National Physical Laboratory. See: http://www.npl.co.uk/publications/uncertaintyguide/uncertainty-of-measurement-guides
UKAS M3003 http://www.ukas.com/library/Technical-Information/Pubs-Technical-Articles/PubsList/M3003.pdf
Contents p1
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24 Computer Input
26 Mechanical Tables
26.1.1
Properties of Materials
Material
Melting point oC
Density
kg/m3
1000
Plastics
850 - 1400
Notes
at Standard Temperature and
Pressure
for PETE/ PVC,
polypropylene
at STP
at STP
at room temp
at STP
at room temp
at STP
at STP
at STP
Aluminium (Al)
660
2700
Steel (Fe+C)
1525-1540
7850
Copper (Cu)
1085
8920 - 8960
Silver (Ag)
962
10500
Lead (Pb)
327
11340
Mercury (Hg)
-39
13546
Tungsten (W)
3422
19300
Gold (Au)
1064
19320
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_points_of_the_elements_%28data_page%29
26.1.2
Material
Rubber
HDPE
Nylon
MDF
High strength concrete under compression
Aluminium
Glass
Brass / Bronze
Titanium alloy
Carbon Fibre reinforced plastic (70/30)
Steel
Silicon Carbide
Tungsten Carbide
Single-walled carbon nanotube
Diamond
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young%27s_modulus
Contents p1
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75
24 Computer Input
2A
3A
4A
1
3B
4B
5B
6B
7B
8B
8B
8B
1B
2B
H
1.008
Hydrogen
3
4
5
6
Li
Be
B
C
See the Periodic Table of Videos at http://www.periodicvideos.com/
6.941
9.012
10.81
12.01
Lithium
Beryllium
Boron
Carbon
11
12
13
14
Na
Mg
Al
Si
22.99
24.31
26.98
28.09
Sodium Magnesium
Aluminium Silicon
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
K
Ca
Sc
Ti
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Ga
Ge
39.10
40.08
44.96
47.88
50.94
52.00
54.94
55.85
58.93
58.69
63.55
65.39
69.72
72.61
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese
Iron
Cobalt
Nickel Copper
Zinc
Gallium Germanium
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
Rb
Sr
Y
Zr
Nb
Mo
Tc
Ru
Rh
Pd
Ag
Cd
In
Sn
85.47
87.62
88.91
91.22
92.91
95.94
(98)
101.1
102.9
106.4
107.9
112.4
114.8
118.7
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium
Tin
55
56
*57
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
Cs
Ba
La
Hf
Ta
W
Re
Os
Ir
Pt
Au
Hg
Tl
Pb
132.9
137.3
138.9
178.5
180.9
183.9
186.2
190.2
192.2
195.1
197.0
200.6
204.4
207.2
Caesium
Barium Lanthanum Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten
Rhenium
Osmium
Iridium Platinum Gold
Mercury Thallium
Lead
87
88
**89
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
Fr
Ra
Ac
Rf
Db
Sg
Bh
Hs
Mt
Ds
Rg
Cn
Uut
Fl
(223)
226.0
227.0
(261)
(262)
(263)
(262)
(265)
(268)
(269)
(272)
(277)
(284)
(283)
Francium
Radium
Actinium Ruther- Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium
Hassium Meitner- Darm- Roentgen Copernic- Ununtrium Flerovium
fordium
ium
stadtium
-ium
ium
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
Ce
Pr
Nd
Pm
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
* Lanthanide
140.1
140.9
144.2
(145)
150.4
152.0
157.3
158.9
162.5
164.9
Series
Cerium
Praseo- Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium
dymium
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
** Actinide
Th
Pa
U
Np
Pu
Am
Cm
Bk
Cf
Es
Series
232.0
231.0
238.0
237.0
(244)
(243)
(247)
(247)
(251)
(252)
Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium
KEY
Atomic number
Symbol
Atomic mass
***
Name of the element
Contents p1
1
H
1.008
Hydrogen
9 Notation
5A
24 Computer Input
7A
7
8
9
N
O
F
14.01
16.00
19.00
Nitrogen
Oxygen Fluorine
15
16
17
P
S
Cl
30.97
32.07
35.45
Phosphorus Sulphur Chlorine
33
34
35
As
Se
Br
74.92
78.96
79.90
Arsenic
Selenium Bromine
51
52
53
Sb
Te
I
121.8
127.6
126.9
Antimony Tellurium Iodine
83
84
85
Bi
Po
At
209.0
(209)
(210)
Bismuth
Polonium Astatine
115
116
117
Uup
Lv
Uus
(288)
(289)
(293)
Ununpent- Livermor- Ununsept
ium
ium
-ium
68
69
70
Er
Tm
Yb
167.3
168.9
173.0
Erbium
Thulium Ytterbium
8A
2
He
4.003
Helium
10
Ne
20.18
Neon
18
Ar
39.95
Argon
36
Kr
83.80
Krypton
54
Xe
131.3
Xenon
86
Rn
(222)
Radon
118
Uuo
(294)
Ununoctium
71
Lu
175.0
Lutetium
100
101
102
103
Fm
Md
No
Lr
(257)
(258)
(259)
(260)
Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium
6A
June 2, 2012
multiple
prefix
symbol
1000000000000000
1000000000000
1000000000
1000000
1000
1
1015
1012
109
106
103
100
Peta
kilo
P
T
G
M
k
1000
10 3
milli
1000000
10 6
micro
1000000000
109
nano
1000000000000
1012
pico
Tera
Giga
Mega
28 Electrical Tables
Table of Resistivities
Material
Resistivity
m at 20o C
Silver (Ag)
Copper (Cu)
Gold (Au)
Tungsten (W)
Nickel (Ni)
Iron (Fe)
Lead (Pb)
Carbon (C)
15.9109
17.2109
24.4109
56.0109
69.9109
100109
220109
35000109
Material
Vacuum
Air
Diamond (C)
Salt (NaCl)
Graphite (C)
Silicon (Si)
Dielectric
Constant r
1
1.00054
5.5 - 10
3 - 15
10 - 15
11.68
Permeability
(H/m)
Electrical Steel
Ferrite (Nickel Zinc) (Ni Zn)
Ferrite (Manganese Zinc) (Mn Zn)
Steel
Nickel (Ni)
Aluminium (Al)
5000106
20 800106
800106
875106
125106
1.26106
9 Notation
77
24 Computer Input
Examples of use
A
B
E
Z
H
I
K
M
N
Alpha
Beta
angles
Gamma
Delta
Epsilon
Zeta
Eta
efficiency, viscosity
Theta
Iota
inertia
Kappa
compressibility
Lambda
Mu
Nu
velocity
Xi
damping coefficient
Omicron
Rho
PRODUCT, 3.141592654...., C= d
density, resistivity
Sigma
Tau
Upsilon
admittance
Phi
Chi
Psi
Omega
Pi
_____________________________________________________________
This work, to be attributed to Peter K Nicol, Aberdeen College is licensed
under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0
Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ (click on icon below) or
send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San
Francisco, California, 94105, USA.
Contents p1
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