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Whereas per API 650 sec 5.6.4
L = (500Dt)
0.5
, in mm
D = tank diameter, in m
t = bottom course shell thickness excluding any corrosion allowance, in mm
H = design liquid level ,in m
Figure 26 Tank Shell Courses thicknesses
35
4.4 Shell Design by One foot method
The required minimum thickness of shell plates shall be the greater of the value computed as
followed [API 650, 2007 sec 5.6.3]:
Design shell thickness
Hydrostatic test shell thickness
Where
t
d
= design shell thickness, mm
t
t
= hydrostatic test shell thickness, mm
D = nominal tank diameter, m
H = design liquid level, m
G = design specific gravity of the liquid stored
C.A = corrosion allowance, mm
Sd = allowable stress for the design condition, MPa
St =
allowable stress for the hydrostatic test condition, MPa
The equation in the API 650 (2007) 1-Foot Method can be derived from the basic membrane
theory, the two main stresses exerting on the cylindrical shell due to the internal pressure are
longitudinal stress and circumferential stress. Lets look into each stress individually by
analyzing the stresses in the thin-walled cylindrical shell which an internal pressure exerted
on it.
CA
S
G H D
t
d
L
d
+
=
) 3 . 0 ( 9 . 4
1
t
L
t
S
H D
t
) 3 . 0 ( 9 . 4
1
=
36
4.4.1 Longitudinal Stress
Figure shows a thin walled cylindrical in which the longitudinal force FL resulted from
the internal pressure, Pi, acting on the thin cylinder of thickness t, length L, and diameter
D.
Figure 27 Longitudinal forces acting on thin cylinder under internal pressure
Longitudinal force =
Area resisting Fl , A = as shaded in above diagram
Longitudinal stresses =
Sl =
=
37
4.4.2Circumferential Stress
Similarly Figure 2.2 considers the circumferential stresses caused by internal pressure, Pi,
acting on the thin cylinder of thickness t, length L, and diameter D.
Figure 28 Circumferential forces acting on thin cylinder under internal pressure
Circumferential force =
Area resisting Fc , A = as shaded in above diagram
circumferential stress Sc =
Sc=
=
4.4.3Longitudinal Stress versus Circumferential Stress
Comparing the both thickness equations due to the longitudinal stress and circumferential
stress, with a specific allowable stress, pressure and fixed diameter, the required wall
thickness to withstand the internal pressure, Pi, for circumferential stress will twice that
required for the longitudinal stress. Circumferential stress in the thin wall will be the
governing stress and hence the Circumferential Stress Thickness Equation (tc) is used.
38
4.4.4 Circumferential Stress Thickness Equation and 1-Foot Method
From the Circumferential Stress Thickness Equation, replace the internal pressure, pi to
the hydrostatic pressure due to product liquid head , consider the effective head at
0.3 m height (H 0.3), and consider the corrosion allowance (C.A) by adding in to the
equation of circumferential stress. The minimum required thickness from the 1-Foot
method can be now be derived.
Circumferential Stress Thickness equation to 1-Foot method equation
4.5Top Stiffener and Intermediate Wind Girder Design
4.5.1 Top Stiffener/ Top Wind Girder
Stiffener rings of top wind girder are to be provided in an open-top tank to maintain the
roundness when the tank is subjected to wind load. The stiffener rings shall be located at
or near the top course and outside of the tank shell. The girder can also be used as an
access and maintenance platform. There are five numbers of typical stiffener rings
sections for the tank shell given in API 650 (2007) and they are shown in Figure 30 [API
650, 2007].
Figure 29 Stiffener ring
39
The requirement in API 650 (2007) stated that when the stiffener rings or top wind girder
are located more than 0.6 m below the top of the shell, the tank shall be provided with a
minimum size of 64 x 64 x 4.8 mm top curb angle for shells thickness 5 mm, and with a
76 x 76 x 6.4 mm angle for shell more than 5 mm thick. . The top wind girder is designed
based on the equation for the minimum required section modules of the stiffener ring
[API 650, 2007, sec 5.9.6].
Where
Z = Minimum required section modulus, cm
D = Nominal tank diameter, m
H2= Height of the tank shell, in m, including any freeboard provided above themaximum
filling height
V = design wind speed (3-sec gust), km/h
4.5.2 Intermediate Wind Girder
The shell of the storage tank is susceptible to buckling under influence of wind and
internal vacuum, especially when in a near empty or empty condition. It is essential to
analysis the shell to ensure that it is stable under these conditions. Intermediate stiffener
or wind girder will be provided if necessary.
To determine whether the intermediate wind girder is required, the maximum height of
the un-stiffened shell shall be determined. The maximum height of the un-stiffener shell
will be calculated as follows [API 650, 2007,sec 5.9.7.1]:
Where
H1 = Vertical distance, in m, between the intermediate wind girder and top wind girder
t = Thickness of the top shell course, mm
D = Nominal tank diameter, m
V = design wind speed (3-sec gust), km/h
As stated in earlier section, the shell is made of up diminishing thickness and it makes
the analysis difficult. The equivalent shell method is employed to convert themulti-
40
thickness shell into an equivalent shell having the equal thickness as to the top shell
course.
The actual width of each shell course in changed into a transposed width of each shell
course having the top shell course thickness by the following formula [API 650,
2007,sec 5.9.7.2]:
Where
W tr= Transposed width of each shell course, mm
Wt = Actual width of each shell course, mm
tuniform= Thickness of the top shell course, mm
tactual= Thickness of the shell course for which the transpose width is being calculated, mm
Figure 30 Wind Girders
Situations exist where just a top wind girder alone will not provide enough shell stiffness for
a given combination of tank height, tank diameter, and tank shell course thicknesses. Put in
simple terms, the distance between the top wind girder and the tank bottom is too large, in
41
these situations, to resist wind-induced shell deformation. Installation of an intermediate wind
girder at a location between the top wind girder and the tank bottom reduces the un stiffened
length of the shell, and is required in order to prevent shell deformation in these cases.
Intermediate wind girder design calculations in accordance with API-650 requirements
consist of the following general steps:
Determine if an intermediate wind girder is needed, based on design wind
velocity, tank diameter, and shell course thicknesses.
Locate the intermediate wind girder.
Calculate the minimum required section modulus of the intermediate wind
girder and select a standard structural shape that provides this section
modulus.
The API-650 procedure for locating the intermediate wind girder considers the variation in
shell course thickness. As illustrated in Figure 32, the API-650 procedure mathematically
converts the actual tank shell height to a "transformed shell" height. As detail in design
calculation chapter the shell transformation is done by accounting for the actual individual
course thicknesses. The transformed shell then has the same stiffness throughout its height
Locating the intermediate wind girder at the mid-height of the transformed shell results in
equal shell stiffness both above and below the intermediate wind girder. The intermediate
wind girder is then located on the actual tank shell in the same course and in the same relative
position within that course as it is on the transformed shell. Using this approach, the
intermediate wind girder is located much higher than the mid-height on the actual tank shell.
Figure31 Transformed shell and intermediate wind girder
42
4.6 Bottom Plate Designing
For oil storage tanks, steel bottom plates are specified, laid and fully supported on a prepared
foundation.
Since it is in common practice if the diameter of tank is greater is than 12m than we have to
incorporate annular plate in bottom plate to make it more strengthen. According to API 650
5.4 all bottom plates shall have a minimum nominal thickness of 6mm exclusive of any
corrosion allowance specified by the purchaser for the bottom plates.
The bottom is made up of a number of rectangular plates, surrounded by a set of shaped
plates, called sketch plates, to give a circular shape, as shown in Figure 33. The plates slightly
overlap each other and are pressed locally at the corners where three plates meet (see Figure
34). Lapped and fillet welded joints are preferred to butt welded joints (which must be
welded onto a backing strip below the joint) because they are easier and cheaper to make.
Figure 32Bottom layout for tank
See figure 34
details A and B
43
Figure 33 Cross joints in bottom plates
4.7 Roof Design
We have selected conical roof with self-supported at its periphery since it is easy to construct
and design comparing with other types of roof. But it is strongly dependent to customer that
what type of roof selected for storage tank.
Fixed roofs of cylindrical tanks are formed of steel plate and are of either conical or domed
(spherically curved) configuration. The steel plates can be entirely self-supporting (by
'membrane' action), or they may rest on top of some form of support structure.
Membrane roofs are more difficult to erect - they require some temporary support during
placing and welding and are usually found only on smaller tanks.
Permanent support steelwork for the roof plate may either span the complete diameter of the
tank or may in turn be supported on columns inside the tank. The use of a single central
column is particularly effective in relatively small tanks (15-20 m diameter), for example.
The main members of the support steelwork are, naturally, radial to the tank. They can be
simple rolled beam sections or, for larger tanks, they can be fabricated trusses.
Roof plates are usually lapped and fillet welded to one another. For low pressure tanks, they
do not need to be welded to any structure which supports them, but they must normally be
welded to the top of the shell.
44
4.8 Overturning Stability against Wind Load
The overturning stability of the tank shall be analyzed against the wind pressure, and to
determine the stability of the tank with and without anchorage. The wind pressure used in the
analysis is given as per API 650 (2007, sec 5.11). The design wind pressure on the vertical
projected areas of cylindrical surface area shall be 0.86 kPa (V/190) and 1.44 kPa (V/190)
uplift on horizontal projected area of conical surface. These design wind pressure are in
accordance with American Society of Civil Engineer - ASCE 7 for wind exposure Category
C [ASCE 7, 2005]. The loading diagram due to the wind pressure on the roof tank is shown
in following Figures.
Figure 34 Overturning moment against wind load
Figure 35 Shell Out of Roundness Caused By Wind
45
The wind load (Fs) on the shell is calculated by multiplying the wind pressure (ws) to the
projected area of the shell.
As per API 650 (2007), the tank will be structurally stable without anchorage when the below
uplift criteria are meet [API 650, 2007, sec 5.11.2].
Where
Mpi= moment about the shell-to-bottom from design internal pressure (Pi) and it can be
calculated by the formula
Mw= Overturning moment about the shell-to-bottom joint from horizontal plus vertical wind
pressure and is equal to Fr. Lr + Fs. Ls. Fr and Fs is the wind load acting on the roof and shell
respectively and Lr and Ls is the height from tank bottom to the roof center and shell center
respectively.
MDL= Moment about the shell-to-bottom joint from the weight of the shell and roof supported
by the shell and is calculated as 0.5 D.WDL.
MF= Moment about the shell-to-bottom joint from liquid weight and is equal to
46
4.9 Seismic Design
The seismic design of the storage tank is accordance to API 650 (2007) Appendix E. There
are two major analyses to be performed in the seismic design, and they are:
i)Overturning Stability check - The overturning moment will be calculated and check for the
anchorage requirement. The number of anchor bolt required and the anchor bolt size will also
be determined based on the overturning moment.
ii)Maximum base shear
4.9.1Overturning Stability against seismic load
The seismic overturning moment at the base of the tank shall be the square root of sum of
squares (SRSS) summation of the impulsive and convective components multiply by the
respective moment arms to the center of action of the forces.
For tanks supported by the concrete ring wall, the equation for calculating the ring wall
moment, Mrw is as follow [API 650, 2007, sec E.6.1.5]:
Where
Ai = Impulsive design response spectrum acceleration coefficient, %g
Ac = Convective design response spectrum acceleration coefficient, %g
Wi = Effective impulsive portion of liquid weight, N
Ws = Total weight of the tank shell and appurtenances, N
Wr = Total weight of fixed tank roof including framing, knuckles, any permanent attachments
and 10% of the roof design snow load, N
Wc = Effective convective (sloshing) portion of liquid weight, N
Xi = Height from the bottom of the tank shell to the center of action of the lateral seismic
force related to the impulsive liquid force for ring wall moment, m
Xs = Height from the bottom of the tank shell to the shells center of gravity, m
Xr = Height from the bottom of the tank shell to the roof and roof appurtenances center of
gravity, m
Xc = Height from the bottom of the tank shell to the center of action of the lateral seismic
force related to the convective liquid force for ring wall moment, m
47
This overturning moment is important for the mechanical to design the anchorage
requirement and determine the minimum the number and size of the anchor bolt for the
storage tank. It is also important to the civil engineer to design the tank foundation in which
the tank is being supported.
4.10 Anchorage requirement
The resistance to the design ring wall overturning moment at the base of the shell will be
provided by the weight of the tank shell, weight of the roof reaction, Wrs, by the weight of a
portion of the tank contents adjacent to the shell for unanchored tanks or provided by the
mechanical anchorage devices.
The anchorage requirement is checked by the Anchorage Ratio, J, and the anchorage ratio
criteria in Table will determine whether the tank can be self-anchored or mechanically
anchored.
Table 2Anchorage Ratio Criteria [API650, 2007, table E-6]
48
The anchorage ratio, J is determined as follow [API650, 2007, sec E.6.2.1.1.1]:
Where
wt = Weight of tank shell & portion of roof supported by shell and is define as
wa = Resisting force of annulus which is defined as
Where
Fy= Min. specified yield strength of bottom annulus
H = Maximum design product level
Ge = Effective specific gravity including vertical seismic effect
= G(1 - 0.4 Av) ; G = 1, Specific gravity
Av = Vertical earthquake acceleration coefficient
Wint= Uplift due to product pressure
wrs= Roof load acting on shell, including 10% of specified snow load
49
CHAPTER:05 DESIGN CALCULATIONS
5.1 Material selection
The first step is to select material for shell, bottom plate, annular plate, roof plate etc.
The factors that govern that material selection are as follows:
Cost
Availability
Strength
Inertness
ASTM 283 Grade C is selected as shell, bottom, annular and roof plate material. The yield
strength of the material is given as 205 MPa. it belongs to group 1 material as listed in table
4-3a of API 650.
Material used in the construction of tanks shall conform to the specification listed in the API
sec 4, subject to the modification and limitation indicated in this standard material produced
to specification other than those listed in this section may be employed, provided that the
material is certified to meet all of the requirements listed in this standard and the material is
approved by the purchaser the manufacturer proposal shall identify the material specification
to be used.
50
5.2 Design specifications
Design Code API 650, 11
th
Edition
Fluid Sulphuric acid
Material SA 283 Gr. C(
m =
7850 kg/m
3
)
Specific Tank Diameter 5.6 meters
Tank Height 11.0 meters
Geometrical Capacity 270 m3
Design Liquid Level 10.49 m
gravity of contents G = 1.94
Materials yield strength d
y
= 205 MPa
Design Pressure (+ve) 3.0 IN WC (0.1083 psig
Design Pressure (-ve) 1.0 IN WC (0.036 psig)
Design Temperature (max) 50oC
Design Temperature (min) 5 oC
Roof Type Structurally Supported Fixed Cone Roof
Roof Slope 1:16
Bottom Type Flat non-annular with center sump
Bottom Slope 1:48
Allowable Product Design stress Sd = 137.0 Mpa
Allowable Hydrostatic test stress St = 154 MPa
Corrosion allowance
Bottom = 1.5mm
Shell = 1.5 mm
Roof = 1.5mm
Joint Efficiency 0.85
Wind Speed 120 mph
Seismic Zone 2B
Plate Size 1500 mm x 6000 mm
Modulus of Elasticity E = 199000 MPa
Yield strength of steel structure (Stiffeners) Fy = 250 MPa
51
Material
Shell Material HR-235
Roof Material HR-235
Bottom Material HR-235
Structure Material ASTM A-36
Pipe Material A-106 Gr. B
Flange Material A-105, 150#, Welding Neck
Gasket Material Spiral Wound
Anchor Bolt Material ASTM A-36
Venting Type Vent to closed loop/ vapor return
Painting Yes (Only External)
Internal Lining Yes (Rubber lining 3mm thick compatible
with H2SO4)
Insulation Yes
Insulation Thickness 2 Inch
Insulation Density 50 kg/m3
Tank Foundation Ring Wall
52
5.3 Basic Calculations
Height = H= 11.0 m (Given)
Diameter =D = 5.6 m (Given)
Aspect Ratio =
= 1.96
Total working capacity =
= 270
= 9567.84
5.4 Shell Design
As per API 650 5.6.3
Calculations of Shell Thicknesses
The required shell plates thickness shall be greater of the values computed by following
formulas.
Design Shell Thickness (As per API 5.6.3)
Hydrostatic Test Thickness (As p (as per API 5.6.3)
Height for each shell course H
Li
= H
L(i-1)
- (i-1)W
G = Specific Gravity of fluid to be stored
D = Nominal dia. of tank (m)
H
L1
= Design liquid level (m) for course under consideration.
CA = Corrosion allowance. = 1.50 mm
t
d
= Design shell thickness (mm)
CA
S
G H D
t
d
L
d
+
=
) 3 . 0 ( 9 . 4
1
t
L
t
S
H D
t
) 3 . 0 ( 9 . 4
1
=
53
t
t
= Hydrostatic test shell thickness (mm)
H
Lo
= Total Height of the Tank Shell = 11.00 m
W = Width of the Plate (Course) = 2.45 m
i = Shell Course Number = 1 to 7
1st Shell Course
Width of 1st. Course W
1
=1.5 m
Design height for 1st shell Course H
L1
= 11.0 m
Required Shell Thickness t
t =
2.15mm
Required Shell Thickness t
d
= 3.92mm
Shell thickness selected t
1
= 6.00 mm
2
nd
Shell Course
Width of 2
nd
Course W
2
=1.50 m
Design height for 2
nd
shell Course H
L2
=9.5 m
Required Shell Thickness t
t
=1.84mm
Required Shell Thickness t
d
= 3.57mm
Shell thickness selected t
2
= 6.00 mm
3
rd
Shell Course
Width of 3
rd
Course W
3
=1.50 m
Design height for 3
rd
shell Course H
L3
=8.0 m
Required Shell Thickness t
t
=1.52 mm
Required Shell Thickness t
d
= 3.21mm
Shell thickness selected t
3
= 6.00 mm
54
4th Shell Course
Width of 4th Course W
4
=1.50 m
Design height for 4th shell Course H
L4
=6.5 m
Required Shell Thickness t
t
=1.21 mm
Required Shell Thickness t
d
= 2.86 mm
Shell thickness selected t
4
= 6.00 mm
5th Shell Course
Width of 5th Course W
5
=1.50 m
Design height for 5th shell Course H
L5
=5.0 m
Required Shell Thickness t
t
=0.89 mm
Required Shell Thickness t
d
= 2.50 mm
Shell thickness selected t
5
= 6.00 mm
6th Shell Course
Width of 6th Course W
6
=1.50 m
Design height for 6
th
shell Course H
L6
=3.5 m
Required Shell Thickness t
t
=0.58 mm
Required Shell Thickness t
d
= 2.15 mm
Shell thickness selected t
6
= 6.00 mm
7th Shell Course
Width of 7th Course W
7
=1.50 m
Design height for 7th shell Course H
L7
=2.0 m
Required Shell Thickness t
t
=0.26mm
Required Shell Thickness t
d
= 1.79 mm
Shell thickness selected t
7
= 6.00 mm
55
8th Shell Course
Width of 8th Course W
8
=0.50 m
Design height for 8th shell Course H
L8
=0.5 m
Required Shell Thickness t
t
= 0 mm
Required Shell Thickness t
d
= 1.49mm
Shell thickness selected t
8
= 6.00 mm
Shell Thickness & Weight Summary
Shell Course #
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8
Shell width (m) 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
0.5
Shell Thick, corroded (mm) 6.0 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00
6.00
Shell Weight (KN) 12.17 12.17 12.17 12.17 12.17 12.17 12.17
4.05
Shell Weight(corroded) (KN) 9.13 9.13 9.13 9.13 9.13 9.13 9.13
3.04
Total Shell Weight = 12.17(7)+4.05=89.24KN
Total Shell Weight (corroded) = 9.13(7)+ 3.04=66.95KN
56
5.5 Bottom Plate Design
As per API 650 5.4.1
All bottom plates shall have minimum nominal thickness of 6mm, exclusive of any corrosion
allowance as per API 650 5.4.1
Required Bottom Plate Thickness t
r
= 6 + CA mm
= 6+1.5 = 7.5 mm
Selected bottom plate thickness t
b
= 8.0 mm
Weight of Btm. Plate +Annular plate
For corroded weight
Weight of Btm. Plate +Annular plate
Weight of Btm. Plate +Annular plate = 7907.57 kg =>15.72 KN
Weight of Btm. Plate +Annular plate = 64.24.90 kg =>12.78KN (Corroded)
5.6 Annular Plate Design
(As per API 650 Sec. 5.5)
Product stress 137.00Mpa
Hydrostatic test stress 154.00 MPa
Annular bottom plate thickness t = 6 mm (As per API 650 Table 5-1 a)
Including corrosion allowance 7.50 mm
Used annular plate thickness t
b
= 8.00 mm
Max. design liquid level H
L1
= 10.5 m
( )
( ) ( ) { }
(
+ +
H
+
(
+ H
=
2 2
2
1 . 0 1 . 0
4 4
1 . 0
act
m b m b act
W D D
t t W D
( )
( ) ( ) { }
(
+ +
H
+
(
+ H
=
2 2
2
1 . 0 1 . 0
4
) (
4
) ( 1 . 0
act
m b m b act
W D D
CA t CA t W D
57
5.7 Intermediate Wind Girder Design
(As per API 650 Sec. 5.9.7)
The maximum height of the Un-stiffened shell shall be calculated as follows:
H
1
= 9.47 t(
)xH
1
= 17.64 m
Transformed Shell thicknesses
W
tr(i) =
W
i
x (
= 1499.61 mm
2nd Course
Thickness of 2nd course t
2
= 6.00 mm
W
tr2
= W
2
x (
= 1499.61mm
3rd Course
Thickness of 3rd course t
3
= 6.00 mm
W
tr3
= W
3
x (
= 1499.61 mm
4th Course
Thickness of 4th course t
4
= 6.00 mm
W
tr4
= W
4
x (
= 1499.61 mm
5th Course
Thickness of 5th course t
5
= 6.00 mm
W
tr5
= W
5
x (
= 1499.61 mm
59
6th Course
Thickness of 6th course t
6
= 6.00 mm
W
tr6
= W
6
x (
= 1499.61mm
7th Course
Thickness of 7th course t
7
= 6.00 mm
W
tr7
= W
7
x (
= 1499.61mm
8th Course
Thickness of 7th course t
7
= 6.00 mm
W
tr7
= W
7
x (
= 489.87mm
Height of transformed shell, H
tr
= W
tr1
+W
tr2
+W
tr3
+W
tr4
+W
tr5
+W
tr6
+W
tr7+
W
tr8
Height of transformed shell, H
tr
=10987.14 mm or 10.98 m
As
H
tr
< H
1
10.98 < 17.64
Intermediate Wind Girder is Not Required.
60
5.8 Roof Design (Supported Conical Roof) As per API 650(5.10.5)
Minimum roof thickness is 5mm (As per API 650(5.10.5)
Roof plate thickness = 6.5 mm (with corrosion allowance)
Selected Roof Plate thickness= t
h
= 7 mm
= slope of roof = 3.57
D
o
= Outer Diameter= 5.6 m
= 850 kg/m
3
Vertical Projected Area of Roof =
pt = 0.75 in/ft (Cone Roof Pitch)
Horizontal Projected Area of Roof (Per API-650 5.2.1.f):
Xw = Moment Arm of UPLIFT wind force on roof
=
=
Ap = Projected Area of roof for wind moment
=
R = 9.184 ft
Dead Load = Insulation + Plate Weight + Added Dead Load
Roof Loads (per API-650 Appendix R)
61
e.1b = DL + MAX(Sb,Lr) + 0.4Pe
e.2b = DL + Pe + 0.4MAX(Sb,Lr)
T = Balanced Roof Design Load (per API-650 Appendix R)
= MAX(e.1b,e.2b)
e.1u = DL + MAX(Sb,Lr) + 0.4Pe
e.2u = DL + Pe + 0.4MAX(Su,Lr)
U = Unbalanced Roof Design Load (per API-650 Appendix R)
= MAX(e.1u,e.2u)
= 33.833
P = Max. Design Load = Lr1
l = Maximum Rafter Spacing (Per API-650 5.10.4.4)
62
MINIMUM # OF RAFTERS
FOR OUTER SHELL RING:
l = 84 in. since calculated l > 84 in. (7 ft)
Minimum roof thickness based on actual rafter spacing:
RLoad
Let
Max
= RLoad
= -0.3336 PSI or -9.25 IN. H2O
Pa
= P
= -0.3336 PSI or -9.25 IN H2O.
t
=0.2465 in.
63
5.9 RAFTER DESIGN
Maximum Rafter Span = 9.184 ft
Average Rafter Spacing on Shell = 6.282 ft
Average Plate Width=
=3.141 ft
M
where,
l = (9.184)(12)
= 110.21 in.
Mmax = (9.66)(110.21)
Z req'd = Mmax/23,200
Max
64
Let
Max
= Max
144
P
= -1 PSI due to Rafter Type
Pa2
= P
(limited by Rafter Type)
5.10 COLUMN DESIGN :
CENTER COLUMN
l = Column Length
r = Radius of gyration
if l/r must be less than 180, then
Actual r = 2.93 in. using Pipe 8 Inch Sch. 40
65
Fa = Allowable Compressive Stress (Per API-650 5.10.3.4)
R = L/r = 150.2 (actual) Per API-650 5.10.3.3,
Cc = Column Slenderness Ratio
FS = Factor of Safety
= 5/3 + 3(150.2)/(8(125.7)) - (150.2)
/(8(125.7)3)
= 1.9015
Since R <= 120,
Using AISC Specification Formulas Section E2,
(let K = 1)
Fa is not modified Since Design Temp. <= 200 F.
(API-650 M.3.5 N.A.)
= 6574 PSI
66
A
= P/Fa
= [4,791 + (440/12)(28.55)]/6,574
= 0.89 in
F = actual induced stress for the column
= P/A
[ (
)]
= -1 PSI due to Column Type
Pa
= P
(limited by Column Type)
67
ROOF WEIGHT
Weight of Roof Plates
Weight of Roof Plates supported by shell
68
5.11 Tank Overturning Stability
WIND MOMENT (Per API-650 SECTION 5.11)
vs = Wind Velocity = 120 mph
vf = Velocity Factor = (vs/120)
= (120/120)
= 1
API-650 5.2.1.k Uplift Check
69
Ap
Horizontal Projected Area of Roof (Per API-650 5.2.1.f)
Xw = Moment Arm of UPLIFT wind force on roof
Ap = Projected Area of roof for wind moment
Xs (Moment Arm of Wind Force on Shell)
As (Projected Area of Shell)
70
W = Net weight (PER API-650 5.11.3)
(Force due to corroded weight of shell and
shell-supported roof plates less
40% of F.1.2 Uplift force.)
71
5.12.1 RESISTANCE TO OVERTURNING (per API-650 5.11.2)
An unanchored Tank must meet these two criteria:
1) 0.6Mw + MPi < MDL/1.5
2) Mw + 0.4MPi < (MDL + MF)/2
Mw = Destabilizing Wind Moment = 365,138 ft-lbf
Mpi = Destabilizing Moment about the Shell-to-Bottom Joint from Design Pressure.
MDL = Stabilizing Moment about the Shell-to-Bottom Joint from the Shell and
Roof weight supported by the Shell.
tb = Bottom Plate thickness less C.A. = 0.2559 in.
wl = Circumferential loading of contents along Shell-To-Bottom Joint.
wl = 0.9 H
D
o
(lesser value than above)
72
MF = Stabilizing Moment due to Bottom Plate and Liquid Weight.
= (D
o
/2)wlPI D
o
Criteria 1
Since 257,035 >= 106,528, Tank must be anchored.
Criteria 2
Since 380319 >= 230758 Tank must be anchored.
RESISTANCE TO SLIDING (per API-650 5.11.4)
F
= vF 18 As
F
73
Bolt Shear Area Req'd = 0.055 in
Anchorage Requirement
Anchorage required since Criteria 1, Criteria 2, or Sliding are NOT acceptable.
Bolt Spacing = 10 ft,
Min # Anchor Bolts = 6
5.12 .2Stability of Tank Against Seismic Load
Seismic design provide minimum requirements for the design of welded steel tanks that may
be subjected to seismic ground motion, since seismic loads are strongly dependent on
geography condition of site therefore we assumed a lot of factors that are related to the site of
the storage tank for detail of coefficient used under this section see API 650 E.2.2
Check against Seismic Failure as stated by UBC 97 & appendix E of API 650
D = 5.6 m
H =11 m
D/H = 0.50
H/D = 1.96
WEIGHTS
Ws = Weight of Shell (Incl. Shell Stiffeners & Insul.)
Wf = Weight of Floor (Incl. Annular Ring)
Wr = Weight Fixed Roof, framing and 10% of Design Live Load & Insul.
74
5.12.3 SEISMIC VARIABLES
SUG = Seismic Use Group (Importance factor depends on SUG)
= I
Site Class = E
Sp = Design level peak ground acceleration parameter for sites not addressed by
ASCE methods
Ss = Design Spectral Response Param. (5% damped) for Short Periods
(T=0.2 sec)(Ss = 2.5Sp per E.4.3 formula E.4.3-1)
S1 = Design Spectral Response Param. (5% damped) for 1-Second Periods
(T=1.0 sec)(S1 = 1.25Sp per E.4.3 formula E.4.3-2)
T
E = Elastic modulus of tank material (bottom shell course)
Sds = The design spectral response acceleration param. (5% damped) at short periods
(T = 0.2 sec) based on ASCE7 methods.
Sd1 = The design spectral response acceleration param. (5% damped)
at 1 second based on ASCE7 methods.
= QFvS1
76
5.12.4 STRUCTURAL PERIOD OF VIBRATION
E.4.5.1 Impulsive Natural Period
E.4.5.2 Convective (Sloshing) Period
Ks = 0.578/SQRT(TANH(3.68H/D))
Tc = KsSQRT(D)
E.4.6.1 Spectral Acceleration Coefficients
Ai = Impulsive spectral acceleration parameter
K = Coefficient to adjust spectral acceleration from 5% - 0.5% dampin
Ac = Convective spectral acceleration parameter
77
Chp:06 RESISTANCE TO DESIGN LOADS
6.1 EFFECTIVE WEIGHT OF PRODUCT
D/H = Ratio of Tank Diameter to Design Liquid Level
Wp = Total Weight of Tank Contents based on S.G.
Wi = Effective Impulsive Portion of the Liquid Weight
Wc = Effective Convective (Sloshing) Portion of the Liquid Weight
Weff = Effective Weight Contributing to Seismic Response
= Wi + Wc
Wrs = Roof Load Acting on Shell, including 10% of Live Load
6.1.1 DESIGN LOADS
Vi = Design base shear due to impulsive component from effective weight of tank and
contents
= Ai(Ws + Wr + Wf + Wi)
78
Vc = Design base shear due to convective component of the effective sloshing weight
= AcWc
V = Total design base shear
6.2.1 CENTER OF ACTION FOR EFFECTIVE LATERAL FORCES
Xs = Height from Bottom to the Shell's Center of Gravity
RCG = Height from Top of Shell to Roof Center of Gravity
Xr = Height from Bottom of Shell to Roof Center of Gravity
6.2.2 CENTER OF ACTION for RINGWALL OVERTURNING MOMENT
Xi = Height to Center of Action of the Lateral Seismic force related to
the Impulsive Liquid Force for Ring wall Moment
Xc = Height to Center of Action of the Lateral Seismic force related to
79
the Convective Liquid Force for Ring wall Moment
6.2.3 CENTER OF ACTION for SLAB OVERTURNING MOMENT
Xis = Height to Center of Action of the Lateral Seismic force related to
the Impulsive Liquid Force for the Slab Moment
=
=
Xcs = Height to Center of Action of the Lateral Seismic force related to
the Convective Liquid Force for the Slab Moment
= (1-(cosH(3.67H/D)-1.937)/((3.67H/D)sinH(3.67H/D)))H
=
=
6.2.4 Dynamic Liquid Hoop Forces
80
SHELL SUMMARY
Shell
Width
Ft
Y
ft
Ni
Nc
Nh
lbf
Sig(+)
Sig(-)
1 4.92 33.44 3.28 0.003 1935 10951 10914
2 4.92 28.52 3.28 0.004 1659 9391 9354
3 4.92 23.6 3.28 0.011 1382 7826 7789
4 4.92 18.68 3.28 0.029 1106 6267 6230
5 4.92 13.76 3.27 0.078 829 4702 4665
6 4.92 8.84 2.85 0.208 553 3140 3108
7 4.92 3.92 1.6 0.558 276 1569 1550
8 1.64 -1 -0.49 1.495 0 9 -9
6.2.5 Overturning Moment
Mrw = Ring wall momentPortion of the total overturning moment that acts at the
base of the tank shell perimeter
Mrw = ((Ai(WiXi+WsXs+WrXr))
+ (AcWcXc)
Ms = Slab moment (used for slab and pile cap design)
Ms = ((Ai(WiXis+WsXs+WrXr))
+ (AcWcXcs)
81
6.2.6 RESISTANCE TO DESIGN LOADS
E.6.2.1.1 Self-Anchored
Fy = Minimum yield strength of bottom plate
= 29732 psi
Ge = Effective specific gravity including vertical seismic effects
wa = Force resisting uplift in annular region
wa = 810 lbf/ft (reduced to 1.28HDGe because
that is the max allowable per E.6.2.1.1)
wt = Shell and roof weight acting at base of shell
wint = Uplift Load due to design pressure acting at base of shell
82
E.6.2.1.1.1 Anchorage Ratio
J = Mrw/(D
[wt(1-0.4Av)+wa-0.4wint])
= 59,140/(18.368
[436.6302(1-0.40)+810-0.428.6453])
= 0.1419
The tank is self anchored.
E.6.2.2 Maximum Longitudinal Shell-Membrane Compressive Stress
E.6.2.2.1 Shell Compression in Self-Anchored Tanks
ts1 = Thickness of bottom shell course minus C.A.
= 0.177 in.
Sig C = Maximum longitudinal shell compression stress
E.6.2.2.3 Allowable Longitudinal Shell-Membrane Compression Stress
Fty = Minimum specified yield strength of shell course
Fc = Allowable longitudinal shell-membrane compressive stress
83
6.3 ANCHOR BOLT DESIGN
Bolt Material : A-36
Sy = 36000 PSI
Uplift Load Cases, per API-650 Table 5-21b
D (tank OD) = 18.368 ft
P (design pressure) = 3 INCHES H2O
Pt (test pressure per F.4.4) = P = 3 INCHES H2O
Pf (failure pressure per F.6) = N.A. (see Uplift Case 3 below)
t
Uplift Case 2: Test Pressure Only
Uplift Case 3: Failure Prssure Only
Not applicable since if there is a knuckle on tank roof,
or tank roof is not frangible.
85
Uplift Case 4: Wind Load Only
86
Uplift Case 5: Seismic Load Only
Uplift Case 6: Design Pressure + Wind Load
Uplift Case 7: Design Pressure + Seismic Load
87
Uplift Case 8: Frangibility Pressure
Not applicable since if there is a knuckle on tank roof,
or tank roof is not frangible.
6.4 CAPACITIES and WEIGHTS
Maximum Capacity (to upper TL) : 71214 gal
Design Capacity (to Max Liquid Level) : 67975 gal
Minimum Capacity (to Min Liquid Level) : 0 gal
NetWorking Capacity (Design - Min.) : 67975 gal
Weight of Tank, Empty : 29644 lbf
Weight of Tank, Full of Product (SG=1): 623953 lbf
Weight of Tank, Full of Water : 623953 lbf
Net Working Weight, Full of Product : 596923 lbf
Net Working Weight, Full of Water : 596923 lbf
New condition Corroded
Shell 20064 lbf 15055 lbf
Roof plates 2983 lbf 2344 lbf
Rafters 793 lbf 793 lbf
Girders 0 lbf 0 lbf
Columns 1047 lbf 1047 lbf
Bottom 3536 lbf 2,874 lbf
Stiffeners 0 lbf 0
Nozzle Wgt 0 lbf 0
Misc Roof Wgt 0 lbf 0
Insulation 1221 lbf 1221 lbf
Total 29644 lbf 23334 lbf
88
START
SHELL DESIGN
Thickeness + weight
(corroded + uncorroded)
As per 5.6 of API 650
BOTTOM PLATE DESIGN
Thickeness + weight
(corroded + uncorroded)
As per 5.4 of API 650
A
A
1
ANNULAR PLATE DESIGN
Thickeness + weight
(corroded and uncorroded)
If D12
As per 5.5 of API 650
Annular Bottom
Plate is NOT
required
No
Annular Bottom
Plate is
Neccessary
Yes
WIND GIRDER DESIGN
If unstiffened shell height H1>transposed
height
i.e H1>Htrans
As per 5.9 of API 650
Intermediate wind
girder is required
No
Find Min. no of
Wind girder
Find Location of
wind girder
Intermediate wind
girder is NOT
required
Yes
ROOF DESIGN
Plate thickeness+weight,radius,
(corroded+uncorroded)
As per 5.10 of API 650
RAFTER DESIGN
Quantity+spacing
STIFFENER DESIGN
Length+quatity+spacing
+weight
As per IPE 200
COMPRESSION RING DESIGN
At shell to roof junction
As per appendix F of API 650
CHECK FRANGIBILITY
CONDITION
If max area reqd for frangibility
condition> Areqd
Find FAILURE pressure Pf + Max
DESIGN pressure Pmax
As per appendix F of API 650
No
Improve Roof
Design
Yes
If Pmax Pf No
Recheck shell
Thickeness against Pf
If tprov > treqd
Yes
NO
Yes
STORAGE TANK DESIGN FLOW CHART
89
STORAGE TANK DESIGN FLOW CHART
Check against WIND load
As per 5.11.2 of API 650
Anchorage
Against wind
pressure is NOT
required
satisfactory
Anchorage against
wind pressure is
Required
Unsatisfactory
Check for SLIDING
FAILURE
as per 5.11.4 of API 650
Anchorage against
sliding is NOT
required
Satisfactory
Anchorage against
Sliding is required
unsatisfactory
Stability check Against
SEISMIC LOAD as per
Appendix E of API 650
Anchorage Ratio
If 1.54
Mechanical
Anchorage is
required (Not self
anchored)
No
Tank is Self-
Anchored
Yes
TANK
OVERTURNING
STABILITY
1
END of
Calculations
90
6.5 2D and 3D Drawings
The arrangement of stiffeners at roof of the tank and location of stairs and some other
attachments is shown in 2D diagram. 3D modeling of storage tank that is develop with the
help of Pro E wildfire 5.0 is shown below:
Figure 45. 3D Model of storage tank
91
Figure 46. 3D Model of storage tank
92
CHAPTER # 07:
DEVELOPMENT OF STORAGE TANK DESIGN SOFTWARE &
VERIFICATION OF RESULTS USING ETANK 2000
7.1 Overview
FYP-Storage Tank Design software is developed by using Microsoft Excel Visual Basic
Programming Technique. It is comprehensive, easy-to-use software program for the design, and
evaluation of welded steel oil storage tanks according to American Petroleum Institute (API)
Standards 650. It provides owners, operators and engineering firms with quick easy and
comprehensive design for new tank construction and evaluation of existing tanks.
7.2 Design Capabilities
Steel Oil Storage Tank Design
Design Output detailed & semi detailed Reports
API 650 Standards, 10
th
edition
Allowable Fluid Height & diameter
Shell course thickness using one foot method
Up to 60 m shell height& 60 m internal diameter
Intermediate Wind girder requirements
Bottom plate + annular Plate minimum thickness evaluation
Design of Self supported cone roof
7.3 Key Features
Built for Real World Applications
Designed for fast input
Recheck of the Design input Data
Detailed and semi-detailed output Results
Just one click Design
7.4 Application Areas
Can be use to design all welded oil storage Tank that incorporates API 650 Standards.
Welded oil Storage Tank Design Software
Figure 47. Arrangement of Stiffeners at Roof
93
7.5Visual Basic Programming for Shell Design
Figure 48 Snap shot of software
Input is fast because each input item includes an edit box
with the units displayed & Read Values provides the
rechecking of the design data input
Figure 49 Design report showing design & hydrostatic testthickness
94
The coding started with the calculation of number of shell courses. For this purpose user must
define the height of the shell and width of shell course.
n = H1 / W
Where n = number of courses required
H1 = height of shell
W = width of shell course provided
Dim MyDoubleAs Double
Dim Temp As Double
MyDouble = Int(n)
Debug.Print "MyDouble: " &MyDouble
Temp = n - MyDouble
If Temp > 0 Then
MyDouble = MyDouble + 1
End If
n = MyDouble
Dim J As Integer
J = 1
Now,
Using the formulae for design thicknesstd, hydrostatic test thickness tt, width
of each course iwand weight of each shell course wt by considering each shell
course
Dim I As Integer
95
For I = 0 To n - 1 Step 1
td(J) = ((4.9 * D * (HL1 - ((I) * W) - 0.3) * G) / Sd) + CA
tt(J) = ((4.9 * D * (HL1 - ((I) * W) - 0.3)) / St)
iw(J) = (n + 1) * W - (n) * W
Wt(J) = (3.142 * 9.81 * D * td(J) * iw(J) * Sm) / (1000000)
J = J + 1
Next I
Now the next step is to print out the calculated result into respective cells and
the code is:
Sub shelldesign22_Click()
Dim rg As Range
Set rg = ThisWorkbook.Worksheets(1).Range("B52:B65")
rg.CurrentRegion.ClearContents
Set rg = ThisWorkbook.Worksheets(1).Range("C53:F61")
Range("C53:F61").UnMerge
rg.ClearContents
Set rg = Nothing
Dim Para As String
96
Para = " SHELL DESIGN as stated by 5.6 API 650" &vbCr& _
"The minimum design shell thickness and hydrostatic test shell
thickness are calculated by" &vbCr& _
"1 foot method are given below:" &vbCr& _
"The selected / Provided shell thickness must be greater of
the values than calculated shell thickness as a factor of
safety" &vbCr& _
". "
Range("C53:F61").Merge
Range("C53:F61").Value = Para
Set rg = Nothing
' ----------------------------------
Dim I As Integer
Dim J As Integer
J = 1
Dim rg2 As Range
Set rg2 = ThisWorkbook.Worksheets(1).Range("C64")
Range("B62").Font.Size = 15
Range("B62").Font.Color = RGB(25, 25, 255)
Range("B53").Font.Size = 15
Range("B53").Font.Color = RGB(25, 25, 255)
Range("B53").Value = " SHELL DESIGN "
Range("B54").Value = " As stated by 5.6 of API 650 "
Range("B62").Value = " - DESIGN SHELL THICKNESS (td),
HYDROSTATIC TEST THICKENESS (tt),WIDTH(iw) and WEIGHT (wt) of
each uncorroded Shell are summerized as: - "
97
For I = 1 To n Step 1
' Transfer values to the worksheet
rg2.Value = "td(" & J & ")" & " = "
rg2.Offset(0, 1).Value = td(J)
rg2.Offset(0, 2).Value = "mm"
rg2.Offset(0, 3) = "tt(" & J & ")" & " = "
rg2.Offset(0, 4).Value = tt(J)
rg2.Offset(0, 5).Value = "mm"
rg2.Offset(64 + n - 62, 0).Value = "iw(" & J & ")" & " = "
rg2.Offset(64 + n - 62, 1).Value = iw(J)
rg2.Offset(64 + n - 62, 2).Value = "m"
rg2.Offset(64 + n - 62, 3).Value = "Wt(" & J & ")" & " = "
rg2.Offset(64 + n - 62, 4).Value = Wt(J)
rg2.Offset(64 + n - 62, 5).Value = "KN"
' Move down to next row
98
Set rg2 = rg2.Offset(1, 0)
J = J + 1
Next I
' Print Sum
Set rg2 = rg2.Offset(1, 0)
rg2.Offset(2 + n, 3).Value = "WEIGHT TOTAL: "
rg2.Offset(2 + n, 4).Value = Sum
rg2.Offset(2 + n, 5).Value = "KN"
' ----------------------------------
End Sub
The following output result appeared first pressing start button and then
selecting shell design as:
99
Figure50. Message Box Indicating the completion of calculation
100
Figure 51Output Result
7.6 VERIFICATION OF RESULTS
101
A large number of software is available for designing and evaluation of welded oil storage
tank as per codes and standards. E-tank 2000 is the most dedicated and extensively used
software.
In order to verify our design calculations we contacted Mr. Jeffcott Smith-CEO Etank2000,
who was kind enough to give us a student version of the software for the final year project.
Unfortunately the working of this version is quite limited and we can only verify the shell
design & hydrostatic test thickness from it.
The results are in good agreement with our developed software & our calculated results.
Figure 52Verificationthrough E-TANK Software
102
CONCLUSION
The API 650 provides extensive information for designing, erection, fabrication, inspecting
of joints, and welding procedure & welder qualifications for the above ground storage Tanks
for oil storage.
It also contains dedicated appendixes for special design parameters such as seismic design
floating roof etc. it also includes the appendixes for shop-weld storage Tanks that are built at
workshop and transferred to desired locations.
However in seismic design it does not include the structural loading requirements and criteria
for soil selection and settlement technique for which Uniform Building Code (UBC) had to
be used as a supplement material. Both of the standards deal only with the Mechanical
aspects of the design.
Thus it can be concluded that designing of storage Tank for oil storage is an extensive and
difficult task for which information from within as well outside the standards has to be used.
It is also concluded that a tank is designed for the most severe combination of the various
possible loadings.
Storage tanks carry the hydrostatic pressure by simple hoop tension. The cylindrical shell has
to carry both its own weight and the weight of the supported roof by axial stresses. Wind
loading on the tank influences the axial stress.
For open tanks, primary wind girders are required to maintain the roundness of the tank when
it is subject to wind load. Secondary wind girders are needed in tall tanks.
103
REFERENCES
[1]
API 650 standards 11
th
edition
[2]
Bob Long and Bob Garner Guide to storage tank and equipment
[3]
Mohammad A El-Reedy Ph.D. Construction management and Design of
industrial concrete and steel structures
[4]
http://kolmetz.com/pdf/EDG/ENGINEERING_DESIGN_GUIDELINE__storag
e_tank_rev_2.pdf
[5] www.etank.com
[6]
Okpala, Alexander N. and Jombo, P.P.,
Design of Diesel Storage Tank in Consonance with Requirements of American
Petroleum Institute (API) Standard 650
Industrial engineering Letters, volume II, No 04, 2012.
[7]
Esdep Lecture Note [Wg15]
www.fgg.uni-lj.si/kmk//l0100.htm
[8]
Zhi Lu
Evaluation Of Design Criteria For Storage Tanks With Frangible Roof Joints
B.S., Tianjin University, 1982
M.S., Tianjin University, 1984
[9]
Praveen K. Malhotra, Senior Res. Scientist
Factory Mutual Research, Norwood, MA, USA
Simple Procedure for Seismic Analysis of Liquid-Storage Tanks
104
APPENDIX
105
106
Appendix C Shell Design
107
108
109
Appendix DBottom and annular Plate Design
110
111
Appendix E Intermediate wind girder
112
113
Appendix F Roof Design
114
115
116
Appendix G Tank overturning stability
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130