1.

Introduction
1.1- Exercise 2.1: Half-Wave Rectifiers
The diode only permits current to flow in one direction. f alternatin! volta!e is
applied to a circuit containin! a diode" conventional current will only flow in the
direction of the arrowhead which is part of the diode sym#ol. Hence the current is
directional or direct $%&'. The value of the direct current flowin! will #e
proportional to the pea( value of the applied alternatin! volta!e" which is itself
proportional to the R)* value of the applied volta!e.
The relationships #etween alternatin! volta!e values is shown in +i! 2.1. f the
pea( volta!e is ta(en as the initial reference" the pea(-to-pea(" R)* and avera!e
values can #e related to it. ,pea(-to-pea( $,p-p' is twice the pea( value and the
R)* value is -..-. times the pea( value $,rms / ,p012'. 2ote that the avera!e
value of a complete cycle is 3ero" and this will #e the result if you try to measure
an alternatin! 4uantity on the %& ran!e of a meter.
1.2- Exercise 2.2: Reservoir &apacitor
With an alternatin! volta!e applied" the instantaneous value will fall to 3ero at the
start and finish of each half cycle. This is not a very satisfactory form of direct
current supply. The a#ility of a capacitor to store and then release char!e allows
this disadvanta!e to #e overcome. There is a small variation of the volta!e
provided to the load" fallin! as the capacitor dischar!es when the diode is non-
conductin! $reverse #iased'" and risin! 4uic(ly a!ain when the diode conducts to
restore the char!e durin! the pea( of the applied volta!e. This is called the ripple
volta!e" the amplitude of which increases with load current" and causes a
reduction in the avera!e value of load volta!e.
1.5- Exercise 2.5: 2e!ative 6ower *upply
Reversin! the connections of the diode will reverse the direction of current
flowin! in the circuit.
2. Objectives
%etermine ,p-p for an 7& wave #y measurement and calculation.
)easure ,p and ,av for a half wave rectifier output.
)easure reservoir capacitor volta!es for a half wave rectifier output.
%etermine ,av across a load for positive and ne!ative rectifier outputs #y
measurement and calculation
&alculate ,p and ,av for half wave rectifier circuits.
Reco!ni3e the function of a reservoir capacitor.
%ia!nose a fault in a half wave rectifier circuit.
3. Experiment Procedure
Exercise 2.1: Half-ave !ectifiers
+i!ure 2.1
1. The si!nal !enerator is connected to its input soc(et on the #ase unit and it is
switched on.
2. The multimeter is connected on a 1-02-, 7& ran!e #etween soc(ets 2.1 and
2.2.
5. The fre4uency of the si!nal !enerator is set to main supply fre4uency" and the
output amplitude is ad8usted to !ive 9, $R)*' input to the circuit.
Part 2.1a
1. :oth channels of the oscilloscope ; amplifiers is connected to the
oscilloscope patch panel in the top ri!ht-hand corner of the circuit
#oard.
2. The oscilloscope is set up as follows:
Time #ase to 9ms0div" tri!!er selector to 7&" dual trace operation.
*et the 7<T0&H=6 to &H=6.
&entrali3e #oth traces at the middle of the display.
&H.1 ; amplifier !ain to 2,0div" %& input.
&H.2 ; amplifier !ain to 2,0div" %& input.
3. The multimeter is removed positive lead connection from soc(et 2.1
and replaced #y &H.1 of the oscilloscope via a 2mm connectin! lead
#etween soc(et 2.1 and the &H.1 connection on the oscilloscope patch
panel. The common lead of the multimeter is (ept connected to !round
$soc(et 2.2' for later readin!s. The oscilloscope !round connection is
made automatically internally on the circuit #oard.
4. The oscilloscope is used to measure the pea(-to-volta!e.
Part 2.1b
+i!ure 2.2
1. 7 shortin! lin( is connected #etween soc(ets 2.> ? 2.." and &H.2 of the
oscilloscope is added via 2mm connectin! lead to soc(et 2.@.
2. The oscilloscope display is s(etched on the !raticule provided #elow.
,olta!e and time scales are mar(ed.
5. The pea( value of the rectifier half waves is read from &H.2 of the
oscilloscope as shown on the s(etch 5.1.
Part 2.1c
1. The oscilloscope &H.2 connection is removed from soc(et 2.@ and
replaced #y the multimeter switched to the 1-02-, %& ran!e #etween
soc(ets 2.@$positive' and 2.9$common'.
Exercise 2.2: !eservoir "apacitor
+i!ure 2.5
1. 7 2mm connectin! lead is connected from soc(ets 2.> to 2.A" and a
shortin! lin( #etween soc(ets 2.B ? 2.11.
2. The multimeter on the 1-02-, %& ran!e is connected #etween soc(ets
2.1- $positive' and 2.9 $common'.
5. With the input from the si!nal !enerator ad8usted to main supply
fre4uency and 9, R)* as in the previous exercise" the direct volta!e
across the reservoir capacitor &1 is measured.
Part 2.2a
+i!ure 2.>
1. The 2mm connectin! lead is removed from soc(ets 2.> ? 2.A" and
shortin! lin(s are connected #etween soc(ets 2.> ? 2.." 2.@ ? 2.A" and
2.B ? 2.11.
2. The oscilloscope is set up as follows:
Time #ase to 9ms0div" tri!!er selector to 7&" dual trace operation.
*et the 7<T0&H=6 to &H=6.
&entrali3e #oth traces at the middle of the display.
&H.1 ; amplifier !ain to 2,0div" %& input.
&H.2 ; amplifier !ain to 2,0div" %& input.
5. The multimeter on the 1-02-, 7& ran!e is connected to soc(ets 2.1 ?
2.2" and &H.1 of the oscilloscope to soc(et 2.1-.
>. The fre4uency of the si!nal !enerator is set to main supply fre4uency"
and the output amplitude is ad8usted to !ive 9, $R)*' input to the
circuit.
5. 7n accurate s(etch of the oscilloscope display is made" mar(in! in the
volta!e and time scales on the !raticule provided.
Exercise 2.3: #e$ative Po%er
&uppl'
+i!ure 2.9
1. 7 shortin! lin( is connected #etween soc(ets 2.5 ? 2.@.
2. The multimeter on the 1-02-, 7& ran!e is connected to soc(ets 2.1 ? 2.2"
and the fre4uency of the si!nal !enerator is set to main supply fre4uency" and
the output amplitude is ad8usted to !ive 9, $R)*' input to the circuit.
5. The multimeter lead is removed from soc(et 2.1.
>. The oscilloscope is set up as follows:
Time #ased to 9ms0div" tri!!er selector to 7&" dual trace operation.
*et the 7<T0&H=6 to &H=6.
&entrali3e #oth traces at the middle of the display.
&H.1 ; amplifier !ain to 2,0div" %& input.
&H.2 ; amplifier !ain to 2,0div" %& input.
9. &H.1 of the oscilloscope is connected to soc(et 2.1 and &H.2 to soc(et 2...
@. The &H.2 2mm connectin! lead is removed from soc(et 2.. and replaced #y
the multimeter" switched to the 1-02-, %& ran!e" #etween soc(ets 2.. and
2.2.
.. The avera!e volta!e indicated on the multimeter is read and recorded.
3. !esults
5.1 Half-Wave Rectifier
6art 5.1a
6ea(-to-pea( volta!e input / 1>.- , at soc(et 2.1
6art 5.1#
The difference of pea(-to-pea( volta!e #etween theoretical value
calculated and the measured value in part 5.1a.
1>.1> C 1>.- / -.1>
6ea( volta!e output / ..- , at soc(et 2.@
/
Waveform *(etch 5.1
Time #ase: 9ms0div
&H.1 :
&H.2 :
6art 5.1c
6ea( volta!e output / ..- ,
6art 5.1d
The avera!e volta!e readin! from the multimeter / 2.>.,
5.2 Reservoir &apacitor
6art 5.2a
,olta!e readin! across &1 is >.-@,
6ea( volta!e of the waveform / @.>,
0/
Waveform *(etch 5.2
Time #ase: 9ms0div
&H.1 :
&H.2 :
6art 5.2#
Ripple volta!e $pea( to pea(' / 1.2 ,
6art 5.2c
,pea( C ,r / 9.B,
6art 5.2d
7vera!e load volta!e / @.-5,
5.5 2e!ative 6ower *upply
/
0
Waveform *(etch 5.5
6art 5.5a
7vera!e load volta!e / - 2.-> ,
Time base:
5ms/div
CH.1 :
CH.2 :
(. )iscussion
Exercise 2.1: Half-ave !ectifiers
n half wave rectification of a sin!le-phase supply" either the positive or
ne!ative half of the 7& wave is passed" while the other half is #loc(ed. This is
#ecause there is only one half of the input waveform reaches the output. Half-wave
rectification re4uires a sin!le diode in a sin!le-phase supply. Rectifiers yield a
unidirectional #ut pulsatin! direct currentD half-wave rectifiers produce far more
ripple than full-wave rectifiers.
Exercise 2.2: !eservoir "apacitor
The a#ility of a capacitor to store and then release the char!e allows it to
overcome the pro#lem which the instantaneous value will fall to 3ero at the start
and finish of its each half cycle when an alternatin! volta!e is applied. There is a
small variation of the volta!e provided to the load" fallin! as the capacitor
dischar!es when the diode is non-conductin! $reverse #iased'" and risin! 4uic(ly
a!ain when the diode conducts to restore the char!e durin! the pea( of the applied
volta!e.
Exercise 2.3: #e$ative Po%er &uppl'
When the diode is in the reverse connections" the direction of the current
flowin! in the circuit will also reverse. This will causin! the output polarity is
inverted to !ive a ne!ative output volta!e from the oscilloscope trace.
*. "onclusion
The o#8ectives have #een achieved throu!h the experiment
+. !eference
http:00en.wi(ipedia.or!0wi(i0RectifierEHalf-waveFrectification
Time base:
5ms/div
CH.1 :
CH.2 :
Time base:
5ms/div
CH.1 :
CH.2 :
Time base:
5ms/div
CH.1 :
CH.2 :