AUSTRALIAN MARITIME COLLEGE

Assessment Task 1
HDD Pipeline Design

Ryan OConnor
8/21/2013




The following report details the design of a shore crossing horizontal direction drilling pilot hole. An
Analysis was undertaken to optimize the system to develop the least amount of stress which occurs on
the pipeline.
1

Contents
Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 0
Design Brief ............................................................................................................................... 0
Theory ........................................................................................................................................ 1
Design Radius ........................................................................................................................ 1
Installation loads and Stresses ............................................................................................... 1
Pulling loads for straight section........................................................................................ 1
Pulling loads for a curved section ...................................................................................... 1
Installation stress Analysis ..................................................................................................... 2
Operating Loads and Stresses ................................................................................................ 3
Results ........................................................................................................................................ 4
Discussion .................................................................................................................................. 4
Conclusions ................................................................................................................................ 7
References .................................................................................................................................. 7
APPENDIX A: Calculation Spreadsheet ................................................................................... 8

Introduction
Horizontal directional drilling (HDD), is a method of installing pipelines without trenching.
Within the planning, the designer will attempt to optimise the system to reduce the
installation costs of the material and subsequently the overall project.
Design Brief
A pipeline is to be drilled following the profile shown in Figure 0-1. The properties of the
pipe are shown in Table 0-1


Figure 0-1: Side profile of the HDD
Table 0-1: Pipe Properties
Pipe diameter (in) 14
Pipe wall thickness (in) 0.5
Grade X70
SMYS 485 MPa
70000 psi

Table 0-2 shows the lengths and angles of each section of pipe.
Table 0-2: Pipe section properties
Section Type radius(ft) Angle (radians)

Length (ft)


theta alpha

A-B Straight

0.349066

116.1

B-C curved 1000 0.174533 0.349066 349.1 arc
C-D Straight

0

500.3

D-E curved 1200 0.122173 0.244346 293.2 arc
E-F Straight

0.244346

266.2

1

Theory
Design Radius
Industry standards states that the design radius of the curved sections of pipe be found using
the following formula (Pipe Stress Analysis, 1995)
100
nom
R D =
Where,
R = Radius of Curvature
D = Nominal Diamter of the pipe
nom

I nstallation loads and Stresses
During the installation, the pipeline is subject to;
- Tension: this is a combination of frictional drag (between the pipe and the wall of the
hole), Fluidic Drag (the pipe being pulled through the drilling mud). This tension will
determine the pulling force required to pull the pipe into the pilot hole.
- Bending
- External Hoop stress
Pulling loads for straight section
The combined loads are used to calculate the total load acting on the straight sections, these
loads are caused from the friction between the wall of the hole and the pipe, the drag caused
by pulling the pipe through drilling mud and weight of the pipe. This can be found using the
equation below;
[ ] sin
BA B A
T T T
frict DRAG Ws L u
A =
= +

where,
[ ] cos
soil
frict Ws L u =
and,
12
mud
DRAG D L t =

Pulling loads for a curved section
The loads acting on the on the curved section are the same as those on the straight section.
The pulling load can be found through using the following equations;
1 cos
2
h R
o (
| |
=
| (
\ .


2

( )
3
8
t
I D t t =
1
2
ave
I
j E
T
| |
=
|
\ .

12
arc
L
U
j
=
3 tanh
2 2
arc
j U
X L
| |
=
|
\ .

2 2
1
18 1
cosh
2
arc
Y L j
U
(
(
( =
| |
(
|
(
\ .

1 ave
T can be assumed to be 10,000 lb for the first iteration
1
12 cos /
12
ave
Ws
N T h Y X u
(
| |
=
| (
\ .


1 2
2 [ ] sin
arc
T T T
frict DRAG Ws L u
A =
= +

1 2
2
2
ave
T T
T
+
=
For the design to be acceptable the percentage difference must be below 10%
2 1
1
% 100
ave ave
ave
T T
T

=
Once the tension in each section is found they can then be summed to give the total pulling
load required.
total
T T =

I nstallation stress Analysis
The following equations are used to find the maximum loads found in the pipeline
Tensile Stress: this finds the tension at the point of interest
t
T
f
A
=
3

Bending Stress;
24
b
E D
f
R

External Hoop Stress;
2
h
P D
f
t
A
=

Allowable Tension;
0.9
t
F SYMS =
Allowable Bending;
0.84 1.74
b
D
F SYMS SYMS
E t
(

=
`
(

)


Allowable Elastic Hoop Bending;
2
0.88
he
t
F E
D
| |
=
|
\ .

hc he
F F =
Tensile and Bending;
1.0
0.9
t b
B
f f
SYMS F
+ s

Tensile, bending and external hoop;
2 2
2 1.0 A B v A B + + <
| |
1.25
0.5
t b h
A f f f
SYMS
= +
1.5
h
hc
f
B
F
=
Operating Loads and Stresses
The operating loads acting on a pipeline are;
- Internal Pressure: caused by the fluid within the pipe
- Elastic bending: caused by the bending of the pipe due to the shape of the hole
4

- Thermal: cause by the different in temperature during construction and its operating
temperature.
Bending stress;
24
b
E D
f
R
| |
=
|

\ .

Hoop stress;
2
h
P D
f
t
A
=

Thermal Stress;
( ) ( )
1 2 t
f E k T T =
Maximum Shear stress;
2
hoop long
v
f f
f

=
Results
The results shown in Table 0-1 are for a 14 in pipe with a wall thickness of 0.5 in. refer to
Appendix A for the complete spread sheet with all results found. Refer to Appendix A for full
list of calculations
Table 0-1: Summary of loads for a 14 in pipe.
Total Pull Load 60964 psi
Bending Stress 16916.7 psi
Hoop Stress 9534.04 psi
Thermal Stress 3770 psi
Total Longitudinal
Compressive stress
17826.45
Maximum Shear Stress 13680.25

Discussion
Figure 0-1 shows that by decreasing the diameter of the pipe the total pull-out load required
will decrease. By increasing the pipe thickness the pull-out load will also decrease, therefore
the ideal pipe would be a pipe with a diameter of 11.75 in with a wall thickness of 0.75 in.
5


Figure 0-1: Pull Out Load
Figure 0-2, Figure 0-3 and Figure 0-4 show the magnitudes of the different types of stresses
that occur within pipes of different diameters and thicknesses. Figure 0-2, Figure 0-4 show
similar trends, as the pipes diameter decrease the relative load will also decrease. However
Figure 0-3 show the opposite trend, therefore to optimise the pipe and loading condition the
ideal pipe diameter would be 11.75 in with an optimal pipe thickness being 0.5 in


Figure 0-2: Hoop Stress

0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
0.75 0.5 0.25
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

(
p
s
i
)

Pipe thickness (in)
14.75 in
14 in
12.75 in
12 in
11.75 in
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
0.75 0.5 0.25
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

(
p
s
i
)

Pipe Thickness (in)
14.75 in
14 in
12.75 in
12 in
11.75 in
6


Figure 0-3: Total Longitudinal Compressive Stress


Figure 0-4: Maximum Shear Stress
From optimisation the ideal pipe size for this design would be an 11.75 in pipe with a wall
thickness of 0.5 in. Decreasing the density of the drilling mud will decrease the pull-out load
of the system, this is shown in Figure 0-5. Therefore to lower to overall stresses in the pipel

Figure 0-5: Altering the Density of Drilling mud
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
0.75 0.5 0.25
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

(
p
s
i
)

Pipe Thickness (in)
14 in
12.75 in
12 in
11.75 in
14.75 in
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
0.75 0.5 0.25
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

(
p
s
i
)

Pipe Thickness (in)
Maximum Shear Stress
14.75 in
14 in
12.75 in
12 in
11.75 in
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03
T
e
n
s
i
o
n

(
p
s
i
)

Density of mud (psi)
7

Conclusions
To decrease the stress which will occur in the pipeline an ideal pipe diameter would be 11.75
in with a wall thickness of 0.5 in. decreasing the density of the drill mud will cause a decrease
in the pull out load.
References
Pipeline Research Council Internation (1995). Installation of Pipelines by Horizontal
Directional Drilling: An Engineering Design Guide. Pipe Stress Analysis. Houston, Texas,
Technical Toolboxes

8







APPENDIX A: Calculation Spreadsheet
Pipe dimensions D 14 in 1.166666662 ft
t 0.5 in 0.041666667 ft
grade X70
SMYS 485 MPA
70000 psi
Ws -23.8198173 l!ft
E 29000000 psi
usoil 0.3 psi
umud 0.05 psi
mud weight 12 ppg 89.76 l!ft"3
right side tension 0
Pipe Sections
Section #$pe radi%s&ft' Angle (engt)
t)eta alp)a
A-B straig)t 0.349066 116.1
B-C *%r+ed 1000 0.174533 0.349066 349.1 ar*
C-D Straig)t 0 500.3
D-E *%r+ed 1200 0.122173 0.244346 293.2 ar*
E-F Striag)t 0.244346 266.2
Pulling Loads
Straigh section at point B , #a . #-#a
/fri*t0 779.6106 l
D1A2 3063.807 l
3s4l4sin -945.8501 l
, #a 4789.268 l
# 4789.268 l
Curved section at c ) 15.19225 ft
5 483.0935 in"4
#a+g 10000 l ass%6e #a+g 12743.69231 l
7 1183.626 in 7 1048.496435 in
8 3.539293 8 3.995435617
X 488.8825 in X 541.9949749 in
Y 1256665 in Y 1387181.637 in
9 8753.911 l 9 9289.691126 l
, #* . #*-# , #* . #*-#
/:ri*t; 2626.173 l /:ri*t; 2786.907338 l
D1A2 9212.532 l D1A2 9212.531961 l
3s4l4sin -1443.971 l 3s4l4sin -1443.971112 l
, #* 15908.85 l , #* 16230.31775 l
#* 20698.12 l #* 21019.58527 l
#a+g 12743.69 l #a+g 12904.4264 l
diff 27.43692 < diff 1.261283449 <
straight section at point D , #d* . #d-#*
/fri*t0 3575.116 l
Drag 13202.61 l
3s4l4sin 0 l
, #d* 16777.72 l
#d 37797.31 l
curved section at point E ) 8.944618 ft
5 483.0935 in"4
#a+g 10000 l ass%6e #a+g 44306.17333 l
7 1183.626 in 7 562.3186344 in
8 2.97256 8 6.256950748
X 345.407 in X 599.5166314 in
Y 749400.1 in Y 1258826.607 in
9 7382.056 l 9 12069.30303 l
, #ed . #e-#d , #ed . #e-#d
/:ri*t; 2214.617 l /:ri*t; 3620.790909 l
D1A2 7737.366 l D1A2 7737.365715 l
3s4l4sin -851.1319 l 3s4l4sin -851.1318909 l
, #ed 13017.73 l , #ed 15830.07942 l
#e 50815.04 l #e 53627.38703 l
#a+g 44306.17 l #a+g 45712.34732 l
diff 343.0617 < diff 3.173765376 <
Straight section at F , #fe . #f-#e
/fri*t0 1845.746 l
Drag 7024.853 l
3s4l4sin -1533.987 l
, #fe 7336.611 l
#f 60964 l
total pull out load . 60964 l
Installation stress
at point E
ensile stress ft . #!A # at point d
225.8476 ensile stress ft . #!A
ft 1782.408397 psi
Bending stress f 14097.22 psi
Bending stress f 14097.22222 psi
E!ternal "oop Stress dept) t= > 64.4 ft
,p 40.14545 psi E!ternal "oop Stress dept) t= D 100 ft
,p 62.33766234 psi
f) 562.0364 psi
f) 872.7272727 psi
allowa#le ension :t 63000 psi
allowa#le ension :t 63000 psi
allowa#le #ending : 50568 psi
allowa#le #ending : 50568 psi
Allowa#le hoop #uc$ling :)e 32551.02
:)* . :)e Allowa#le hoop #uc$ling :)e 32551.02041 psi
:)* 32551.02 :)*
:)* 32551.02041 psi
ensile and Bending :)e
ensile and Bending
0.282362414 PASS
0.281191325 PASS
ensile%Bending "oop
ensile%Bending "oop
A 0.250751
? 0.025899 A 0.000665658
? 0.040216586
0.067443399 PASS
0.001633879 PASS
at p=int e at p=int f
ensile stress ft . #!A ensile stress ft . #!A
ft 991.221 psi ft 225.8475852 psi
Bending stress f 16916.67 psi Bending stress f 16916.66667 psi
E!ternal "oop Stress dept) t= D 100 ft E!ternal "oop Stress dept) t= D 39.7 ft
,p 62.33766 psi ,p 24.74805195 psi
f) 872.7273 psi f) 346.4727273 psi
allowa#le ension :t 63000 psi allowa#le ension :t 63000 psi
allowa#le #ending : 50568 psi allowa#le #ending : 50568 psi
Allowa#le hoop #uc$ling :)e 32551.02 psi Allowa#le hoop #uc$ling :)e 32551.02041 psi
:)* :)*
:)* 32551.02 psi :)* 32551.02041 psi
:)e :)e
ensile and Bending ensile and Bending
0.336946831 PASS 0.336946831 PASS
ensile%Bending "oop ensile%Bending "oop
A 0.000753 A 0.000731434
? 0.040217 ? 0.015965985
0.001636113 PASS 0.000262455 PASS
&perating Loads
operational pressure 720
emp ' 60
emp ( 80
Bending stress f 16916.67 psi
<SMYS 24.16667 Pass
"oop Stress ,p 681.003
f) 9534.042 psi
<SMYS 13.62006 Pass
hermal Stress ft -3770 psi
ftas 3770
<SMYS 5.385714 Pass
otal Long Comp Stress fl=ng -17826.45 psi
17826.45
<SMYS 25.46636 Pass
)a! shear stress f+ 13680.25 psi
<SMYS 19.54321 Pass