Quantum Measurements

Weak Value Amplication

State Reconstruction with Post-selected Measurements
Summary
Quantum Measurements with Post-selection
Anirban Ch Narayan Chowdhury
IISER Pune
Supervisor
Prasanta K. Panigrahi
IISER Kolkata
1 / 28
Quantum Measurements
Weak Value Amplication
State Reconstruction with Post-selected Measurements
Summary
Introduction
A quantum system is initialized in a state | and later found to be in some
state b of an observable

B. Can we measure another observable

A in between
these two occurrences?
Aharonov, Albert and Vaidman postulated a weak measurement of

A given
such pre- and post-selection.
Weak measurement outcomes can be dierent from eigenvalues and exhibit
other strange properties.
Used to analyse conceptual paradoxes in quantum mechanics.
Experimental technique for signal detection and amplication.
Also used in quantum tomography, control of quantum systems.
Aharonov, Albert, and Vaidman, PRL 60, 13511354 (1988)
2 / 28
Quantum Measurements
Weak Value Amplication
State Reconstruction with Post-selected Measurements
Summary
Introduction
A quantum system is initialized in a state | and later found to be in some
state b of an observable

B. Can we measure another observable

A in between
these two occurrences?
Aharonov, Albert and Vaidman postulated a weak measurement of

A given
such pre- and post-selection.
Weak measurement outcomes can be dierent from eigenvalues and exhibit
other strange properties.
Used to analyse conceptual paradoxes in quantum mechanics.
Experimental technique for signal detection and amplication.
Also used in quantum tomography, control of quantum systems.
Aharonov, Albert, and Vaidman, PRL 60, 13511354 (1988)
2 / 28
Quantum Measurements
Weak Value Amplication
State Reconstruction with Post-selected Measurements
Summary
Introduction
A quantum system is initialized in a state | and later found to be in some
state b of an observable

B. Can we measure another observable

A in between
these two occurrences?
Aharonov, Albert and Vaidman postulated a weak measurement of

A given
such pre- and post-selection.
Weak measurement outcomes can be dierent from eigenvalues and exhibit
other strange properties.
Used to analyse conceptual paradoxes in quantum mechanics.
Experimental technique for signal detection and amplication.
Also used in quantum tomography, control of quantum systems.
Aharonov, Albert, and Vaidman, PRL 60, 13511354 (1988)
2 / 28
Quantum Measurements
Weak Value Amplication
State Reconstruction with Post-selected Measurements
Summary
Outline
1
Quantum Measurements
Von Neumann Measurement Model
Measurement with Post-selection
Weak Measurement
Examples: Measurements of Spin and Polarization
Are Weak Measurements Meaningful?
2
Weak Value Amplication
Large meter Shifts and Amplication
Experimental Implementations
Amplication Limits
Comparison of Shifts and SNR
Conclusion
3
State Reconstruction with Post-selected Measurements
Essential Idea
State reconstruction of spin-
1
2
particle
4
Summary
3 / 28
Quantum Measurements
Weak Value Amplication
State Reconstruction with Post-selected Measurements
Summary
Von Neumann Measurement Model
Measurement with Post-selection
Weak Measurement
Examples: Measurements of Spin and Polarization
Are Weak Measurements Meaningful?
The von Neumann Measurement Model
A model of projective quantum measurements.
Observable

A of system S measured through change in meter

Q of
measuring device D.
Interaction given by

H = k(t)

A

P, where [

Q,

P] = i and
_
t
0
k(t)dt = g.
System Device System+Device
|
in
=

i
c
i
|a
i
|
in
=|q U = e
ig

A

i
c
i
|a
i
|q+ga
i

Entangled state - each eigenstate of

A corresponds to a unique shift
q = ga
i
in

Q; invert to obtain measurement outcome.
Observation causes state vector collapse giving distribution of shifts.
4 / 28
Quantum Measurements
Weak Value Amplication
State Reconstruction with Post-selected Measurements
Summary
Von Neumann Measurement Model
Measurement with Post-selection
Weak Measurement
Examples: Measurements of Spin and Polarization
Are Weak Measurements Meaningful?
The von Neumann Measurement Model
A model of projective quantum measurements.
Observable

A of system S measured through change in meter

Q of
measuring device D.
Interaction given by

H = k(t)

A

P, where [

Q,

P] = i and
_
t
0
k(t)dt = g.
System Device System+Device
|
in
=

i
c
i
|a
i
|
in
=|q U = e
ig

A

i
c
i
|a
i
|q+ga
i

Entangled state - each eigenstate of

A corresponds to a unique shift
q = ga
i
in

Q; invert to obtain measurement outcome.
Observation causes state vector collapse giving distribution of shifts.
4 / 28
Quantum Measurements
Weak Value Amplication
State Reconstruction with Post-selected Measurements
Summary
Von Neumann Measurement Model
Measurement with Post-selection
Weak Measurement
Examples: Measurements of Spin and Polarization
Are Weak Measurements Meaningful?
Measurement with Post-selection
Pre- and Post-selection
Quantum system initialized in state |
in
pre-selection, and subsequently
detected in state |

post-selection.
Von Neumann measurement performed in between pre- and post-selection.
System Device System+Device
|
in
|
in
U = e
ig

A

|
f i
= e
ig

A

P
|
in
|
in

Device
Observe

Q |

|e
ig

A

P
|
in
|
in
Post-select on |

Post-selected measurement outcome dened as a

m
=
q
g
.
5 / 28
Quantum Measurements
Weak Value Amplication
State Reconstruction with Post-selected Measurements
Summary
Von Neumann Measurement Model
Measurement with Post-selection
Weak Measurement
Examples: Measurements of Spin and Polarization
Are Weak Measurements Meaningful?
Measurement with Post-selection
Pre- and Post-selection
Quantum system initialized in state |
in
pre-selection, and subsequently
detected in state |

post-selection.
Von Neumann measurement performed in between pre- and post-selection.
System Device System+Device
|
in
|
in
U = e
ig

A

|
f i
= e
ig

A

P
|
in
|
in

Device
Observe

Q |

|e
ig

A

P
|
in
|
in
Post-select on |

Post-selected measurement outcome dened as a

m
=
q
g
.
5 / 28
Quantum Measurements
Weak Value Amplication
State Reconstruction with Post-selected Measurements
Summary
Von Neumann Measurement Model
Measurement with Post-selection
Weak Measurement
Examples: Measurements of Spin and Polarization
Are Weak Measurements Meaningful?
Measurement with Post-selection
Pre- and Post-selection
Quantum system initialized in state |
in
pre-selection, and subsequently
detected in state |

post-selection.
Von Neumann measurement performed in between pre- and post-selection.
System Device System+Device
|
in
|
in
U = e
ig

A

|
f i
= e
ig

A

P
|
in
|
in

Device
Observe

Q |

|e
ig

A

P
|
in
|
in
Post-select on |

Post-selected measurement outcome dened as a

m
=
q
g
.
5 / 28
Quantum Measurements
Weak Value Amplication
State Reconstruction with Post-selected Measurements
Summary
Von Neumann Measurement Model
Measurement with Post-selection
Weak Measurement
Examples: Measurements of Spin and Polarization
Are Weak Measurements Meaningful?
Weak Measurement from Post-selection
Trivial Cases of Post-selection
Measurement of

A with post-selection |a
i
gives outcome a
i
.
|
in
=|q gives distribution of q
i
= ga
i
.
Weak Measurement
For small g, retain terms till rst order and re-sum exponential:
|

|
_
I ig

A

P+
_
|
in
|
in

|
in
e
ig

A
w

P
|
in

A
w
=

A|
in

|
in

dened as weak value of

A.
Suppose initial meter state is a gaussian, q|
in
=
1
(2
2
)
1/4
e

q
2
4
2
. Weak
measurement gives nal state as gaussian displaced through weak value,
(q) exp
_

(qg

A
w
)
2
4
2
_
.
6 / 28
Quantum Measurements
Weak Value Amplication
State Reconstruction with Post-selected Measurements
Summary
Von Neumann Measurement Model
Measurement with Post-selection
Weak Measurement
Examples: Measurements of Spin and Polarization
Are Weak Measurements Meaningful?
Weak Measurement from Post-selection
Trivial Cases of Post-selection
Measurement of

A with post-selection |a
i
gives outcome a
i
.
|
in
=|q gives distribution of q
i
= ga
i
.
Weak Measurement
For small g, retain terms till rst order and re-sum exponential:
|

|
_
I ig

A

P+
_
|
in
|
in

|
in
e
ig

A
w

P
|
in

A
w
=

A|
in

|
in

dened as weak value of

A.
Suppose initial meter state is a gaussian, q|
in
=
1
(2
2
)
1/4
e

q
2
4
2
. Weak
measurement gives nal state as gaussian displaced through weak value,
(q) exp
_

(qg

A
w
)
2
4
2
_
.
6 / 28
Quantum Measurements
Weak Value Amplication
State Reconstruction with Post-selected Measurements
Summary
Von Neumann Measurement Model
Measurement with Post-selection
Weak Measurement
Examples: Measurements of Spin and Polarization
Are Weak Measurements Meaningful?
Weak Measurement from Post-selection
Trivial Cases of Post-selection
Measurement of

A with post-selection |a
i
gives outcome a
i
.
|
in
=|q gives distribution of q
i
= ga
i
.
Weak Measurement
For small g, retain terms till rst order and re-sum exponential:
|

|
_
I ig

A

P+
_
|
in
|
in

|
in
e
ig

A
w

P
|
in

A
w
=

A|
in

|
in

dened as weak value of

A.
Suppose initial meter state is a gaussian, q|
in
=
1
(2
2
)
1/4
e

q
2
4
2
. Weak
measurement gives nal state as gaussian displaced through weak value,
(q) exp
_

(qg

A
w
)
2
4
2
_
.
6 / 28
Quantum Measurements
Weak Value Amplication
State Reconstruction with Post-selected Measurements
Summary
Von Neumann Measurement Model
Measurement with Post-selection
Weak Measurement
Examples: Measurements of Spin and Polarization
Are Weak Measurements Meaningful?
Weak Measurement
Initial system state superposition of eigenstates of

A.
But weak measurement gives a single outcome probability
distribution centered around

A
w
.
Approximations valid in the following limit:

g
|

A
w
|,

g

A
n
|
in

A|
in

1/(n1)
n 2
Properties of weak values
Weak value can be dierent from eigenvalues, and can even lie outside the
range of eigenvalues.
Weak measurement outcomes have large associated uncertainty.
Weak values can be complex, in which case:
q = g

A
w
, p =
g
2
2

A
w
7 / 28
Quantum Measurements
Weak Value Amplication
State Reconstruction with Post-selected Measurements
Summary
Von Neumann Measurement Model
Measurement with Post-selection
Weak Measurement
Examples: Measurements of Spin and Polarization
Are Weak Measurements Meaningful?
Weak Measurement
Initial system state superposition of eigenstates of

A.
But weak measurement gives a single outcome probability
distribution centered around

A
w
.
Approximations valid in the following limit:

g
|

A
w
|,

g

A
n
|
in

A|
in

1/(n1)
n 2
Properties of weak values
Weak value can be dierent from eigenvalues, and can even lie outside the
range of eigenvalues.
Weak measurement outcomes have large associated uncertainty.
Weak values can be complex, in which case:
q = g

A
w
, p =
g
2
2

A
w
7 / 28
Quantum Measurements
Weak Value Amplication
State Reconstruction with Post-selected Measurements
Summary
Von Neumann Measurement Model
Measurement with Post-selection
Weak Measurement
Examples: Measurements of Spin and Polarization
Are Weak Measurements Meaningful?
Weak Measurement
Initial system state superposition of eigenstates of

A.
But weak measurement gives a single outcome probability
distribution centered around

A
w
.
Approximations valid in the following limit:

g
|

A
w
|,

g

A
n
|
in

A|
in

1/(n1)
n 2
Properties of weak values
Weak value can be dierent from eigenvalues, and can even lie outside the
range of eigenvalues.
Weak measurement outcomes have large associated uncertainty.
Weak values can be complex, in which case:
q = g

A
w
, p =
g
2
2

A
w
7 / 28
Quantum Measurements
Weak Value Amplication
State Reconstruction with Post-selected Measurements
Summary
Von Neumann Measurement Model
Measurement with Post-selection
Weak Measurement
Examples: Measurements of Spin and Polarization
Are Weak Measurements Meaningful?
Example: Spin-
1
2
Particles in modied Stern-Gerlach
Figure: Measurements with post-selection on spin-
1
2
particles
Momentum

P
z
as meter.
Weak value:
z

w
= tan

2
Initial:
p
z
| =
1
(2
2
)
1/4
exp
_
p
2
z
4
2
_
Final:
f (P) =
_
cos

2
+sin

2
_
exp
_
(Ps)
2
_
+
_
cos

2
sin

2
_
exp
_
(P+s)
2
_
P =
p
z
2
, s =
g
2
8 / 28
Quantum Measurements
Weak Value Amplication
State Reconstruction with Post-selected Measurements
Summary
Von Neumann Measurement Model
Measurement with Post-selection
Weak Measurement
Examples: Measurements of Spin and Polarization
Are Weak Measurements Meaningful?
Example: Spin-
1
2
Particles in modied Stern-Gerlach
4 2 2 4
P
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
f P
s2.0, 0.4
(a) s = 2. Two unequal peaks are
clearly observed, located at 2.
3 2 1 1 2 3
P
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
f P
s1.0, 0.4
(b) s = 1. The two Gaussians
interfere, the peaks here are located
at P =1.047 and P = 1.022.
Figure: Graph of f (P) against P for = 0.4 and s = 2, 1.
9 / 28
Quantum Measurements
Weak Value Amplication
State Reconstruction with Post-selected Measurements
Summary
Von Neumann Measurement Model
Measurement with Post-selection
Weak Measurement
Examples: Measurements of Spin and Polarization
Are Weak Measurements Meaningful?
Example: Spin-
1
2
Particles in modied Stern-Gerlach
2 1 1 2
P
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
f P
s0.2, 0.4
(a) Destructive interference
produces a probability distribution
with one large and one small peak
for s = 0.2, located at P =1.014
and P = 0.514 respectively.
0.10 0.05 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
P
0.770
0.775
0.780
0.785
0.790
0.795
0.800
f P
s0.01, 0.4
(b) Final probability distribution is
approximately a single Gaussian for
s = 0.01, peaked around P = 0.049.
Figure: Graph of f (P) against P for = 0.4 and s = 0.5, 0.01.
Duck, Stevenson and Sudarshan, Phys. Rev. D, 40, 21122117 (1989)
10 / 28
Quantum Measurements
Weak Value Amplication
State Reconstruction with Post-selected Measurements
Summary
Von Neumann Measurement Model
Measurement with Post-selection
Weak Measurement
Examples: Measurements of Spin and Polarization
Are Weak Measurements Meaningful?
Experimental Realization: Polarization of Light
Figure: Optical setup for weak measurement of polarization states of light.
Polarizer P
1
pre-selects initial polarization. A birefringent crystal Q performs
measurement interaction by spatially separating x and y polarizations. P
2
post-selects, and intensity is recorded by photodetector D.
Ritchie, Story and Hulet, PRL 66, 9 (1991)
11 / 28
Quantum Measurements
Weak Value Amplication
State Reconstruction with Post-selected Measurements
Summary
Von Neumann Measurement Model
Measurement with Post-selection
Weak Measurement
Examples: Measurements of Spin and Polarization
Are Weak Measurements Meaningful?
Are Weak Measurements Meaningful?
Weak values have been denoted as
actual outcomes of weak
measurements on pre- and
post-selected ensembles.
Used to analyse long-standing
quantum paradoxes such as Hardys
paradox.
Larger than any eigenvalue,
negative, even complex
measurement outcomes?
Large uncertainty, so eectively a
conditional average.
Figure: Hardys thought experiment
12 / 28
Quantum Measurements
Weak Value Amplication
State Reconstruction with Post-selected Measurements
Summary
Large meter Shifts and Amplication
Experimental Implementations
Amplication Limits
Comparison of Shifts and SNR
Conclusion
Large meter Shifts and Amplication
Projective measurements give meter shifts g

A, ga
i
.
Weak measurements yield shifts, q
w
= g

A
w
, p
w
=
g
2
2

A
w

A
w
can be larger than maximum a
i
.
Possibility of amplifying small signals that are otherwise not detectable due to
noise.

Q
2

w
,

P
2

w
are unaected to 1
st
order in g.
In the weak measurement limit, no additional noise (measured by q, p) is
introduced.
Quality of amplication measured by signal-to-noise ratio (SNR):
R =

N
q
q
(projective), R =

NW
q
w
q
w
(weak), W =|

|
in
|
2
.
13 / 28
Quantum Measurements
Weak Value Amplication
State Reconstruction with Post-selected Measurements
Summary
Large meter Shifts and Amplication
Experimental Implementations
Amplication Limits
Comparison of Shifts and SNR
Conclusion
Large meter Shifts and Amplication
Projective measurements give meter shifts g

A, ga
i
.
Weak measurements yield shifts, q
w
= g

A
w
, p
w
=
g
2
2

A
w

A
w
can be larger than maximum a
i
.
Possibility of amplifying small signals that are otherwise not detectable due to
noise.

Q
2

w
,

P
2

w
are unaected to 1
st
order in g.
In the weak measurement limit, no additional noise (measured by q, p) is
introduced.
Quality of amplication measured by signal-to-noise ratio (SNR):
R =

N
q
q
(projective), R =

NW
q
w
q
w
(weak), W =|

|
in
|
2
.
13 / 28
Quantum Measurements
Weak Value Amplication
State Reconstruction with Post-selected Measurements
Summary
Large meter Shifts and Amplication
Experimental Implementations
Amplication Limits
Comparison of Shifts and SNR
Conclusion
Large meter Shifts and Amplication
Projective measurements give meter shifts g

A, ga
i
.
Weak measurements yield shifts, q
w
= g

A
w
, p
w
=
g
2
2

A
w

A
w
can be larger than maximum a
i
.
Possibility of amplifying small signals that are otherwise not detectable due to
noise.

Q
2

w
,

P
2

w
are unaected to 1
st
order in g.
In the weak measurement limit, no additional noise (measured by q, p) is
introduced.
Quality of amplication measured by signal-to-noise ratio (SNR):
R =

N
q
q
(projective), R =

NW
q
w
q
w
(weak), W =|

|
in
|
2
.
13 / 28
Quantum Measurements
Weak Value Amplication
State Reconstruction with Post-selected Measurements
Summary
Large meter Shifts and Amplication
Experimental Implementations
Amplication Limits
Comparison of Shifts and SNR
Conclusion
Large meter Shifts and Amplication
Projective measurements give meter shifts g

A, ga
i
.
Weak measurements yield shifts, q
w
= g

A
w
, p
w
=
g
2
2

A
w

A
w
can be larger than maximum a
i
.
Possibility of amplifying small signals that are otherwise not detectable due to
noise.

Q
2

w
,

P
2

w
are unaected to 1
st
order in g.
In the weak measurement limit, no additional noise (measured by q, p) is
introduced.
Quality of amplication measured by signal-to-noise ratio (SNR):
R =

N
q
q
(projective), R =

NW
q
w
q
w
(weak), W =|

|
in
|
2
.
13 / 28
Quantum Measurements
Weak Value Amplication
State Reconstruction with Post-selected Measurements
Summary
Large meter Shifts and Amplication
Experimental Implementations
Amplication Limits
Comparison of Shifts and SNR
Conclusion
Experimental Implementations
Hosten and Kwiat, Observation of
the Spin Hall Eect of Light via
Weak Measurements, Science 319,
787 (2008)
Dixon, Starling, Jordan, and
Howell, Ultrasensitive Beam
Deection Measurement via
Interferometric Weak Value
Amplication, PRL 102, 173601
(2009)
Starling, Dixon, Jordan, and
Howell, Precision frequency
measurements with
interferometric weak values, PRA
82, 063822 (2010)
Figure: Experimental Setup of DSJH
for measuring beam-deection.
Which-path information in Sagnac
interferometer as system and position
of laser beam as meter. Beam
deected by tilted mirror to left or
right, depending on which-path state.
14 / 28
Quantum Measurements
Weak Value Amplication
State Reconstruction with Post-selected Measurements
Summary
Large meter Shifts and Amplication
Experimental Implementations
Amplication Limits
Comparison of Shifts and SNR
Conclusion
Amplication Limits
Weak measurement approximation (small g, large ) suggests indenitely
large shifts and amplication.
Upper bounds to shifts and SNR obtainable from higher order corrections/
exact calculations.
Use of alternate meter distributions other than simple gaussian may achieve
better amplication.
Calculate exact expressions of shifts and SNR for

A
2
= I type observables.
Compare shifts and SNR for three dierent pointer distributions:
(i) (x) e

x
2
4
2
(ii) (x) xe

x
2
4
2
(HG)
(iii) (x, y) (x +iy)e

x
2
+y
2
4
2
(LG)
15 / 28
Quantum Measurements
Weak Value Amplication
State Reconstruction with Post-selected Measurements
Summary
Large meter Shifts and Amplication
Experimental Implementations
Amplication Limits
Comparison of Shifts and SNR
Conclusion
Amplication Limits
Weak measurement approximation (small g, large ) suggests indenitely
large shifts and amplication.
Upper bounds to shifts and SNR obtainable from higher order corrections/
exact calculations.
Use of alternate meter distributions other than simple gaussian may achieve
better amplication.
Calculate exact expressions of shifts and SNR for

A
2
= I type observables.
Compare shifts and SNR for three dierent pointer distributions:
(i) (x) e

x
2
4
2
(ii) (x) xe

x
2
4
2
(HG)
(iii) (x, y) (x +iy)e

x
2
+y
2
4
2
(LG)
15 / 28
Quantum Measurements
Weak Value Amplication
State Reconstruction with Post-selected Measurements
Summary
Large meter Shifts and Amplication
Experimental Implementations
Amplication Limits
Comparison of Shifts and SNR
Conclusion
Exact Expressions
Interaction Hamiltonian:

H
int
= g(t)

A

P
Exact expressions for gaussian distribution of meter
g

P
f
=

A
w
se
s
Z
;

X
f
g
=

A
w
Z
g
2

P
2

w
=
s
4Z
__
1+|

A
w
|
2
_
+e
s
_
|

A
w
|
2
1
_
(2s 1)
_

X
2

w
g
2
=
1
4sZ
__
1|

A
w
|
2
_
e
s
+
_
1+|

A
w
|
2
_
(1+2s)
_
Z =
1
2
_
1+|

A
w
|
2
+
_
1|

A
w
|
2
_
e
s
_
All quantities expressed in terms of s =
g
2
2
2
.
Similar expressions for other distributions.
16 / 28
Quantum Measurements
Weak Value Amplication
State Reconstruction with Post-selected Measurements
Summary
Large meter Shifts and Amplication
Experimental Implementations
Amplication Limits
Comparison of Shifts and SNR
Conclusion
Calculating Exact Meter Shifts
Pre-selection: |
in
=
1

2
__
cos

2
+sin

2
_
| +
_
cos

2
sin

2
_
|
_
.
Post-selection: |

=
1

2
(| +| ).
To observe shifts in coordinate, perform weak measurement of
z
which
gives,
z

w
= tan

2
.
To observe shifts in momentum, perform weak measurement of
x
which
gives,
x

w
=i tan

2
.
17 / 28
Quantum Measurements
Weak Value Amplication
State Reconstruction with Post-selected Measurements
Summary
Large meter Shifts and Amplication
Experimental Implementations
Amplication Limits
Comparison of Shifts and SNR
Conclusion
Comparison of Meter Shifts
Shifts in x
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
x
s0.5
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
x
s1.0
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
x
s1.5
Figure: x =

X
g
as a function of the pre-selection angle for dierent values
of the coupling parameter s =
g
2
2
2
. solid, dotted and dashed lines correspond to
Gaussian, HG and LG modes respectively.
There exists an optimum pre-selection angle which maximizes the pointer shift
for given s.
In the small s limit, gaussian gives larger shifts in x whereas in the large s limit,
HG gives larger shifts.
18 / 28
Quantum Measurements
Weak Value Amplication
State Reconstruction with Post-selected Measurements
Summary
Large meter Shifts and Amplication
Experimental Implementations
Amplication Limits
Comparison of Shifts and SNR
Conclusion
Comparison of Meter Shifts
Shifts in p
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
p
s0.5
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
p
s1.0
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
p
s1.7
Figure: p =

P
g
as a function of the pre-selection angle for dierent values
of the coupling parameter s =
g
2
2
2
. solid, dotted and dashed lines correspond to
Gaussian, HG and LG modes respectively.
In the small s limit, larger shifts in p can be achieved using alternate meter
states.
19 / 28
Quantum Measurements
Weak Value Amplication
State Reconstruction with Post-selected Measurements
Summary
Large meter Shifts and Amplication
Experimental Implementations
Amplication Limits
Comparison of Shifts and SNR
Conclusion
Comparison of Signal-to-Noise Ratios
SNR for x:
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

0.5
1.0
1.5
SNR
s0.5
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
SNR
s1.0
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

1
2
3
4
SNR
s4.5
Figure: Representative plots of the SNR for x, R
(x)
w
/

N, plotted against for

s = 0.5, 1.0, 4.5. Thin, dotted and dashed lines correspond to Gaussian, HG
and LG modes respectively.
Maximum SNR possible is larger for gaussian initial state, for all s.
20 / 28
Quantum Measurements
Weak Value Amplication
State Reconstruction with Post-selected Measurements
Summary
Large meter Shifts and Amplication
Experimental Implementations
Amplication Limits
Comparison of Shifts and SNR
Conclusion
Comparison of Signal-to-Noise Ratios
SNR for p:
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
SNR
s0.5
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
SNR
s1.7
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
SNR
s3.5
Figure: Representative plots of the SNR for x, R
(x)
w
/

N, plotted against for

s = 0.5, 1.0, 4.5. Thin, dotted and dashed lines correspond to Gaussian, HG
and LG modes respectively.
Alternate meter distributions give larger maximum SNR in p than gaussian for
some values of s, especially in the small s limit.
21 / 28
Quantum Measurements
Weak Value Amplication
State Reconstruction with Post-selected Measurements
Summary
Large meter Shifts and Amplication
Experimental Implementations
Amplication Limits
Comparison of Shifts and SNR
Conclusion
Enhancement in Amplication?
Using Hamiltonian g(t)

A

P, using modied pointer distributions give higher
meter shifts and SNRs in the weak measurement limit (small s), for

P
observable.
But s =
g
2
2
2
where =x (initial uncertainty in x).
p
1

.
Small s implies small p.
Higher SNR in p because initial uncertainty in p is small.
22 / 28
Quantum Measurements
Weak Value Amplication
State Reconstruction with Post-selected Measurements
Summary
Essential Idea
State reconstruction of spin-
1
2
particle
State Reconstruction using Post-selection
Post-selection so far
Perform von Neumman type interaction with

A observable, followed by
projective measurement of observable

B, picking out one |b
i
as post-selection.
Instead, measure average meter shift individually for each |b
i
.
Reconstruct initial quantum state from these shifts.
23 / 28
Quantum Measurements
Weak Value Amplication
State Reconstruction with Post-selected Measurements
Summary
Essential Idea
State reconstruction of spin-
1
2
particle
State Reconstruction using Post-selection
Post-selection so far
Perform von Neumman type interaction with

A observable, followed by
projective measurement of observable

B, picking out one |b
i
as post-selection.
Instead, measure average meter shift individually for each |b
i
.
Reconstruct initial quantum state from these shifts.
23 / 28
Quantum Measurements
Weak Value Amplication
State Reconstruction with Post-selected Measurements
Summary
Essential Idea
State reconstruction of spin-
1
2
particle
Pure State Reconstruction
Initial unknown state |
in
= cos| +e
i
sin| .
Von Neumann interaction of
z
observable,

H = g(t)
z

P.
Post-select on the basis: | =
1

2
(| | )
Approximate (1
st
order in g) calculations
q
+
g
=
cos2
1+cos sin2
q

g
=
cos2
1cos sin2
Invert to obtain:
cos2 =
q
+
q

g(q
+
+q

)
cos =
1
sin2
q

q
+
q

+q
+
24 / 28
Quantum Measurements
Weak Value Amplication
State Reconstruction with Post-selected Measurements
Summary
Essential Idea
State reconstruction of spin-
1
2
particle
Pure State Reconstruction
Initial unknown state |
in
= cos| +e
i
sin| .
Von Neumann interaction of
z
observable,

H = g(t)
z

P.
Post-select on the basis: | =
1

2
(| | )
Approximate (1
st
order in g) calculations
q
+
g
=
cos2
1+cos sin2
q

g
=
cos2
1cos sin2
Invert to obtain:
cos2 =
q
+
q

g(q
+
+q

)
cos =
1
sin2
q

q
+
q

+q
+
24 / 28
Quantum Measurements
Weak Value Amplication
State Reconstruction with Post-selected Measurements
Summary
Essential Idea
State reconstruction of spin-
1
2
particle
Pure State Reconstruction
Initial unknown state |
in
= cos| +e
i
sin| .
Von Neumann interaction of
z
observable,

H = g(t)
z

P.
Post-select on the basis: | =
1

2
(| | )
Approximate (1
st
order in g) calculations
q
+
g
=
cos2
1+cos sin2
q

g
=
cos2
1cos sin2
Invert to obtain:
cos2 =
q
+
q

g(q
+
+q

)
cos =
1
sin2
q

q
+
q

+q
+
24 / 28
Quantum Measurements
Weak Value Amplication
State Reconstruction with Post-selected Measurements
Summary
Essential Idea
State reconstruction of spin-
1
2
particle
Pure State Reconstruction
Initial unknown state |
in
= cos| +e
i
sin| .
Von Neumann interaction of
z
observable,

H = g(t)
z

P.
Post-select on the basis: | =
1

2
(| | )
Exact calculations
q
+
g
=
cos2
1+cos sin2e
s
q

g
=
cos2
1cos sin2e
s
Invert to obtain:
cos2 =
q
+
q

g(q
+
+q

)
cos =
1
e
s
sin2
q

q
+
q

+q
+
25 / 28
Quantum Measurements
Weak Value Amplication
State Reconstruction with Post-selected Measurements
Summary
Essential Idea
State reconstruction of spin-
1
2
particle
Mixed State Reconstruction
Density matrix for spin-
1
2
particle
=
_
sin
2
+ pcos2 sin sin2
sin sin2 cos
2
pcos2
_
Meter shifts
q
+
g
= (cos2)
2pc 1
1c
2
q

g
= (cos2)
2p+c 1
1c
2
g p
+
= (se
s
sin sin2)
2p+c 1
1c
2
g p

= (se
s
sin sin2)
2pc 1
1c
2
where c = e
s
cos sin2
Measure q and p shifts on separate sub-ensembles to obtain full density matrix.
Wu, Sci. Rep., vol. 3, (2013)
26 / 28
Quantum Measurements
Weak Value Amplication
State Reconstruction with Post-selected Measurements
Summary
Summary
Review of quantum measurements
von Neumann model
post-selection
weak measurement leading to non-eigenvalue meter shift; strange
weak values
Weak value amplication
Larger meter shifts and SNR than projective measurements
Exact expressions for

A
2
= I type observables
Comparison of maximum shifts and SNR for alternate meter states
State Reconstruction
Measure shifts induced by each projection in post-selection step
State reconstruction for spin-
1
2
particles
27 / 28
Quantum Measurements
Weak Value Amplication
State Reconstruction with Post-selected Measurements
Summary
Acknowledgements
Dr. Alok K. Pan
Prof. Prasanta K. Panigrahi
Prof. Dr. T.S. Mahesh
Department of Physical Sciences, IISER Kolkata
IISER Pune
THANKS
28 / 28