Composition

Conherence

• Repeating key nouns

• Using pronouns
• Use transition signals

Sentence connectors

Transition Phrases

The phrases in this group usually appear at the beginning of sentences. They may also appear in
the middle (normally following the subject) or at the end of sentences. They are always separated
from the rest of the sentence by commas.

e.g: in addition (additional idea); on the other hand, in contrast ( opposite ) ; for example, for
instance ( example) ; in conclusion, in summary, to conclude, to summarize ( conclusion or
summary ) …

Conjunctive adverbs

Conjunctive adverbs (except too) may also appear at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of
sentences, & r separated by commas.

Conjunctive adverbs r also often used with a semicolon & a comma to join 2 independent clauses
( subject + verb + complement that express a complete thought clan) to form a compound
sentence.

The transition expressions that is & its abbreviation i.e & the abbreviation e.g may also follow
this pattern.

e.g: Futhermore, moreover, besides, also, too (additional) ; However, nevertheless, instead, still
(opposite) ; otherwise ( choice or alternative) ; therefore, consequently, hence, thus (result)

Clause connectors
Coordinating conjunctions

The 5 coordinating conjunctions in the chart ( plus 2 additional ones, for and nor) r used with a
comma to join 2 independent clauses to form a compound sentences

Yet & but hav similar meanings : they both signal that an opposite idea is comin. Yet is preferred
when the second clause is an unexpected or surprising contrast to the first clause. When the 2
clauses r direct opposites, but is preferred

Yet is roughly equivalent in meaning to nevertheless, & but is roughly equivalent to however

e.g: and ( additional ); but, yet (opposite) ; or (choice or alternative) ; so ( result)

Subordinating conjunctions

These words ( & many others including bcause, when, & so that) introduce a dependent clause,
which is joined to an independent clause to orm a complex sentence. There r 2 possible positions
for the dependent clause:

1. If the dependent clause comes b4 the independent clause, use a comma after it.
2. If the independent clause comes first, do not use a comma.

Others
The transition signals in this group include adjectives such as additional, prepositions such as in
spite of, and nouns such as example. There are no special punctuation rules for this group (except
for that is, i.e, and e.g, which were discussed under conjunctive adverbs).

• Logical order

In addition to using transition signals and repeating key nouns and pronouns, a third
way to achieve coherence is to arrange your sentences in some kind of logical order.
Since there r different kinds of logical relationships, there r different ways to organize the
ideas and sentences in a paragraph. Your choice of 1 kind of logical order over another
will, of course, depend on ur topic & ur purpose. U may even combine 2 or more
different logical orders in the same paragraph. The important point to remember is to
arrange ur ideas in some kind of order that is logical to a reader accustomed to the
English way of writing.

Some common kinds of logical order in English are chronological order, logical
division of ideas, comparision and contrast, and cause & effect. In this chapter, u will
learn to regconize some of the logical orders; in later chapters, u will learn to write them.
 Each kind of order has its own special words and phrases to show the relationships
among the ideas.

For example, in a piece of writing using chronological order, u would expect to find a
lot of time expressions:

First, next, after that, finally, before the last war, after 1920, since then, in 1990, while
working on the project, etc…

In a paragraph describing differences ( contrast), u would find these expressions:

The most noticeable difference, larger than, unlike, on the other hand, in contrast, differ
from..

In a paragraph showing similarities (comparision) u would find these expressions:

Similarity, similarly, as expensive as, just as, just like, compare with, in comparision

Logical division of ideas is another common method of organizing ideas to give a

paragraph cohenrence. Ideas are put into groups, and each group is discussed one after
the other. Transition words such as first, second, third introduce each group