數理邏輯發展史─從萊布尼茨到哥德爾張家龍社會科學文獻出版社 1993.8

028
850 1168
100732)
1/ 32
14. 25 370
0001 1800
1993 8 1 9 93 8
I SBN
7- 80050- 398- 4/ B
48
9. 2 0
300
300

2 1978
4 1 972 224
1 96 1 154

1982
1993 1
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( 1)

( 4

(2
( 3

1982 257
( Boc hens ki

1 Lei bni z 1646 17 16 1847
G Bo ol e 1 81 5 1 864

2 1 847 1895 ( E Sc h r der ,

1841 1902

3. G Fr ege 1848 1 925
A Wh i t e he ad 1861 1 947 ( B.
19 10
Rus s el l 18 72 19 70
1913)

4.
1930 1910 1930
1930
1847

Ar i s t ot l e
384
322 ]
Boche ns ki : A Hi s t or y of For ma l
HFL
Logi c ,
Not r e
Dame ,
1961,
p. 270
A Dumi t r i u)

R Lul l u s 1234 1 315
1

2
G Bool e 1815
1864) , W
J evons
1835 1882) A d e
Mor gan 180 6 187 1) H McCol l 183 7 19 09) ;

C S Pei r c e 1839
1914) ( R Gr as s ma nn 1815 1 90 1 ( E.
Sc h r de r , 1841 1902)
3
G.
G. Fr ege, 1848 1925)
Peano,
1858 1932
4
B. Rus s el l , 1872 197 0

A. N. Whi t e
( 3 1 9 10 19 13
head 1861 1 947

- C Bur a l i - For t i 18 61 1931 )
G. Cant or , 1 845 1918
5
( 1)
( L Br ouwe r 1 881 196 6 A He yt i n g 189 9
1980) ( 2 F P Ramsey 1903 1930) ,
L Wi t t ge ns t e i n 1 88 9 195 1 R.
D.
Car nap,
1891 1971) ,
( 3
Hi l b er t ,
ADumi t r i u:
6- 7
Hi s t or y
of
Logi c ,
Vo l .
1V,
Aba c us
Pr e s s ,
1977,
p p,
1862 1 943) ( W. Acker mann, 1896 1 962

P Ber nays 1 888 1977) , ( 4
J.
uka s i e wi c z 1878 1956 C.
l.
Lewi s ,
1883 1964) ,
K.
( 5
G del ,
1906 1978)
6 A Ta r s ki .
1902 1983
1
2

4

5.

2 19

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3 30
4 1 9 40 70
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1930

) o
257 259
19 8 1 5
3 1879
4 2 0 3 0
5 20 40

1977
80

17
Ha ndbook
l a nd
Edi t e d
1988.
of
Ma t he mat i ca l
Publ i s hi ng
by
Gabbay
Logi c
Company,
a nd
1977.
Guent hne r ,
Edi t ed
by
Ha ndbook
4
vol s .
J.
Bar wi s e ,
of
Phi l os ophi c al
Re i de l ,
Nor t h - Hol -
Dor dr ec ht ,
Logi c
1983
3 197 2 78

( 1)
( 2

1975 24
2 19 72 1 2 2
108
Ar i s t o t l e 384 32 2
12

6 3 6
6 6
Bar bar a,
Dar i i ,
Cel ar ent ,
Fer l o, Bar b ar l , Cel a r ont ;
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Camenes ) , Dabi t i s Di mar i s ) , Fr i s es omor um

Fr e s i s on) , Fa pes mo Fes apo) , Cel ant op Cameno p) .
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*
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* Cames t r opI EO,
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EAE,
AEE,
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OAO,
1988 5
EAO, AEO
Di s ami s ,
Fel apt on,
Dar apt i ,
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I AI ,
Dat i s i ,
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I EO,
AEO,
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N O N O
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O N O

N M O M
M N
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N M M N M
N O M O N N M O M
O N

Fer i o Ces ar eo
The
1928,
Wor ks
of
Ar i s t ot l e
t r a ns l a t e d i nt o Engl i s h,
27 32.
Vol .
Oxf or d;
A B, B C, A Co
A C B B
C
B A, C A
C B
B A C B
C A
CA C A C B
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p q r p r q;
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( 29 10)
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27 32)
H.
Schol z,
1884 19 56

27 5 10 .
1990 1
197 7 10 11
Eu bul i des

(Phi l o

Chr ys i ppus 28 0 209
5 5

5 4
W.
B.
Kneal e
Mat es
Sext u s
Empi r i cus

p pq
1985
206 228
Ma t es .
B.
St o i c Logi c,
Be r ke l ey a nd Los Ange l es ,
1953
p q
. p q r
p q
p
q

p q r
p
q r
216 22 5
12 Pet er Abe
l ar d,
1079 114 2)
Por phyr y

( Boet hi us , 480 524)

12

1136 1141)
13

Al ber t t he Gr eat ,
1193
1280) , Rober t Ki l war db y
1279) ( Wi l l i am of Shyr es wo od
1249) Pet e r of Spai n , 12 10 1277)
( Ra i mundus Lul l us , 1234 1315)

150 300

14
Wi l l i an
of
Ockham,
1 349
Bur i dan1 358)

Al be r t
of
Paul o f Veni c e
Saxong,
1316 1 390
1429
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p

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p ( s r )

( se
( ment i on)
S P S P ,
S P,
( S P)
x) ( S( x P( x) ) x x S x P
x) ( S( x - P( x)
P( a) )
[( S( a
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x) ( S( x P( x)
[( S( a - P( a )
(S( b)
- P( b ) ) ]
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t o ever y man i s
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3

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p
q)
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E.
A.
dam,
Moody:
1953
Tr ut h
a nd
r)
( p
Cons e quenc e
r)
in
Me di a eva l
Logi c , Ams t er .
( p q )
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q)
p
q)
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1. 11)
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B B)
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(i i i )
(i v)
HFL p.
(p
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q) ( 1. 11
(i ) ( i i )
(i i i )
200
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q)

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p)
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p) ( i i ) ( i i i )
( i v)
(q
p) ( i ) ( v) ,
2. 2 )

(2. 1)

p, q

p q =df .
HFL, p. 20 0
q)
q)
p q=df . (p
( 2. 1) 2. 2
(2. l
p ( p q)
p ( q p)

(2. 2)
(p q)
(p q)
(p q
(p q
p

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p pp p p
p p p p
( p p) p
( p p )
p p
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( p p ) p
p p p
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A p, A
p A p A p
A p A [ ( i ) A
i i ) p] A p A [ ( i ) A
i i ) p]
1. A A
2 A p A p
3 A p A p
4. A A
1 2 4
2 A
p 1
St ya z hki n:
The
M. I . T.
Hi s t or y
of
Pr es s ,
HFL pp. 249 250
Mat he ma t i c al
1969,
Logi c
f r om Le i bni n
p. 46 HML
to
Pe a no,
5. A A 4
6. A A
7. A 4
8. A
3 A p
9. A A
10. A 8
2 3 A
1 4 2 3
2 . A p A [ ( i ) A
(i i ) p]
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i i ) p]

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9 . A [ ( i ) A i i ) A
]
9
i ) A i i ) A
10 . A

4
11 . A i ) A (i i ) A

12 . A
12 8

( 1 234 13 15

17
( Lei bni z,
1646 1716)
17

1648 1789

1648 17 89

1972 321
Des ca r t es 1596 1 650

Hobbes 1588 1 679
17
J oachi n J ungi
us 1587 1657
17

1)
12
4 3 1 2 4 12
4 1 2 3 12 4 3
3)
42 43

164 6 7 1 5
1673
1676

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5

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A A

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Bar bar a
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A B
A C
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A C
A B
B C
A C A C B
1 982 573

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Ba r oko:
B C
A C
A B
A B A B A
C A C
A B B B
B A Ces a r e
A B A A
B A Dat i s i
A B A A
B A Dar ap t i
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A

16 79
a a b
b b a b a b
a b

a b a b a b
a b a b
a b
a b

ukas i ewi c z,
1878 195 6
4
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I
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1981
158
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at i s i CKA
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18 5 HFL P.
275,

1 )

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T T
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52
52
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( 1 )
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AB BA ( 3
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2
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2 A B B A B=A
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B
C)
4 A B B C A C
B C A B
1 A=B A C
3 A L L A L
C. I Le wi s : Sur vey of Symbol i c
438 44 1
Logi c ,
Be r ke l e y.
1918,
p.
379;
A B N
L B L B N L

1B N=N
B
A B A
B
2 A A=A 2
5 A B A C C B
A B C A( 1
A=C C B
6 C B A B C A
C B A B A=B C A
7 A A A A
6)
AA
A 3) ,
17
8 A=B A B ) A
A ) A B
9 A=B, A C B C A
B A,
C=A
C
A
C=B
10 A=L B=M A B L M
L A
B M, A B A M
A L ) A
B L
11 A=L B=M C=N A

C=L
M N
12 B L A
B A
13 L
B=L B L
14 B L L
B=L
15 A B B C A C

N B N B
1 6 A B B C C D A D

1 7
ABBA
A
18 A L B L A
B
B L

19 A L B L C L A
C L
2 0 A M B N A
B M

21
A M
A
BN CP

P
C M N
3 1 2
A B
A B
A B

Bar ba r a 15
1669
0 1/ 2

17 18
Ger oni mo
Saccher i 1667 1733
1697

AEE

AEE
AEE
AEE
AEE
AEE

18
16

J.
H.
Lamber t ,
1728
G.
1777
Pl oucquet , 1716 1 790
L.
Eul er ,
1707 1783)
18
a, b, c, d
n m l , x
, z
- , a b
a - b a/ b a b
a b a b

a =ax a / x
a b=a / b b a +a b ba
a x/ a =x a
a +a/ b=ab
xx=x

HML pp. 93 127,
A B
A=B A>B B A B
A) A B A
AB
A
A
mB, m
Bar bar a
B=mA
C=l B
C=l mA
x R
z R x z R
e s t
a>b
a b ) a b

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a b) c d e b) c

(a b d e ) c
a b c) (d e a d, a
c
d, c
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d, b e,
( a b ) ( c d ) ( a b )
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A=b) ( C
(A=b =c)
D) A
( c d) A
c
D( c C)

a a=a a a=a
J.
D.
Ger gonne,
1771 18 59

a
ba b
aCb a b
a ba b
aXb a b
aHb a b
a
a b
b 0 )
a Ab
(a=b) ( ( a
b) ( b a) )
0
a
bab
(( a b 0)
(a b) ( b a)
(a b)
(b
a) )
0
a b
a b ) ( b ) ( (a 0
)
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(b a ) )
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a b
a b
a b
a b
a b aCb
aHb
aXb a b a C
ba
aHb a Xb a b

19
( G Ben t ham, 1800 1884)

1827 8
t X=pY; t p
=

t X pY;
t X=t Y
t X Y
pX=pY
pX pY
pX=t Y
pX t Y
W Hami l t on, 1 788 1856
8
X Y
X Y
X Y
X Y
X Y
X Y
X Y
X Y

8
8
t M=t p
pS
PS t P
t p= t M
t S=t M
t St P

( Gr as s mann)
1844

G Pe a c oc k) G F Gr e go r y)
(DeMor gan W R Ha mi l t on 1844
19
100
G.
Bool e,
1 9
1815 186 4

1844
1849
1857
( 184 7) , ( 185 4

R.
Rhees
1952
X Y Z X
X x y
X
Y Z X Y Z

x+y
x y x
y x
x
+

xy
x y
1
0
x 1 1- x x
G.
4
Bool e ,
The
Ma t hc ma t i c al
Ana l ys i s
of
Logi c , Oxf or d, 1951,
pp. 3-
x- =df x( 1- )
xy=yx,

x+y=y x ,

x y z ) =xy x z,
x (y- z) =xy- xz,
x=y
xz =yz,
x=
x z = z
x=y
x- z=y- z
x( 1- x) =0,

x=x =x = x

x =x
x( 1- x) 0
x = x,
x- x =0
x( 1- x) =0
x y 1
x =1 x =0
X Y x ( 1- y) =0 A
XY
xy=0 E
XY
xy =l
XY
x( 1- ) =v O
v
E I E I x
x x E I

Y X,
Y X
A
1- ) x=0
x vy
v
(1- y vy=0
x=vy Y X A

E xy=0
x[ 1- ( 1- ) ] =0,
A
X Yo
A x( 1- y) =0
X Yo
The
MAL
Ma t hema t i c al
Ana l ys t s
of
Logi c ,
p.

26.
A E I O
X Y
v=x
X Y
v=x{1- 1- ) }
X Y
XY. . . . . .
v=x( 1- )
v=x( 1- y )

XY. . . . .
XY
x( 1- ) =0
xy=0
v
vx( 1- ) =0
vxy=0
XY. . . . . . 1,
X Y O

v AA EA AE,
EA AA AE
AA AA:
Y X
y 1- x =0
Z Y
z( 1- ) =0
1- x) y =0
zy- z=0
1- )
y
z( 1- x) 0
Z X
MAL
p 2 9

v AE AA,
AE EA EA
AE
EA EI
YX
y( 1- x ) =0
Z Y
y=vx
z y=0
0=z
0= z x
X Z
Y X =vx X Z
vzx =0 AE EA
v AI ,
EI AO EI OA I E AI , AO, EI , EO, I A, I E,
OA, OE I A, I E
AI I A:
Y X
y( 1- x) =0
Z Y
vz= y
vz( 1- x) =0
ZX
Z Y v z vy, Z X
vz( 1- x =0
v

yvx
y=v( 1- x)
y- vx0
Y X
y+vx- v=0 Y X
vy=vx
vy- vx=0 Y X
vy=v( 1- x)
vy v x- v=0 Y X
f ( x) , f ( x, y)
x, y 0 1 a
f
x =ax b( 1- x) x 1 0 a b
b,
f ( 1 = a 1 b( 1- 1 = a ,
f ( 0 = a 0 b( 1- 0 = b
f x
= f ( 1
x +f
( 0)
(1- x
f ( x) x
f ( x) =0 x
f ( 1) x f ( 0) ( 1 - x) =0
f ( 1) x f ( 0 - f ( 0) x=0,
(f ( 1 - f ( 0) ) x f ( 0) =0
f ( 0)
1 x 1
(1)
f( 0 - f ( 1
f ( 0)
f(1
f( 0 - f ( 1
f( 0 - f ( 1
( 2
x( 1 x)
f( 0 - f ( 1
f ( 0)
f ( 0) f ( 1
f( 0 -f (1
x( 1- x) =0
f ( 0) f ( 1
f ( 0 - f ( 1
f ( 0) f ( 1 =0
=0
f ( 1)
f( 0 - f ( 1
(2) ,
f ( x) =0
x
f ( 1) f ( 0) =0 x
x f ( x) =0
x x 1 x0
MP
m( 1- p) =0
s M
s ( 1- m
=0

m- mp s - s m=0
m [ f ( m) =f ( 1) m f ( 0) ( 1- m ]
(1- 1p +s - s 1) m( 0- 0 - p+s
-s
0) ( 1- m) =0
( 1- p) m s ( 1- m =0
f ( 0) =s , f ( 1) =( 1- p)
s( 1- p) =0
SP
f ( x. )
x y
x
f ( x, y) =f ( 1, y) x f ( 0, y) ( 1- x) ,
f ( x, y =f ( 1, 1) xy f ( 1, 0 x 1- )
f ( 0 1) ( 1- x) y
f ( 0 0) ( 1- x) ( 1- )
f ( x, y
x, y z 8 xyz,
Bool e,
101.
An
I nve s t i ga t i on
of
The
La ws
of
Thought ,
London,
1854
p.
xy( 1 z ) x( 1 y z x( 1 y) ( 1 z) ( 1 x) yz ( 1
x) y 1 z) , ( 1 x ) ( 1 y ) z, ( 1 x) ( 1 y) ( 1 z )

x y z

x=yz x- z =0
x - z 8 xyz ( 1- x ) ( 1 - z) ( 1 x) ( 1- ) z ( 1- x ( 1- y) ( 1- z f ( 1 ,
1, 1) , f ( 0, 1, 0) , f ( 0, 0, 1 f ( 0, 0, 0) 0
1
xy( 1- z) x( 1- y) z+x( 1- y) ( 1- z)
( 1- x) yz=0
0:
xy( 1- z =0
x( 1- y) z=0
x( 1- y) ( 1- z
=0
1- x) yz=0
A B C D
A B C D

A B C D
C D A B
A B C D
A B C D
X Y
X Y
X Y
x z
X Y Z 1
x(
X Y Z
X,

x
1- x

X Y

XY
2 XY
x
x ( 1- )
X Y
X Y
1- x) y
(1- x) ( 1 - )
X Y
1 xyz
2 xy( 1- z)
3 xz( 1 - )
4 yz( 1- x)
5 ( 1- y) ( 1- z
6 ( 1- x) ( 1- z)
7 z ( 1- x) ( 1- )
8
( 1- x) ( 1- y) ( 1- z)
X Y x y X Y
x + x 1 X x 0
X X 1- x
x( 1- ) =0
x=1 x=0

X K
MAL
pp.
49
50.
X Y K
P
(X
Y) =xy ;
X Y
P
XY) x +
x 1 x=0
1 0
a b, c d
(1) a ,
c
b
d

b
a ,
(2
c
a ,
(3
c
b
d
c
a ,
(4
d
b, c a
A=t A d f
d t A A A t
d B=t B a f B
a t B B=t B a ) ( B a) =t
A
B a a B B
b
c , B
c b c a
b c
a b c

( W. S.
Jevons . 1835 1882)
( 1 864)
, ( 1874 )

Aa=0
0

A=A( B b) ( C c )
( 1 ) A=
B ( 2 A AB ( 3
AB=AC B ( A ( C)
f ( x, z f ( , x, z

1869
( J .
Ven n,
1881
1 83419 23
1 AB, A
2 B
A A 0 A B 3 A
B AB=0 4 A B AB
0
0 5 A B A 0
B C
B C
A B
A C
A B
A C
B C
A B
A C
C. S.
Pei r ce,
18 34
1914
3
1867
b a+
1. a
a a
ba b b
ba b
2 a b a
b a
b a
b, b a a b
3. a , b a b
4. 0 a a
0 a

a
5
1
a a 1
6 a b a, b
0 a b a
a b a +b
7. ab a b
ab
a, b a b
a A ,
Col l e ct e d
1933, pp
Pa pe r s
of
C.
S.
A, A
Pe i r c e ,
b
vol .
326. C. P.
3,
Ha r va r d
, B2s B
Uni ve r s i t y
Pr e s s ,
a b a b
x
(A, B) ,
x A , B a b
a b

a=b
a b
a
a=b ;
b
b=( a b) ( a , b)
a+a
a
a a
a
b a, b=0 )
a b=a+
, b
(a
,b
b)
,a
(b
a, b
(a, b) c ,
b, a
a, ( b
c)
(a
a, b
b) , c
c
ac
bc
c) ( b , c)
b x , a , x a b
x x a
b=a- a, b) x a
b a a
b=a b+a - b
a-
v, a, b a ,
[ 0
,b
1] ,
v ( 0, 1 )
a
a b a b
a
a; b
b a
, b=0
b , x, a x= a ; b
x x a ; b=
a,b
a x a; b
+a
b a; b 1; 0)
a ; b
a; b
a, b v
( 1; 0) , a,
a; b a b a
b a b
1870
= = x= x
y
z x
x <y x
x>
x

C. P. vol . 3, p. 28,

(1 x
(2 x
zx
(3 a
bxa
(4 a
b x b, x=a
(5 a
b c
(6)
(7 )
a, b
a, b
a
(8
b c
x=b
a b ba
1880

y f
x xf

. . . , f
1913
( Shef f er
1.
a b a b
2
C. P. vol . 3, 81 91
C. P. v ol . 4. 12 20
538 539
3 a a
(a a) (a a) =a
4 a b
a {b (b
b) }=a
5 a , b c
{a (b
c) } {a
b) a} {( c
c) }={ ( b
a}
c)
=a
=a
a a a)
=a
4
b =a (
) [ a (b
=a
b) [ a
)]
b) ]
0[ a 1]
=a
0] =
=( a
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c) ) =
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5
a
= a
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B A B,
B A B,
A B A
A.
E.
I.
O.
ba b
a b
b )
b a b
a )
ab

A B A
B

C. P.
vo1. 3 ,
175
475
C. P.
vo1. 3,
177
44 1
37 4
p c

P. . C
P
P

(1)
(2)
z
(3) { x
y
(
z
z) } ={
(x
z) } 2)
(4 1 x
(x
y)
x
C. P. v ol . 3 164
165
) 2
5 4
x
z
2)
x
Bar ba r a

5
2
(6
P
S
x
S)
P)

(7)
S
x
(P
(8)
6 M

x)
(S

(S
(S
P)
(S
P S
(S
M)
(S
P)
M
(S
P)
(S
x
P
M)
x
x
{( x
y
x}
E.
1841 19 02
Sch r der ,
3
1890, 18 91 1 895)

a
b a b

b
a
1. a
b b
2 a
3.
4.
ca
ca c b
ab c a c b
( a+
c
a( b c ) =a b a c
5.
6. a
1 1
7. 0
a 0
8.
9. a a
a a a 1
0

a
b a
b a
b 0
1
S yaz hki n,
H M L,
p. 209,
H Mc Col l 183 7 1909
1 A, B, C, A=0 A
A=1 A A=B A B
2 A
C ABC A, B C
ABC=0

3 A B+C A, B C
A B+C=0
A B C=1

4.
A A A
A+A =1
AA=0
A+B C

6 A: B A B A
B A: B A=AB
Boc he n s k i HFL pp
309 3 10 pp . 33 5 3 37

A B A +B)
( A: B A=AB)
A, B A,
B

1
A( B+C) =AB+AC;
( A B) ( C D =AC AD BC BD
2
A AB; A AA AAA
A= A( B
B ) =A( B+B) ( C C ) =
B B =1=C C
3
( AB )
=AB +A B A B =AB + A ( BB)

=AB A =A B B ( A+A ) =AB B
A A =1 B B =1
ABC)
4
( AB=A B
( A B C =A BC

5
A B={( A B } = A B )
=A B A=AB B
11
A: B B : A A: B B : A
12
A: B AC: BC C
13
A: a ,
B: ,
C: r ABC: a r
14
AB=0 A: B B: A
15
A: B, B: C A: C
A B A: B A B
16 A B B A
17
A: B AC BC

1 1 0 0 =1
(2) 1 1 a=1 a b=1+a b c
(3) ( ab a b ) =a b a b
(a b ab ) =ab a b
(4) a: a b: a b c
(5) a A) ( a B) ( a C
a AB
(6) a : b) : a b;
(7
( a=b) =( a: b ) ( b: a)
(8) a=b) : ab a b
(9) ( A: a) ( B: b) ( C c ( ABC a bc ) ;
:( A B C : a + b c
A+ B C : ) ;
(11) ( A x ( B: x) ( C: x
(10) ( A: a) ( B: b) ( C: c )
12) ( x: A) ( x: B) ( x: C) = x: ABC
ABC :x) ;
( 13) ( A x ( B: x +( C: x
14) ( x: A) ( x : B( x: C z : A B C)
A=B) A=B A, B

,
A.
1 9
De
Mor g an,
1 8 06 1871
7
18 23
1827 1828
19 18 38

1842

(1847 18 46 1862 5
1859

X
Y
X x X 8

A X) Y
X.
) x X Y= X Y= Y
X
E X. Y=X) y=Y) x X Y= X Y= Y
X
XY=X: y=Y: x X Y= X Y= Y
X
O
X: Y Xy y: x X Y= X Y= Y
X

A x) y = x Y=Y) X X Y= X
Y= Y X
Ex. y=x) Y=y) X X Y= X
Y= Y X
l xy=x: Y=y: X X Y= X Y=
De
Mor ga nFo r ma l
Logi c
( Lon do n 192 6 p.
6 3
Y X
O x: y xY Y: X X Y= X Y=
Y X
8
X Y
8
P=O O I +I
D=A A
D =A O
O
D
=A
C=E E
C =EI
C=EI
P X Y X Y
X Y X Y X Y X
X Y X Y X
Y Y
D X Y D X Y
X Y
X Y
X Y X
C X Y
C X Y
X Y X
Y C X Y
X Y X Y X Y

A E E
X) Y+Y. Z X. Z
D D D X Y Y Z
X Z
A +O A +O
A A A OO A O O
A
OD DD
A A A X) Y Y) Z X) Z
O Y X Y) Z Z X
A O O X) Y+Z Y=Z X

1850
X X X X X

X A X) ) Y E X) ) y
X) . ( Y
( Y
X( ) Y O
X
y
1858

10[ 185 6 1864] )
V

1 8
X LY X LY
X Y L X Y L
X. LY X Y L X Y

Y LY. X X. LY

1

X L( MY) X Y M L
X Y M L ( L of M of Y)
X L
M) Y X
LMY LM
x . LMy
z
( x Lz z My )
z x z L z y M L
M LM z xLz
zMy
LM
M L; LM M L M
L
2 L X
LY Y. . L X X Y L Y X
L
X L X LY
L
L X L

Boc he nc ki
HFL
p. 375
p. 376
HFL
p.
375
X Y L X Y L
l X. LY X l Y
X X X
Ll X X L L
X
XLy
Ly
x y L
x y L

X L M) Y X Y L
Y M

L
1. L
X LY Y L X X. L) Y
Y L) X

L L L L
L) X. . LY Y
..
L X
Y L X Y L X
X L) Y
X L) Y

Y L) X
L X 1
Y L X Y
2. L L
LY Y.
.L
X X

LY Y. . L ) X
HF L , p. 376

LL
L L
X
LY
X X
L) Y
Y L X 1 , L
L
X L) Y Y L X L L

3. L
L )
X. . LY X
LY
Y L X Y. . L
X
L
L L
LY Y. . L X Y. .
L X 1 L
I
Y. . L X Y. . L) X L
X
LY X
4.
1) X
Y
X Y
2 X
HFL, p. 376

HFL, p. 37 6
L Y X
L Y
X
L Y X L Y X
L Y
L
L Y
A B B A) ,
5.
(LM
Y X
) Y
LM) Y Y LM) X Z Y. .
LZ Z.
MX Z Z. . L Y X M Z,
X
X M L ) Y
L M LM
( LM
( LM
M L

LL) ) L LLL) ) LL) ) L;
x Ly, y Lz xLz L
y x z y z x
x
6.
L L
L
p. 377
HFL p 3 77,
LL LL) ) L L L )
L xLy yLz xLz
yL x z L y zL
L
x
x
y y z x z

1870
Rus s e l l :
Pr i nci pl e s
Not a t i on f or
C.
P.
Vol .
of
Logi c
3,
of
Mat he ma t i c s ,
Rel a t i
45- 46
Nor t on,
Ne w
es , C. P. Vol . 3
Yor k,
p.
23
1880

1883 1885

a
h ,
w
m

l
b

( A, B, C A, C, B)
A, B AB

C. P. Vol . 3, 2 18

A, B, C, D
A: A
A
B
A
C
A: D
B
A
B: B
B
C
B: D
C: A
C: B
C: C
C: D
DA
D
B
D
C
D
D

l
l = i j (l ) i j (I J )
l ) I J l )
1 0
l
1 l
b,
41 6
C. P. Vol . 3, 329

l b

( b)
l b ( l b) = l
2 ( l , b) ,
( b)
=( l )
( b)
i i
l b ( l +b ) ( l b)
3
(l b)
( b }
x x

4 l b
(l b)
l ) b

5 l o
( )

C.
P.
Vol .
330
= l )
( )
l
7
l
8
x m
l x m l

=l
=l
=
l)
b) =( b
(l
(l
b) = (
1.
2.
s b
l s
s
l b
s
(l +b)
(l +s
s l +b
bs
s.
l b.
s l
s b
s.
b s
l s
b.
l s bx
b s)
l b+s
(1 ) . l b=l
(2 )
b=
1
1 l (b s) =( l
b)
(2)
l ( bs
= l b) s
2
(1)
(l +b) s =l s
bs
(2
b
s (l
s)
(b
s)
3
(1 l ( b s)
(l
b) s
lb
l
bs
(2
b=
l b=
4
(1) l b =
(3)
( 2)
l b
l b
(4) l b=
4 ) ,

5
1 ( l b) s =
{l ( s p) b( s ) }
( 2) l ( b s ) =
{( l p) b ( l
s= {[ l
)s}
[ b (s + ) ] }
( 4) l (b s = {[ ( l p ) b] [ ( l p s ] }

( 3) ( l b)
(s p) ]
s 1 =s
y x
( 1)

w)
(2)
sW

sw
s
W
= s
. . . ) =s w
s w1 s w s w
W W s w =
s
s w
=s w
sw
C. P. Vol . 3, 70 8 0
, 113 1 1 8
w=s ( w1 +
sw
sw
sw
sw
s w

s
( 3 x
2 l

ls

3
w

w

( 3
, m
a

bam
b a

ba
b
18 83
18 85

18 97

)

l
=( l
( l
=l
l
i j
l

l=

C. P. Vol . 3, 499 5 01
(l ) (
J)
(l b)
{( l )
=

( b)

( b
{( l )
i k i k
k i
i i i k
(a
i i k i ki

1.
i i i i
2. {
(i ) }{
(i ) } {
{ (i )
(j ) } =
(j )}
i) }
{ (i )
( i )}
(a

2 1
) 1
b
) ( 2) ,
( 3
3 1) 2
} ( 4)
(4
(
18 83
188 5

x x
x
=x
x
x
=x
i j
i i
i i
i i
=
=
C. P. , Vol . 3 393
xx
xx
i j
waw
(a

x f x+

(b
c b
(b
(b
c )
(b
i i
=f
c )
(b
x y+z=z

C. P. Vol . 3,
433
505
i j

i j

x
i j i j
q
(q
i i
k
q
x }
q
q

(q

q:
I
x +x

1 879

1 883
G. Fr e ge, 1 848 19 25
186 9 187 1
1873 18 74 19 18

(1879) , ( 1 884) ,

1893
1903)

( 1891) , ( 18 9 2) ,
(1892)
1879

19

, 19

A. Cauchy
We i er s t r as s -

1872

19

17

"

A B
( 1) A B
( 2) A B
( 3) A B
4A B
B A B A)
A A
A

B A A
B
B
B A) ,
A

A B
A B
A B
A B
(B
A)
A( B A)
A B A B
A B
A B
A B
A - B A)
B A( B A)
(A B
A B B A

J . va n He i j e noor t Fr om Fr e ge
8
G de l ( Har va r dUni r
r s i t yPr e s s , 1977) F G.
to
, (x) x

( 1891)

1 893
(1904

s i n( )
)
si n
(A
( A A
(A, B A B
F. G.
P. 22.
Tr a ns l at i ons f r om
Yo r k ,
t he
Phi l os ophi c al Wr i t i ngs
of
1952) p. 24. P. W. F. ,
p. 114.
F. G. p. 23.
Got t l ob Fr e ge
( New

1892

1
=1 =
1 ( A) A
( A, B) B A
B A
[ ( , ) ]
(A, B
P.
W. F. p.
30.
x x
(x)
x)
x x

(
x)
x
x)

9
( 1) , ( 2) , ( 8) , ( 28) , ( 31) , ( 41) , ( 52) , ( 54 58)

[1] p ( q p)
p (q
[2]
( p ( q r ) ) ( ( p q p r
(q r p
r)
[3] ( p ( q r ) ) ( q ( p r ) )
p
.r q
(q
[4] p q
p p
[5]
[6] p
(p
p,
[5] [ 6]
[7] ( a =b) ( F( a F( b) )
a=b F( a) F( b)
[8] a=a
[9] (
x) F
F( a)
x F a F

B A
B A
A a ( a ) A
( a A
x)
(x) , a A
(a B ( A
( a) B ( A
a AB
x) ( x) )
aa
B ( A ( a) B A)
(a) B A) ( x) ( x )
B A ( x) (x ) )
[ 1] - [ 6] 1 2
F. G. pp . 15 16.
p. 26
( 2)
( 1):
( 3)
2
2 )
2
1)
3
1)
1 )
2
a
b 1 )
1)
3)
1)
2 )
2 )

2
3

1)
2 )

ukas i ewi cz 1936
8)

[ 28) ]
p
q) q p)

A, B, T, ,
91)

7 7
9 3

M
M
19 89 37 3 8
F. G. p. 28.
A A
A
A
B
A=
A B
A
A B
F(
G )

F( )
F(
F(

1.
F(
2. F

F(
F x F(
()
F( )

( 1)
= ; ( 2
)
)
==
( )
2 \ ( 3=5) 2
3 5
x) ( x)
x)
. p ( q pp p
a. (
x) F( x) F( a)
b. (
F) M
(F(
) ) Ms ( F( ) )
F M
G( a=b) G[ ( F) ( F( a F( b) ) ] ,
B)
B) ( A
A B) A
V.
(A
V. ( F( ) =
G( )
x) ( F x
G x
F G
x x F x G
V
. a=\
(a= )
(a = e( a=

HFL,
p. 368.
33, 636 637
f(
, f (
, f f
x Fx f F
x F x f
x F F f
f
F. G.
p. 57.
x 1 f x
F, 2 F f
F F f
x
x f

x
f x f x

F G
1. F G
2 G F
x ,
3. x, y, z
x z
z 4 x y z x z
, z x y
1. F G
F G
F
2. F
3. n n

0:
0
p. 60.
p69.

TheFounda t i ons of Ar i t hmet i c
( J . L. Aus t i n
Oxf or d, 1950, 71 72 F. A.

[ ] 0

n m
F x F
n F x m
0 1

0 0
0 0 0
0 0

0 0

1 0
1 0
0 1
2

3 0 1 2
2 1 3
2
F. A.
F, A.
76.
77,

F
F F
F F
F F
(F F F
m
f
(
m) n) ,
( m
m
0

A
[A]
0=df .
=[ ]
1=df .
{0}=[ {0}]
2=df .
{0 1} =[ {0 1}]
3=df .
{0
1
2}
[ { 0
1
2}]

f x
n 0
n 0 n

n 0
n 0 n 0

( von
Neumann)
1924
0=
1={0}={
},
2={0, 1}={ , { }}
3={0, 1, 2}={ , { }, { , {
}}},
0
0

F. A.
83.

, 1893
a ,

b, c
a b b c

a b b c
P. W. F.
p. 61.
a=b b a
a =b a =a b
a a=b a

=

=a

2 =4 2 1

2 4 2 1
4
4=4

4
4
2
=4

P. W. F.
p . 63.
p. 62,
p. 6, p. 65.
p . 78
2 4
4
4=4

P. W. F. P. 29.
P. w. F. P 74 .
pp
58 59 ,
t ha t
( 1
( 2
( 3
(1)
(2
(1)
(2

a
( b

1879

a b
1884
a b

1892 4
4
4
1892
x 4x x ( x 4
4 ( 4)
x 4x
P. W. F. .
PP.
77 78 .
( . ( 4 )
= (
( L. Wei t zman
B. Li ns ky

200

1903
( Pr i nci pl es of Mat hemat i cs
19 02 6 16

B
1993
F. G. p. 125.

( 1910

V 190 2 6 1 6

w
w
w

V
1902 6 2 2

V
31
V
( F( ) =
G( )
x) ( F x
G x
F
G
1902 1 0
F. G. p.
124 1 25.
P. 127.

V)

V
V

W. V. Qui n
e) 1955

Gi u s e p p e
Pe a n o , 18 5 8 1 9 3 2
1880
1881
1890
1895
P
W
p . 234 .
F
p . 243.
( 1 889)

5
1894 1908

a , b, c,
a
b a b
a, b, c, a b c
abc

[P
[p ]
] a a
a a P1 1 a
2. a
a a
a
[P ]
a a a
A. Dumi t r i u:
PP 67 80,
Hi s t or y
of
Logi c ,
vol .
iv
( Ab ac us
Pr e
1977) ,
3. a=b.
b. b
[De f ]
[Def ] a=b a b
ba
[P1.
4. a =a
P4]
. P4] 4 1
[P1.
5 . ab
[ P
6. a=aa
6 2 5
a b,
a
aa
a
aa
3) P6: a=aa
6
2
5
a aa .
7.
ab
8.
aa a 3
ba
[PP]
ab=ba
7 8 7 7
7 b a a b
a b
ba
ba
ab
3 a b=ba 7 8
9. abc
10.
acb
b
[P
c=acb
[P9.
p10]
9 10
11.
b.
ac
bc
[P
a
a
12 .
b.
b[ P ]
12
13.
bb
P p
c[ P
30
1.
b.
[p ]
-a
a b
b a
2. a=b .
3
4.
- a =- b
[P
a) =a
b.
5. a =b
=
-a
-b
[P2.
6. a b =-
[ -
a) - b ) ]
. P5]
[De f ]
7 - a b) = a) - b)
[P6.
. P7]
8 - ab ) = - a b)
7 8
a K
a x a
x
a
a
b a b a
a b a b
ab
a
b a b a b
x ( x a) =a
a a P P
x
x
a a
. a K, a
a.
x=y ( y=x x
x
y
y=x
y=
b. = x a .
.xb
a b x
a b
x x a . . x b 1 903

R. Dedeki nd) 1888

S S
S
S S
S
K
K
K
K( K K) K K

A
A A K
K A A
A A A
A 1 A 1
A
N

1:
. N
. N = 1
r.
1N
.
N N
N

( )
[
N N N
(N) ] N
n
N 1
K
S 1 ; 1890
N=1 0

S n N n S
K K ( i ) 1
K i i (K K
1
1
N
N[
(N) ] N N
a b a
1889

1 .1 N 1
2 .
a Na=a
a a=a

, 73; 592
F. G.
p. 101.
F. G. pp. 83 9 7.
a=b = b=a
a b a =b b=a
a=b b=c: . a = c b
4 .a, b, ceN.
3 . a, b N
a, b, c a=b b =c a =c
5 .a=b b N: a N
a =b b a
6 . a N . a+1
a a 1 a
7 . a, b
N. : a=b. =. a +1=b+1.
a, b a=b a 1 =b+1
8 . a N
a+1 =1
a a+1 1
9.K . . 1
xN. xk
. x+1 k :
.N
1
x x N x x+1
N K
2 5

1. 1 0
6
7
0)
8. 1
91
0)

1 x+1

1, 18) :
a, b N.
. a+ b+1 = a b) 1
a b
b) +1 a b a ( b+1)
a + b+1) a b

4, 1 2) :
1=a
1. a N. . a
b a
( b1) =a
2. a, b N

11) :
2N

P1.
1 N
1 N.
1[ a] ( P6) .
1
. 1 1 N
( 2
11 N
1) ( 2 ) .
( 3)
2 =1+1
( 4)
P 10.
(4) . ( 3) . ( 2, 1+1) [ a, b] ( P5) :
:2 N
1 ( P1) 6( P6 1 a
; 1[ a] ( P6 P6 1 [ a ] 1 ) ( 2
P10 2 =1 1 ; 3=2 1; 4=3 1 ;

5 2 a 1 +1 b
2=1+1 1+1 N:
. 2 N,
3) 2 N 4 ) ,
( 4
( 3
2 N

1895 1908

0 1 ) 189 1
2.
3
4. a
a b, a b a b
5.
x x.

1990

( Be r t r a n d Ru s s e l l , 1 8 7 2 1 9 7 0
1950

198 3 57 64
11
1890 1895
1900 7

190 0 10
1903

1901

19 02

19 08
( A. N.
Whi t ehead,
( Pr i nci pi a
191 0
1861 1947
P.
Mat hemat i ca
M.
, 1910
1 9 1 2
19 1 3 )
1919

P.
M
P.

(1)
p, q, r , s

( 2
p
p
( 3
( 4
( 5)
p p p
(6 P q p q
1. 01
P q =
q Df .
*1. 0 1 P. M
Df p q p q
1. 1
P
( P
1
2
:p P. . p P
p p p
Taut )
q.
1
3
. Pq
q p
Add)
1
4 :p q.
q p
P
p q q
Per m)
1
5 :p (q r
q ( p r p
p q r
q p r
As s oc)
1
6 q
r :p q.
.p
r p
q r p q p

Sum)
r

1. 1
p
p
P. M. vol . 1,
Ca mbr i dge,
s ec
nd edi t i
n,
192 5,
p.
94.

1. 1
1. 2- 1. 6

Ber nay s 1. 5
1 . 2 1. 4 1. 6 * 1 . 5
P. M

2. 02 q. . p

1)
1
1 0 1)

q .
q.
.p
Add
. p q p p q.
( 1)
1 . 01
2. 02
2. 3
. ( q r
,p (r
:p
P. 98.
q)
2. 03 : p q
qp
.
p qq p
2. 15 p q.
p
q
2
16
* 2. 17 .
q.
p .
p
.p

2. 0 4 . p q r : q . . p
p q r q p
r )
2. 05
r :p
q.
.p
2 . 06
q.
r .p

2
08 . p
p
2
21 p . . p q
3. 01. p. q = p q ) Df
p .
3 . 02p r
p q
q
r =p
q. q
r Df
p )
p q r
*3 2 p
q.
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q q
p qp q
3 26. : p. q . p
3
27
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r
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p q r p q

q

r

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31
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r:
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35
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q.
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3. 43.
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q. p
: p.
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3
45

.p
:p . r
q. r

3
47
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3. 24.
p. p)
:p. q.
.r.
4 . 01. p
q
=
p q. q
p Df
4. 1 :p q.
q p
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4. 2
:p q. . p q
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4
21
q.
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4 . 71
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p. . q. r p q. p r
q. p p. q
p q p p . q

4
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q p
5
1 :p. q.
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: p. q. . p. r
q r :
5
6.
. p
q.
. r . : p.
. q r

x x
x x

P. M.
vol .
1,
pp.
14 15
x x
x) x)
x x x ) ,
.
x
x) .
x x x ) ,
x x x
) x ) . x

x) x
:
x.
. x(
x).
P. M
p, q
, ,

x) . x x) px

9 xx

{ x
x
. x } .
{ x x } x
9. 02
9. 01
*
198 2 14 8
P. M. v ol . 1 , P. 11.
Df
Df
9 . 03 ( x) x. . p
x
p
Df
x x p x
x p) p
9 04
( x ) x : ( x) . p x
p
9. 05
x) x.
. p
x).
xp
Df
Df
9. 06 . p .
x) . p x
x) . x:
D
f
9. 07. ( x) . x.
) . =
( x ) : ( y) , x Df

( x) x
(x
y
*9 . 08 (
( x)
y.
y).
=
x
) .
Df
6
9
1 x.
( z) z P p
9
11
x .
z z
9. 1
9. 1 2 Pp
9. 13
Pp
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9 . 12
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q,
. q , p q
( *1. 11)

. x
9. 13
y
. x
9. 13
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a pp
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Pp
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x
x u v ( 1 )
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; ( 4) u
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, x)
( 6 ; ( 7) u
(
),
,
v u; ( 8 ) u x x, v
) .
P. Mvol
.

1,
p.
132

) . x x) , x

9
x . x: x x
3
( x)
1. 2
9. 32 q . x x.
1. 3
10
1
x.
10. 23
x p.
( x)
x) x.
x p x p
10
24
y
x)
x
9.
10
2 7
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10

26
z
z

x
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z z
z z x
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3
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10. 42.
x) . x.
x
x) . xx
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5
x) x
x)
x:
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x) .

11
1
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11. 2 6.
( x,
x
)
(
x)
( x , ) y, x) ( x
x, y
( x, y
y
x
x y
x)
: y
11 . 1 11. 2 3
*11. 26 x) ( ) )
x)
(x, ) x
y )
x) . ( x , )
:
x) .
( x ,

x) : ( ) . ( x, )
G del , 190 6
19 78)

(x,
x x
z
x
0
<x
z)
(x, )
x
)
x
K
x, y K
(x ,
K ( x, )
22
*23
5
23 01 R
xRy
Sy
Df
R S x x
R x S
1988
159 160
23 02 R
xRy. xSy
S=
Df
R S R S

2 3 03. R
(xRy .
S=
S )
Df
R S
2 3. 0 4
R=
(xR) }
Df

* 23. 05
S=R
Df
R S R
23. 8
R =R
R R
*
23. 84
R S) =
R S R S

23
88
( x, y) . x( R
R) y.
x y R R
23 89 . ( x, ) . { x( R R) y}
x y R R

1)
x , s i n x , l og x
1 =1

30 01 R y (
x) ( xRy)
Df
R y R x R
Ry R

( Ry)

(2
R xRy x
R
R
R

R R=

R R Cnv
Cnv R
R Cnv
=Cnv
31
13.
. E! Cnv P
P
* 31. 32 .
P=

E!
31
33 . . Cnv Cnv P=P
P P
31
11 :
y yPx
31
131
. P
x( Cnv P ) y
x yP y x P

( 3
R y
y x R
x
y y
x x
x=
y= (xRy
(xRy) R

y y
x x
R y x
y
32. 01.
32. 02
{ =
=
(xRy) }
Df
(xRy) }
Df
(4
R R
R D R R
R
D R= {(
y) . x Ry}
R=
{ x) . xRy}
C R= {(
y) : xRy
R R
, R }
R C R
D R
33. 01. D=
* 33 . 0 2.
[=
{(
) . x Ry}]
[=
{
x) . x Ry}]
33 03 C=
[r =
{ ( y) xRy y Rx}]
D R,
R C R
Df
Df
Df
{ ).
(xRy) D R=
y D R
}

y=
3 3. 15 33. 151)
5

LM
(l b)
.
l
)
b

R S

S
34. 01
R S=
{( y) . x Ry. ySz }
Df
R S x z
x R z S

R R R
34. 0 2 R =R
34
03
R =R
R
R
Df
Df
34
2 . Cnv( R S) =

*34. 21.
.(P
R=P
R)
34 . 25. . P
R = P
(P
R)
34. 26 P
R= P R)
R)
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34
23 . P (
R)
34
P
24
) R
(P
(P
( P R)
(
R)
R)
34
34
P. S
R P S
R S
P
34
36 .D (P
P
)
D P
)
P P

34
41 :E
P z.
P
z = P )z
P z

P ) z
P P z
z z
P z P ) z
E! ( P ) z P
) z P z z
z z
(6)
R y y R

R
R R

R
R
R
37. 01 R = {( y) . y . xRy }
Df
37
02
R =
Df
(=R
t he
t hef a t he r of x ( x
t he doubl eof x ( x t he s i n e of x ( x

y R x
y, x R

S P
S P

( 1) x
x ( 2 x
z x z 3)
x y
x x
19 825 3

* 21. 01

(x, )

t he
t heaut hor of Waver l ey

t hemor ni ng s t ar
15 19
13 3 7
( x) ( x)
x x

x=x
x

x
x
x =x

( x) ( x) =(
x) ( x)
x ( x) ;
x ( x) = ( x) ( x)

(1) x
x
( 2) x
x
( 3) x

1 ) ( Z
c
x x c

c i ) x
c i i ) c
c ( 1 ) x x c
(i i ) f
f
{(
) ( x) }
c) : x
x=c f
Df

c x
x c

P. M. Vol . 1, P. 68
177

b x x

1 4. 02. E ! ( x) ( x
b) : x.
. x=b
Df
E!

b
E! ( x) ( x )
E! a E! a
a
3.
x) (
x) f ( x) (
x)

f x x
x
x

f x x
P.
M.
Vol .
1.
P.
174
c) : x
x=c : f c};

( c) x
. x =c f c
{ [( x) (
x) . f (
x) ( x) }
( x) ( x)

)] .
x)( x

f x
( x
( x) ( x )
f ( x) ( x) f ( x )

( x)

169
P. M. Vol . , pp. 68 70
14. 01[ ( x) ( x)] .f( x) ( x c ) . x . x=c: f c

Df

14
1 8 . E! ( x) ( x)
x.
( x) ( x)
x) ( x )
14. 2 1 x)(( x )
. E! ( x) ( x)
x) ( x)
x) (

E! ( x) ( x ( x ( x x
( x
x) (
1 4. 202 x
x =b: ) ( ) =b
x. b=x:
: b=( x) ( x
x x x=b )
x=b) x x b=x )
b=
14
204 : E ( x) ( x) b) . ( x) ( x) =b
( x) ( x b b
14. 205 .
( x) ( x) .
b) . b=
)(
x
14
28 :E! ( x) (
( x) (
x)
x) (
x) .
x) ) ( x = x ) (x)
x)
) (

x)( x
x) (

14
13 .
:a=
x) ( x)
( x) (
x =a
14
13 1 x) ( x) =( x) ( x ) . ( x) ( x) =(
x) (

1 2 13 37

D. Hi l ber t , 1862- 19 43

1934

E
( x
! ( x) ( x)

) ( x)
(
x; (
x )
x)
)(
y
0

E! a
N.
Res c her
E! x
x)
p) [ Px&(
Py]
( x)
A
A( x )
A
Re s c he r ,
Topi c s
in
Phi l os ophi c a l
pa ny, 1968, pp. 138 16 1.
Logi c,
D.
Re i de l
Publ i s hi ng
Coml .
x) E ! x
Mei nong

c x c x

1964 221
245
246
159 160
3 8 2
1 p q p
2 [ p ( q r ) ] [ ( p q) ( p r
]
3
p q) ( q p)

1 ) ( p q) [ ( q r ) ( p
83
r)]
pp ) p ,
p q)
( 3) p

( 2)
pp
p p)

( J . Ni cod )
1 917
[p
(q
) ] [ t
(t
t ) ] { s q)
[( p
s) (p
s) ] }
A A
C C

1925
1926
1
( p p p
( 2) q p q)
( 3) ( p q ) ( q p )
( 4) ( q r [ ( p q) ( p r ) ]
1928 D. Hi l ber t ,
1862 1943 ( Ac ker mann
2 ) p p

q

1 934
. 1 p ( q p )
2 [ p ( p q) ] ( p q)
3 ( p
[ ( q r p r ]
. 1 p q p
2 p q q
3 ( p q)
r q r ) ]
. 1 p p q
2 q p q
3 ( p r ) [ ( q r ) ( p q r ) ]
V
. 1 (p
q) ( p q)
2 (p
q) ( q p)
3 ( p q)
[ q p
p
q
p)
V. 1 ( p q) (
2 p
p
q) ]
pp
( J . vonNeu
mann, 1903 1 957 1 927

1 P ( P
2 [ P R) ] [ P P R) ]
3 ( P
) ( P)

( 4)
)(P
[P
] P
) P(
P P(

P(

( 5)

1928
F
x)F x
( z)
( 6 ) F z ( x) F
1938
( 5)
1982)
1934 G. Gent z en

UE
OE
UB
OB
[A] [ B]
AE
AB
EB
EE
[F( a) ]
FB
FE
NE
NB
[ A] OB

A B A C B C C
a AE
a
EB
x) F ( x)
EB
AE
x) F( x)
C

F( a
1 2 F( a)
EE
x)
F ( x)
x)
F ( x)
x NB
NE(
x) F
F( a) F
( a ) 2
NE NE2 F a AE
y) F( y) FE x) F ( x)
( y) F
1 x) F x
x) F ( x )
F( y)
(1)
(2 )
(3)
(4)
p
( p p
( p q)
( p q) ( q p)
( p q)
q ) ]
FB, OF FE
(5)
x) F
F( y) AB FE
; ( 6) F( y ) x) F( x ) EE FE

19 81

A A
E.
L.
1921
Pos t ,
1897- 1954
1925
F. G.
pp
264- 283
1928
p, q, r , . . . 0 1 p q
,
p
0 1, 1 0
0 1
(1 4 0 p p 0
1) ] 0 ( 2
p) p[

(p
q) ,
p p 0 0 q 0
q,
3 4) 0
20
0
A
B A 0
A 1,
A B
A B B
A B 0 B 0
pp
0
0 1
192 6

1) 0, 1 2
(m d4) p
0 1,
1 0,
22 ( 2 ) ( 3) ( 4 0
p p 0
1 ) 0 p 2
(2
2) 2 = 02=1
2=2
2)
( 3)
( 4)
p
3
1921
1928

A B
B
p
p, p
p q B
B A

B B
B C

C
p
p p p. . .
p p A B C
p p

1928
0
1
0 1, 1 0
0 0
0
1958
38 40
0

1938 )

(1) 4
5) 6)
p
p, p p
( 5) 6 p
p
5)
( x ) F x F( y x) A
) A( y x)
A x p
(x) , (
p, ( y)
A( ) p
p 5)

1)
4
6

A
x) B( x ) A (
p
(
x )F(x) p
p F
x)B
( y)
F( y) ,
F( y)
x) A( x)
x) A( x) p
( 6

86
A
( x) (
) A ( x) p
p

.
(
x) ( F x
F( x)
x) ( F ( x)
x
p
F
( x) A( x )
x) A( x ) p p,
x) ( F( x)
F( x)
x) A x
x) A( x) A( )
A
( )
x
(
) x ( x) A( x )
)A
(
x) A(
x)
x)
z) ( A( )
A x
A x A( z) )

( 5 ) 6 )

x
x) F x
x) F

z z)
F( G(
G

F x
F (
z )
x) F( x ) F F
x) F ( x)
z
z z
F( x)
z) F
( x)

xA(
,( ) A(
x) A( x ) p p, (
G
y a p p

G( y
x) G( x ) p
G(
x) G( x)
p G p p,
G( y)
A B A
x) F( x) ( x) F ( x)
0
x F(
x , F(
1930

(C.
I.

1883 1964) 19 12
Lewi s ,
p q p q

1914
1918
1914
( C. H. Lanf or d) 1932
5
S
Le wi s ,
Le wi s ,
. S
C. I .
A Sur ve y
CJ .
a nd
of
La nf or d,
Symbol i c
C. H.
Logi c.
Symbol i c
Be r kel e y,
Logi c .
1918 .
New
Yor k,
1932
S

( p q) S 7
p q
B1.
p q
q p
B2.
p q
B3. p
p p
r
B4. ( p q
B5.
B6. [ ( p
r ]
(p
p)
q
q
p
[ p
B7.
p q
q) ]
S =S
+ ( p q)
S =S
S p q)
=S
=S
3 p
p)
p p p)
p)
p( p
p)
20 40
1920

12 21
12 21

0 1

1920 1, 0,
( 0=0 =1, ( 1=1) =1, ( 0=i ) =( 1=0 =0

. ( 0<0 = 0<1) =( 1<1 =1, ( 1<0) =0
=( a 0)
a b=
a b) b]
ab=( a +b ) ( a b
a b
0 1 a =1 ) =a
0=1) =0 1 =1 =1
a b 1 0
.
709
198 3 6

a<b)
(b<c) <( a<c a a =0 a+a =1

a =a ) =0,
a=a

1921
m
m t
F. G.
pp. 26428 3
m m)
m V
q p q
m
m- 1)
m
1.
P=( p . p , p
)
2. r 1 p P t
3.
P
P=( p
4 p =( p
p p
,p
),
,p
,p
(p p
F. G. p. 283
=( q
,q
,q
p ( ( p
( p p
p ( p
) ( p,
G Gal i l e o ,
1 63 6
1564 1642

Sa
gr e do ( Si mpl i ci o
Sal vi at i
1985
174 175

2 3 4 9

1 S
={1, 2, 3 n , }
S ={1, 4, 9,
n } S
S S S S
S n S
) S S
n

185 1
B.
Bo l zano,

1781 1848
G. Cant o r , 1845 1918

1856
1862 1863

1867
1869 1872
1879 1884
1 L. Kr on e
che r , 1823 1891

2. 19 80
1890
1897
1897
1913 1918

( 1874) ,
1879 1884 6 19 32
Ga us s , 177 7 18 55 183 1
( Schu macher

1883
176
1885 G. Enes t r om

1870 1871 1872
187 0 x
1 982 2 79
1871 1 872

1873 11
187 3 12
1874

3
4. 2 3

1 1874
1895
19 95
2 1874

n N
a
N N
N=1 1 n

3. 1874 1890

0 1
0.499,

0 1
0 1
0 1
3 9 0
b 0. b
a ,

n 187 4

1877
n
1878
1 OC 1
ADBO
ADBO P x y
1,
0 . 8
0. 7999 x, y
x=0. a 1 a 2 a 3
y=0. b 1 b 2 b 3
x z
z=0. a 1 b1 a 2 b 2a 3 b 3
OC Q
x, y OC
z

n
1879 J . Lur ot h

z x, y x, y
z
( Br ouwer 2 0
m n m n )

1878
M N
M
M
M
M m
M
M N

M N N

c
cont i nuum c
1879

M uM M
M M uM
UM
M M
M
uM
UM a M
a
a M

a a
a M
a

M u M
M uM
H. Rubi n
and J . Rubi n,
st er dam. 1963.
Equi val ent s
of
t he
Axi om of
Choi c e, Am.
a

M M

{ 0 }, {1 0
{0 1} M 2
1} M uM 2
M a M 2
2 a a

a ba
b
b a ) M N

M m N n m n
M N
M M
M

1, 2, . . . ,
1, 2,
{ 1, 2, }

{
4, 3, 2, 1}
+

5 {1, 2, 3 , , 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5} +5
{1 2 3 }
+1{1 2 3 1
+2{1, 2 3 1, 2 }
2
{1
3
5 , 2, 4
6 }
2 1 {1 3 5 , 2 4 6 1}
3
, 2, 5

{1
4
7
8
3 6 9
3+1
, 2

{1
4
7
5 8
3 6 9
1}
2 = 2, 5 + = +5
{1
2
3
2 4
6
3 6
9
}
k
2 k
3 k
1 2 +
Z

( E. Zer mel o, 18 71 1953 19 04 1 90 8
Equi va l
e nt s
of
t he
Axi om o f
Choi cs
c c

1878 1883
1884
1900
23 19 2 5

1. 1938
2. P. J . Cohe n 1963
1812
p
p

19 91 2 76
pp
18 95
1896
Bur al i For t i )
1897 3 28
2.
{0, 1, 2, . . . , } +1
3 W
W
4. 2
+1 3 , +1
F. G. pp. 104 - 11. 2
1899 7 2 8

1925 ( von
Neuma n

1899
1899 7 2 8 8 31
S
, S S
F. G. pp. 113 11 7
SS
S
S

190 0
H. Poi nca r e)
1901 6
w
x x w x x w x,
w w w w
190 2 19 03
190 3
R S R S
R R S R S
R S R R S

17 18
J.

190 5
Ri char d
u u
u s

E
N p
F. G.
pp.
142 144
E n n
0 p 8 9 n p +1
1 N E N E n
n n

G N G
E
E
N

1905 6 30
1905
3 30

1905 3 3 0
190 4 8 8 15
J.
Koni g 1 904 9
24

G
E E
G E
G
N
F.
G.
p.
14 3
1906
1906

N
(Rams ey 1 925
19 0 5 6 20

F. G. p. 142
F. G. p p. 145 14 9
G.
Ber r y
1908

17
17

K. Gr el l i ng 1908
Pd(
Pd(
Pd) (
Pd(
Pd
Pd
Pd(
Pd
Pd
Pd
Pd

Pd(
Pd
Pd(
Pd)
19 08

F.
G.
pp.
19 9 215
b a =b a b
F.
G.
p.
20 0
a b
a b
a b b a
M x N
x M x N M N
M N
M N
A( x
x a b
M
M N
M N N M M=N

0
a
{a} a a a b
{ a , b } a b
x
{a} {a, b}

A( ) M
M M M
A( x) x

T
(T T
T
UT
(T
T
0 UT
S T
T
M, N, R,
m n r S

1904

s
f x s , f ( x) x
190 6 1908

1904
1908

F.
G.
p.
1 41
F.
G.
p.
1 80
Z
a {a}
a
{a}
1906

M

A
M
0, { 0}, {{0}},
1922 8 T. Skol em

(1
(1 )
(2
(3
(3
a b a=b

F. G. pp. 290 301

F. G. p. 229
Z , Z , Z
} Z Z Z
0 {0} {{0}}, { 0 , {0 }},

n n 0 M
Z
n n
B,
B
B Z B Z , Z , Z
B { Z , Z Z }

B
n Z Z
B
Z , Z , Z
Z
U B a b
a b U a
M b M
{Z , Z , Z , }

Abr ahamA. Fr aenkel , 1891 1965
1922

1 908

F. G. p. 29 7
pp. 284 2 89
(x)
x
x ={ { {x} , {0}}, +
0}}}

x x x
x x x

M M M x
p( )
x)
(x) ( x )

1922

Z 0, {0} , {{ 0}},
Z = Z (Z Z

=
Z , Z Z

M M
M
F.
G.
p.
286
Kne e bone , Ma t he mat cal
ma i i e s , London, 1963, p. 291
Logt c a nd t he
Founda t i ons
of
Ma t he-
19 21
( von Ne uman, 1903 1 957 192 5
A f x A
B A x f x

f ( x)
f ( )
A B

1917
(D. Mi r i manof f
a={a},
a ={a }a ={ a },

s t s t
s s s ={s
F. G. p. 398
F. G. p. 11 4

2

3

23
4.
5 4

6

7

8

9
10.
1 9 1 3 5 9
ZF 10
ZFC C Choi ce
ZF
1923 1929 6

1903

1923

0=
1={ }
2={ { } }
3={ { } { { }}}
={ { } { { } } { { } { { } } } }
1={ { } { { }} { { } { { } },
}}

1923

1925
1928
F. G. pp. 346 3 54

1
2

1937 ( R. M. Robi ns on
u
(1 x u u x y, x = , x
(2 x y y u x u

1925
1928

F. G. p . 34 6 347
F. G. pp. 393 4 13

1899

1905

x[ x y
x [x, y

-
-

- -
AB

x, ) x
x, ) x =
) =( x
,
)
x =
1
1. A B -
2. [ x, y x - y
-
3. ( x x -
-
4 a b - - x [ a , x ] =[ b
x] a =b
1 4
.
1 - a a , x - x
2 u - - a
[a, x] =u
3 - a [ a , ( x , y ] =x
4 - a [ a, ( x, ) ] =
5 - a x - -
[a, ( x, ) ] =[ x, y]
6 a b - - c
[c, x] = [ a , x] [ b , x] }
7 a b - - c
[c, x] =[ a [ b, x] ]

1 - a : x= [ a , ( x,
) ] A
2 a - -
b:
[ b x] A, [ a , ( x , ) ] =A
3 a - - b
, [ a, ( x, ) ] A [ b , x]
. - -
1 - a - x
- - [ a , x] A
2 - a - - -
b - x y [ a , y] A[ b , y ] =
x
1 - - - 2
[ a, y ] A a b
- a -

a ( A a, x A
x [ b, x] A x
b
- a
[ a, x] A B - -

- -

2

2

V
a - [ a, x ] A x a

a b - x a x b a
b b
b
b a b a b a
a a b a
b a>b
a
b
b a <b; a

F, G. p. 43
1 - - a - - x
x a - - x x a - - y a
xy
ZF
a
2 a - - - - b
x y y a y - - x b
ZF a
a
b
- -
3. a - -
b x
- - y
a ( x - -
xyy b
ZF a
a b
- -

1
- - -
V1)
2. A= , B={ }( { }
, { }
A B
3. ( u, v) ={{u, v}, {u}}
K. Kur at ows ki 1921

u , v
= x {{ u v} {u}}={ {x,
y} {x} } u =x v =
-
4
n [
n 1 ] [ , n]
4

4

( R. M. Robi ns o n 1937
1937 195 4 19 58 1940
NBG BG
BG

1937 1954
7
- 19 58
BG

a b a b
a
b a

I - - - -
AB
A B
(A
x B)
) ( A
a=b, a b, a

P.
Be r nays ,
A s ys t em of a x i oma t i c s e t
t he or y,
, J.
Symb.
Lc
gi c , 2( 1937) , 65 77; 6( 1941) , 1 17; 7( 194 2) , 65 89; 7( 1942) , 133 145 8

(1943) , 89 106; 13 ( 1948) , 65 79; 19( 1954) , 81 96
Ber na ys , p.
1958) .
Fr a enkel , A. A Axi onmat i c Se r
The or y
( Ams t e r da m,
a=b ( a A b A)
b ) a =b
( x) ( x a

A
A
0( 0
a
a
a b a =c b c b
t
a( m
))
m a t (
))
t
(m
))
c
c m c m t c
0, 1, 2 3, . . .
0, {0}, {0, {0}}, {0, {0}, {0, {0}}}, . . . . . .

d
d e d
d
v , d
A4
A,
A
6
1940

A.
2.
3. X Y X
4
x Y x Y}
B
Y
x Y
C.
1
2
3
4
D
E
A- D BG, BG
BGC,

ZF ZFC
BG

1 ZF BG
2,
BG ZF

2.
1 .
2

3 3/ 1
1/ 2
+1 - 1
+1 n +1 n
1 n n 1 m
n m n m n - m n
n+m m m m
m n xn= m x
182
m/ 1 x x my
m m
1/ 1 1

m n
p/ q mq p n m/ n p q
2 1 / 3 1/ 3

n n
n
n+1
n n
n
n
n n+1 n n 1

S

S

S
1903
x x
x x
Ks
x
( x ) x
x ( x)
x
B.
Rus s e l l ,
104.
The
Pr i nc r pi e s
of
Ma t he ma t i c s ,
2nd
ed.
London,
1937,
( x )
19 06

1
x r x r
2

3
W. V. Qui ne)

1903
497
166
1908
19 10 19 13
0
0
1
0 ) 0, 0) , ( 0, 0, 0 )
2 1
1 2
( 0) ) ;

( 0, 0) )

3 4
n n n +1
i i i = i 1
i

{ (
x) }
x)
x)
Po
i ncar e

w
w

P. M Vol . 1, pp. 61 62.

x, y,
x,
( x, y ) x( x y

z
P. M. Vol . 1, pp. 37 38

, ( x, )
()
y
x ) ( z x( x, , z )
(
z) .
( x, , z )

!x
! x
x . ! x

! x !
a ! a
a b ! a ! b !
!
f( !
, g(
) F( !
,x)

g !
( )
x) F( z , x)
( )
F(
, x ) x
n n
n+1
F( !
, x !
z x
1
2
p p p n p
p p n 1
q,
q p
p n q
n 1

1
2 n n n+1

2 1
F( ! z^, x) 1 2 x . F(
) . F(
, x
, x) x
F
n n
n 1

.
! x
x x !x
x ! x

n+1 n
1925
2
1921 L. Chwi s t ek
1925
Ra ms e y 2

1926
A B
AB

B 1937

R.
Car nap,
1891
1970

I nd( x) =
(f ) [ ( Her ( f ) . f ( 0) )
f x ]
x f f
0 f x f
2
(f ) [ ( Her ( f )
f ( 0) )
f ( 2) ]
0 2

P. Be na c er r a f
a nd
H. Put na m
(Se l e c t e d Re a di ngs ) , Pr e nt i c e
( ed. ) , Chi l os ophy
- Ha l l , I nc . , 1964, p p. 39- 41.
of
Ma t he mat i c s
2

2

Her ( f ) . f( 0)
f ( 0) 0
He r ( f =
(n) [ f ( n
f ( n+1 ]
Her ( f ) . f ( 0)
f ( 0+1 ) f ( 1
1 Her ( f ) . f 0
f ( 1+1) f ( 2) 2
NF
W. Qui ne
19 37
NF NF
NF 3 e

x
y
x
( yx
x
|

( x)
(x) ( x y

1987
74 93 NF
NF

( | )
( )

NF
15
1. |
2
2.
( | )
( .
3
|
4
3.
4.
5
5. ( ( |
|
6
))
) ( )
6.
7
7.
) )
8
8. = ) ( ( e ) }( e ) )
9 1 0
9. ( ( )
)((

= ) )
10 . (( )
) ( ( ) . ( ) ( ( =r ) ) )
11
x
x
x
11.
)( ) ( ( ) )
(( z x)
( z ey) )
v
( x)
x )
(x
V
x)
x {x}
=)
x {x, y}
12. { }
=
13 . { } (( r = )
14

14 . ( ; { { } , { , } }
x; y)

15.

= ; .
15
(x= ) ) ) x
y) (( y x)
x x
(( x
1.
| | x
|

| | |
( )
3 x
x) ( y) ( ( x
3
, x

4
| | x) x
( )
1 4 2 5
1 2 4 5

3
y
3 3
))
x)()((x
x
x) ( ( x x ( x e x) )
NF

n n+1
x y xx
NF
1- 5 ,

V
x x x
x

V
0 1 ,

NF 3

3 3
3 x
x) () ( (x)
- x x V
V

NF ( PM
PM NF
V3 V
, { } 3
NF
PM
NF PM

NF
85

NF

NF

NF
76
166

NF
PM
1970
NF

NF
1931

Chur ch)
19 62

3 1972 5 61
59
Pr i ncr pl e s
of
Ma t he ma t i c s , p. xi i .
191

196 1 2 0 3
170
P. MVol
.
1,
pp. 7 1- 7 2.
L. E.
J . Br ouwer , 1881- 1966) 1897
1 90 7 190 9 19 1 2
1 913 1951

1909- 1913
1918 20

Heyt i n g) We yl )
7 5=12
7 5
7
5
7
1 960 17- 29

1912

1 2

Phi l os ophy of Mat hemat i c s ( Edi t e d by P. Benac er r a f and H. Put na m) ,
Pr ent i ce- Ha l l , I NC. 1964, p. 69

n n+

1, 2

2,3 , 3, 4
0
1

pp .
6 9 7 0
2 2=3 1
2+2 3+1
He yt i ng,
A.
I ns ui t i oni s m.
An
I nt r oduc t i on.
Ams t er dam,
1956,
p.
19
70 80

20

Bor el )
1
2
3

1908
19 84) , 50
I nt ui t i oni s m, p. 15
1912

A B B A
A B
A( =A
A + B

A A
B C

A A
A A B
A
A +B C A A A
A A A
A +B
+C
A +B C A A A
A B +C A A
A C , C C
,
B, B
,B
D C
A A + B

A 0 1
A 2 n - 1) 2n
Phi l os ophy
of
Mat hemat i cs ,
pp . 76 7 7
A A r A
A - 3)

- 3 - 3

1923
F. G. pp. 334 345

F. G. p. 3 36

1
2

a <b a b
a<b a b a=b
S
S S
S
S S S
S S
S
S , S ,
. k k- 1
k=i
. l l 2
l =1

k k= 3) l
p p+2

I n t ui i i oni s m, p. 2

( 1931
(1956

{a }
n n n p >

a
-a
0,

{a } k
n=n( k) , p, a
< 1/ k
- a
k n( k)

a { b }
l ni ui t i oni s m, p. 16
n k, P
{ a b

M
AM
(1) k, n
(2

3
k
(4 a
a k
a a k M
M
M
r
r
,
a ,
a , , a , a

-r
2-
a 1 , , a r

n
M r
c
M m c=m M
r

P
P

S
S
S S

I ni ui t i oni s m, pp . 34 35
p. 37
a
b a b
a b a =b a b
a b
a b a b a
b a=b a b a #b)

55
A 8
B 4 C 2
8 a 4 2a P
A B A B) QB
P Q ( P Q8 a
C
= 2 ( 2
2a ) A C A, B, C,
P A B, Q B C,
P Q A C
2+3=3+2

53- 54

1930
1956

A B A B
A

B A B
A A
A A
A A

A
I nt ui t i oni s m,
pp.
97 114
A B C
A B
1930
p ( p p )
(p q ) ( q
.
.
.
.
p)
q) ( ( p r ) ( q r ) )
(q r ) ) ( p r )
(( p q)
q ( p q)
(p p q) ) q
p q)
.
p
. (p q ) ( q
p )
. (( p r ) (q r ( ( p q r
.
p p q)
XI .
(( p q) ( p
q) ) p
I . J o h ans s on 193 6 X,

( p q) ( q p) p p

p p
XI
( (
q
p
XI ' XI XI
p
p XI
p
(1
pp
p p
p q
q
(2)
p) p q
q) (
(3 )
q)
1)

p
(4)
p
2)
p q 1)
p
(4 5
p
p
p p q 2
(p
p;
(p
(p q
(6 )
(6
(7 )
(p
q )
(6 7
(8)
p
(p
(p
(9)
(p
(p q)
p)
p 6 )
p ( 9)

) ,

A A A

8
2
6
p
(
(p q
(10)
(p q)
q
p

(11
(p q)
12
(12)
(p
q)
) A( x)
x a A( a)
A( a
x) A ( )
A( a) a
198 0 1o0

11
x) F ( x) F ( y)
x
. F ( y
x) F
. (
(1 )
(2)
x) F
x
x) F
x)
F x
x)
F ( x)

1) x
x x x
F(
x x x x
x
( 3)
F x
x)
(4 )
x) F x (
x)
F x
x)
F x
F x
F x
( x)
x
4 ( x)
F
( x) F x
( 3
5
( 5)
x)
3

F ( x)
4

(6)
x)
F x
x
x)
F x
8)
6

3
5)
(7 )
x)
F x
8

(8)
x)
( x)
F x
(9)
x)
F x
p x
x)
9
7)
F( x)
(10)
( x)
F x ( x)
( 10
x ( 10)
x 10 )
11)
(10) ( 10)
4)
x ( x)
(11)
(12)
x)
F x
5 )
( x)
(1 3 )
F x
13
1 2
F
(14)
x)
F x
x) F
F x
x)
1 4
(1 4
x
(p
p
q
10

1934

Kol mogo r v 19 3 2
a b
a b , a b a b
a b ,
, a b
a x
Gl i venko ) 192 9
T E
T,
E
T,
E
1932
545 546

E

E
E
E
Da vi s The
Und e ci dabl (Ne w Yor k,
1965) ,
pp. 75 81
A B
A B A B
B)
(A
B)
A (
x) A( x)
A (
x
x) A
x
A ( x)
x)
( A( X)
E
E
E

E
E
E'
E
193 2
T T

E
A A
E ( x)
A (x)
( x) A( x)
E

1 0
((
x)
x)
E
) A( x)
A( x
( x) A( x)
A
E
(
A x
x)
1 936

E
A A
A Eo
E A

r
E
A. Mos t ows ki

545 546
1983
12 1 3
Davi d
Hi l ber t ,
1862 1 943)
1880 1 88 5
1886 18 92 1893
1895 1930

( 1899) ,
( 1904)
( 1925)
, (1927) ,
,

1 928) ,
1934 1939)

18 99

60 0 30 0

Thal es 640
546

Pyt hagor a s
580 4 00

180
Democr i t us
460 370) ,

Ar c hi me de s
2 87 2 12
Hi P
Pi as 460
Pr oc l us
Hi PP o
cr at es
of
Chi os )
Ant i ph on

( Br ys on 4 50

( Pl a t o 427 347
3 87

Eud oxus 408
355
Aut o l ycus
310

( Zeno of El ea
( Soc r a
t es 4 6 9 399

(1)
(2
1

1
2

Pos t e r i o r i Ana l yi i c s , 71b20- 25.
72 18 - 20
72 5- 25 , 7 1 14 - 24, 73 10- 34
13

23

1
2

3.
1979
3
5
6

15

16
17.
23

1]
2]
3[ ]
4

1.
2
3.
4
5.
1
A AB B BA
C ABC
4

47

ABD FBC, BL=2 ABD GB=
2 FBC BL GB CL= AK

x x a + b

467

4 4)

17

1

[ ]
] ABC BAC
BC BAC
BC
O O AB AC
F E OF=
OE; OB==OC
FB=EC
AF=AE AB=AC ABC

O ABC

1899
18

1733 ( Sac cher i , 1667 1733

BC AB CD,
AD ABCD:
B C B
C

( 1) B C

(2 B C

( Gaus s
182 0

19 20 Loba
chevs ky, 1793 1856 Bo
l yai , 1802 1860 1 8 32
1815 1823 1826
182 9 183 0

1 854 ( Ri ema nn , 1826 1866)

Bel t r ami , 1835 199 0 1 86 8

1868 186 9
( Kl e i n, 1 84 9 1 925 1871

Poi n car e) 1882

17
19 50 70

Pa s c h
1882

19 81 78
1899

1898 18 99

H. Wi e n er 1 89 1
19 82 7 2

A B a A B
A B A B

A B C
[ ] [ ]
A B C

77
a A,
B A C A, B, C
B C A
A C B AC C
A B
3
A B a A, B B, A
AB A B
A B a
A, B C
a ABC[ A, B, C ]
A, B C a AB
AC BC

. A, B a A a a
A B
AB A B AB A B
A B A" B" AB A B A" B"

AB BC a B
A B B C a
B AB A B BC
BC, ACAC
(h , k)
a h O
k
(h,
(h,
(h,
k)
ABC A B C AB
BAC
ABC
B A C
ABAC AC
ABC

a A a A
a A a
V
V. AB CD
AB A A , A AA , A
A A
A CD B A A
. . , A
V
V

,

A, B, C, D ( 1)
C A D B A C C B D B A
D ( 2 C B D B A C C A D
AD
O OA, OB, OC, OD
O A
A O D
D CA BD) [ ]
CA A
C
ACA
A CA A CA
AA CA O CA
O CA CA A
CA B D O
( BD A, C, D O
B A C CA A,
( CA )
B, O AB
BO B
O, A,
D CA CA OA AD)
OD)
O, B, D CA ,
CA O, B, D OD) ,
BD C C, C
CA
B D
B
C D BD CD
C B D
O, C, D BD BD OC) ,
O, A, C
OC C
BD BD OA) O, A, D
BD BD ) AD BD
(AD B B
A D

1.

(x, y) ,
u v 0)
v: w
x+vy+w=0
V

V
1904
79 80
20 2 0

1904

1904
1917

F. G. p . 131
p. 137

1922
1922

321 195
S, S T, T) S

A( A) A( a)
A
A A A
a

0
1922
1925
1
1

Hi l ber t : Di e l ogi s c hen Gr undl agen der
(1923) , 151 1 65
F. G. p p. 367 392
Ma t hemar i k,
Ma t h.
Ann.
88
1 1

2
1, 2, 3, 4,

3.
x A( x) A( x) x
x
a a+
1 + 1 = 1 + 1
1 = 1 +a
2+1=1 2
A( x) n A( n)

a 1 =1 a
a a+1 1+
a

, 1934
( 1)
( 2
4.
324
1981 151
1927 7

F. G. P . 475
P 479

1
2

1924

1931

p 479

1931

1936 1940
40 50
1 924
1.
a b x

1972 77
100

2.

1931

P

F. G. p. 6 15
4.
569

1900

1982
98
F. G. P 46 5

p 475
1928
1
2
3
4.
( 1928
1929
1930

1938

1906
192 4
1926 1928

1929 1929
1 930 2
1930 1930
1930 9

1931

1933 1938
1934

1935 10
( von Neumann
1938

1938 1940
1 953 1 978 1

A, A
A A
T. Skol em
1920
nk

B (m<n)

n 1

C Cn

C
C D
F. G. pp . 583- 591 1938
B F( x ) F( x )
B F( x ) F( x )
F( x
F x ) ) ( F( x ) F( x ) ) ,
( F( x( )
x )
x ) ( x)
D
[ ( F( x ) F x
F( x ) ) ]
C
C
1 n C C
D D

2 n C
A
n, C C
C
n
C , C
C C
, C
, C
C , C

K ni g)
F( 0) , G( 1, 2) ,
H( 1, 2, 3)

A
A
A

A
k
c B
1 2 A A

A A A
A A A
A

1928
n n C

1922

1922
192 2

(L.
1915
Lo wenhei m

1920

1922

A
F. G. p.
Wa ng
Ha o,
1974,
p.
589
Fr om
8.
Mot he ma t i c s
to
Phi l os ophy ,
London
Ne w
Yor k,
19 28
1922

1922
pp. 8 9
P. 9

)

A,
A

A A
A A A

1 922

1, 2,
, n+1
n1
m
1 l 1
n1
F. C, pp. 293- 294
1, 2,
, n 1, 2,
,n 1
L L L<L R
1R
L L
0 1
L<L
L L L L
n L L
vL
L
L 0 L
<
L,
, L
L
n >n a
(n v
e
1,

1922
1934
192 2

1930

I X) ;

,(
) A ( ; (
) ( ) A ( ;
) A ( ; )
r s
, , x , x
, x , x , r
B
P B
B
B

A. Robi ns on 1960
R R
R R
R

R

19 31

19 34

1931
20 30

M1 ,
N k=1 2)

B A ,
A
A

N M ,
,M
,M
N M

A A
Th e
Unde ci d abl e
pp .
4 74

1
(
(1)
[ ]
= )
(2
0
x, y z

( , )
2
(1)
(2
(3 s s
(4 s
( s ) ( t
5 t s ) ( t )
(6
3
(1 s t ( s ) =( t
(2 X
(X
X) ( Y
(3 X Y
(4) X
(X
) ( X)
(5)
4
(1) ( A B (
(2 ) ( A B
B)
)
B) ( ( A B B A) )
(3) ( A
5.
(1)
x=x

x=
A x A( ) )

(2
0 x'
' x= )
x+0=x
(x ' ) =( x+ ) '
(x ' =
x 0=0
x =( x y)
A( 0)
x A( x ) ) A
x
x) ( A
x B B
A
x)
B B
1)
p 1)
p
p p ( 1 )
1)
p
p
p
1931 1934
1 14
,
, , , =
, 0 , ( , )

x 17 , 19 , z 23

k
,k
2 3
5k3 P
Pi
z) ( z +
12
x=y
13, 7, 23, 14, 13, 23, 11, 9, 7, 8, 19, 14
13723141323
11
+x=y
9
17
19
14
. 3 . 5
11
13
17
19
2 3 . 298. 31
. 37
(x
) ,
x x=0 ) ,
m
n 2
(1) D AX( D)
A d) 15
,
, 5 Ax ( d)
Ax( d d = d= d=
(2 D E F CO( D, E,
F) Co( d, e, f )
d, e f d e f

(3 Y A PF( Y, A)
Pf ( y, a) , y
a y a
Pf ( y, a)
Pr (y) [ Y ]
Gl (n, x) [ x n x =
P Gl ( n x k ) ] L
2
3
P
( x)
[ x
]
Pr
Pf ( , a
Gl ( L( y ) , y)
( y

a 0=a
a+b =( a b ) ;
0
b
a 2
a +1) a +1
( a+0) ) a 2=

2 1

1888
1923

1925

1931 1934

1 ) V
( a
=a
(1)
S
=q n q
C
(
( a
,a
( a
i n , i n
(1
) =a
,a
U
( ),(
( a
( V)
= ( x (a
n m
,x
x , x n
( V)
,a x)
, x
(a
,a
))
,x
,x
(v a)
(b
( 0) =q
) =x( b,
( q , x
(b) )
(V
b)
(0 , a
,a
,a
=
) =x( b
,a
( b, a
)
,
) a
,a
n 1
n- 1 x n 1
x
(V va)

Vb , x
(k 1)
a+b
a 0
a+b
=( a b
a b
a b

a s g( a) ( s g ( 0
(a b
0 1

a b

1.

2.
, R
4.
Pf ( y, a) [ Y A

0, 1 , 2, 3,
u, v, w
y 1 9 m
19 y
19
m 1 9
A y
Sb( m, m)
m 10 n m
19
n m n 19
19 n m 1 9
Sb( a, b)
w b
Sb( a, b) S( u, v)
pf ( y, a ) Y A
p p
w
Sb( a, b)
Sb( p, p )
1934

A
A A A A
A
A
A A

n
p
Sb( p, p)
U( z )
U( z
U( z
U( z
U( z
) U( z )
U( z U( z

U( z
U( z
F F( z ) ,
F( z ) , F( z ) , (
) F( v
F

F F
F( z ) , F( z ) , ; (
) F( v)
F( z ) , F( z ) ,
v) F( v
v) F( v F( z ) , F( z ) , F( z ) ,
U( z
u( z
U( z)

(1) U( z
U( z k
P ( k , Sb( p , p) ) S( u , v Sb( a, b) , B( u, v P (y,
v)
a ) B( z , S( z , z ) U( z
B( v, S( z
,z
B( z , S( z
z ) )
U( z
( 2
U( z

( 1) , U( z U( z
U( z Sb( p, p ) P (0, Sb( p,
(2, Sb( p, p) ) ,
p) ) , P (1, Sb( p, p) ) , P
B( z , S( z
,z
) ) B( z S( z
) ) B( z , S( z
,z
) )
v)
B( v, S( z
,z
u( z
Neg ( a = A a A
Ne g( a =0 a Neg( a ) =
23 N( u)

a)
c) P (c, Neg( a) ) ]
[
b) P (b, a
a b, b
a A c c
u )
[
v) B( v u
w) B( w, N( u) ) ]
Cons i s
Cons i s
{ } { U( z
a )
[
b) P (b , a)
c) P (c, Neg ( a) ) ] (
x)
P x
(p, p) )
Cons i s U( z )
Cons i s U( z
1934

5
1.
2 z n)
n z
3.
J . B. Ros s er 1936

1939 2
1931

1977
(J . Par i s L. Har r i ngt on

20 30

U( z
U( z
U ( z )

1 972 21 7
1936
136
1936

453
1981 3 34

,
1982 125- 126
127
127

126

D. R. Hof s t adt er 1979

Es c her ( Ba ck

GEB

1984
BG
, 2
1938
=
1939

1938 24 19 39 25 19 40

1951 1953

1925

1965 7 8
( J . van Hei j enoor t
A D
E
X, Y

F1
x, ) ={x, }
F (x, )
= {z
r s z= r , s
z x r s } F (x , x
x r s r s
F (x, ) =x- ;
=
F x
{ r
s r , s xs}
F (x, )
={ s s x
r ) ( r
s ) } ;
F (x,
r , sxs , r }
={ r
s
F (x, ) ={r , s , t r , s , t
xs , t , r y} ;
F (x, y
r , t , s y}
={ r , s , t . r , s , t x
L

F. G. pp.
368 369.
The
Co ns i s t e f n y of t he Cont i nu umHypot he s i s ,
1940
Pr i nc et on,

V X Cd( X
W X
=L
( L ) Cd( L {L}
=P
L=
1;
P( L )
o
on

L V =L

V=L
L L L =L V =L
V=L
V =L
V=L

L
L
V L
12. 2, 1940)
F L
F
12. 2

20 30

20 30

30

( A. Tar s ki , 1902 1983 )

1945

1924 1926
1939 1942
194 6
( 1933) ,
(1936) , ( 19 44) ,
( 194 8 ) , ( 1 95 3) ,
( 1956

1 931 3 21
1 933
19 3 0 10 8
193 0 12
15
1931
1932 1936
193

1931
I
1931 3 21
I
1931 1931
Tar s ki :
J.
The
H.
conce pt
of
Tr ut h
Woodger Logi c,
L.
S.
p. 401
M. ) ,
Oxf or d,
in
For ma l i z ed
Sema nt i cs ,
La nguage s
Me t ama t he mar i
cs
p.
1956
252 .
1930
10 23 Han s Hahn)
I

(1)

(2) x p

P x

2)

( 2

(3)
A E
L.
S. Mpp.
152 2 78,
a
J a y
E
, P
,
p
, f , j
, e

sno w
' E1 E2 O
Doubl e- U
w
, E n
, O
, Doubl e- U
( 2)
(4
I T I E
Es , En, O , Doubl e- U, I , En G,
i t i s s nowi ng
3
4

(1
c

c
c
( ) c c
c 2

c c

c c

2

P

3 ) 4
3 )
5 p p p
5
x
x

5
( 6 x, x p, x
p p
5 ( 6)

p
5) ( 6 )
( 3

5
p
t r ue
t
5
p
p
6)
p
, ( 5) 6)

5) 6)
p c
p p

6 c

c

p p p
(

q p
( p q p
q
)

2)

(
(
2

p
x

L.
. .
S. Mpp.
164 165.
S. Mp. 16 5.

( )
(

L. S. M. P. 167,
N
A

, x
x
xx
q
( p
x

N
A p q
x
x
p ) ,
p
x )
I

( 1)

a
a
a ( 2 )

x
L. s . M. p. 167
")

) ,

x
3

4

xRy
n n R k
x Rk x ,
k
x y
1
2
3
4
5
1.
i n
2.
k 0
3.
, s m, un, i n k 1
y x y
ng , s m, un, i n
4 x, y, z t
(a)
u z=
5. X ( a) n g
0
X
21

T
Tr
T Tr
(a)

x p

x
)
()
x
T
Tr s
T
22
22 f x f
x
a l

() y
x y
(Y) y x =y z f y
z;
ky
f k

x y
f
L. S. M p. 19 3.
f f f

22

22

23.
x Tr
x S
x
x

T
23 T
23
NI I x " N I

2 2

L. S. M. p. 94.
95.
p.
1. f g
g g g =f g
f
f

b, f
b f
f
b f
b
a b a
23
Tr a b a
T )

23

28
1 x
x x
2 x x T
3
Tr C (X )
T r
Tr C (Tr )
C (X) X C (Tr )
Tr
Tr
Tr
Pr
Tr
Tr
Pr

28 x
Tr x

(l
28
28 23

E.
Hus s er l )

1)
( 2

( 1 )
( 2 n 1
n
n n

1
L.
S. Mpp.
2u8 209
(1)
(2) 1,

(3
n
(4
1933
7
L. S. M. pp. 265 266.

n
n 1 n

C
L. S. M. p. 273.
A
A B

A
A
A
A n
A n 1

L. S. M. PP. 273 274

P. 165
T
( 1)
T a)
( 2)
T
1 930

L. S. M.
p.
p.
247
272 .

x
x

Tr

n

(1)

1
(2
n
(3)
n=k

3 ( 2 3 I
(2
T )
( 1) x
Tr
Pr
( Tr
( 2 ) x Pr p,
T x
( 3) x T
p;
2 3
( 4) x Pr x Tr ,
x
1 5
(
5 x Tr
Tr;
( 6x Pr , x Tr ;
Tr
( 7 Pr
6
( 8) x Tr ,
( 9) x- Pr
5
8
Tr
( 10)
10
7
11 Pr
( 9 1 1) x 8)

A B

A

B B)
( A.
L.
s . Mp.
267
Mos t ows ki )

t r u t h

1 983 3 1
24
1983 97 98
23 T T

1925
1928
(b, a ) =a

0 n=0
a( n, a
1 n =1
a
a ( a ) ,
c a c
Pet er 1935
( 0, = +1
x 1
0) = ( , 1
( x 1 1 = ( , ( 1 , ) )
(a ) ,
(a)
(a)
(a )
(n, a ) [
n a =
(a) ]
(a) 1= (a , a) 1 (n , a)

(J . Her br and) 1 931
1934

1936
(S.
C.
Kl eene

0 0) ,
S
o, s ( o) , S( s ( o) ) , S( S( S( o) ) ) ,
a b
a b
The
Us de e i da bl e ,
p.
70.
a b a=b
A A
F E

k A
A B=C C A B
E E
k
The Unde c i da bl e, p. 240.
( k , k =k
f ( 0,
=S
( )
(a)
f ( S x 0) =f ( x, S( 0) )
(b)
f ( S( x) , S( ) =f ( x, f (
S x , ) )
(c)
(1, 1)
1 ( 1, 1) f ( S
(0) , S( 0) )
c R
f ( S( 0) , S( 0) ) =f ( 0
f
( S( 0)
0) )
b R
2.
f ( S( 0) , 0) =f ( 0, S( 0)
a R
3
f ( 0, S( 0) ) =S( S( 0) )
4 2 3 R
f ( S( 0) , 0) =S( S( 0) )
5 1 4 R
f ( S( 0) , S( 0) ) =f ( 0, S( S( 0) ) )
a R
6
f ( 0, S( S( 0) ) ) =S( S( S( 0) ) )
7 5 6 R
f ( S( 0) , S( 0) ) =S( S( S( 0) ) )
f ( S( 0) , S( 0)
( 1 , 1 =3
p. 241.

1936

1952 1936
a b c

0

0, 0
" 0" , " 1 " ,
" x " "y" " x " ,

"2 "
"y"
0 r
n 0 n=0 f )
r =s r s

The
Unde ci da bl e ,
P. 240.
Y d d
Y y
r =s
z =z h
r
h( z
h( z
z
e E e

e e E
W E e W
R1)
W X E e W X
R E e e E
E
n
m m

l ( 0)
E
f E
E E l

E f , g g
n m m
1, , l m
y =y y
y y y
+ +m 0
l =0 m + +m =0

E
l 0 m
f E
E
x

(1=0)

1952 1936

1936

1936
1

0 1
n
( x n
[( x 1 , , x ,
)
=0] ,
) [
x
)
(x, y) =0] ( x,
(
x1
1936

A.
Chur ch 1933
1935
1936

1. a b c
2
}
[ ]

3
x x
F X
{F}
( X
, x F X { F}( X)
M x
M x[ M] , x x[ M]
m x y
x[ M]
{F}
(X X F , x[ M] M(

x[ px]
M N x
S M
M N x
1. x [ m] y[ S
M ]
y M
2 { x[ M] } ( N SN M
m x N
3. S m ) { x[ M] }
( N M x N
B A
A B Aconv B B
A A
A B
ab a( b) , aba( a ( b) ) ,
a b a( a( a( b) ) ) , 1, 2, 3 ,
a[ b[ {a}( b) ] ] ,
a[ b[ {a} ( {a}( b) ) ] ]

{ x[ M] }( N
B AconvB B
A
a, b, c,
a b b( a a a( c b
bc c ( b a a ( a b( a )

(c)
1, 2, 3,
F
F F( m =r m r
m r {F}( m) c onv r
F F
F( m, n) =r {F}( m, n r ( m, n , r
m, n, r
1936
1936

Chur c h:
An Uns ol va bl e Pr obl e m of
Undec i dabl e , p. 93.
El ement a r y Numbe r
The or y,
The
F
n
E
E , , E n
n E , j < i , E
E
n E

F n
E ,
, E
e , e , , e E
,E
2 e 3
1
,
G x E
, ,
E G( n, x) E i =k+1) ,
k=r E G( n, x) 10
G, n x) 1 H,
H( n, x) G( n, x)
G( n x =10 H( n, x) =F( n)
G H G H
F

The
Unde c i d abl e ,
p.
102.
2 F

P( x , ) x F
w w
F
P P( x, F( x) =w
x x w

1936

A B A
B 2 1) C
C 2 1
XVI I I ) :
C C
21

1, 2, 3, R
R

1 , 2, 3, A1, A2,
A3 , E
m n m n
{ A }( n 1, 2, 3 , E( n) = 1 ;
{A }( n m m 1, 2, 3 ,
E(
=m+1 E
E E E A1 , A2,
A3, n E( n
{A }( n A1 , A2 , A3,

XVI I I
XVI I I XI X:
A B A
B 2 1
XI X

a b A
B A B
a , b A c onv
B A B
A c o nv B a b A B
, ( a, b)
A B
; A B
a b)
(a, b)
A B A c onv B
XI X
1936

P

( m m
(m 0 1
( m)
P
The Unde c i da bl e , p. 107
p.
235
Wa ng Ha o: A s u r ve y of
p.
26.
Ma t he ma t i c a l
Logi c ,
Sc i enc e
Pr e s s ,
1962

( m F( x) =y
m F( m =0
m F( m) =1
F( S( i , i ) =1 k
F( S( k, k ) =1
(x, x)
( k , k)
F( S( k, k) ) =1
(k, k) F F( S( k, k) ) =0
( x, x) S( x, x ) =w ] ,
F( S( k, k) ) =1 ( k, k )
F F( S( k, k) =1

P
P

2

1936

A
The
Unde ci d abl e ,
pp. 110 115.
F F
A F A F F
A F
A F
F

1962

y) (
z) M( x, y, z

19 15 ( Behmann 1922
0 1
0 1

1951
1956 1 954
(1
(2
62 65
3
i
i i
A. M. Tur i ng, 1912- 1954 1936
1931 193 5
1936 1938

1939
1939 1948
194 5 ACE
1948

( 1936 5 2 8
19 36 1937 42

q 1 , q 2, q r , m

(r )
m
m q

(r q n
( r

The
Undec i dabl e , pp. 116 154
a
0 1
P0, R
P1, R
01 01 0 1 m a
b
d
0 1
R

L
E

P

m
m a
The Unde ci da bl e, pp. 117 118
396
L, R
010101
m
0
1
P0
a
a
R, PR,
R, R P0

x( 0 x 1 )

19 3 6 8 28
1937

n N n ( )
n
r 1+ (
M n
{ M } ( N ) c onv N
{M } ( N x y x( x
n 1 0)
xy x( y )

a b c x, x , x"
L M
o
L
K K
L M
M L
Lz M L
L L M
n n
n {M }( N )
L2
x[
x [ {x}( { x} x ) ) ] ]
]] N
1 n
x [ x [ { x} x
0 n
L2
{ M } ( N N N n
n
2
M n
{ M } ( N ) c onv N

1936

1936
The
U de c i da bl e , pp.
he Undec i da bl e , p 135
150 151

1936

K
U U
M
U ( M) m 0

1 0 M
Un (
Un ( M 0 M
Un( M)
M
0

1964 1934

p
14 5

1965

1946 2
ENI AC
ENI AC

The
Undec i dabl e,
p 84
pp.
71 72.

1946

JO NI CA

20
40 30

E. L. Pas t ,
1897 195 4
1 936 I
1 9 3 6 1 0 7 193 6 1
The
Unde c i da bl e ,
p.
289.

, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1 , 2 , 3 ,

( a
( b)
c
( d)
e

1 1, 2 ,
3, ,
n i
( A O [ O =( a) , ( b) , ( c) d) ]
e

(B
i ;
c

a
b)

c
1

1 1

n n 1
1
1
1 f n ) 1 f n)
1
n f ( n )

1947

The Unde c i da bl e , p. 29.

19 20
1921
1943 1944

,,
g
P P
A, A B, B

g
g
Pg
p g
g g P
B

1943

gP
Pg
g g , P

1
1, 11, 111, 1, 2, 3,
b 1 b 11b1b 1 1
b 1bP P1bb1
b1b
b1b 1bb1
b1bb b 1bb1 g P P
1 b A g p
P g
=1, 2 ,
, n
A A n

1

1952

(A
( A

( A
( A
( B
( B
( A)

35 3 - 35 8
( B
( C
( D
( A1) .

20 30

T
T

1938 19 39
1948
1949 14

1953
T

[
]
=

n n
n
n
A.
Tar s ki
Unde c i da bl e
in
col l abor a t i on
The a r i e s ,
wi t h
Ams t e r dam,
A.
Mos t ows ki
1953, pp.
a nd
1 35.
R.
M.
Robi ns on:
T
T
T
T

T
T
T

T T T
T T T
T T
T T
T A.
A
A T
T T A, A
T T T
T
T T
T T
T
T T

T T
T T
19 36

1 T
T
(ii)
(i )
T
(iii)

i ) ( i i i ) T
T
T T A
A
i
A T
( i ) ( i i i )
2 T T T T
T T

T3 A T
A T T T
T T T
T T
T T
T
T T
T
3 T T T2
T T
T A , A
T T
A1 , A
T2 B T2 :
A A A B
T T T
T2 T

T
4 T T T
T
T T T
T T1 T 2 , T T
T T
T2 T T
3,
T T T
T T T T
T1'

T
T
(1)
b( a b
A)
A T a b
A ( 1) T
T
(2)
c( a=b+c
),
A T
T T
T T
T T
T T
T T T T
T T
2 4
5 T T T
T
T
(i ) T T
(i i
T
6
T T T
T
(i )
T T T
(i i T T
5 6
2 4 T
T T T T2
T T T T
T
6

6

N

,
N
N, 0, ' +

N

, 0
N
N
( 1) N
N
(2 N
1 , N N
6
N
N

6
1939

1 949 1950 R Q
19 51 1952
Q

A. G
( 1 978

Undec i dabl e Theor i e s , pp . 397 4
R os s er : Logi c f or Ma t hemat i c i ans , Ne w Yor k,
1953,
p.
162.
ZF

1 989 2 8 4- 49
19 7 1 2 26
3 126
Pet er
Abel ar d,
Acker mann,
Saxony
Al ber t
of
Al ber t
t he
Gr eat
Ant i phon
Ar bi b,
M.
Ar chi medes
Ar i s t ot l e
Aut ol ycus
Pi t ane
of
Bach
Behmann,
Bel t r aumi ,
Bent ham,
Ber r y,
Bochens ki ,
I.
Boet hi us
Bol yai ,
J ohn
Bol zano,
Bool e,
Bor el ,
Br ouwer ,
L.
E.
Bur al i - For t i ,
Bur i dan,
Br ys on
G.
Ca nt or ,
Ca r nap,
Ca uc hy,
Chr ys i ppus
Chur ch,
L.
Chwi s t ek,
Cohe n,
P.
Dedeki nd,
J.
R.
W.
De mocr i t us
de
A.
Mor gan,
De s c ar t es ,
Dumi t r i u,
A.
Es c her
Eubul i des
Euc l i d
Eudoxus
Eul e r ,
Fr a enkel
Fr ege,
Ga l i l eo,
Gaus s ,
C.
Ge nt zen,
Ger gonne,
Gl i venko,
Godel ,
F.
G
J.
K.
G.
Gr a s s mann,
Gr e gor y,
Gr el l i ng,
Hahn,
Hami l t on,
Hami l t on,
W.
Ha mi l t on,
A.
G.
Har r i ngt on,
Her br and,
Heyt i ng,
A.
Hi l ber t ,
Hi ppi as
of
Hi ppocr at es
El i s
of
Chi os
H.
Hobbes ,
Hof s t adt er ,
R.
D.
E.
Hus s er l ,
Jevons ,
W.
S.
Johans s on,
Jungi us ,
Ki l war dby,
Kl ei n,
F.
Kl i ne ,
M.
W.
Kneal e,
Kol mogor ov,
Koni g,
Kr onecher ,
M
A.
J .
L
ur at ows ki ,
Lamber t ,
J.
Lanf or d,
C.
Lei bni z,
G.
W.
Les ni ews ki ,
Lewi s ,
C.
Lobachevs ky,
I .
N.
Lowenhei m,
Lukas i ewi cz,

Lul l us ,
Lur ot h,
J
B.
Ma t e s ,
McCol l ,
Mei nong,
A.
D.
Mi r i manof f ,
Moody,
Mos t ows ki ,
Nagel ,
E.
Newman,
J.
Ni cod,
J.
R
D.
Par i s ,
Pas cal ,
Pas ch,
Pa ul
of
Peacock,
Ve ni ce
Pe a no,
Pei r ce,
Pet er
Pet e r ,
C.
Spai n
of
Rozs a
Phi l o
Megar a
of
Pl at o
Pl oucquet ,
H.
Poi nca r e ,
Por phyr y
Pos t ,
E.
Pr ocl us
Pyt hagor as
Qui ne,
Rams ey,
Rei d,
W.
F.
Res cher ,
Ri char d,
Ri eemann,
G.
Robi ns on,
A.
Robi ns on,
Ros s er ,
R.
J.
Rus s el l ,
Saccher i ,
Schol z,
Schr oder ,
Schuma c he r ,
Sext us
F.
B.
A
M.
R.
M.
B
G.
H
E
H.
Empi r i cus
She f f e r ,
H M
Skol em,
Soc r at e s
St r ode ,
A.
Tar s ki ,
Thal es
Tur i ng,
van
A.
Hei j enoor ,
Ve nn,
von
J .
Neumann,
We i er s t r as s ,
H.
We yl ,
Whi t ehead,
Wi ener ,
Wi l l i am
of
Shyr es wood
Wi l l i am
of

Ockham
Wi t t gens t ei n,
Zeno
of
Zer mel o,
El ae
Benac er r a f ,
Paul
a nd Hi l a r y Put na m ( eds . )
Phi l os ophy of Ma t hemat i c s :

1964.
Ber na ys ,
P.
and Fr a enke l ,
Axi oma t i c Set

Boc he ns ki , I .
A Hi s t or y of
Bool e ,
G.
A.
The or y,
For ma l
s e l e c t e d r ea di ngs ,
Pr ent i c e- Ha l l , I NC,
A.
Ams t er dam,
Logi c,
Not r e
1958.
Dame,
HFL)
1961
1. The Ma t hema t i ca l Ana l ys i s of Logi c, Ca mbr i d ge , 1847; Re pr i nt ed,

Oxf or d,
1951.
( MAL)
2. An I nves t i gat i on of t he La ws of Thought , London, 1854.
Davi s ,
de
M. ( e d. )
The Undec i d abl e,
New Yor k 1965.
Mor gan,
A.
For ma l Logi c ( 1847) , r epr i nt e d, London,
1926.
Fr e ge ,
G.
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by J .
Aus t i n, Oxf or d, 1950. ( F. A. )
2. Tr ans l at i ons f r om t he Phi l os ophi c al Wr i t i ngs of Got t l ob
Fr ege ,
edi t ed by P. Gea ch and M. Bl a ck, Oxf or d, 1952. ( P. W. F. )
G ode l , K.
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A.
I nt ui t i oni s m, Ams t er dam, 1956.
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P. We i s s , Har var d Uni ve r s i t y Pr e s s , 1933. ( C. P. )
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Pr e s s ,
1969.
( HML)
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I.
T.
Ta r s ki ,
A.
1. Logi c , Semant i cs , Me t a ma t hemat i es , Oxf or d, 1956. ( L. S. M.
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M. Robi ns on,
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Pr om Pr e ge
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Godel
(A
Sour ce
Booki n
Ma t he ma t i c a l
Logi c ,
1879
1931) ,
Har va r d
Whi t e hea d,
U ni ver s t i y
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Ma t he ma t i c a ,
1925 1927.
( P.
( F.
G. )
B.
3
v o l ume s
Cambr i dg e,
M. )
1982

19 84 19 85

1979 1981

1982

1985

1977
1910 191 3 ;
se co nd

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028

B. Rus s el l , 1872 197 0

1862 1 943) ( W. Acker mann, 1896 1 962

Fer l o, Bar b ar l , Cel a r ont ;

Camenes ) , Dabi t i s Di mar i s ) , Fr i s es omor um

* Cames t r opI EO,

Bar bar a Cel ar ent

( Ra i mundus Lul l us , 1234 1315)

Bur i dan1 358)

HFL pp. 249 250

Des ca r t es 1596 1 650

1 A=B B=A A=B

11 A=L B=M C=N A

HML pp. 93 127,

( G Ben t ham, 1800 1884)

Logi c , Oxf or d, 1951,

Jevons . 1835 1882)

H Mc Col l 183 7 1909

=AB +A B A B =AB + A ( BB)

L xLy yLz xLz

Phi l os ophi c al Wr i t i ngs

ukas i ewi cz 1936

33, 636 637

TheFounda t i ons of Ar i t hmet i c

(4) . ( 3) . ( 2, 1+1) [ a, b] ( P5) :

P10 2 =1 1 ; 3=2 1; 4=3 1 ;

t heaut hor of Waver l ey

14. 01[ ( x) ( x)] .f( x) ( x c ) . x . x=c: f c

pa ny, 1968, pp. 138 16 1.

( 0=0 =1, ( 1=1) =1, ( 0=i ) =( 1=0 =0

G. Cant o r , 1845 1918

Equi val ent s

F. G. pp. 104 - 11. 2

F. G. pp. 290 301

0 {0} {{0}}, { 0 , {0 }},

Kne e bone , Ma t he mat cal

ma i i e s , London, 1963, p. 291

( von Ne uman, 1903 1 957 192 5

K. Kur at ows ki 1921

gi c , 2( 1937) , 65 77; 6( 1941) , 1 17; 7( 194 2) , 65 89; 7( 1942) , 133 145 8

Fr a enkel , A. A Axi onmat i c Se r

P. M Vol . 1, pp. 61 62.

( ed. ) , Chi l os ophy

- Ha l l , I nc . , 1964, p p. 39- 41.

F. G. pp. 334 345

1733 ( Sac cher i , 1667 1733

1815 1823 1826

Bel t r ami , 1835 199 0 1 86 8

A B A" B" AB A B A" B"

F. G. pp . 583- 591 1938

F. C, pp. 293- 294

13, 7, 23, 14, 13, 23, 11, 9, 7, 8, 19, 14

( A. Tar s ki , 1902 1983 )

L. S. M. pp. 265 266.

L. S. M. PP. 273 274

" 0" , " 1 " ,

" x " "y" " x " ,

Undec i dabl e , p. 93.

pp. 110 115.

A. M. Tur i ng, 1912- 1954 1936

Undec i dabl e , pp. 116 154

Har r i ngt on,

Lukas i ewi cz,

數理邏輯發展史─從萊布尼茨到哥德爾張家龍社會科學文獻出版社 1993.8

數理邏輯發展史─從萊布尼茨到哥德爾張家龍社會科學文獻出版社 1993.8