Ajax (programming)

1
Ajax (programming)
Ajax (pronounced English pronunciation:/edks/; shorthand for Asynchronous JavaScript and XML)
[1]
is a group of
interrelated web development methods used on the client-side to create interactive web applications. With Ajax, web
applications can retrieve data from the server asynchronously in the background without interfering with the display
and behavior of the existing page. Data is usually retrieved using the XMLHttpRequest object. Despite the name, the
use of XML is not needed, and the requests need not be asynchronous.
[2]
Like DHTML and LAMP, Ajax is not one technology, but a group of technologies. Ajax uses a combination of
HTML and CSS to mark up and style information. The DOM is accessed with JavaScript to dynamically display,
and to allow the user to interact with, the information presented. JavaScript and the XMLHttpRequest object provide
a method for exchanging data asynchronously between browser and server to avoid full page reloads.
History
In the 1990s, most web sites were based on complete HTML pages; each user action required that the page be
re-loaded from the server (or a new page loaded). This process is inefficient, as reflected by the user experience: all
page content disappears then reappears, etc. Each time a page is reloaded due to a partial change, all of the content
must be re-sent instead of only the changed information. This can place additional load on the server and use
excessive bandwidth.
Asynchronous loading of content first became practical when Java applets were introduced in the first version of the
Java language in 1995. These allow compiled client-side code to load data asynchronously from the web server after
a web page is loaded.
[3]
In 1996, Internet Explorer introduced the iframe element to HTML, which also enabled
asynchronous loading.
[4]
In 1999, Microsoft created the XMLHTTP ActiveX control in Internet Explorer 5, which
was later adopted by Mozilla, Safari, Opera and other browsers as the XMLHttpRequest JavaScript object.
[4]

[5]
Microsoft has adopted the native XMLHttpRequest model as of Internet Explorer 7, though the ActiveX version is
still supported. The utility of background HTTP requests to the server and asynchronous web technologies remained
fairly obscure until it started appearing in full scale online applications such as Outlook Web Access (2000)
[6]
and
Oddpost (2002), and later, Google made a wide deployment of Ajax with Gmail (2004) and Google Maps (2005).
[7]
The term Ajax was coined in 2005 by Jesse James Garrett.
[1]
However, a patent application covering this type of user
interface was filed on September 3, 2003, thus predating the term itself by two years. This application resulted in US
Patent #7,523,401 being issued to Greg Aldridge of Kokomo, IN.
[8]
On April 5, 2006 the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) released the first draft specification for the
XMLHttpRequest object in an attempt to create an official web standard.
[7]
Technologies
The term Ajax has come to represent a broad group of web technologies that can be used to implement a web
application that communicates with a server in the background, without interfering with the current state of the page.
In the article that coined the term Ajax,
[1]
Jesse James Garrett explained that the following technologies are
incorporated:
HTML or XHTML and CSS for presentation
the Document Object Model (DOM) for dynamic display of and interaction with data
XML for the interchange of data, and XSLT for its manipulation
the XMLHttpRequest object for asynchronous communication
JavaScript to bring these technologies together
Ajax (programming)
2
Since then, however, there have been a number of developments in the technologies used in an Ajax application, and
the definition of the term Ajax. In particular, it has been noted that JavaScript is not the only client-side scripting
language that can be used for implementing an Ajax application; other languages such as VBScript are also capable
of the required functionality.
[2]

[9]
(However, JavaScript is the most popular language for Ajax programming due to
its inclusion in and compatibility with the majority of modern web browsers.) Also, XML is not required for data
interchange and therefore XSLT is not required for the manipulation of data. JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) is
often used as an alternative format for data interchange,
[10]
although other formats such as preformatted HTML or
plain text can also be used.
[11]
Drawbacks
Pages dynamically created using successive Ajax requests do not automatically register themselves with the
browser's history engine, so clicking the browser's "back" button may not return the browser to an earlier state of
the Ajax-enabled page, but may instead return to the last full page visited before it. Workarounds include the use
of invisible iframes to trigger changes in the browser's history and changing the URL fragment identifier (the part
of a URL after the '#') when Ajax is run and monitoring it for changes.
[12]

[13]
Dynamic web page updates also make it difficult to bookmark a particular state of the application. Solutions to
this problem exist, many of which use the URL fragment identifier (the part of a URL after the '#') to keep track
of, and allow returning to, the application in a given state.
[12]

[13]
Depending on the nature of the Ajax application, dynamic page updates may interfere disruptively with user
interactions, especially if working on an unstable internet connection. For instance, editing a search field may
trigger a query to the server for search completions, but the user may not know that a search completion popup is
forthcoming, and if the internet connection is slow, the popup list may show up at an inconvenient time, when the
user has already proceeded to do something else.
Because most web crawlers do not execute JavaScript code,
[14]
publicly indexable web applications should
provide an alternative means of accessing the content that would normally be retrieved with Ajax, thereby
allowing search engines to index it.
Any user whose browser does not support JavaScript or XMLHttpRequest, or simply has this functionality
disabled, will not be able to properly use pages which depend on Ajax. Similarly, devices such as mobile phones,
PDAs, and screen readers may not have support for the required technologies. Screen readers that are able to use
Ajax may still not be able to properly read the dynamically generated content.
[15]
The only way to let the user
carry out functionality is to fall back to non-JavaScript methods. This can be achieved by making sure links and
forms can be resolved properly and do not rely solely on Ajax.
[16]
The same origin policy prevents some Ajax techniques from being used across domains,
[7]
although the W3C has
a draft of the XMLHttpRequest object that would enable this functionality.
[17]
Methods exist to sidestep this
security feature by using a special Cross Domain Communications channel embedded as an iframe within a
page,
[18]
or by the use of JSONP.
Ajax-powered interfaces may dramatically increase the number of user-generated requests to web servers and
their back-ends (databases, or other). This can lead to longer response times and/or additional hardware needs.
The asynchronous, callback-style of programming required can lead to complex code that is hard to maintain or
debug.
[19]
Ajax cannot easily be read by screen-reading technologies, such as JAWS, without hints built into the
corresponding HTML based on WAI-ARIA standards. Screen-reading technologies are used by individuals with
an impairment that hinders or prevents the ability to read the content on a screen.
[20]
Ajax (programming)
3
References
[1] Jesse James Garrett (2005-02-18). "Ajax: A New Approach to Web Applications" (http:/ / www. adaptivepath. com/ ideas/ essays/ archives/
000385. php). AdaptivePath.com. . Retrieved 2008-06-19.
[2] Ullman, Chris (March 2007). Beginning Ajax (http:/ / www. wrox. com/ WileyCDA/ Section/ id-303217. html). wrox.
ISBN978-0-470-10675-4. . Retrieved 2008-06-24.
[3] "Code Samples and Apps: Applets" (http:/ / java.sun.com/ applets/ ). Sun Microsystems, Inc.. . Retrieved 2009-01-02.
[4] Hinchcliffe, Dion (June 2006). Real-World Ajax: Secrets of the Masters (http:/ / ajaxdevelopersjournal. com/ read/ 338113. htm). SYS-CON
Media. ISBN9780977762200. .
[5] "Dynamic HTML and XML: The XMLHttpRequest Object" (http:/ / developer. apple. com/ internet/ webcontent/ xmlhttpreq. html). Apple
Inc. . Retrieved 2008-06-25.
[6] Hopmann, Alex. "Story of XMLHTTP" (http:/ / www.alexhopmann. com/ story-of-xmlhttp/ ). Alex Hopmanns Blog. . Retrieved 17 May
2010.
[7] "A Brief History of Ajax" (http:/ / www.aaronsw. com/ weblog/ ajaxhistory). Aaron Swartz. 2005-12-22. . Retrieved 2009-08-04.
[8] Gregory E. Aldridge (2003-03-09). "System and method for providing a browser-based user interface" (http:/ / www. google. com/ patents/
about?id=-QXDAAAAEBAJ& dq=System+ and+ method+ for+ providing+ a+ browser-based+ user+ interface). United States Patent and
Trademark Office. . Retrieved 2010-03-28.
[9] But use of VBScript assumes the target browser supports it.
[10] "JavaScript Object Notation" (http:/ / tapestry.apache. org/ tapestry4. 1/ ajax/ json. html). Apache.org. . Retrieved 2008-07-04.
[11] "Speed Up Your Ajax-based Apps with JSON" (http:/ / www. devx. com/ webdev/ Article/ 32651). DevX.com. . Retrieved 2008-07-04.
[12] "Why use Ajax?" (http:/ / www.interaktonline.com/ support/ articles/ Details/ Ajax:+ Asynchronously+ Moving+ Forward-Why+ use+
Ajax?. html?id_art=36& id_asc=309). InterAKT. 2005-11-10. . Retrieved 2008-06-26.
[13] "Deep Linking for AJAX" (http:/ / blog.onthewings.net/ 2009/ 04/ 08/ deep-linking-for-ajax/ ). .
[14] Prokoph, Andreas (2007-05-08). "Help Web crawlers efficiently crawl your portal sites and Web sites" (http:/ / www. ibm. com/
developerworks/ library/ x-sitemaps/ index. html). IBM. . Retrieved 2009-04-22.
[15] Edwards, James (2006-05-05). "Ajax and Screenreaders: When Can it Work?" (http:/ / articles. sitepoint. com/ article/
ajax-screenreaders-work). sitepoint.com. . Retrieved 2008-06-27.
[16] Quinsey, Peter. "User-Proofing Ajax" (http:/ / www.alistapart. com/ articles/ userproofingajax). .
[17] "Access Control for Cross-Site Requests" (http:/ / dev. w3. org/ 2006/ waf/ access-control/ ). World Wide Web Consortium. . Retrieved
2008-06-27.
[18] "Secure Cross-Domain Communication in the Browser" (http:/ / msdn. microsoft. com/ en-us/ library/ bb735305. aspx). The Architecture
Journal (MSDN). . Retrieved 2010-04-27.
[19] Cuthbertson, Tim. "What is asynchronous programming, and why is it so damn awkward?" (http:/ / gfxmonk. net/ 2010/ 07/ 04/
defer-taming-asynchronous-javascript-with-coffeescript. html#1). http:/ / gfxmonk. net/ . . Retrieved 2010-10-19.
[20] "WAI-ARIA Overview" (http:/ / www.w3.org/ WAI/ intro/ aria. php). http:/ / www. w3. org/ . . Retrieved 2010-10-21.
External links
Ajax: A New Approach to Web Applications (http:/ / www. adaptivepath. com/ ideas/ essays/ archives/ 000385.
php) Article that coined the term and Q&A.
Ajax (programming) (http:/ / www. dmoz. org/ Computers/ Programming/ Languages/ JavaScript/ Ajax/ ) at the
Open Directory Project
Ajax Tutorial (http:/ / www. xul. fr/ en-xml-ajax. html) with GET, POST, text and XML examples.
Article Sources and Contributors
4
Article Sources and Contributors
Ajax (programming) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=405077860 Contributors: 16@r, 1exec1, A brisson, ARC Gritt, Aaron Schulz, Aashish950, Abelson, AbsolutDan,
Abulfazl, Academic Challenger, Acroterion, Adashiel, AdrianLozano, Af1218, Ahoerstemeier, Ajaxbee, Ajaxdevil, Ajaxtoday, Ajdecandis, Akadruid, Akhristov, Akronymn, Alaa.moustafa,
Alansohn, Albanaco, Alcalazar, Aleenf1, Aleksandar unjar, Alekseenkokirill, Aleph-4, AlexMorozov, Alexa Foster, AlexaW, Alexei.white, Alexhop, Alhutch, AlistairMcMillan, Amalthea,
AmiDaniel, Amniarix, Amux, Anakin101, Anamanfan, Anarchist42, Anatolpanom, Ancheta Wis, Anderiv, Andreas Kaufmann, Andykitchen, Angelpeream, Anguis, AniRaptor2001,
AnmaFinotera, Anthonyfrey, AntiVan, Api, Apoltix, Archer3, Archfalhwyl, Arminbachmann, Artw, Arvindn, ArwinJ, Asharism, Ashmoo, Athenasoft, Atif.mod, Atmoz, Aude, AvengeX, B0at,
BBilge, BCube, BRPXQZME, BTLizard, BankingBum, Barte, Bash, Bbatsell, Beefyt, Beetstra, Beland, Ben kenobi 00, Ben-oni, Ben@atmail.nl, Benawhite, Beradrian, Betamod, Bevo,
Bewildebeast, Bgrayless, Bgupta55, Bhadani, Bigtrick, Bill37212, Billfromhk, BillyTFried, Bipin Jethwani, Bjhecht, Blanchardb, Blonkm, Bmicomp, Bobet, Bobo192, Bogtha, Bongwarrior,
Booch, Booles, Borkweb, Bornhj, Boulevardier, Bovineone, Brat32, Brclancy111, Breno, Brentashley, Brest, Brian Gunderson, Brightc, Bukharin, C++ Template, CKlunck, CPWinter, CQJ,
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Cascadiadude@gmail.com, Catrope, Cbuckley, Cdc, Cedars, Ceejayoz, Ceiton, Cfinazzo, Cfust, Charles.kendrick, CharlesClarkson, CharlotteWebb, Chase me ladies, I'm the Cavalry,
Chatmeprise, Chbarts, Chelsel, Chinneeb, Chris Kuehl, Chris the speller, ChrisHibbert, Christian75, Clamum, Closedmouth, CodeAdams, Coder cotton, Color probe, Computerjoe, Cookiecrook,
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