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Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers. Nanotechnology involves imaging, measuring, modeling, and manipulating matter at this length scale. A well documented and early example of a manmade nanoprocess is the work of Medieval stained glass makers.
Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers. Nanotechnology involves imaging, measuring, modeling, and manipulating matter at this length scale. A well documented and early example of a manmade nanoprocess is the work of Medieval stained glass makers.
Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers. Nanotechnology involves imaging, measuring, modeling, and manipulating matter at this length scale. A well documented and early example of a manmade nanoprocess is the work of Medieval stained glass makers.
Where does our imagination take us? 2 Definition Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel applications. Encompassing nanoscale science, engineering and technology, nanotechnology involves imaging, measuring, modeling, and manipulating matter at this length scale. (National Nanotechnology Initiative, 2007) 3 What is Nanotechnology? Nanotechnology is: Comprised of nanomaterials with at least one dimension that measures between approximately 1 and 100 nm Comprised of nanomaterials that exhibit unique properties as a result of their nanoscale size Based on new nanoscale discoveries across the various disciplines of science and engineering The manipulation of the nanomaterials to develop new technologies/applications or to improve on existing ones Used in a wide range of applications from electronics to medicine to energy and more 4 History The concepts of nanotechnology are not inherently new to nature or to the history of mankind. Science and nature have taught us that biological systems are built using small cells and proteins that follow an intrinsic plan dictated by infinitesimally small genetic coding (Roukes, et al., 2002). A well documented and early example of a manmade nanoprocess is the work of Medieval stained glass makers who used small nanosize gold particles of varying sizes to create the different color hues found in stained glass windows of Medieval churches and structures. Hence, gold particles display a different form of color depending on their size at the nanoscale (Ratner and Ratner, 2003). Gold at the larger scale, the macro scale, such as a gold brick Ratner, 2003). Gold at the larger scale, the macro scale, such as a gold brick reflects the well known yellowish color. Stained glass windows. Picture of gold nano particles. 5 Structural design of Tattoo Needle 6 Birth of Nanotechnology In contemporary times, manufacturing tolerances of parts have approached nanometric dimensions, especially in the manufacturing of semiconductor devices. However, the term nanotechnology was not used until 1974 by Professor Norio Taniguchi, whose work and research was in the area of high precision machining. machining. Professor Taniguchi of Tokyo Science University used the word nanotechnology to describe the science and technology of processing or building parts with nanometric tolerances. Essentially, Professor Taniguchis theoretical concepts involved the use of electron, ion beam, and laser beam processes for machining tolerances at the nanoscale. 7 Dr. Richard P. Feynman The first well documented talk on the possibilities of nanotechnology was made by one of the most distinguished American physicists, Richard Feynman(1918-1988). Dr. Feynmans talk was called There Is Plenty of Room at the Bottom, and he delivered it on December 12, 1959, before the American Physical Society meeting held at Caltech. In his talk, Feynman challenged the scientific community to his talk, Feynman challenged the scientific community to think small in terms of solving future problems. Feynman stated: Why cannot we write the entire 24 volumes of the Encyclopedia Britannica on the head of a pin? . 8 Feynmans vision previewed the collaboration between the sciences, the need for more powerful measurement tools such as the electron microscope that could allow atomic viewing and manipulation. He believed that engineers and scientists had to work together to develop tools that would have the ability to see and manipulate atoms and molecules in order to solve manipulate atoms and molecules in order to solve problems using nanotechnology. Feynman said: The problems of chemistry and biology can be greatly helped if our ability to see what we are doing, and to do things on an atomic level, is ultimately developeda development which I think cannot be avoided. (Zyvex, 2007) 9 Atomic Scale Following figure shows a computer image of the nano ice double helix. In the nano ice image, oxygen atoms are blue in the inner helix, purple in the outer helix. Hydrogenatoms are white. Feynman also discussed how matter at the atomic scale behaves differently than matter at the macroscopic scale since, he mentioned, at the atomic scale atomic size particles respond to forces governed by quantum mechanics as opposed to larger systems which are governed by classical Newtonian mechanics. systems which are governed by classical Newtonian mechanics. 10 Engines of Creation Engines of Creation The Coming Era The Coming Era of Nanotechnology of Nanotechnology By K. Eric Drexler By K. Eric Drexler Eric Drexler Coined the term Grey Goothe potential problem of self-replicating and autonomous artificial intelligence machines. DNA damage. [Eric Drexlers book, Engines of Creation, first published in 1986, popularized the innovative possibilities of nanotechnology. Drexler talked about the dangers of nanotechnology and specifically mentioned the Grey Goo phenomena. Grey Goo is the term given to the potential problem of self-replicating and autonomous artificial intelligence machines that can take over the world and wipe out life as we know it today.] 11 Metrology: Measurement equipment or metrology tools, as they are often called, have been the foundation stone of nanotechnology because they have allowed us to see what we are doing at the atomic scale. Tools such as the Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) and the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) provide the bridge between the macro world and the nano world. The ability to see and characterize matter at the atomic scale began the work that Feynman imagined. In 1981, two gentlemen, Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer of IBM Zurich, invented the scanning tunneling microscope for which they received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986. The scanning tunneling microscope works by sliding a very small tip, about the size of an atom, over a surface at an extremely close proximity within a few atomic layers - and uses electronics to translate the surface topography into a visual image (Ratner and Ratner, 2002). In this manner, the scanning tunneling microscope image (Ratner and Ratner, 2002). In this manner, the scanning tunneling microscope produces a visual representation of the material being scanned much like a key cutting machine traces and makes a copy of the original key. 12 Buckyballs: Three gentlemenHarold Kroto from the University of Sussex, Robert Curl and Richard Smalley from Rice Universitywere awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1996 for their discovery of a newcomposition of carbon, i.e., Carbon 60. This new compound, which only measures about one nanometer in diameter, was called a Buckminsterfullerene or Buckyball. Carbon 60 (C 60) has 60 carbon atoms covalently bonded and forming geometric 12 pentagons and 20 hexagonsthe same geometric configuration found in most foot balls (Booker & Boysen, 2005). Buckyballs are produced through a low pressure carbon vaporization process. The original technique only produced small quantities, but current processes produce Carbon60 or buckyballs at a much higher rate. Buckyballs are also used to form carbon Nanotubes. These Nanotubes can be used to form transistors and, depending on their configuration, they can be made to be conductors or insulators (Ratner & Ratner, 2002). Carbon is a very can be made to be conductors or insulators (Ratner & Ratner, 2002). Carbon is a very interesting element because it has four electrons in its outer shell, just like silicon, and is allotropicwhich means it can take on different forms. Both diamond and graphite are made fromcarbon. Carbon-60 buckyball is shaped like a Foot ball. 13 Fullerenes: Carbon 60 (C60) was named after Richard Buckminster Fuller, who went by the nickname Bucky. Fullers most noted architectural design was the geodesic dome. The geodesic dome is a sphere which is made up of geometric triangular shapes. It is a very rigid construction and very strong in terms of its weight to volume. The C60 Buckyball was named in Fullers honor (Wikipedia, 2007) A Buckyball. Dome over biosphere in Montreal. 14 Thus we can say that. ..Nanotechnology is universal and persistent. It is an emerging field in all areas of science, engineering and technology. Now you are Now you are Welcome to Welcome to NanoWorld! NanoWorld! 15 1 Nanometer = 1 x 10 -9 meter = 1 x 10 -3 m = 3.281 x 10 -9 feet = 39.37 x 10 -9 inches = 39.37 x 10 -9 inches 16 Equivalence of A Nanometer: There are 1 billion (1,00,00,00,000) nanometers in 1 meter There are 1 million (10,00,000) micrometers (or microns) in 1 meter A line of ten hydrogen atoms lined up side by side is 1 nanometer long is 1 nanometer long Our finger nail grows 1 nanometer in 1 second The diameter of our hair is approximately 50,000 nanometers The abbreviation for nanometer is nm 17 Scale of ThingsNanometers 18 Particle size classification 19 Nanotechnology Language Nanobio Nanodots Nanowires Yow! Nanowires Nanoelectronics Nanobots Nanomaterials Searching for nanotechnology. 20 Nanomaterials are not simply another footstep in the miniaturization of materials. They often require very different production approaches. Two approaches of producing nanotechnology systems: Top-down and bottom-up. 1) Top-Down Fabrication: Start with a large piece of material Remove sections of material to carve a specific pattern or shape Has been used for centuries to manufacture artwork, tools and devices This method is used by computer chip manufacturers (Booker & Boysen, 2005). The producers of chips begin the process with large bulk silicon wafers and then manufacture the devices on top of them through a series of wafers and then manufacture the devices on top of them through a series of printing, layering, doping and removal steps that ultimately lead to a functional device. The printing is done through a reduction process called photolithography. This process has evolved since the 1960 s, into one that is now printing line width dimensions at the nanometer scale. Photolithography 21 2. Bottom-up Fabrication: Start with catalyst particles and/or a substrate Expose to a gas or liquid Reaction leads to the growth of a solid nanostructure or nanoscale self-assembled layer Properties such as temperature, pressure, surface quality, composition, catalyst size, etc. influence growth characteristics The bottom-up approach to nanomanufacturing is analogous to the way biological systems are made. In biology, cells grow tissue, organs, plants, hair, etc. through the process of self assembly. This approach is now being studied in nanotechnology. Drexler wrote about self assembling nanoparticles, and this type of research is already taking place, even though at a elementary level as compared of research is already taking place, even though at a elementary level as compared to Drexlers vision. The use of biological microorganisms to synthesize or form nanoparticles is being studied. This is an interesting concept since it maintains to use organic material to grow inorganic metals. In several studies, certain types of bacteria are shown to produce gold or silver particles. Researchers also found that the exposure of lactic acid bacteria present in the way of buttermilk to mixtures of gold and silver ions can be used to grow alloy nanoparticles of gold and silver (Mandal, et al., 2005). An example of a molecular self assembly through hydrogen bonds. 22 Nanostructures/Nanomaterials Nanostructures are materials that, in at least one dimension, measure approximately 1 100 nm Nanostructures or nanomaterials exhibit properties different from their macroscale counterparts (their big brothers) such as: Mechanical strength (how hard they are to break) Electrical conductivity (how fast electrons flow through them) Thermal conductivity (how fast heat flows through them) Thermal conductivity (how fast heat flows through them) Chemical reactivity (how well/fast they react with other chemicals) Transparency (howwell you can see through them) Magnetism(whether or not they are magnetic) and many more Microstructures, the cousin to nanostructures, typically measure between 100 nanometers and 100 micrometers in at least one dimension, but likely do not exhibit unique properties like nanostructures. 23 Why does this happen? Nanostructures obey the same fundamental laws of the universe as everything else in nature But some things that are negligible (can be ignored) at big scales cannot be ignored at small scales For example: Imagine we are an electron moving through a big copper wire Imagine we are an electron moving through a big copper wire 1 cm in diameter we may never see the boundaries of the wire because we are so small compared to its diameter Imagine we are an electron moving through a small copper wire 1 nm in diameter (more comparable to the electrons size) now we strike to the boundaries of the wire often, which affects howwe move through that wire Therefore, the 1 nm diameter copper wire exhibits different electrical properties than its macroscale counterpart! 24 Science of Nanostructures/Nanomaterials Nanoscale in One Dimension: Thin films , Layers and Surfaces- One dimensional nanomaterials, such as thin films and engineered surfaces, have been developed and used for decades in fields such as electronic devices manufacture, chemistry and engineering. Monolayers (layers that are one atom or molecule deep) Monolayers (layers that are one atom or molecule deep) are also routinely made and used in chemistry. Engineered surfaces with tailored properties such as large surface area or specific reactivity are used in range of applications such as fuel cells and catalysts. 25 Two Dimensions of Nanoscale: Two dimensional nanomaterials such as tubes and wires have generated considerable interest among the scientific community in recent years. Carbon Nanotubes Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were first observed by Sumio Iijima in 1991. CNTs are extended tubes of rolled graphene sheets. There are two types of CNT: 1) single-walled (one tube) 2) multi-walled (several concentric tubes) 2) multi-walled (several concentric tubes) CNT are -mechanically very strong with Youngs modulus over 1 terapascal, i.e., CNT are as stiff as diamond. -flexible about their axis and -can conduct electricity extremely well. Models of different singlewall nanotubes: Inorganic Nanotubes, Nanowires and Biopolymers etc 26 Three Dimensions of Nanoscale: nanoparticles : Three dimensional nanomaterials such as nanoparticles of less than 100 nm in diameter. Fullerenes (Carbon 60): In the mid-1980s a new class of carbon materials was discovered called carbon 60 (C60). Harold Kroto, Robert Curl and Richard Smalley, the experimental chemists who discovered C60 named it Buckminsterfullerene. C60 are spherical molecules about 1 nm in diameter, comprising 60 carbon molecules about 1 nm in diameter, comprising 60 carbon atoms arranged as 20 hexagons and 12 pentagons: the configuration of a football. Several applications are envisaged for fullerenes, such as miniature ball bearings to lubricate surface, drug delivery vehicles and in electronic circuits. Dendrimers: Dendrimers are spherical polymeric molecules, formed through a nanoscale hierarchical self-assembly process. 27 Quantum Dots: Nanoparticles (210 nm in diameter) of semiconductors were theorized in the 1970s and initially created in the early 1980s, emit light in a specific wavelength range. Recently, QDs have found applications in composites, solar cells (Gratzel cells) and fluorescent biological labels (i.e., to trace a biological molecule) which use both the small particle size and tuneable energy use both the small particle size and tuneable energy levels. Recent Advances in chemistry have resulted in the preparation of monolayer-protected, high-quality, monodispersed, crystalline QDs as small as 2 nm in diameter, which can be conveniently treated and processed as a typical chemical reagent. 28 Some Current Applications of Nanotechnology Nanotechnology 29 Solar Cells: Nanotechnology enhancements provide: Improved efficiencies: Novel nanomaterials can harness more of the suns energy Lower costs: Some novel nanomaterials can be made cheaper Some novel nanomaterials can be made cheaper than alternatives Flexibility: Thin film flexible polymers can be manipulated to generate electricity from the suns energy 30 Computing: Nanotechnology enhancements provide: Faster processing speeds: Miniaturization allows more transistors to be packed on a computer chip More memory: Nanosized features on memory chips allow more Nanosized features on memory chips allow more information to be stored Thermal management solutions for electronics: Novel carbon-based nanomaterials carry away heat generated by sensitive electronics 31 Clothing: Nanotechnology enhancements provide: Anti-odor properties: silver nanoparticles embedded in textiles kill odor causing bacteria Stain-resistance: nanofiber coatings on textiles stop liquids from penetrating Moisture control: novel nanomaterials on fabrics absorb perspiration and wick it away UV protection: titanium nanoparticles embedded in textiles inhibit UV rays from penetrating through fabric In addition to above .. -Sunscreens and Cosmetics applications -Composites, -Clays, -Coatings and Surfaces, -tougher and Harder Cutting Tools, -Paints, -Remediation -Fuel Cells, -Displays, -Batteries,-Fuel Additives,-catalysts 32 Batteries: Nanotechnology enhancements provide: Higher energy storage capacity and quicker recharge: Nanoparticles or nanotubes on electrodes provide high surface area and allow more current to flow Longer life: Nanoparticles on electrodes prevent electrolytes from degrading so batteries can be recharged over and over degrading so batteries can be recharged over and over Asafer alternative: Novel nano-enhanced electrodes can be less flammable, less costly and less toxic than conventional electrodes 33 Sporting Goods and Equipment: Nanotechnology enhancements provide: Increased strength of materials: Novel carbon nanofiber or nanotube-based nanocomposites give the player a stronger swing Lighter weight materials: Nanocomposites are typically lighter weight than their macroscale counterparts macroscale counterparts More perfect fabrication of materials: controlling material characteristics at the nanoscale helps ensure that a ball flies in the direction of applied force and/or reduces the chance for fracture of equipment 34 Cars: Nanotechnology enhancements provide: Increased strength of materials: novel carbon nanofiber or nanotube nanocomposites are used in car bumpers, cargo liners and as step-assists for vans Lighter weight materials: lightweight nanocomposites mean less fuel is used lightweight nanocomposites mean less fuel is used to make the car go Control of surface characteristics: nanoscale thin films can be applied for optical control of glass, water repellency of windshields and to repair of nicks/scratches 35 Food and Beverage: Nanotechnology enhancements provide: Better, more environment friendly adhesives for fast food containers: Biopolymer nanospheres instantly staple surfaces together Anti-bacterial properties: Nano silver coatings on kitchen tools and counter-tops Nano silver coatings on kitchen tools and counter-tops kill bacteria/microbes Improved barrier properties for carbonated beverages or packaged foods: Nanocomposites slow down the flow of gas or water vapor across the container, increasing shelf life 36 The Environment: Nanotechnology enhancements provide: Improved ability to capture groundwater contaminants: Nanoparticles with high surface area are injected into groundwater to bond with contaminants Replacements for toxic or scarce materials: Replacements for toxic or scarce materials: Novel nanomaterials can be engineered to exhibit specific properties that mimic other less desirable materials 37 Some Future Applications of of Nanotechnology 38 Body Armor: Nanotechnology enhancements will provide: Stronger materials for better protection: Nanocomposites that provide unparalleled strength and impact resistance Flexible materials for more form-fitting wearability: Nanoparticle -based materials that act like liquid armor Lighter weight materials: Lighter weight materials: Nanomaterials typically weigh less than their macroscale counterparts Dynamic control: Nanofibers that can be flexed as necessary to for soldiers or stiffen to furnish additional protection in the face of danger 39 Drug Delivery: Nanotechnology enhancements will provide: Newvehicles for delivery: Nanoparticles such as buckyballs or other cage-like structures that carry drugs through the body Targeted delivery: Nano vehicles that deliver drugs to specific locations in body body Time release: Nanostructured material that store medicine in nanosized pockets that release small amounts of drugs over time 40 Cancer: Nanotechnology enhancements will provide: Earlier detection: Specialized nanoparticles that target cancer cells only these nanoparticles can be easily imaged to find small tumors Improved treatments: Infrared light that shines on the body is Infrared light that shines on the body is absorbed by the specialized nanoparticles in the cancer cells only, leading to an increased localized temperature that selectively kills the cancer cells but leaves normal cells unharmed 41 Molecular Manufacturing: Nanotechnology enhancements will provide: Ability to build structures, materials, devices and systems from the bottom-up atom by atom or molecule by molecule Nanobots or nanomachines that can position atoms or molecules to build with atomic accuracy Zero to little waste because atoms are placed exactly where they should go 42 Sensors: Nanotechnology enhancements will provide: Higher sensitivity: High surface area of nanostructures that allows for easier detection of chemicals, biological toxins, radiation, disease, etc. Miniaturization: Miniaturization: Nanoscale fabrication methods that can be used to make smaller sensors that can be hidden and integrated into various objects 43 Next Generation Computing (Quantum, DNA, Molecular) Nanotechnology enhancements will provide: The ability to control atomic scale phenomena: quantum or molecular phenomena that can be used to represent data Faster processing speeds Lighter weight and miniaturized computers Increased memory Lower energy consumption 44 Nanorobotics: Nanotechnology enhancements will provide: Miniaturized fabrication of complex nanoscale systems: nanorobots that propel through the body and detect/ cure disease or clandestinely enter enemy territory for a specific task Manipulation of tools at very small scales: nanorobots that help doctors to perform sensitive surgeries 45 Water Purification: Nanotechnology enhancements will provide: Easier contamination removal: Filters made of nanofibers that can remove small contaminants Improved desalination methods: Nanoparticles or nanotube membranes that allow Nanoparticles or nanotube membranes that allow only pure water to pass through Lower costs Lower energy use 46 More Energy/Environment Applications Nanotechnology enhancements will provide: Improvements to solar cells Improvements to batteries Improvements to fuel cells Improvements to hydrogen storage CO 2 emission reduction: CO 2 emission reduction: nanomaterials that do a better job removing CO 2 from power plant exhaust Stronger, more efficient power transmission cables: synthesized with nanomaterials 47 Scope of Scope of Nanotechnology Nanotechnology in in in in India India 48 The scope for nanotechnology in India is quite huge. Numerous Indian firms use nanotechnology in the manufacturing of their products. In addition to this, the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) has started about 30 laboratories (dedicated to research in Nanotechnology) just to increase the research possibilities of nanotechnology in India. Students of nanotechnology have the opportunity to get jobs as soon as they finish their education in this 49 jobs as soon as they finish their education in this interesting field. This technology will be used in diagnostic kits, improved water filters and sensors and drug delivery. The research is being conducted on using it to reduce pollution emitted by the vehicles. Looking at the progressive prospects of Nanotechnology in India, Nanobiosym Inc., a US-based leading nanotechnology firm plans to set up Indias first integrated nanotechnology and biomedicine technology park in Himachal Pradesh. Nanotechnology has certainly acquired an essential position in 50 Nanotechnology has certainly acquired an essential position in the Indian Economy and Scientific Research Department and it is expected to reach the pinnacle of Development thereby making India a role model for the countries of the world. Top Nanotechnology Firms in India These are a few firms of Indian origin that employs nanotechnology in their day to day projects: Auto Fibre Craft Bee Chems Bilcare Cranes Software Dabur Pharma Eris Technologies NanoFactor Materials Technologies Nanoshel Neo-Ecosystems Quantum Corporation Quantum Materials Corporation Reinste Nano Ventures Eris Technologies Icon Analytical Equipment Micromaterials (India) Micromaterials (P) Ltd Mittal Enterprises Mp3s Nanotechnology Nano Cutting Edge Technology NanoCET NanoBio Chemicals Reinste Nano Ventures Saint-Gobain Glass United Nanotechnologies U-Shu Nanotech Velbionanotech Yashnanotech 51 Career opportunities Career opportunities available in the field available in the field of of of of nanotechnology nanotechnology 52 The career opportunities existing in nanotechnology are quite great. The applications of nanotechnology range from complex medical diagnostic devices to building better batteries and cosmetics etc. It is also applied in the field of aircraft manufacturing and research. Because of these many applications available in Nanotechnology, the job opportunities are not at all scarce. Job opportunities are at hand in areas such as: Auto and aerospace industries Medical fields Auto and aerospace industries Biotechnology Electronics/semiconductor industry Environmental monitoring and control Food science including quality control and packaging Forensics Materials science including textiles, polymers, packaging, among other Medical fields Military National security Optoelectronics Pharmaceuticals including drug delivery, cosmetics Sports equipment University and National research labs. 53 Academic Scope of Nanotechnology in India: Nanotechnology originated in India around 20 years back. It is in its early development phase and therefore the industry keeps a keen watch over the students who pursue M. Tech. in nanotechnology. There are several career opportunities for such students in domestic as well as international markets. Higher Studies including Research: Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi 54 Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, National Physical Laboratory, Delhi Aligarh Muslim University Amity Institute of Nanotechnology Banaras Hindu University Delhi University Biosys Biotech Lab & Research Centre, Chennai Amity Institute of Nanotechnology, Noida National Institute of Technology, Rourkela University of Madras, Tamil Nadu National Institute of Technology, Krukshetra Jawaharlal Nehru Center for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore; Solid State Physics Laboratory, Delhi; National Chemical Laboratory, Pune; 55 National Chemical Laboratory, Pune; Central Scientific Instruments Organization, Chandigarh; Defense Materials Store Research & Development Organizations, Kanpur List of different Courses available in India: Doctor of Philosophy in Nanotechnology Nanoscience & Technology Master of Technology in Nanotechnology Science & Technology Nanomedical sciences Healthcare Nanotechnology Master of Science in 56 Master of Science in Nanotechnology Nanoscience Nanobiotechnology Nanoscience & Nanotechnology B.Sc. Nanotechnology Diploma in Nanotechnology Certificate course in Nanotechnology Advanced P.G. Diploma in Nanotechnology Recent government job notifications in the nanotechnology sector: Scientist C-B jobs at Nanotechnology Application Centre of Allahabad University Nanotechnology Laboratory Assistant Central University of Jharkhand In addition to these organizations, the following organizations are engaged in research activities in the nanotechnology sector and candidates can find employment opportunities in these organizations as well: 57 opportunities in these organizations as well: Central Scientific Instruments Organization, Chandigarh National Chemical Laboratory, Pune National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi Nano Mission, Department of Science & Technology, New Delhi Anyone with an M.Tech. degree in Nanotechnology is able to get a salary of approximately Rs. 20,000 to Rs. 30,000 per month. This is a field that has variety of scope for performance, incentives and other benefits. Depending on the performance, experience 58 Depending on the performance, experience and nature of work, the pay package may vary from Rs. 6,00,000 to Rs. 12,00,000 per annum. Foreign aspects of Nanotechnology Career prospects: There are various associated career prospects when it comes to the Nanotechnology course. The USA as well as the UK is the prime sites where various job opportunities such as in the field of medicine, in the field of treating cancer or other plaque and such others. Also there is huge scope for the research oriented jobs as the government in these countries pumps millions of funds into these projects which in the end are all dedicated to the prime look out of the generals health and condition. Furthermore, the work also include the general aspects of the candidates orientation and method. Thus, the foreign countries provide ample area where the candidate can turn 59 Thus, the foreign countries provide ample area where the candidate can turn out their career in the right direction. Conclusion: Thus, looking at these criterion, one can easily identify the various involved prospective aspects and conclude the overall development of ones life in these conditions. Hence, the foreign do offer lots of potential that covers the overwhelming thoughts of the candidates. Therefore the foreign countries are excellent places to build one career and provide the ideal situation for blooming of ones career. Key differentiators between Nanotechnology and Nanoscience Nanotechnology is the engineering field which manipulates and utilizes the nanoscale objects for manufacturing various useful products whereas Nanoscience is the field which involves the study of behavior and related issues of nanoscale materials and thus deriving the governing laws and theoretical explanations. Nanotechnology is the field which utilizes the knowledge in nanoscience and is applied to diverse areas whereas Nanoscience is 60 nanoscience and is applied to diverse areas whereas Nanoscience is all about the study and observations of nanoscale materials. Although Nanotechnology and Nanoscience are the research areas which deal with the same materials, there are lots of differences between them. 61