RYERSON UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE AND SCIENCE

NEW WINDSOR-DETROIT BORDER CROSSING

STORMWATER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

MICHAEL BERGER
FENNIE HO

2008

Approved: ________________________________
Industry Advisor,
FAROOQ ARSHAD

________________________________
Technical Advisor,
DR. JAMES LI

________________________________
Faculty Advisor,
DR. SAID EASA

DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP
 This DEGREE PROJECT entitled "Preliminary and Technical Report of the
Detroit-Windsor Border Crossing Stormwater System” has been
prepared by the undersigned and all sources of assistance and
information have been acknowledged and referenced.

This work is submitted to the Department of Civil Engineering in partial

fulfillment of the requirement for the Bachelor of Engineering degree in
civil engineering.

Name: Fennie Ho Signed ___________________ Dated

_________________

Name: Michael Berger Signed __________________

Dated_________________
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

TABLE OF CONTENTS (this will be edited in near the time we hand in

the draft)
Page
1.
BACKGROUND ..................................................................................................
...............1
1.1 Project
Overview .....................................................................................................3
1.2 The
Proponents .......................................................................................................
.4
2. REPORT
OVERVIEW........................................................................................................
6
3. SITE
DESCRIPTION ....................................................................................................
......7
3.1 Existing Land Use and
Vegetation...............................................................7
3.2 Existing Soils and Groundwater
Conditions................................................9
3.3 Topography and Surface Water
Drainage....................................................9
4. STORMWATER MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES AND
METHODOLOGY................10
4.1 Stormwater Management
Objectives .....................................................................10
4.2
Methodology......................................................................................................
....10
4.2.1
Considerations............................................................................................10
4.2.2 Proposed Stormwater Management
Strategy.............................................11
5. STORMWATER MANAGEMENT
STRATEGY............................................................13
5.1 Quantity
Control ....................................................................................................13
5.2 Quality Control
(Permanent)..................................................................................15
5.3 Quality Control (Temporary During
Construction) ...............................................16
6. SPILL PREVENTION, PREPAREDNESS AND
RESPONSE........................................17
6.1 Chemical and petroleum storage and
handling......................................................17
6.2 Emergency Response to
Spills ...............................................................................18
7. CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................19

LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF PHOTOS
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix A: Rational Method SWM Calculations
Appendix B: Stormceptor™ Sizing Chart

1 Introduction
1.1 Background
Windsor is the one of the most important border crossing
between Canada and the United States. More than 16 million
cars, trucks and buses travel through the city each year,
representing approximately 33 per cent of Canada-United
States truck trade. In 2001 alone, this two-way merchandise
trade totaled at over $140 billion. Windsor's economy is
intricately linked with the international border crossing. As
Canadian and American trade and tourism increase through
the years, projected traffic volume is also predicted to
increase. This has made it apparent to government and
commercial officials that there is a need for an additional
border crossing which will have the capacity to handle the
 projected traffic volume. The privately owned Ambassador
Bridge currently spans across the Detroit River and links up
Detroit and Windsor traffic through the international border
crossing facilities on each side of the bridge. One of the main
concerns associated to Ambassador Bridge border crossing is
that an urban road system links up with the Ambassador
Bridge as opposed to a Highways System. This means that
before a driver can reach the border crossing they need to
cross several street lights within the city core. This causes
large traffic jams and impede on the overall traffic ease of the
city. This is why the new border crossing is intended to be
directly linked to the Canadian and American highway systems,
such that traffic flow within Detroit and Windsor is much more
feasible.

The Detroit River International Crossing Project (DRIC) is a

large scale interdisciplinary engineering project currently
valued at over one billion dollars. Construction of the New
Detroit-Windsor border crossing is intended to begin in late
2009. This border crossing will be built in stages such that the
traffic flow matches the facility capacity. Once the preliminary
design is complete, the project will be ready for a construction
bid. The border crossing is intended to be built as a showcase
of leading edge innovation in: water resource engineering,
traffic engineering, environmental engineering, energy
efficiency, logistics and security.

1.2 Purpose and Scope

The purpose of this report is to develop the design of a storm water
management system for the projected Windsor Detroit International
Border Crossing Plaza site. This report will contain two parts: Firstly, a
preliminary report developing and selecting alternatives identifying the
hydrological challenges of this project. Secondly, a detailed design
report dealing with the hydrological challenges of the preliminary
report .In addition to that the technical report should follow best
management practices (BMPs) meeting regulated design standards
outlined in the 2003 Ministry of the Environment storm water
management guideline.

1.3 Preliminary Report Overview

The purpose of this report is to develop conceptual designs of Storm

water Management Plan for the Canadian plaza of Detroit River

 International Crossing. Planning considerations of each alternative

storm water management plan will include a performance evaluation.

A suite of feasible storm water best management practices (BMPs) will

be selected based on physical and environmental constraints and

practical application.

1.4 Technical Report Overview

The main objectives of this report are:
1. To clearly outline the design parameters and methodologies used in the
design of the Windsor Detroit Border crossing storm water management
system.
2. To illustrate conceptual storm water management measures
3. To present a drainage design which follow regulatory guidelines.

Section 2 will be
entire
conceptual
report
3. 0 Technical Report

SITE DESCRIPTION

The western edge of our site runs along the Detroit River. The most Southern East
point of our site is located at the intersection of Ojbway Parkway and Broadway
Street. Our site measures 0.53 km2.
By looking at geotechnical samples and grade pictures of surrounding sited we see
that the pre-existing site terrain is flat. For the purposes of this project we will
assume the site outlined below is flat. We will also concern ourselves only with the
storm water management within the limits of our site, meaning that that the storm
water from surrounding properties will not be considered in our design.
Morrison Hershfield provided design drawings which outlined our sites
borders and area. Our calculations and design specifications will be based on
these drawings. The Map below was obtained from Google EarthTM.

Fig: 3.01: Plaza Site Outlined

Calculation 3.1: Area

Total area of the site: From right to left

Site Area ≈ 253*343+171*377+(329+226+199)*343+254*(226+199)+199*120/2

≈ 529758 m2

Pond and Main Channel Positioning

From our conceptual report, we have decided that the BMP’s of our storm water
management system would include a pond and a large channel leading up to the
pond.

The wet pond would be located at the most western edge of our site as
shown on Figure 3.02 because:

1. Construction contingencies only allow the wet pond to be located at the western
edge of the site

2. Water has a much shorter distance to flow into the Detroit River if there is a
larger than expected storm that occurs.

4. Post development slope will lead water towards pond

The main storm water channel leading up to the pond will be placed along
the southern edge of the site. The channel will be in this configuration
because:

1. The channel will be at the bottom of the site slope in such a way that excess
rainwater is forced to flow towards channel and does not pool in critical traffic areas

2. It will run along the greatest length of the site, catching a majority of the excess
rainwater.
 Detoit River

Wet Pond

2:100 Northwards
Slope

2:100 Eastwards
Major Pond Channel Slope

Figure 3.02: Channel and pond configuration

that the drawing due to determined construction condition the only possible areas
adequate for the channel and the pond and the are the ones outline in this drawing.
By this virtue. We want our drainage system to be as efficient and self reliable as
possible and so we will arrange the terrain to suite the expected storm water flow
the storm water because it will be impossible to go lower than the river level. We
will need to creat a fill in the area to suite our storm water management need, we
will the fill can be calculated by

Pre-development:

2:100 Slope
Northwards
 2:100 Slope 2:100 Slope
Northwards Eastwards

Figure 3.03: Post Developpement Site elevation

3. Pond acts a large sediment sedimentation basin before excess water flow into
Detroit river

Pre Development Runoff Coefficient

By super-imposing our scaled site border onto a map, we are able to clearly see the
pre existing conditions of our site. From this picture we can see there is almost no
development in the projected site area except for roads. The pre development
runoff coefficient will be significantly lower than the post development runoff
coefficient. When it rains the site area will be able to able to absorb less rainwater
than the newly constructed plaza area which will be covered with asphalt

4.1 Stormwater Management Objectives

An objective of the EWCC stormwater management plan (SWMP) is to
identify and address Best
Management Practices (BMPs) for the EWCC site, as they relate to:
1. Runoff Control – i.e., quality and quantity control of runoff. As the
proposed site is
surrounded by existing development, consideration was given to runoff
controls based on
Infill Development Criteria as outlined in the MOE, Stormwater Management
Planning and
Design Manual (March, 2003); and
2. Spill Prevention, Preparedness and Response.

Pond description:

Virtually all new wet facilities (i.e., those having a permanent pool) designed in Ontario have an
extended detention storage component, in part due to the guidance provided in this document and
its predecessor, but largely because of their multi-purpose design (i.e., water quality, quantity
and
erosion control). Extended detention storage refers to the active storage which is used during and
after a runoff event, but which subsequently drains. The extent to which the active storage is
filled
by an event depends upon the volume of runoff. Section 3.3 provides a more detailed description
of the functions of the permanent pool and active storage elements of ponds and wetlands.

Parking Lot Grading

Storage at a catchbasin or manhole is limited by the maximum
ponding depth and the grade of the
parking lot. Generally, grades are greater than 0.5% and less than
5%. Storage capacities are
reduced for increasing grades assuming a constant ponding depth.

Emergency Overflows
Overland flow paths must be designed to accommodate runoff that
exceeds the storage capacity
at the catchbasins. Debris blocking at the catchbasin grate can
reduce outflow rates and create
overflows. Overland flow paths can be sewers, swales or the
roadway system.

Water Table Depth

The depth from the bottom of the soakaway pit to the estimated seasonally high water table
should be greater than or equal to 1 metre.

4.6.8 Oil/Grit Separators

Oil/grit separators (OGS) are used to trap and retain oil and/or sediment in detention chambers,
usually located below ground. They operate based on the principles of gravity-based
sedimentation for the grit, and phase separation for the oil. There is minimal attenuation of flow
in
oil/grit separators since they are not designed with extended detention storage. Like filters, they
have no infiltration capability.
Separators are often used as spill controls, pre-treatment devices or end-of-pipe controls as part
of a multi-component approach for water quality control. They are typically used for small sites
but sizing and design are dependent on the function they are to fulfil. Whether separators are to
be
used as pre-treatment devices or in the overall design as a part of a multi-component system, it is
essential to select appropriate equipment based on their demonstrated capabilities. There have
been numerous applications of OGS since the 1980s and there are a variety of both proprietary
and non-proprietary oil/grit separators on the market ranging from chambered designs to
manhole-types.

Design Guidance
Many suppliers provide design guidance specific to their products. This guidance is normally
application-dependent. The designer should be fully aware of the assumptions and methodology
used in formulating performance predictions as they may have implications for the design. The
application and design should be discussed with approval agencies.
Oil/grit separators are typically used for small drainage areas (< 2 hectares). As a spill or grit
control device, they are particularly well-suited to conditions where space is constrained. Since
the majority of spills are small in volume and are not weather dependent, separators provide an
effective means of control. Oil/grit separators are beneficial for industrial and commercial sites,
and large parking areas or transit facilities where there is a higher risk of spills and a greater
opportunity for sediment build-up. OGS are also often used to provide an inspection access as
part of a storm sewer discharge control program (e.g., sewer use by-law). Typical applications
include:
_ automobile service station parking areas;
_ selected areas at airports;
_ some industrial or commercial areas;
_ pre-treatment for other SWMPs;
_ infill/retrofit developments;
_ areas susceptible to spills of material lighter than water (bus depots, transfer stations);
and
_ inspection structures for private industrial or commercial sites that drain to the
municipal sewer system.
Many end-of-pipe stormwater practices benefit from pre-treatment, typically in the form of
presettling
in pond forebays or settling chambers, or biofiltration in swales, vegetative filter strips or
sand filters. Pre-treatment can also be provided by oil/grit separators. Separators are particularly
well suited for use with subsurface SWMPs without pre-treatment chambers incorporated into
their design. The benefits of pre-treatment include the extension of the operational life of
stormwater management facilities adversely impacted by sediment, the extension of maintenance
intervals and the prevention of oil sheen.
For stormwater quality control, oil/grit separators may be applied as one element of a
multicomponent
approach unless it is determined that it can achieve the desired water quality as a
stand-alone device on a site-specific basis. In a multi-component approach there is a series of
stormwater quality measures for water quality improvement. A multi-component approach can
often be expected to provide a higher level of improvement.
Potential applications of oil/grit separators may be for water quality control for re-development
projects in an urban core or stormwater quality retrofits for an existing development. However,
in
new residential developments where space is not as constrained, the selection of SWM practices
may be governed by having to meet erosion and flood control objectives as well as water quality
objectives.
Oil/grit separators generally form part of the underground storm sewer infrastructure. Their use
is
typically not as constrained by space considerations, bedrock or groundwater levels, or soil
conditions (although they have foundation bedding requirements similar to manholes and
underground tanks).
Winter Operation
There is relatively limited data on the effects of cold weather and winter runoff on the
performance of oil/grit separators. Depending on the depth and location of the installation,
separators may be susceptible to freezing, which will reduce or eliminate their effectiveness
(e.g., by causing more frequent by-pass or overflow). Designs that retain water between events
may also be susceptible to salt stratification resulting in short-circuiting and reduced detention
times and removal rates. Further studies are needed to verify the impacts of salt stratification on
different OGS designs. In the interim, more frequent maintenance (e.g., removal of retained
water) may be employed during the winter months to enhance performance.
Technical Effectiveness
There have been many refinements to existing designs of oil/grit separators and new designs
have
come to the market. Research and monitoring of many of the devices has been conducted by
manufacturers of the devices and government agencies. The reported results have been quite
variable (both excellent and very poor) and appear to be highly dependent on study design,
specific site conditions, sizing of the device relative to the contributing drainage area, particle
size
distribution and the varying flow conditions under which the tests were conducted. The higher
removal efficiencies generally corresponded to the presence of high percentages of sand or heavy
sediments in the stormwater or lower flows into the separator. Therefore, if reported results are
to
be used as a reference, comparable factors should be thoroughly considered.
It is noteworthy that a key factor in assessing the performance of OGS is the level at which
by-pass occurs. A by-pass is generally provided for OGS as discussed in section 4.7. Under
conditions of high stormwater flow, the overall solids removal efficiency of the separator usually
decreases since the stormwater which is by-passed receives no treatment. Oil/grit separators will
be required to be sized to capture and treat at least 90% of the runoff volume that occurs for a
site on a long-term average basis for water quality objectives of ‘enhanced protection.’ For water
quality objectives of ‘normal protection’ and ‘basic protection,’ at least 85% of the total runoff
volume that occurs for a site will be required to be captured and treated. In each application, the
facilities are still required to meet the water quality objectives of long-term average removal of
80%, 70% and 60% of suspended solids in the total runoff volume for ‘enhanced,’ ‘normal’ and
‘basic’ protection levels, respectively. Suspended solids removal efficiency is to be calculated
based on 100% of the total runoff volume for all the storm events that occur for the site on a
long-term average basis. For example, for a site that requires a normal level of protection (70%
suspended solids removal) with a facility that only captures 85% of the runoff volume, the
facility
would have to achieve a performance of 82% suspended solids removal for that 85% of the
volume. The average efficiency would be 70% = (85% of the volume × 82% efficiency) + (15%
of the volume × 0% efficiency).

The multi-component approach has been confused in the past with the term “treatment train.” In
the multi-component approach, a series of stormwater quality practices are used to meet water
quality objectives. The treatment train approach is premised on providing control at the lot level
and in conveyance followed by end-of-pipe controls. A treatment train is required to meet the
multiple objectives of water balance, water quality, and erosion and flood control in an overall
stormwater management strategy. Lot level and conveyance controls can reduce end-of-pipe
storage requirements for erosion control and are the best means of achieving water balance
objectives. Water quality improvement and quantity control for small storms are secondary
benefits. End-of-pipe controls are required to meet water quality, and erosion and flood control
objectives in most circumstances.

Catchbasin Inflows
The total storm sewer inflows from catchbasins and roof leaders should be determined to prevent
surcharging of the storm sewer system and possible basement flooding. Controls can be placed in
catchbasins to reduce inflows to the full flow capacity of the storm sewer system.
Catchbasins do not catch 100% of the road flow. As the road flow increases, the top width of
flow becomes greater than the width of the catchbasin grate. Water will either by-pass or
overshoot the catchbasin grate. As a result, runoff will continue down the road to the next
catchbasin. For low flows, catchbasins will capture approximately 80 to 100% of the gutter flow.
For high flows, approximately 70% of the road flow will by-pass the grate.
Catchbasin Spacing
Catchbasins are usually placed at low points within the road system. The catchbasins are spaced
to prevent gutter/road flow from by-passing the catchbasin grate.
Maximum Sewer Capacity
The storm sewer reaches maximum capacity when the critical depth of flow is equal to the storm
sewer diameter. Increasing the storm sewer slope beyond the critical slope will not increase the
storm sewer capacity. The critical slope will be a function of the peak flow rate, the roughness of
the storm sewer and the storm sewer diameter.
Maximum and Minimum Flow Velocities
Flow velocities should be limited to approximately 6 m/s, while minimum flow velocities should
exceed 1 m/s. Slower flow velocities will tend to deposit silt and sediment.
Basement Flooding
Each municipality will have criteria to prevent basement flooding for new urban development.
The
following are generic criteria:
a. Minimum lot grades, i.e., 2%;
b. 4.8.2 Major System
c. For urban areas, the major system includes natural streams, valleys, swales, artificial
channels,
d. roadways, stream road crossings and ponds. The major system conveys runoff from
infrequent

b. Minimum 1% swale slopes at lot boundaries;

c. Basement floor elevations above the 100 year hydraulic gradeline in the storm sewer
system;
d. Basement floor elevations above the backwater level in the minor system produced by
the Regulatory Flood in the major system;
e. Basement floor elevations above high groundwater levels;
f. Building invert opening elevations above the maximum site ground elevation; and
g. Foundation drain collectors not susceptible to backwater or surcharging

events that exceed the minor system capacity. The major system will exist whether it has been
designed or not. For good design, the major system will reduce the risk to life and property
damage by providing overland flow routes to a safe outlet. Most flow routes will follow the
natural topography.
Although the primary of function of roads is to convey vehicular traffic, roads can be used to
convey runoff. Standards for using the roadway as a floodway are set by the local municipality.
The following are general criteria:
a. On arterial roads, the depth at the crown shall not exceed 0.15 m;
b. On local roads, flow should not overtop the curbs;
c. On collector roads, 1 lane should be left free from flooding;
d. On arterial roads, 1 lane should be left free from flooding in each direction;
e. Flow should not cross roads except for minor storms;
f. Low points along the road grade should not exist unless the low points are
conveying flow to the major system;
g. The product of flood depth at the gutter multiplied by the flow velocity shall be
less than 0.65 m²/s; and
h. At regular intervals along the road, major storm runoff should be conveyed to a
watercourse or a major channel.
4.9 Modelling Techniques
Lot level and conveyance controls result in reductions in the quantity of runoff which must be
treated by end-of-pipe controls. Stormwater modelling (provided in support of development
applications) can reflect these reductions. Event modelling for sizing end-of-pipe flooding
controls
should also recognize and incorporate end-of-pipe storage provided for quality and erosion
control. Table 4.11 summarizes modelling approaches which may be used, and further detail is
provided in the sections which follow. Guidance is also provided in terms of reductions in the
volumetric requirements provided in Table 3.2. It should be noted that any change in storage

Check p 119-122
requirements with respect to Table 3.2 represents a reduction in the volume of active storage
required (not permanent pool).

4.8.1 Minor System

For urban areas, the minor system is composed of lot grades, ditches, backyard swales, roof
leaders, foundation drains, gutters, catchbasins, and storm sewers. Traditionally, minor systems
have been designed to reduce the inconvenience to the public from runoff events.
Sewer Sizing
Each municipality will set the standards for the sizing of storm sewers. Generally, storm sewers
are sized to convey runoff from storms with return periods ranging from 2 years to the 10 years.
The storm sewers are sized to convey frequent events and prevent nuisance flooding. Most
municipal standards will set a minimum diameter to prevent siltation and clogging. Minimum
storm sewer sizes are approximately 250 mm diameter.
The Rational Method (Equation 4.8) is the most commonly used method to determine peak flow
rates to be conveyed by the storm sewer system. The parameters utilized in the Rational Method
are usually defined by the municipality or township. Generally, the capacity of storm sewers is
determined using Manning’s equation.
Roof Downspouts
Roof downspouts should discharge to lawns to encourage infiltration.

4.5.4 Reduced Lot Grading

Typical development standards require minimum lot grades of 2% for adequate drainage of
stormwater away from a building. Alternative Development Standards (Ministry of Municipal
Affairs and Housing, 1995) suggest reducing minimum lot grades from 2% to 0.5%. Despite this,
the designer should check the acceptability of this practice with the local municipality.
Slopes of inlet and outlet pipes should be > 1%;

Slope
Minimum slopes are approximately 0.5% as a slope must be maintained to completely drain the
pipe. Slopes should be kept to the minimum as steep slopes will reduce the amount of storage
available within the pipe.

Swale Cross-section
Grassed swales can be effective SWMPs for pollutant removal if designed properly. The water
quality benefits associated with grassed swales depend on the contact area between the water and
the swale and the swale slope. Deep narrow swales are less effective for pollutant removal
compared to shallow wide swales. Given typical urban swale dimensions (0.75 m bottom width,
2.5:1 side slopes and 0.5 m depth), the contributing drainage area is generally limited to _ 2 ha
(to maintain flow _ 0.15 m³/s and velocity _ 0.5 m/s). Table 4.5 indicates drainage area
restrictions for various degrees of imperviousness, based on the assumptions given regarding
channel cross-section, slope and cover. The swales evaluated in Table 4.5 are indicative of
swales
servicing an urban subdivision and not a transportation corridor.
Table 4.5: Grassed Swale Drainage Area Guidelines_
% Imperviousness Maximum Drainage Area (ha)
35 2.0
75 1.5
90 1.0
_Based on the following assumptions: trapezoidal channel, grassed lined (n = 0.035), slope of drainage area = 2%, 2.5:1 side
slopes, 0.75 m bottom width, 0.5% channel slope, max. allowable Q = 0.15 m³/s, max. allowable V = 0.5 m/s.

Grassed swales are most effective for stormwater treatment when depth of flow is minimized,
bottom width is maximized (_ 0.75 m) and channel slope is minimized (e.g., _ 1%). Grassed
swales with a slope up to 4% can be used for water quality purposes, but effectiveness
diminishes
as velocity increases. Grass should be allowed to grow higher than 75 mm to enhance the
filtration of suspended solids.

_ Culverts should have a minimum diameter of 450 mm and a slope of 1% or greater; and
_ For swale systems with an underdrain system, the underdrain should have a minimum
diameter of 200 mm and should be bedded in gravel.

Performance Enhancements
In order to promote infiltration of stormwater and the settling of pollutants, permanent check
dams can be constructed at intervals along the swale system. These enhancements are best
utilized
on large swales where the cumulative flow depth and rate is not conducive to water quality
enhancement (V _ 0.5 m/s or Q _ 0.15 m³/s during the 25 mm 4 hour storm). The distance
between check dams can be calculated based on the depth of water at the check dam and the
swale channel slope. For example, if a swale has a 1% slope and a check dam height of 0.3 m,
the
distance between check dams should be 30 metres (or less). Figure 4.10 illustrates an enhanced
grassed swale design

Culverts should have a minimum diameter of 450 mm and a slope of 1% or greater; and

Pipe Slope
Pervious pipe systems should be implemented with reasonably flat slopes (0.5%) to promote
exfiltration.

Slope and Width

Vegetated filter strips should be located in flat areas (< 10%) to promote sheet flow and
maximize
the filtration potential. The ideal slope in a vegetated filter strip is < 5% (1% - 5%).

The EWCC will be located on the west side of a Ford owned property in the
City of Windsor. The
property is bounded on the north by Riverside Drive East, on the south by
Wyandotte Road East, on
the west by residences on Cadillac Street and on the east by residences on
Bellevue Avenue. This
area is designated as Commercial Development (CD) 4.5 in the Official Plan.
The EWCC lies within the Detroit River Watershed in the jurisdiction of the
Essex Region
Conservation Authority. Slopes on the site are very gentle to the north, with
a maximum grade of
approximately 1.0%.
The EWCC will be built adjacent to the existing Ford powerhouse
(approximately 3.2 ha/10.4 acre)
on land owned by Ford. The powerhouse site will remain unchanged with the
exception of the
approximately 1.17 hectare (2.89 acre) area that will be occupied by the
EWCC (refer to Figure 3.1).
Outlined in this report are stormwater management areas for the portion of
the site undergoing
changes due to development of the EWCC. The SWM plan addresses surface
water drainage for the
EWCC. The remainder of the site will not be altered and therefore will
maintain its current drainage
patterns and system.
The following sub-sections further outline the existing conditions of the site.
3.1 Existing Land Use and Vegetation
The 1.17 hectare area to be used for the proposed EWCC is currently a
mixture of surfaces including
grass and gravel however, this report has taken a conservative approach and
assumed that the entire
existing area is grass covered. Note that a portion of the site area was
previously occupied by a fuel
storage tank. This tank was decommissioned and removed in 2006. This site
is characterized by
very little vegetation other than grass, however, there are some trees
located on private property on
the west side of the site. The resulting runoff coefficient for the existing
conditions is C=0.2.
Photo 3.1: Image of the EWCC site looking towards Riverside Drive (north) a t
ground level

Dillon Consulting Limited Stormwater Management Report

Page 9
3.2 Existing Soils and Groundwater Conditions
Based on borehole testing completed by Golder Associates Ltd., the
subsurface conditions at the
EWCC site consisted of surficial granular material (fill material) overlying an
extensive deposit of
silty clay till. This granular base fill material varied from 80 to 130 mm thick.
At depth, seams or
pockets of sand were encountered within the silty clay till. According to the
Soils Conservation
Service (SCS) soils classification system, the soils on the EWCC site would fall
into the hydrologic
soil groups (HSG) “BC or C”. These soils have moderate to low infiltration
rates and include
moderate to fine textured materials.
The groundwater table is located approximately 3 metres below the surface.
3.3 Topography and Surface Water Drainage
The 1.17 hectares of the Ford powerhouse site that will house the EWCC is
generally flat with a
gentle northward slope towards Riverside Drive. The surface water from the
north end of the site
generally drains overland towards Riverside Drive and ultimately into the
existing City of Windsor
storm sewers also located in Riverside Drive.
There are no existing drainage ditches on this site, however there are small
berms located along the
east, west, and north sides of the property around the existing and removed
storage tanks. These
berms were utilized for fuel oil storage containment and not for stormwater
management control.
Currently there are storm sewers located within the bermed area that lead to
Ford’s settling pond.
The berms will be removed prior to construction of the EWCC.
Dillon Consulting Limited Stormwater Management Report
Page 10
4. STORMWATER MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY
The stormwater management objectives and methodology outlined below
were established based on
the Ontario Ministry of the Environment Stormwater Management Planning
and Design Manual
(March, 2003) and the City of Windsor standards and guidelines.
4.1 Stormwater Management Objectives
An objective of the EWCC stormwater management plan (SWMP) is to
identify and address Best
Management Practices (BMPs) for the EWCC site, as they relate to:
1. Runoff Control – i.e., quality and quantity control of runoff. As the
proposed site is
surrounded by existing development, consideration was given to runoff
controls based on
Infill Development Criteria as outlined in the MOE, Stormwater Management
Planning and
Design Manual (March, 2003); and
2. Spill Prevention, Preparedness and Response.
The following sections outline these aspects of the SWMP and the
appropriate Best Management
Practices (BMP) to be employed given the site-specific conditions. First,
consideration is given to
site-specific factors for the EWCC site to identify potential impacts and,
subsequently to develop a
methodology that forms the basis for the detailed components of the SWMP.
4.2 Methodology
4.2.1 Considerations
The success of any stormwater management plan depends on the ability to
identify site-specific
factors that could influence the quality and quantity of stormwater runoff for
the project. For the
EWCC, the factors identified were as follows:
1. the extent of industrial activities, and vehicular traffic;
2. the level of pollutants generated during normal plant operations;
3. the arrangement of the turbine generators and transformers (i.e., plant
equipment); and
4. the percentage impervious cover for the proposed site.
These four factors are examined first, to assess their potential impacts, and
second to identify
appropriate mitigation measures in the SWMP to address these effects, as
required.
1) The extent of the industrial activities on the site will be confined to
specific locations on the
site that will be strictly monitored (see Section 6.0). Furthermore, the main
plant roadway on
the site is mainly to facilitate intermittent inspection and routine
maintenance of the plant,
and is not intended for the transport of chemicals or reagents, which could
have major
environmental impacts if released onto the site. The periodic delivery of
chemicals (caustic
and acids) and lube oils for the plant will be restricted to the northwest entry
off of Riverside
Drive. Equipment will also be delivered via this entry point. As such, the
likelihood of
spills contaminating the stormwater runoff on the site is remote.
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2) In general, it is possible that precipitation falling over an industrial site
may become
contaminated due to raindrops absorbing emissions from exhaust stacks
during normal plant
operation. To mitigate the degree of potential emission absorption, the
EWCC will utilize
state-of-the-art dry, low-NOx (DLN) technology to control NOx emissions.
The emission modelling results indicate that the emissions from EWCC are
significantly
below the criteria and existing background levels and thus the associated
emissions are
expected to have little or no adverse effect on the quality of precipitation in
the area. As a
result, stormwater runoff will not require treatment prior to leaving the site.
3) Chemicals used in the oil filled transformers will be contained by concrete
basins to protect
from any possible spills. The transformer containment will be sized to contain
150% of the
volume of contained in one transformer. The plant operator will be able to
check the
accumulated rainwater for oil contamination. Clean water will be allowed to
drain directly
into the storm water system, via release of a valve. Other chemicals used at
the plant will be
predominantly used for the lubrication of rotating equipment, treatment of
water for use in
the steam cycle, and gas turbine compressor section cleaning. These include
synthetic and
organic lubrication oils, aqueous ammonia, hydrazine (oxygen scavenger),
sodium hydroxide
(caustic), sulfuric acid, sodium bisulphite, anti-scalant, liquid detergent
(soap) and ethylene
glycol. Spill prevention and control measures will include containment
surrounding the acid
and caustic tanks. The dikes will be sized to contain 110% of the volume of
the tank. A
normally closed and locked drain valve will prevent rainwater from being
released. Curbed
enclosures will be provided for boiler feed water treatment chemicals. Such
chemicals will
be stored in their delivery containers housed within the curbed enclosures.
Spill containment
control measures will also include containment around chemical unloading
areas. Therefore,
any runoff or spills in these containment areas will be isolated from the site
runoff that flows
to the receiving storm sewers. As such, no additional stormwater control
measures are
required for those areas.
4) As noted in Section 3.1, the runoff coefficient used to determine pre-
developed flows is
C=0.2, resulting in low runoff potential. For the post-development conditions,
as depicted in
Figure 3.1 approximately 0.48ha of the proposed site will be covered in
gravel, with a
further 0.15ha of landscaped area. The remaining 0.54ha of the site is
proposed to be covered
by asphalt or building. The proposed site has a composite runoff coefficient
value of 0.66
(refer to calculation in Appendix A) and has an increased runoff potential
compared to
existing conditions. The final drainage area breakdown for the post-
development condition,
along with their runoff coefficients, is shown in Table 4.1.
4.2.2 Proposed Stormwater Management Strategy
Given the site parameters detailed in previous sections, the site is
considered an Infill Development.
As a result, no special quantity and quality control measures are required for
stormwater runoff that
cannot be achieved through lot level (at source), conveyance, and end-of-
pipe measures. The sitespecific
control measures to be used for the EWCC are described in Section 5.0.
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Table 4.1: Drainage areas, land cover and runoff coefficients – Post-
development
Description Area (m2) Area (ha) Runoff
Coefficient
Landscaped Area 1500 0.15 0.20
Building 2900 0.29 0.95
Pavement 2500 0.25 0.90
Gravel 4800 0.48 0.50
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5. STORMWATER MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
The conceptual stormwater management strategy presented in this section
is in accordance with
current City of Windsor and MOE standards and includes a combination of
source, conveyance and
end-of-pipe measures controlling the post-development flow to be equivalent
or less than the predevelopment
flow and to improve runoff water quality discharging from the site.
The proposed source measures identified within this report include,
conveyance controls including
catchbasin “goss gully traps” along with catchbasin and manhole sumps.
These measures are
designed to collect the majority of the sediment from the overland flow at
the source. The end-ofpipe
measures for this site include superpipe pipe storage and/or underground
storage, an oil/grit
separator and an orifice controlled outlet.
5.1 Quantity Control
The City of Windsor has requested that post-development flows generated
for the minor event (5
year storm) and major event (100 year storm) be reduced to the 5 year pre-
developed/existing flows.
The rational method was used in determining pre and post development
flows along with storage
volumes. Calculations are enclosed in Appendix A. Table 5.1 provides a
summary of flows and
storage volumes.
The pre-developed flows are 0.052 m3/sec and 0.092 m3/sec for the 5 year
and 100 year storm events
respectively with an existing runoff coefficient of 0.20 and a time of
concentration of 20 minutes.
The post-developed flows are 0.170 m3/sec and 0.303 m3/sec for the 5 year
and 100 year respectively
using a calculated post-developed composite runoff coefficient of 0.66,
based on Figure 3.1, and a
time of concentration of 20 minutes.
Figure 5.1 provides a conceptual storm sewer layout depicting the outlet
location, storage area,
orifice control location and the location of the oil grit separator. It is assumed
that the detail design
stage will include final design of this storm sewer and catchbasin system to
collect and convey
surface water runoff. The storm sewers should be designed to direct the site
runoff to the existing
storm sewer manhole on Riverside Drive. The City of Windsor has recently
reconstructed Riverside
Drive East and prefers that the connection to the site be made by directional
drilling and tie-in to the
manhole structure. Stormwater runoff flows from the post-developed site to
the existing storm sewer
system should be restricted to 0.052 m3/sec. Flow restriction can be
achieved through a variety of
methods, such as the installation of an orifice.
Based on the above noted release rate, the post-developed storage volumes
required for the 5 year
and 100 year storms are 152 m3 and 343 m3, respectively. It is undesirable
to use the buildings roof
and pavement area for water quantity storage. All of the parking required for
the EWCC during
operations is being provided in the existing parking area on the Ford site.
Therefore, it is
recommended to use a combination of superpipe (over sized storm sewers)
and underground storage
to achieve the required storage volumes. Underground storage can be
provided in storage tanks.
Examples of such underground storage tanks include high density
polyethylene storage units, such as
Stormchamber™, Atlantis™, etc.

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Table 5.1: Summary of Quantity Volumes and Release Rates
Design Parameters
Pre-Developed Post-Developed
Area (ha) 1.17 1.17
Runoff Coefficient 0.20 0.66
The design events used in the analysis were as follows:
· 5 Year City of Windsor Storm
· 100 Year City of Windsor Storm
Time of Concentration: 20 minutes
Pre-Development Condition Results
Event
Qpeak
(m3/sec)
5 yr 0.052
100 yr 12 hr 0.092
Post-Developed Conditions Results
Event
Storage
Volume (m3)
Qpeak
(m3/sec)
Qrelease
(m3/sec)
5 yr 152 0.170 0.052
100 yr 343 0.303 0.052
100 yr 260 0.303 0.092
Summary
Event Storage Volume Release Rate
5 Year 152 m3 0.052 m3/sec (5 yr pre-dev)
100 Year 343 m3 0.052 m3/sec (5 yr pre-dev)
5.2 Quality Control (Permanent)
With the infill nature and limited space available on-site, the following are
recommended for
incorporation into the final detail design engineering of the site drainage
systems to improve water
quality of runoff discharging from this site:
1. All storm runoff should be conveyed through an oil/grit separator
(Stormceptor ™,
see Appendix B for preliminary sizing chart, supplied by manufacturer) prior
to
discharge into the existing City storm sewer system to remove suspended
solids and
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oils.
2. Manholes should be designed with a sump (minimum 450 mm deep) to
promote
trapping of sediment.
3. Catchbasins should be designed with a sump (minimum 600 mm deep)
and be
equipped with Goss Gully traps to reduce velocities leaving the catchbasin
and
further promote sediment trapping at the catchbasins.
4. The storm sewer should be designed with minimum slopes to prevent
excessive
velocities and re-suspending sediment that has accumulated and collected in
manholes.
5. Regular inspection, cleaning and maintenance of these systems should be
carried out
at least once a year to ensure proper operation.
5.3 Quality Control (Temporary During Construction)
During construction, the existing grassed vegetation will be removed, and
interim temporary
sediment control measures should be put into place to maintain water
quality during construction.
The following are recommended to be incorporated during the construction
phase and be removed
once vegetation and restoration has been completed:
1. Erosion control fence surrounding the job site preventing surface runoff
from
carrying sediment off-site and into any sewer.
2. Once catchbasins have been installed, silt sacks should be used to trap
sediment and
prevent it from entering the storm sewer system.
3. Temporary sediment settling pools should be used to remove sediment
from surface
water prior to discharging from the site.
4. Maintenance and inspection of these measures to be carried out during
the
construction phase.
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6. SPILL PREVENTION, PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE
Chemicals will be contained completely by concrete basins to protect from
any possible spills. The
chemicals will be primarily utilized in the condensate and make-up water
treatment process and the
OTSG feedwater treatment process.
Chemicals will be contained completely by concrete basins to protect from
any possible spills. The
chemicals will be primarily utilized in the demineralization water treatment
process.
Each chemical will be housed in an appropriate vessel or container. Based on
chemical
characteristics and the volumes required, double walled vessels may be
utilized. Each chemical
container will be installed using an appropriately sized concrete basin for
protection. Where
appropriate, the concrete containment basin will be designed to
accommodate re-fills and spares.
6.1 Chemical and petroleum storage and handling
The EWCC oil filled transformers include the generator step-up transformers
only. There will be
auxiliary transformers at the side, however they will be dry-type
transformers and they will be
located inside the EWCC building.
Chemicals at the plant will be predominantly used for the treatment of water
for use in the steam
cycle, and gas turbine compressor section cleaning. On-site storage facilities
will be provided for
various chemicals, lube oils (new and used), and other materials. Project-
specific control descriptions
are provided below:
_ (If) Outdoor Chemical Storage Tanks: Spill prevention and control
measures will include
containment surrounding the acid and caustic tanks. The dikes will be sized
to contain 110%
of the volume of the tank. A normally closed and locked drain valve will
prevent rainwater
from being released.
_ Boiler Chemicals: Curbed enclosures will be provided for boiler feed
water treatment
chemicals and water pre-treatment chemicals (including hypochlorite). Such
chemicals will
be stored in their delivery containers housed within the curbed enclosures.
_ Oil-Filled Transformers: The EWCC oil filled transformers include only
the generator stepup
transformer. There will be auxiliary transformers at site however they will be
dry-type
transformers located inside the EWCC building. Each oil-filled transformer will
have a
sump. The plant operator will be able to check the accumulated rainwater for
oil
contamination. If the water is clean, it will be allowed to drain directly into
the storm water
system, via release of a valve. The sump will be sized to contain the total oil
volume of the
transformer(s) plus 10 times that of the fire deluge system.
_ Liquid Oils/Fuels/Chemicals: Spill containment control measures will
also include
containment around liquid fuel/oil tanks, fuel/oil transfer equipment, and
chemical unloading
areas.
Drains that collect water used from hose bibs, or condensation build-up on
the equipment, will be
treated through an oil water separator that will ensure less than 10-ppm
discharge, and discharged via
the sanitary sewer system. The liquid discharge of oils, fuels, detergents and
chemicals are not
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connected to the sewer systems leaving the site. Instead, these are
separated, stored and disposed of
as hazardous substances off site by licensed contractors.
6.2 Emergency Response to Spills
The EWCC will administer a comprehensive Emergency Spill Control
Program, which involves
trained personnel able to handle a spill event, as well as licensed sub-
contractors on call 24-hours a
day. In addition, operating staff will be trained in spill response and will have
the necessary
equipment to contain and clean up any spill that could occur. Primary spill
control will be in the form
of concrete containment of all chemicals and oils. In addition, the generating
units will be equipped
with fire detection and suppression systems. There will also be a typical
inventory of minor spill
remediation supplies and equipment on-site including absorbent material
and buckets.
In the remote chance that an incident or spill occurs, the site emergency
response plans will be put
into effect using on-site staff trained to respond. The MOE Spills Action
Centre will also be
informed of reportable spills. The surrounding community members will be
informed of the
emergency response plans, including coordination with local emergency
response people, such as
police and fire department. Emergency response plans, including those
related to environmental
emergencies (e.g., spills), will be subject to environmental management
system standards. The
nearest fire station is Walkerville Community Fire & Life Safety Centre,
located at 2296 Richmond
Street, while the nearest police station is Windsor Police Service Police,
located at 150 Goyeau
Street.
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7. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This study adheres to municipal, provincial, and federal regulations, such
that the development of
this site will not result in adverse effects to the downstream conveyance
systems. The
implementation of the proposed conceptual SWM strategy and measures
outlined in this report will
ensure that the natural habitat of the area is not disturbed in the long term
and that the sediment
transported on site does not leave the site but rather is contained within the
downstream conveyance
systems.
It is recommended that upon acceptance of this conceptual report by all
regulatory agencies, the
EWCC proceed with final detailed engineering design of the stormwater
management measures as
outlined in this report.
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REFERENCES
Dillon Consulting Limited. April 2007. Environmental Review Report (ERR) for
the East Windsor
Cogeneration Centre
Dillon Consulting Limited. April 2007. Air Quality Impact Assessment for the
East Windsor
Cogeneration Centre
Golder Associates. January 2007.Geotechnical Investigation, Proposed East
Windsor Cogeneration
Centre Project
Ministry of the Environment, Environmental Assessment and Approvals
Branch. November
1999. Guide for applying for approval of industrial sewage works.
Ontario Ministry of the Environment (MOE). 2003. Stormwater Management
Planning and Design
Manual.
APPENDIX A
RATIONAL METHOD SWM CALCULATIONS

APPENDIX B
STORMCEPTOR™ SIZING CHART
The Stormwater management objectives and methodology outlined below were
established based on the Ontario Ministry of the Environment Stormwater
Management Planning and Design Manual (March,2003) and the City of Winsor
standards and guidelines.

Stormwater Management Objectives

The objective of the Windsor Detroit Border Crossing stormwater management plan
is to identify and addre

Area: