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This document discusses trigonometric identities and their applications to right triangles. It provides formulas for the basic trigonometric ratios of sine, cosine, and tangent in terms of the angles and sides of a right triangle. Examples are given to demonstrate using the formulas to find missing angles or sides given one or two pieces of known information about a right triangle. Special right triangles and trigonometric functions of double angles are also discussed.
This document discusses trigonometric identities and their applications to right triangles. It provides formulas for the basic trigonometric ratios of sine, cosine, and tangent in terms of the angles and sides of a right triangle. Examples are given to demonstrate using the formulas to find missing angles or sides given one or two pieces of known information about a right triangle. Special right triangles and trigonometric functions of double angles are also discussed.
This document discusses trigonometric identities and their applications to right triangles. It provides formulas for the basic trigonometric ratios of sine, cosine, and tangent in terms of the angles and sides of a right triangle. Examples are given to demonstrate using the formulas to find missing angles or sides given one or two pieces of known information about a right triangle. Special right triangles and trigonometric functions of double angles are also discussed.
sin(theta) = a / c csc(theta) = 1 / sin(theta) = c / a cos(theta) = b / c sec(theta) = 1 / cos(theta) = c / b tan(theta) = sin(theta) / cos(theta) = a / b cot(theta) = 1/ tan(theta) = b / a sin(-x) = -sin(x) csc(-x) = -csc(x) cos(-x) = cos(x) sec(-x) = sec(x) tan(-x) = -tan(x) cot(-x) = -cot(x) sin ^2 (x) + cos ^2 (x) = 1 tan ^2 (x) + 1 = sec ^2 (x) cot ^2 (x) + 1 = csc ^2 (x) sin(x y) = sin x cos y cos x sin y cos(x y) = cos x cosy sin x sin y tan(x y) = (tan x tan y) / (1 tan x tan y) sin(2x) = 2 sin x cos x cos(2x) = cos ^2 (x) - sin ^2 (x) = 2 cos ^2 (x) - 1 = 1 - 2 sin ^2 (x) tan(2x) = 2 tan(x) / (1 - tan ^2 (x)) sin ^2 (x) = 1/2 - 1/2 cos(2x) cos ^2 (x) = 1/2 + 1/2 cos(2x) sin x - sin y = 2 sin( (x - y)/2 ) cos( (x + y)/2 ) cos x - cos y = -2 sin( (x - y)/2 ) sin( (x + y)/2 ) Trig Table of Common Angles angle 0 30 45 60 90 sin ^2 (a) 0/4 1/4 2/4 /4 4/4 cos ^2 (a) 4/4 /4 2/4 1/4 0/4 tan ^2 (a) 0/4 1/ 2/2 /1 4/0 Given Triangle abc, with angles A,B,C; a is opposite to A, b opposite B, c opposite C a/sin(A) = b/sin(B) = c/sin(C) (!aw o" #ines) c ^2 = a ^2 + b ^2 ! 2ab cos(C) b ^2 = a ^2 + c ^2 ! 2ac cos(") a ^2 = b ^2 + c ^2 ! 2bc cos(A) (Law of Cosines) (a - b)/(a + b) = tan [(A-B)/2] / tan [(A+B)/2] (!aw o" Tangents) sin(theta) = a / c csc(theta) = 1 / sin(theta) = c / a cos(theta) = b / c sec(theta) = 1 / cos(theta) = c / b tan(theta) = sin(theta) / cos(theta) = a / b cot(theta) = 1/ tan(theta) = b / a sin(-) = -sin() csc(-) = csc() cos(-) = cos() sec(-) = sec() tan(-) = -tan() cot(-) = -cot() sin ^2 () ! cos ^2 () = 1 tan ^2 () ! 1 = sec ^2 () cot ^2 () ! 1 = csc ^2 () sin( ") = sin cos " cos sin " cos( ") = cos cos " sin sin " tan( ") = (tan tan ") / (1 tan tan ") sin(2) = 2 sin cos cos(2) = cos ^2 () - sin ^2 () = 2 cos ^2 () - 1 = 1 - 2 sin ^2 () tan(2) = 2 tan() / (1 - tan ^2 ()) sin ^2 () = 1/2 - 1/2 cos(2) cos ^2 () = 1/2 ! 1/2 cos(2) sin - sin " = 2 sin( ( - ")/2 ) cos( ( ! ")/2 ) cos - cos " = -2 sin( ( - ")/2 ) sin( ( ! ")/2 ) #$ig #able %f Co&&on 'ngles 'ngle 0 30 45 60 90 sin ^2 (a) 0/4 1/4 2/4 3/4 4/4 cos ^2 (a) 4/4 3/4 2/4 1/4 0/4 tan ^2 (a) 0/4 1/3 2/2 3/1 4/0 (i)es a*b*c - 'ngles '*+*C a %,,osite '* b %,,osite +* c %,,osite C Law %f (ines a/sin(') = b/sin(+) = c/sin(C) Law %f Cosines c ^2 = a ^2 ! b ^2 - 2ab cos(C) b ^2 = a ^2 ! c ^2 - 2ac cos(+) a ^2 = b ^2 ! c ^2 - 2bc cos(') Law %f #angents (a - b)/(a ! b) = tan -('-+)/2. / tan -('!+)/2. Basic angles Since the trigonometric ratios for most angles cannot be calculated exactly in closed algebraic form, a few well-known angles that can be calculated often comprise the bulk of textbook exercises involving trigonometry. The basic angles are given in Table 1. #able 1/ "asic angles enco#ntere$ in trigonometry sin cos tan 0 0 1 0 0 1/2 2 1 4% 2 2 2 2 1 &0 2 1/2
'0 1 0 Other angles by addition and halving These basic angles can be easily extended to obtain more angles of interest. Adding multiples of '0 merely rotates these angles into other uadrants! the appropriate values ofsin and cos can be obtained through symmetry. The values for 1% can be obtained by using the formula for the difference of angles"
#ikewise, we can find that
$ore exact angles can be obtained by solving the double angle identity" sin2 = 21(cos cos2 = 21+cos So for example, sin) % = (4( &( 2) * . These angles can be further added and subdivided to obtain a dense subset of exactly known angles. %owever, such effort is not generally useful. &omputers and calculators use a combination of lookup-tables and numeric iteration to obtain their values. The angles 1* , & , %4 , )2 The 1* -& -%4 -)2 series of angles cannot be obtained by halving, doubling, adding or subtracting the previous angles. 'evertheless, they are constructible, and their exact values can be derived by the following elementary procedure" &onsider an isosceles triangle with the angles )2 , %4 and %4 . (rom the triangle we derive the relation" sin2)2 =cos%4 +otice that )2=4 1* an$ %4= 1* , so if x=1* , then
The last euation is a uadratic euation that can be solved for sin1* . &arrying out the calculations, we obtain the values in Table ). #able 2/ -ther constr#ctible angles in trigonometry sin cos 1* 4 %(1 2 2 %+ % & 2 2 %( % 4 %+1 %4 4 %+1 2 2 %( % )2 2 2 %+ % 4 %(1 (irst, you need a protractor. &reate a right triangle A*& with & as the right triangle. #et angle * be your angle. $ake rough measurements of the three sides of the triangle. now" sin * + A&,A* -nce you know its sine, use these formulae for the other trigonometric functions" cos * + srt.1 - sin/ *0 tan * + sin *,cos * Special cases are" sin 1 + 1 sin 21 + 1 sin 31 + 1,) sin 41 + srt3,) sin 56 + srt),) (rom these, you can compute all angles. remember, sin * + sin .* - 341n0 where n is an integer sin * + cos .21 - *0 cos * + sin .21 - *0 cos .-*0 + cos * sin .-*0 + -sin * example" calculate sin, cos and tan of -161. first, sin -161 + -sin 161 -sin 161 + -cos.21 - 1610 + -cos .-410 + - cos 41 + -sin.21 - 410 + - sin 31 + -1,) sin -161 + -1,) cos -161 + cos 161 + sin.21 - 1610 + sin .-410 + -sin 41 + -srt3,) tan -161 + sin -161,cos -161 + .-1,)0,.-srt3,)0 + srt3,3 7ust use these sign rules" if angle is in 81 + sin cos and tan are 9 if angle is in 8) + sin is 9,cos is -,tan is - if angle is in 83 + sin is -,cos is -,tan is 9 is angle is in 85 + sin is -,cos is 9,tan is : TRIGONOMETRY(i)
Contents Right !ngled Triangles "or#$lae One !ngle % One &ide E'a#(les T)o &ides % No !ngle E'a#(les !((lied E'a#(les Obt$se !ngles
Right !ngled Triangles Trigonometry euations interconnect the angles and sides of right angled triangles. The longest side is always called the hypotenuse and is always opposite the right angle. The other two sides of the triangle are named in relation to the sub;ect angle. The first triangle in the diagram above shows the sub;ect angle in blue. These other sides make up the right angle and are named as opposite to the sub;ect angle, and ad;acent to the sub;ect angle. The second triangle above shows the names of the sides when the sub;ect angle is changed. Top of <age "or#$lae where is the sub;ect angle" The ratios between the sides are functions of the sub;ect angle. sin + opposite hypotenuse. cos + ad;acent hypotenuse. tan + opposite ad;acent. These are useful where an angle and the length of one side is given, then all the other lengths can be found. + sin opposite hypotenuse. + cos ad;acent hypotenuse. + tan opposite ad;acent. .The means the inverse, usually a shift key on the calculator0. These are useful where the lenght of at least two sides are known, but no angles given .other than the right angle0. Top of <age One !ngle % One &ide E'a#(les .A calculator is reuired to follow these examples0. The names of the sides are given after the sub;ect angle is known. %ere the sub;ect angle is drawn in blue in the diagram below. opp + opposite, ad; + ad;acent, hyp + hypotenuse (i) -ne angle and the hypotenuse is given, find the other two sides" (ormula" sin )= + opp hyp. >earrange" opp + sin )= x hyp. Therefore o(( + 34. (ormula" cos )= + ad; hyp. >earrange" ad; + cos )= x hyp. Therefore ad* + = 1. (ii) -ne angle and the opposite side is given, find the other two sides" (ormula" sin )= + opp hyp. >earrange" hyp + opp sin )= . Therefore hy( + 13). (ormula" tan )= + opp ad;. >earrange" ad; + opp tan )= . Therefore ad* + 11 ?. (iii) -ne angle and the ad;acent side is given, find the other two sides" (ormula" cos )= + ad; hyp. >earrange" hyp + ad; cos )= . Therefore hy( + = 2. (ormula" tan )= + opp ad;. >earrange" opp + ad; x tan )= . Therefore o(( + 34. Top of <age *ack to -ne Angle -ne Side @xamples @xercise .a0" @xercise .b0" Top of <age *ack to -ne Angle -ne Side @xamples *ack to (ormulae T)o &ides % No !ngles E'a#(les .A calculator is reuired to follow these examples0. The names of the sides are given with respect to the reuired angle. %ere the reuired angle is drawn in blue in the diagram below. opp + opposite, ad; + ad;acent, hyp + hypotenuse. (iv) Two sides are given, find the angle AaA" The known sides are opposite and hypotenuse, therefore use sin function. (ormula" a + sin x opp hyp. + 31 . .The other angle is therefore 41 .all angles sum to 1?1 0. -r to calculate the other angle using trigonometry, look at the sides in relation to this angle. The known lengths are now the hypotenuse and the ad;acent sides. (ormula" angle + cos x ad; hyp. + 41 .0 (v) Two sides are given, find the angle AbA" The known sides are the ad;acent and the hypotenuse, therefore use the cos function. (ormula" b + cos x ad; hyp. + 3?2 . .The other angle is therefore 611 .all angles sum to 1?1 0. -r to calculate the other angle using trigonometry, look at the sides in relation to this angle. The known lengths are now the hypotenuse and the opposite sides. (ormula" angle + sin x opp hyp. + 611 .0 (vi) Two sides are given, find the angle AcA" The known sides are the opposite and the ad;acent, therefore use the tan function. (ormula" c + tan x opp ad;. + 6=6 . .The other angle is therefore 3)6 .all angles sum to 1?1 0. -r to calculate the other angle using trigonometry, look at the sides in relation to this angle. The known lengths still the opposite and the ad;acent sides but reversed. (ormula" angle + tan x opp ad;. + 3)6 .0 Top of <age *ack to Two Sides B 'o Angles @xamples @xercise .c0" @xercise .d0" Top of <age *ack to Two Sides B 'o Angles @xamples *ack to (ormulae !((lied E'a#(les (vii) A church tower stands 36 metres high, its shadow is measured at 61 metres. (ind the angle of elevation of the sun C
Answer" Draw the right angled triangle" Ese the formula where two sides are known but no angle" (rom the angle in uestion the two sides known are the opposite and the ad;acent. Therefore the formula is" + tan x 36 61 + 36 . (viii) A plane is flying at 11,111 metres altitude directly above, 1) seconds later the angle of elevation is =6 , find the speed of the plane. Answer" Draw the right angled triangle" Ese the formula where one side is known and one angle is known" The side that is needed is the side ! B. Esing rules from Feometry.i0 the angle within the triangle next to the angle of elevation is 16 also the angle at B is =6 . Esing this angle at Bthe formula is tan =6 + 11111 ad;. >earranging ad; or ! B + 11111 tan =6 + )4?1 metres. The speed is )4?1 metres in 1) seconds or .x 3110 ?15111 metres in an hour . ?15 kmh0. Top of <age Obt$se !ngles
The trigonometric ratios of sin, cos and tan are defined as follows" sin .1?1 - 0 + opp hyp. -cos .1?1 - 0 + ad; hyp. -tan .1?1 - 0 + opp ad;. @xample" if + 141 ! sin + sin )1 ! cos + - cos )1 ! tan + - tan )1 . @xample" find the obtuse angle when sin + 14. Answer" sin 14 + 342. Therefore" 1?1 - 342 + 1531 . Top of <age 01athst2to$3co& 2001-2005 Sine, Cosine and Tangent Three Functions, but same idea. Right Triangle Sine, Cosine and Tangent ae a!! based on a "ig#t-Ang!ed Tiang!e Be$oe getting st%c& into t#e $%nctions, it #e!'s to gi(e a name to eac# side o$ a ig#t tiang!e) *+''osite* is o''osite to t#e ang!e , *Ad-acent* is ad-acent (next to) to t#e ang!e , *.y'oten%se* is t#e !ong one ')4acent is al.ays next to the angle An$ %,,osite is o//osite the angle Sine, Cosine and Tangent #ine, Cosine and Tangent ae t#e t#ee /ain $%nctions in tigono/ety0 T#ey ae o$ten s#otened to sin, cos and tan0 To ca!c%!ate t#e/) $ivide the length o" one side b% another side 000 b%t yo% /%st &no1 1#ic# sides2 3o a tiang!e 1it# an ang!e , t#e $%nctions ae ca!c%!ated t#is 1ay) Sine Function: sin() = Opposite / Hypotenuse Cosine Function: cos() = Adjacent / Hypotenuse Tangent Function: tan() = Opposite / Adjacent &'ample (hat is the sine o" )*+,
0sing this triangle (lengths are only to one $ecimal /lace)1 sin(456) = +''osite / .y'oten%se = 207 / 809 = -.*/...
:ood ca!c%!atos #a(e sin, cos and tan on t#e/, to /a&e it easy $o yo%0 ;%st '%t in t#e ang!e and 'ess t#e b%tton0 B%t yo% sti!! need to e/e/be 1#at t#ey /ean2 "Why didn't sin and tan go to the party?" "... just cos!" Examples &'ample what are the sine, cosine and tangent o" )-+ , T#e c!assic 4<6 tiang!e #as a #y'oten%se o$ !engt# 2, an o''osite side o$ !engt# 1 and an ad-acent side o$ =(4)) >o1 1e &no1 t#e !engt#s, 1e can ca!c%!ate t#e $%nctions) Sine sin(30) = 1 / 2 = 0.5 Cosine cos(30) = 1.732 / 2 = 0.866... Tangent tan(30) = 1 / 1.732 = 0.577... (get yo% ca!c%!ato o%t and c#ec& t#e/2)
&'ample what are the sine, cosine and tangent o" 0*+ , T#e c!assic 856 tiang!e #as t1o sides o$ 1 and a #y'oten%se o$ =(2)) Sine sin(45) = 1 / 1.414 = 0.707... Cosine cos(45) = 1 / 1.414 = 0.707... Tangent tan(45) = 1 / 1 = 1 ie! "a#ge# Try It! .a(e a ty2 $rag the corner ao%nd to see #o1 di$$eent ang!es (inadians o degees) a$$ect sine, cosine and tangent0 ?n t#is ani/ation t#e #y'oten%se is 1, /a&ing t#e @nit Cic!e0 >otice t#at t#e ad-acent side and o''osite side can be 'ositi(e o negati(e, 1#ic# /a&es t#e sine, cosine and tangent c#ange bet1een 'ositi(e and negati(e (a!%es a!so0
Sohcahtoa So#ca000what? ;%st an easy 1ay to e/e/be 1#ic# side to di(ide by 1#ic#2 Ai&e t#is) Soh... #ine = 1''osite / 2y'oten%se ...cah... Cosine = Ad-acent / 2y'oten%se ...toa Tangent = 1''osite / Ad-acent Bo% can ead /oe abo%t so#ca#toa 000 000 b%t '!ease e/e/be *so#ca#toa* - it co%!d #e!' in an exa/ 2
&'ample 3se the sine "4nction to "ind 5d5 Ce &no1 E T#e ang!e t#e cab!e /a&es 1it# t#e seabed is 496 E T#e cab!eFs !engt# is 4< /0 And 1e 1ant to &no1 *d* (t#e distance do1n)0
Sta#t !it$: sin 3% = o&&osite/$'&otenuse = (/30 S!a& Si(es: (/30 = sin 3% )se a ca*cu*ato# to +n( sin 3%: (/30 = 0.62%3, -u*ti&*' .ot$ si(es .' 30:
( = 0.62%3, / 30 = 18.88 to 2 (eci0a* &*aces. T#e de't# *d* is 67.77 m
Exercise Ty t#is 'a'e-based execise 1#ee yo% can ca!c%!ate t#e sine $%nction $o a!! ang!es $o/ <6 to 4G<6, and t#en ga'# t#e es%!t0 ?t 1i!! #e!' yo% to %ndestand t#ese e!ati(e!y si/'!e $%nctions0 Bo% can a!so see :a'#s o$ Sine, Cosine and Tangent0 Less Common Functions To co/'!ete t#e 'ict%e, t#ee ae 4 ot#e $%nctions 1#ee yo% di(ide one side by anot#e, b%t t#ey ae not so co//on!y %sed0 T#ey ae eH%a! to 6 divided b% cos, 6 divided b% sin, and 6 divided b% tan) Secant 3%nction) sec() 8 2%poten4se 9 Ad:acent (=!cos" Cosecant 3%nction) csc() 8 2%poten4se 9 1pposite (=!sin" Cotangent 3%nction) cot() 8 Ad:acent 9 1pposite (=!tan" Formuas !or Sine and Cosine Date: 1/24/96 at 21:23:51 Subject: What are the definitions of sin, cos, and tan in terms of theta? rom: !ichae" #""man Dr$ !ath, % ha&e been searchin' for an ans(er for se&era" da)s and am rea"") stuc*$ +&en m) ,reca"c$ teacher doesn-t *no( .b) the (a) / % am a hi'h schoo" junior$0 What are the definitions of sin, cos, and tan in terms of theta? So far, % ha&e come u,on a definition that "oo*s somethin' "i*e: sin 1 2 1 3 143/35 / 145/55 3 146/65 $ $ $ but % do not *no( ho( to hand"e this series$ #"so, because of the ambi'uous use of the &ariab"e 1, % do not e&en *no( if this series is the ans(er %-m "oo*in' for$ So, is there a nice neat ans(er? % a"so ha&e a 7uestion about the notation of the tri'$ functions$ %f sin is a function and f.10 describes a function of 1 .e$'$ f.10 2 210, (h) is sin theta defined b) ) and r in m) te1tboo*? %t seems to me that sin theta shou"d be defined b) theta and that sin .),r0 shou"d be defined b) ) and r$ %n a nutshe"": 1$ What is the definition of sin, cos, and tan in terms of the an'"e .not in terms of 1, ), or r?0 2$ Wh) is the function sin theta defined b) ) and r, and not b) theta? 8han* )ou for )our he",5 !ichae" #""man Date: 1/26/96 at 16:3:42 rom: Doctor 9en Subject: :e: What are the definitions of sin, cos, and tan in terms$$$ ;e""o5 8he (a) Sine and <osine are defined is usua"") in terms of the unit circ"e$ What )ou do is dra( a circ"e of radius 1, (hose center is at the ,oint .=,=0$ 8hen )ou dra( a ra) comin' out from the ori'in that ma*es an an'"e of theta (ith the 1/a1is$ >ote that the (a) )ou measure this an'"e is b) startin' at the 1/a1is, and tra&e""in' <?@>8+:/ <A?<9W%S+ unti" )ou hit the ra) in 7uestion$ 8hus this is about 6= de'rees:
/ / / / / theta /BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBC 1/a1is #nd this is about /6= de'rees: BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBC 1/a1is D theta D D D D D 8his ra) (i"" intersect (ith the unit circ"e at a ,oint .1,)0$ <os.theta0 is defined as 1, the first coordinate of this intersection ,oint, and Sin.theta0 is defined as ), the second coordinate$ 8hen 8an'ent is defined as Sin/<os, and so on$ C2$ Wh) is the function sin theta defined b) ) and r, and not b) theta? We"", %-m not rea"") sure (hat )ou mean b) ) and r$ What are )our ) and r? /Doctor 9en, 8he Eeometr) orum Date: 1/29/96 at 15:1:2 Subject: :e: What are the definitions of sin, cos, and tan in terms of rom: !ichae" #""man Dr$ !ath, Fou misunderstood m) t(o 7uestions$ 8he first one as*ed for the definitions of the tri'onometric functions in terms of theta, theta bein' the an'"e in 7uestion$ So if % needed to *no( the &a"ue of sin 54$2 de'rees and % did not ha&e a ca"cu"ator, ho( (ou"d % ca"cu"ate this? When )ou (rote G<os.theta0 is defined as 1, the first coordinate of this intersection ,oint, and Sin.theta0 is defined as ),$$$G, )ou defined cos and sin in terms of the coordinates 1 and )$ #s for m) second 7uestion, ) stands for the ) coordinate of a ,oint in a ,"ane, and r stands for the "en'th of the se'ment bet(een that same ,oint and the ori'in of the coordinate s)stem$ See be"o($ )/a1is .1,)0 H / H / H r / H / H / H / H / H / BBBBBH/BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 1/a1is ori'in H H H So, since sin theta is a function of theta, (h) is it defined b) .)/r0 and not b) theta itse"f? 8his seems to be an incon'ruit) in function notation$ % ho,e this is c"earer$ 8han* )ou$ An 2ntro$#ction to Trigonometry 333 by "ran$on 4illiams 5ain 2n$ex333 5nt$o)2ction 4ell it is nearly one in the morning an$ 2 ha6e tons of .or7 to $o an$ a fab#lo#s i$ea /o/s into my hea$1 8o. abo#t .riting an intro$#ctory t#torial to trigonometry9 2 am going to fall so far behin$3 An$ once again 2 $i$ not ha6e the chance to /roof rea$ this or chec7 my .or7 so if yo# fin$ any mista7es e!mail me3 2:m going to try my best to .rite this as if the rea$er has no /re6io#s 7no.le$ge of math (o#tsi$e of some basic Algebra at least) an$ 2:ll $o my best to 7ee/ it consistent3 There may be fla.s or ga/s in my logic at .hich /oint yo# can e!mail me an$ 2 .ill $o my best to go bac7 o6er something more s/ecific3 ;o let:s begin .ith a stan$ar$ $efinition of trigonometry1 trig ! o ! nom ! e ! try n3 ! a branch of mathematics .hich $eals .ith relations bet.een si$es an$ angles of triangles +asics 4ell that may not so#n$ 6ery interesting at the moment b#t trigonometry is the most interesting forms of math 2 ha6e come across<an$ =#st to let yo# 7no. 2 $o not ha6e an extensi6e bac7gro#n$ in math3 4ell since trigonometry has a lot to $o .ith angles an$ triangles let:s familiari>e o#rsel6es .ith some f#n$amentals3 ?irst a right triangle1
A right triangle is a triangle that has one '0!$egree angle3 The '0!$egree angle is $enote$ .ith a little s@#are $ra.n in the corner3 The t.o si$es that are a$=acent to the '0!$egree angle, :a: an$ :b:, are calle$ the legs3 The longer si$e o//osite of the '0! $egree angle, :c:, is calle$ the hy/oten#se3 The hy/oten#se is al.ays longer than the legs3 4hile .e are on the s#b=ect lets br#sh #/ on the Aythagorean Theorem3 The Aythagorean Theorem states that the s#m of the t.o legs s@#are$ is e@#al to the hy/oten#se s@#are$3 An e@#ation yo# can #se is1 c^2 = a^2 + b^2 ;o lets say .e 7ne. that :a: e@#ale$ an$ :b: e@#ale$ 4 ho. .o#l$ .e fin$ the length of :c:<ass#ming this is in fact a right triangle3 Al#g!in the 6al#es that yo# 7no. into yo#r form#la1 c^2 = ^2 + 4^2 Three s@#are$ /l#s fo#r s@#are$ is t.enty!fi6e so .e no. ha6e this1 c^2 = 2% ! ! ! B Ta7e the s@#are root of both si$es an$ yo# no. 7no. that c = % ;o no. .e are /asse$ some of the relati6ely boring /arts3 Cet:s tal7 abo#t certain ty/es of right triangles3 There is the 4%!4%!'0 triangle an$ the 0!&0!'0 triangle3 4e might as .ell learn these beca#se .e:ll nee$ them later .hen .e get to the #nit circle3 Coo7 at this /ict#re an$ obser6e a fe. of the things going on for a 4%!4%!'0 triangle1 2n a 4%!4%!'0 triangle yo# ha6e a '0!$egree angle an$ t.o 4%!$egree angles ($#h) b#t also the t.o legs are e@#al3 Also if yo# 7no. the 6al#e of :c: then the legs are sim/ly :c: m#lti/lie$ by the s@#are root of t.o $i6i$e$ by t.o3 2 rather not ex/lain that beca#se 2 .o#l$ ha6e to $ra. more /ict#res<ho/ef#lly yo# .ill be able to /ro6e it thro#gh yo#r o.n #n$erstan$ing3 The 0!&0!'0 triangle is a little b#t har$er to get b#t 2 am not going into to $etail .ith it<here is a /ict#re1
Do# no. ha6e one 0!$egree angle, a &0!$egree angle, an$ a '0!$egree angle3 This time the relationshi/ bet.een the si$es is a little $ifferent3 The shorter si$e is half of the hy/oten#se3 The longer si$e is the hy/oten#se times the s@#are root of all $i6i$e$ by t.o3 That:s all 2:m really going to say on this s#b=ect b#t ma7e s#re yo# get this before yo# go on beca#se it is cr#cial in #n$erstan$ing the #nit circle<.hich in t#rn is cr#cial for #n$erstan$ing trigonometry3 #$igono&et$ic 62nctions The entire s#b=ect of trigonometry is mostly base$ on these f#nctions .e are abo#t to learn3 The three basic ones are sine, cosine, an$ tangent3 ?irst to clear #/ any conf#sion that some might ha6e1 these f#nctions mean nothing .ith o#t a n#mber .ith them i3e3 sin (20) is something<sin is nothing3 5a7e s#re yo# 7no. that3 +o. for some @#ic7 $efinitions (these are my o.n $efinitions<if yo# $o not get .hat 2 am saying loo7 them #/ on some other .ebsite)1 ;ine ! the ratio of the si$e o//osite of an angle in a right triangle o6er the hy/oten#se3 Cosine ! the ratio of the si$e a$=acent of an angle in a right triangle o6er the hy/oten#se3 Tangent ! the ratio of the si$e o//osite of an angle in a right triangle o6er the a$=acent si$e3 +o. before 2 go on 2 sho#l$ also say that those f#nctions only fin$ ratios an$ nothing more3 2t may seem 7in$ of #seless no. b#t they are 6ery /o.erf#l f#nctions3 Also 2 am only going to ex/lain the things that 2 thin7 are #sef#l in ?lash<2 co#l$ go off on some tangent (no /#n inten$e$) on other areas of Trigonometry b#t 2:ll try to 7ee/ it =#st to the #sef#l st#ff3 -E lets loo7 at a fe. /ict#res1
Angles are #s#ally $enote$ .ith ca/ital case letters so that is .hat 2 #se$3 +o. lets fin$ all of the trigonometry ratios for angle A1 sin A = 4/% cos A = /% tan A = 4/ +o. it .o#l$ be har$ for me to ex/lain more than .hat 2 ha6e $one, for this at least, so yo# are =#st going to ha6e to loo7 at the n#mbers an$ see .here 2 got them from3 8ere are the ratios for angle "1 sin " = /% cos " = 4/% tan " = /4 -nce again =#st loo7 at the n#mbers an$ rerea$ the $efinitions to see .here 2 came #/ .ith that st#ff3 "#t no. that 2 tol$ yo# a .ay of thin7ing of the ratios li7e o//osite o6er hy/oten#se there is one more .ay .hich sho#l$ be easier an$ .ill also be $isc#sse$ more later on3 8ere is a /ict#re<notice ho. 2 am only $ealing .ith one angle1
The little symbol in the corner of the triangle is a Free7 letter calle$ GthetaG<its #s#ally #se$ to re/resent an #n7no.n angle3 +o. .ith that /ict#re .e can thin7 of sine, cosine an$ tangent in a $ifferent .ay1 sin (theta) = x/r cos (theta)= y/r tan (theta)= y/x !! an$ x HB 0 4e .ill be #sing that form most of the time3 +o. altho#gh 2 may ha6e s7i//e$ some 7in$ of f#n$amentally im/ortant ste/ (2:m ho/ing 2 $i$ not) 2 can only thin7 of one /lace to go from here1 the #nit circle3 "ecoming familiar .ith the #nit circle .ill /robably ta7e the most .or7 b#t ma7e s#re yo# $o beca#se it is 6ery im/ortant3 ?irst let me tell yo# abo#t ra$ians =#st in case yo# $o not 7no.3 Ia$ians are =#st another .ay of meas#ring angles 6ery similar to $egrees3 Do# 7no. that there are '0 $egrees in one!@#arter of a circle, 1*0 $egrees in one!half of a circle, an$ &0 $egrees in a .hole circle rightJ 4ell if yo# are $ealing .ith ra$ians there are 2/ ra$ians in a .hole circle instea$ of &0 $egrees3 The reason that there are 2/ ra$ians in a f#ll circle really is not all that im/ortant an$ .o#l$ only cl#tter this Gt#torialG more<=#st 7no. that it is an$ it .ill stay that .ay3 +o. if there are 2/ ra$ians in a .hole circle there are also / ra$ians in a half, an$ //2 ra$ians in a @#arter3 +o. its time to thin7 abo#t s/litting the circle into more s#b$i6isions than =#st a half or @#arter3 8ere is a /ict#re to hel/ yo# o#t1
2f at all /ossible memori>e those 6al#es3 Do# can al.ays ha6e a /ict#re to loo7 at li7e this one b#t it .ill $o yo# .ell .hen yo# get into the more a$6ance$ things later on if yo# ha6e it memori>e$3 8o.e6er that is not the only thing yo# nee$ to memori>e3 +o. yo# nee$ to 7no. (from memory if yo# ha6e the .ill /o.er) the sine an$ cosine 6al#es for e6ery angle meas#re on that chart3 -E 2 thin7 2 c#t myself short on ex/laining .hat the #nit circle is .hen 2 mo6e$ on to ex/laining ra$ians3 ?or no. the only thing .e nee$ to 7no. is that it is a circle .ith a ra$i#s of one centere$ at (0,0)3 +o. the really cool thing abo#t the #nit circle is .hat .e are abo#t to $isc#ss3 2:m going to =#st /ic7 some ran$om angle #/ there on the gra/h<let:s say<4% $egrees3 Ko yo# see that line going from the center of the circle (on the chart abo6e) to the e$ge of the circleJ That /oint at .hich the line intersects the e$ge of the circle is 6ery im/ortant3 The GxG coor$inate of that /oint on the e$ge is the cosine of the angle an$ the GyG coor$inate is the sine of the angle3 Lery interesting h#hJ ;o lets fin$ the sine an$ cosine of 4% $egrees o#rsel6es .itho#t any calc#lator or loo7#/ tables3 4ell if yo# remember anything that 2 sai$ at the beginning of this t#torial then yo# no. 7no. .hy 2 e6en mentione$ it3 2n a right triangle if there is an angle .ith a meas#re of 4% $egrees the thir$ angle is also 4% $egrees3 An$ not only that b#t the t.o legs of the triangle ha6e the same length3 ;o if .e thin7 of that line coming from the center of the circle at a 4%!$egree angle as a right triangle .e can fin$ the x! an$ y! /osition of .here the line intersects<loo7 at this /ict#re1 2f .e a//ly some of the r#les .e learne$ abo#t 4%!4%!'0 triangles earlier .e can acc#rately say that1 s7rt .20 sin 45 2 //////// 2 s7rt .20 cos 45 2 ////////// 2 Another .ay to thin7 of sine is it:s the $istance from the x!axis to the /oint on the e$ge of the circle<yo# can only thin7 of it that .ay if yo# are $ealing .ith a #nit circle3 Do# co#l$ also thin7 of cosine the same .ay exce/t it:s the $istance from the y! axis to the /oint on the bor$er of the circle3 2f yo# still $o not 7no. .here 2 came #/ .ith those n#mbers loo7 at the beginning of this t#torial for an ex/lanation of 4%!4%! '0 triangles<an$ .hy yo# are there refresh yo#rself on 0!&0!'0 triangles beca#se .e nee$ to 7no. those next3 +o. lets /ic7 an angle from the #nit circle chart li7e 0 $egrees3 2:m not going to $ra. another /ict#re b#t yo# sho#l$ 7no. ho. to form a right triangle .ith a line coming from the center of the circle to one of its e$ges3 +o. remember the r#les that go6erne$ the lengths of the si$es of a 0!&0!'0 triangle<if yo# $o then yo# can once again acc#rately say that1 1 sin 3= 2 //// 2 s7rt .30 cos 3= 2 ///////// 2 2 .as =#st abo#t to ty/e o#t another ex/lanation of .hy 2 $i$ this b#t it:s basically the same as .hat 2 $i$ for sine =#st abo6e3 Also no. that 2 am rerea$ing this 2 am seeing some things that may ca#se conf#sion so 2 tho#ght 2 .o#l$ try to clear #/ a fe. things3 2f yo# loo7 at this /ict#re (it:s the same as the one 2 #se$ a the beginning of all this) 2 .ill ex/lain .ith a little bit more $etail on ho. 2 arri6e$ at those 6al#es for sine an$ cosine of 4%!$egrees1
-#r $efinition of sine states that the sine of an angle .o#l$ be the o//osite si$e of the triangle $i6i$e$ by the hy/oten#se3 4ell .e 7no. o#r hy/oten#se is one since this a #nit circle so .e can s#bstit#te a one in for GcG an$ get this1 / 1Is7rt.20 D H //////////// H D 2 / sin 45 2 /////////////////// 1 4hich e6en the most basic #n$erstan$ of Algebra .ill tell #s that the abo6e is the same as1 s7rt .20 sin 45 2 //////// 2 +o. if yo# $o not get that loo7 at it really har$ #ntil it comes to yo#<2:m s#re it .ill hit yo# sooner or later3 An$ instea$ of my .asting more time ma7ing a com/lete #nit circle .ith e6erything on it 2 fo#n$ this great lin7 to one1 htt/1//...3infomagic3net/Mbright/research/#ntcrcl3gif 3 Ke/en$ing on =#st ho. far yo# .ant to go into this fiel$ of math as .ell as others li7e Calc#l#s yo# may .ant to try an$ memori>e that entire thing3 4hate6er it ta7es =#st try yo#r best3 2 al.ays hear /eo/le tal7ing abo#t $ifferent /atterns that they see .hich hel/s them to memori>e the #nit circle, an$ that is fine b#t 2 thin7 it ma7es it m#ch easier to remember if yo# 7no. ho. to come #/ .ith those n#mbers<that:s .hat this .hole first /art of this t#torial .as mostly abo#t3 Also .hile on the s#b=ect 2 might as .ell tell yo# abo#t the reci/rocal trigonometric f#nctions3 They are as follo.1 csc (theta) = r/y sec (theta) = r/x cot (theta) = x/y Those are /rono#nce$ secant, cosecant, an$ cotangent3 N#st thin7 of them as the same as their matching trigonometric f#nctions exce/t fli//e$<li7e this1 sin (theta) = y/r ! ! ! B csc (theta) = r/y cos (theta) = x/r ! ! ! B sec (theta) = r/x tan (theta) = y/x ! ! ! B cot (theta) = x/y That ma7es it a little bit easier to #n$erstan$ $oesn:t itJ 4ell belie6e it or not that is it for an intro$#ction to trigonometry3 ?rom here .e can start to go into m#ch more com/licate areas3 There are many other f#n$amentals that 2 .o#l$ ha6e li7e$ to go o6er b#t this has gotten long an$ boring eno#gh as it is3 2 g#ess 2 am ho/ing that yo# .ill ex/lore some of these conce/ts an$ i$eas on yo#r o.n< yo# .ill gain m#ch more 7no.le$ge that .ay as o//ose$ to my slo//y .or$s3 +efo$e 5 go7 "efore 2 go 2 .ant to =#st gi6e yo# a taste of .hat is to come<this may act#ally t#rn o#t to be =#st as long as the abo6e so go ahea$ an$ ma7e yo#rself comfortable3 ?irst 2 .ant to intro$#ce to yo# trigonometric i$entities, .hich are trigonometric e@#ations that are tr#e for all 6al#es of the 6ariables for .hich the ex/ressions in the e@#ation are $efine$3 +o. that:s /robably a little har$ to #n$erstan$ an$ monotono#s b#t 2:ll ex/lain3 8ere is a list of .hat are 7no. as the Gf#n$amental i$entitiesG1
Reciprocal Identities 1 csc .theta0 2 ////////// , sin .theta0 JC = sin .theta0 1 sec .theta0 2 ////////// , <?s .theta0 JC = cos .theta0 1 cot .theta0 2 ////////// , tan .theta0 JC = tan .theta0 Ratio Identities sin .theta0 tan .theta0 2 //////////// , cos .theta0 JC = cos .theta0 cos .theta0 cot .theta0 2 ///////////// , sin .theta0 JC = sin .theta0 Pythagorean Identities sin42.theta0 3 cos42.theta0 2 1 1 3 cot42.theta0 2 csc42.theta0 1 3 tan42.theta0 2 sec42.theta0 Odd-even Identities sin ./theta0 2 /sin .theta0 cos ./theta0 2 cos .theta0 tan ./theta0 2 /tan .theta0 csc ./theta0 2 csc .theta0 sec ./theta0 2 sec .theta0 cot ./theta0 2 /cot .theta0 +o. /ro6ing them<.ell that:s gonna ta7e a lot of room b#t here it goes3 2:m only going to /ro6e a fe. o#t of each category of i$entities so maybe yo# can fig#re o#t the others3 Cets start .ith the reci/rocal3 4ell if the reci/rocal of a n#mber is sim/ly one $i6i$e$ by that n#mber then .e can loo7 at cosecant (.hich is the reci/rocal of sine) as1 1 csc .theta0 2 ///// ///////////////// CCC H %f )ou mu"ti,") the numerator and the denominator b) GrG )ou 'et: / ) D H H//// H J // % ho,e )ou *no( H csc .theta0 2 r/) J // Kust "i*e (e said before$ We just ,ro&ed D r / that is sine .theta0 H an identit)$$$%-"" "et )ou do the rest of them$$$ +o. the ratio i$entities3 2f yo# thin7 of tangent as y/x , sine as y/r , an$ cosine as x/r then chec7 this o#t1 sin .theta0 /// C )/r ) tan .theta0 2 ////////////// /// C ///// /// C !u"ti,") to, and bottom b) GrG and )ou-re "eft (ith /// C /// cos .theta0 /// C 1/r 1 2:m going to sa6e the /roof for the Aythagorean 2$entities for another time3 These f#n$amental i$entities .ill hel/ #s /ro6e m#ch more com/lex i$entities later on3 Eno.ing trigonometric i$entities .ill hel/ #s #n$erstan$ some of the more abstract things<at least they are abstract to me3 -nce 2 am finishe$ .ith this 2 am going to .rite another t#torial that .ill go into the some.hat more com/lex areas that 2 7no. of an$ these f#n$amental things 2 ha6e =#st tal7e$ abo#t are re@#ire$ rea$ing3 2 .as going to go o6er some la.s that can be 6ery #sef#l b#t my st#$y /lan tells me that 2 may not ha6e /ro6i$e$ eno#gh information for yo# to #n$erstan$ it<therefore that .ill be something coming in the next thing 2 .rite3 Closing tho2ghts 4ell this concl#$es all the things that yo# .ill nee$ to 7no. before yo# start to $o more com/licate$ things3 2 .as a bit brief .ith some things so if yo# ha6e any @#estions or if yo# .ant me to go bac7 an$ f#rther ex/lain something 2 im/lore yo# to e!mail me an$ 2 .ill $o my best to clear #/ any conf#sion3 Also 2 .ant to reiterate that this is a 6ery basic intro$#ction to trigonometry3 2 ho/e yo# .ere not ex/ecting to rea$ this an$ learn all there is to 7no.3 Act#ally 2 ha6e not really e6en mentione$ ?lash or the /ossibilities yet<an$ @#ite honestly there is not really anything to .or7 .ith yet3 8o.e6er once 2 $o start to mention ?lash an$ the math that it .ill ta7e to create some of these effects e6eryone sees it .ill almost be =#st li7e a re6ie.3 4hen yo# sit $o.n an$ .ant to .rite o#t a scri/t it .ill be li7e merely translating e6erything yo# learne$ abo#t trigonometry from a /iece of /a/er into actionscri/t3 2f yo# .ant a little syno/sis of .hat 2 /lan on tal7ing abo#t in the next fe. things 2 .rite here yo# go1 ! Trigonometry c#r6es ! 5ore a$6ance$ loo7 into trigonometry ! Arogrammatic mo6ement #sing trigonometry ! -rchestrating it all into /erfect harmony (/ar$on the clichO) 4ell that:s it for me<#ntil next time3 S U N D A Y , J U N E 1 8 , 2 0 0 6 The Definition of Cosine and Sine In this post I'd just like to briefly give the definition of cosine and sine, and also show a simple property involving both of them. Consider a right triangle containing an angle . All such triangles are just scalar multiples of each other. Therefore the ratio of the adjacent side to the hypotenuse is a fied value. !e'll call this ratio the cosine of . "imilarly, we can define the sine of as the ratio of the opposite side to the hypotenuse #ow, we can show that $irst we'll substitute And by the %ythagorean Theorem And so POS TED BY PHI L AT 11: 40 PM 2 COMMENTS: Anonymous said... !here's The &efinition of Cosine and "ine' ()# (A* +,, -,. /+. -- A( %&T %hil said... It's there .. it says that cosine of theta is defined as the ratio a 0 c, and sine is defined as the ratio of b 0 c I guess it could've been a bit more eplicit .. possibly put those two statements in their own stand1 alone e2uations. ()# (A* +,, -,. 33. -- A( %&T %ost a Comment #ewer %ost )lder %ost "ubscribe to. %ost Comments 4Atom5 Trigonometry Defnition Math Sheet Trig Defnition Math Help Right Triangle Defnition Sine Defnition Cosine Defnition Tangent Defnition Cosecant Defnition Secant Defnition Cotangent Defnition Unit Circle Defnition Properties of Trig Functions Domain Range Period Inverse Trig Functions Defnition of Inverse Trig Functions Domain of Inverse Trig Functions Range of Inverse Trig Functions Trig Defnition Math Help Right Triangle Defnition To defne the trigonometric functions of an angle theta assign one of the angles in a right triangle that value. The functions sine, cosine, and tangent can all be defned by using properties of a right triangle. A right triangle has one angle that is 90 degrees. The longest side of the triangle is the hypotenuse. The side opposite theta will be referred to as opposite. The other side next to theta will be referred to as adjacent. The following properties exist: Sine Defnition Cosine Defnition Tangent Defnition Cosecant Defnition Secant Defnition Cotangent Defnition Unit Circle Defnition Properties of Trig Functions Domain The possible angle input for each function is defned below: Range The ranges of values possible for each of these functions are: Period The periods for each of these trig functions are: Inverse Trig Functions Defnition of Inverse Trig Functions The defnitions of the inverse trig functions are: Inverse Trig functions are also notated as: Domain of Inverse Trig Functions Range of Inverse Trig Functions
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