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This document provides information on three chapters related to science topics:
1) Chapter 1 discusses matter, including the definition of matter, states of matter (solid, liquid, gas), and the concept of density.
2) Chapter 2 covers biodiversity, defining biodiversity and classifying living organisms into kingdoms and further categorizing animals.
3) Chapter 3 presents the transport system in humans involving the heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), and also briefly discusses the transport system in plants.
This document provides information on three chapters related to science topics:
1) Chapter 1 discusses matter, including the definition of matter, states of matter (solid, liquid, gas), and the concept of density.
2) Chapter 2 covers biodiversity, defining biodiversity and classifying living organisms into kingdoms and further categorizing animals.
3) Chapter 3 presents the transport system in humans involving the heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), and also briefly discusses the transport system in plants.
This document provides information on three chapters related to science topics:
1) Chapter 1 discusses matter, including the definition of matter, states of matter (solid, liquid, gas), and the concept of density.
2) Chapter 2 covers biodiversity, defining biodiversity and classifying living organisms into kingdoms and further categorizing animals.
3) Chapter 3 presents the transport system in humans involving the heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), and also briefly discusses the transport system in plants.
SUBTOPIC: i. WHAT IS MATTER ii. STATES OF MATTER iii. CONCEPT OF DENSITY
SUBTOPIC MAJOR POINT MINOR POINT SUPPORTING POINT 1 SUPPORTING POINT 2 What is Matter? Defined as anything which has mass and occupies space Consists of living things and non-living things. Example of non-living things: Air Water soil Example of living things: Plants Animals Humans
States of Matter Solid Properties of solid -Retains a fixed volume and shape -cannot be compressed -Does not flow -Rigid (particles cannot move)
Particles Model for solid Liquid Properties of liquid -Occupies the shape of part of container -Not easily compressible -Flows easily -Particles can move
Particles Model for liquid Gas Properties of gas - Occupies the shape and volume of container - Compressible - Flows very easily -Particles can move past one another
Particles Model for gas Concept of Density Definition of Density -Physical property of matter that describes the degree of compactness of a substance on how closely packed the particles of a substance are. -Relationship between mass and volume of a substances:
Density = Mass Volume
Relationship between ability to float and density -Buoyancy refers to the ability of a material to float on water
-An object will sink in a liquid if the object is denser than the liquid
-Object which is less dense will float in a liquid that is denser.
Sink and float candle Applications Boat and Ship -Boat and ships that weigh thousands of tonnes can float on the water because inside of the structure are empty spaces that filled with air.
-This makes the density of boat and ship is less than density of water.
Boat that float on the water Submarine -A submarine uses ballast (stability) as a means of descending and ascending underwater.
-If submarine rises towards the surface, a valve will opened to release compressed air into tanks (ascending)
-The air pushes out water and causes the submarine to ascend.
Float -A float helps a swimmer to float on the surface of water
-The air in the float makes it less dense than water.
PART B: QUESTIONS Objective questions
1. What determines the state of matter? A. Freezing point and boiling point B. Densities of matter C. Arrangement of particles D. Number of particles in matter
2. Water molecules in steam and water molecules in ice differ in term of A. Size of molecules B. Densities of molecules C. Volume of molecules D. Distance between molecules
Subjective questions 1. Figure 1 shows the arrangement of particles in substances P, Q and S.
P Q S Figure 1
a) Based on Figure 1, identify the states of P, Q, and S. [3 marks] b) States two characteristics each for substances P, Q and S. [6 marks] c) State two examples of substances that have similar characteristics as P, Q and S. [3 marks] PART B: ANSWER Objective questions
1. C arrangement of particles Matters exist in three states which is solid, liquid and gas. They are differentiate based on the arrangement of the particles.
2. D distance between molecules The particles in solids are closely packed together, particles in liquids are not arranged in regular pattern and less compact, and particles in gas are far apart and not in fixed pattern.
Subjective questions 1. a) P:Solid Q: Liquid S: Gas
b) 2 Characteristics of P, Q and S
P (solid) Q (liquid) S (gas) Has a fixed volume and shape Occupies the shape of part of container Occupies the shape and volume of container Cannot be compressed Not easily compressible Compressible Rigid (particles cannot move) Particles can move Particles can move past one another
CHAPTER 2 : BIODIVERSITY PART A : GHANIS FORMAT
SUBTOPIC: i. DIVERSITY OF LIVING ORGANISMS IN A HABITAT ii. CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS
SUBTOPIC MAJOR POINT MINOR POINT SUPPORTING POINT 1 SUPPORTING POINT 2 Diversity of living organisms in a habitat Definition of Biodiversity defined as different types of animals and plants on Earth
Classification of living organisms -based on their characteristics -in classification used today, they are classified into five main groups called kingdom The 5 main groups:
Animals Plants Fungi Bacteria Very simple organisms
Classification of animals Vertebrates
-animals with backbone
-classified into 5 smaller group with their own characteristics Fish Live in water have tails and fins to help them swim Cold-blooded Breath through gills Most lay eggs without shells
o Clown fishes o Snapper o Stingrays o Sea horses o Carp
Amphibians Live on both land and in water Adults have 4 limbs to jump on land and swim in water Cold-blooded Young breath through gills Adults breathe through lungs when on land and through skin when in water Female lay eggs in water o Frogs o Toads o Newts
Reptiles Most of them live on land but some are in water Have 4 limbs except for snake Cold-blooded Breath through lungs Lay eggs on land and they fertilised inside females body o Lizards o Tortoises o Snakes o Alligators Birds Live on land Most them can fly Warm-blooded Breath through lungs Lay eggs in their nests and they are fertilised internally and have hard shells o Owls o Ducks o Chickens o Parrots o Penguins o Sparrows
Mammals Most live on land but some in water Some fly, some move on land Warm-blooded Breath through lungs All mammals except duck-billed platypus and ant- eater, give birth to live young o Dolphins o Rabbits o Bats o Squirrels o Pangolins o Whales Invertebrates
-animals without backbone
-divided into 2 groups based on the type of legs With jointed legs
Divided into 3 groups based on number of legs Three pairs of legs
Butterfly Beetle Grasshopper
Butterfly Four pairs of legs Scorpion Spider Mite
Spider More than four pair of legs Shrimp Crab Centipede
Shrimp Without jointed legs
-divided into 2 groups based on their appearance Worms-like invertebrates Leeches Earthworms Clam
Which of the following animals has the above characteristics?
A. Stingray B. Platypus C. Whale D. Shark
2. Which of the following plants is a non-flowering plant?
A. Maize B. Sugar cane C. Coconut tree D. Pine tree
3. Which of the following is not correct about the similarities between reptiles and amphibians?
A. Both have moist skin B. Both are cold-blooded C. Both breath through lungs D. Both lay eggs
Warm-blooded Lives in the sea Give birth to young Skin covered with hair Subjective question
1. J, K, L and M in Figure 1 are four different types of animals.
J K L M
a) Give three characteristics that can be used to classify animals J, K, L and M. [3 marks] b) Classify animals J, K, L and M according to their common characteristics by completing the flow chart below. [10 marks]
Animals
PART B: ANSWER Objective questions
1. B Platypus All mammals are Warm-blooded and breathe through lungs. Except for duck-billed platypus and ant-eater, they give birth to live young.
2. D Pine tree Flowering plants are plants with flowers. So, here all the three (maize, sugar cane and coconut tree) do have flowers.
3. A Both have moist skin Reptiles have dry and scaly skin, while amphibians have loose and moist skin.
Subjective question
1. a) Three characteristics to classify animals J, K, L and M vertebrates and invertebrates with and without joined legs Cold-blooded or warm-blooded.
b) .
Common characteristics
Invertebrates Vertebrates Joined legs Without joined legs Cold- blooded Warm blooded Scorpions Jelly fish Fish Cat Animals CHAPTER 3 : BLOOD CIRCULATION AND TRANSPORT PART A : GHANIS FORMAT
SUBTOPIC: i. TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN HUMAN ii. TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN PLANT
SUBTOPIC MAJOR POINT MINOR POINT SUPPORTING POINT 1 SUPPORTING POINT 2 Transport system in human
-called human circulatory system
-consists of 3 parts Heart Made up of cardiac muscles, connective tissues, and blood vessels
Functions of the right side heart is to collect deoxygenated blood from body and pump it to lungs
The left side of heart collects oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it out to the body Heart is divided into 4 chamber
Right atrium is connected to the vena cava Left atrium is connected to the pulmonary vein Right ventricle is connected to the pulmonary artery Left ventricle is connected to the aorta
Structure of human heart Blood vessels connect the heart to each part of the body consists of three types -Arteries -Veins -Capillaries Arteries carry blood away from the heart have thick, muscular and elastic walls have small lumens and do not have valves
Veins carry blood back to the heart has larger lumen contain valves that prevent blood from flowing back
Capillaries connects arteries and veins does not have valves Blood about 45%of blood is made up of solids called blood cells of corpuscles 3 kinds of blood cells -red blood cells -white blood cells platelets Red blood cells (erythrocytes) They are biconcave, disc- shaped cells without nucleus. Contain haemoglobin which give the blood its red colour
White blood cells (leucocytes) Play an important part in the body immune system to defend the body against diseases
Platelets (thrombocytes) They are produced from bone marrow, nucleus and does not have definite shape Their main job is to heal wounds
erythrocytes
thrombocytes Transport system in plants Vascular tissues Xylem Carries water containing dissolved mineral salts from the roots to the leaves through osmosis
Phloem Carries dissolved food in the form of sugar to all parts of plants
Cross section of the stem Transpir- ation Process where water is loss by evaporation from the leaves of a plant Water escapes from the spaces inside the leaves in form of water vapour and passes through the pores called stoma.
Stoma Is a single hole or pole, through which gases can enter or leave a plant leaf Surrounded by a pair of cells known as guard cells
Stoma structure
PART B: QUESTIONS Objective questions
1. The human circulatory system consists of I. The heart II. Blood vessels III. Lungs
A. I and II only B. I and III only C. II and III only D. I, II, and III.
2. The pulmonary artery differs from the pulmonary vein because it A. Has seminular valves B. Has thin muscular walls C. Carris blood under low pressure D. Carries deoxygenated blood
3. Which of the following is the characteristic of arteries? A. Have thick muscular walls B. Have thin muscular walls C. Have very thin muscular walls D. Have walls which is only one cells thick
Subjective Questions
1. Figure 1 shows a cross section of a balsam plant.
Figure 1 a) Wjich part of the balsam plant is the cross section taken? [1 mark] b) Name the parts labelled P and Q. [1 mark] c) What is the function of the part labelled P in a plant? [1 mark] d) What is the function of the labelled Q in a plant? [1 mark] PART B: ANSWERS Objective questions
1. A I and II only Human circulatory system consists of heart, blood and blood vessels.
2. D carries deoxygenated blood. All arteries deliverosygenated blood to body cells, except for the pulmonary artery which deliver deoxygenated blood to lungs.
3. A have thick muscular walls. The arteries are blood vessels which carry blood away from the heart. They have thick, muscular and elastic walls.
Subjective Questions
1. Figure 1 shows a cross section of a balsam plant .
a) Root b) P : Phloem Q : Xylem c) i) the P in the figure shows the Phloem which is function to transport water in the plant ii) the Q in figure shows the Xylem which is function to transport food in the plant