Short-circuits Lecture 9

Power systems elements models for short-circuit studies

Transformers part 3
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Transformers part 3
Prof. Dsir Rasolomampionona,
Prof. dr hab. Jan Machowski
Outline of the lecture
Modelling the wye point earthing impedances
short-circit crrent transformation
!"ample of calclation
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Mathematical Models
Power transformers Modelling the wye point earthing impedances
#n all cases which ha$e hitherto been presented the connection of the wye point to the
earth were considered as direct connection. #n reality this connection is made throgh an
impedance characterised by a small resistance alue.
#n case of solidly earthed netral point %wye point&, the impedance of the earthing
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#n case of solidly earthed netral point %wye point&, the impedance of the earthing
connection may be neglected in short-circit calclations. 'owe$er in some cases the
wye point is earthed throgh a resistor ha$ing !uite a high alue in order to limit the line
to earth short-circit crrent. #n sch a case the impedance are to be considered in (ero
se)ence models of transformers.
Mathematical Models
Power transformers Modelling the wye point earthing impedances
H L
Z
g
0
Z
Z
0
Z
0
H L
H L
Z
0T
3Z
g
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Z
gH
Z
gL
H L
0
Z
Z
0 0
Z
H L
3Z
gH
3Z
gL
3Z
gH
3Z
gL
H L
Z
0T
Mathematical Models
Power transformers short-circuit current transformation
Tas" # Depict the positi$e, negati$e and (ero se)ence e)i$alent circit of a
generator transformer nit, the transformer of which is a * connected with earthed
wye point %the transformer is delta connected at the generator side and wye
connected at the grid side&. Please se the pre$iosly described generator and
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connected at the grid side&. Please se the pre$iosly described generator and
transformer schemes.
Mathematical Models
Power transformers short-circuit current transformation
+ne of the most difficlt short-circit analysis is the determination of $oltages and
crrents in case when the short-circit occrs at the other end of the transformer,s
localisation considering the different transformer configrations.
-et,s consider the case of line to earth short-circit occrring at the '. side of the
generator transformer nit.
Transformer Generator Network
L1
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line to earth short-circit occrring in a network with earthed netral point
Transformer Generator Network
L3
L2
L1
Mathematical Models
Power transformers short-circuit current transformation
!mf,s indced in the transformer windings are sorces of three-phase $oltage at
the grid side. /fter a earth to line short-circit occrs the emf of the short-circited
line spplies the falt circit through which the short-circuit current flows bac"
to the transformer by the earthing wire.
/ccording to the transformer,s principle of operation, the short-circit crrent,
which flows in the secondary winding %at the grid side& is transformed in the
primary winding %at the generation side&.
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primary winding %at the generation side&.
line to earth short-circit occrring in a network with earthed netral point
Transformer Generator Network
L3
L2
L1
Mathematical Models
Power transformers short-circuit current transformation
0he beginning of this winding is connected to the generator,s terminal whereas its
end to the beginning of the of the transformer$s ne%t phase winding &delta
configuration' and the generator$s ne%t terminal(
0his makes that two phases of the generator are loaded with the short-circit
crrent. The current alue is the same for both phases whereas their
direction are contrary as it was the case for line to line short-circit.
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line to earth short-circit occrring in a network with earthed netral point
Transformer Generator Network
L3
L2
L1
direction are contrary as it was the case for line to line short-circit.
Mathematical Models
Power transformers short-circuit current transformation
!arth to line short-circit occrring at the grid side is transformed in sch a way
that the currents flowing at the generator side are the same as those flowing
during an indirect line to line short-circuit throgh an impedance.
0his is a parado" reslting from the transformer winding connections. 0he abo$e
presented sitation is typical in '. networks, in which the netral point is earthed
and most synchronos generators work in.
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line to earth short-circit occrring in a network with earthed netral point
Transformer Generator Network
L3
L2
L1
Mathematical Models
Power transformers short-circuit current transformation
1hort-circit crrent transformation, for different winding configrations, is
mathematically 2stified as the result of the application of symmetrical
component method.
0here are two fndamental reasons of the 3parado"es4 related to the short-circit
crrent transformation presented in the pre$ios slides. 5oth are related to the
symmetrical component transforrmation6
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symmetrical component transforrmation6
7. 0he (ero se)ence e)i$alent circit of the transformer %which depends on
the winding configration, the core constrction and the netral point earthing
method& may be different from the positie and negatie se!uence
e!uialent scheme.
8. 9or the positi$e se)ence e)i$alent scheme the phase shift resulting
from winding configuration is contrary to that of negati$e se)ence
e)i$alent scheme.
Mathematical Models
Power transformers short-circuit current transformation
5oth abo$e mentioned reasons make that any symmetrical component %positi$e,
negati$e or (ero se)ence& is transformed &passes by the transformer' in
different ways( 9or the positi$e se)ence, acccording to the ratio and the
connection grop definitions are written as follows6
6
j
H 1
L 1

N
e
U
U

=
6
j
H 1 L 1

N
e I I

=
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:here U
7-
, I
7-
and U
7'
, I
7'
are the positi$e se)ence components of crrents
and $oltages at the - and ' sides, respecti$ely. N is the phase shift e%pressed in
hours. !ach radian hor corresponds to ;<
o
% &.
6 / 12 / 2 =
9or e"ample6 for a connection grop *d77 the nmber of hors of difference N is
e)al to 77 and the secondary $oltage %U
7-
& angle shift in comparison with the
primary $oltage %U
7'
& is e)al to % &.
o
330 rad 6 / 11 =
Mathematical Models
Power transformers short-circuit current transformation
0he phase shift for the negati$e se)ence component is of contrary sign, then
analogosly to the $oltage positi$e se)ence component, the negati$e se)ence
can be e"pressed as follows6
6
j
H 2
L 2

N
e
U
U
+
=
6
j
H 2 L 2

N
e I I
+
=
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:here U
8-
, I
8-
and U
8'
, I
8'
are the negati$e se)ence components of crrents
and $oltages at the - and ' sides, respecti$ely.
9or e"ample6 for a connection grop *d77 the nmber of hors of difference N is
e)al to 77 and the secondary $oltage %U
7-
& angle shift in comparison with the
primary $oltage %U
7'
& is e)al to % &.
o
330 rad 6 / 11 =
Mathematical Models
Power transformers )%ample of calculation
-et,s consider a transformer, the windings of which are delta-connected at the -
side, and wye-connected with earthing connection at the ' side. 0he connection
grop is *d77. -et,s assme that a earth to grond short-circit occrs in this
transformer at the wye side. 0he short-circit crrent may be e"pressed as follows
I
-7'
=I
9or sch a short-circit the following relation is flfilled by the symmetrical
components of the short-circit crrent6 I
<'
= I
7'
= I
8'
= I>;. 0he (ero se)ence
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components of the short-circit crrent6 I
<'
= I
7'
= I
8'
= I>;. 0he (ero se)ence
component of the crrent does not pass throgh the delta-connected transformer
windings and the relationship is obtained for the - side I
<-
= <
0he positi$e se)ence component of the short-circit crrent is transformed
according to the following formla6
3
j
3 3 3
o o o o o
90 j 120 j 90 j 240 j 330 j
6
11 j
H 1 L 1
I
a e e
I
e e
I
e
I
e I I

= = = = =
+

:here 2 and a are rotation operators, which rotates the angles by ?<
o
and 78<
o,
respecti$ely.
Mathematical Models
Power transformers )%ample of calculation
0he negati$e se)ence component of the short-circit crrent is transformed
according to the following formla6
Phase )antities are obtained sing the following matri" e"pression6
3
j
3 3
2 90 j 240 j 330 j
6
11 j
r H 2 L 2
o o o
I
a e e
I
e
I
e I I + = = = =
+ + +
+

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#t means that the short-circit crrent flows at the --side in phases -7 and -; sch
a way that their directions are opposite.
0he short-circit crrent flows at the '-side as follows6 I
-7'
= I, #
-8'
= I
-;'
= 0

1
0
1

3
j
j
0

1
1
1 1 1

3
1
1
1 1 1
2 2
2
L 2
L 1
L 0
2
2
L L3
L L2
L L1

I
a
a
a a
a a
I
I
I
I
a a
a a
I
I
I
Mathematical Models
Power transformers )%ample of calculation
0he factor which has appeared dring the passage of crrents from the wye
to the delta side is )ite typical. #t is worth to notice that in sch a winding
configration as it is the case here the positi$e component is rotated by an angle
corresponding to the operators , wheras the negati$e se)ence component is
rotated by , respecti$ely.
3
) j ( a
) j (
2
a +
L1 L1
2 4 3 1
H L
I =I / 3
L1 L n
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L1 L1
L2 L2
L3 L3
4
4
3
3
1
1
2
2
I
L1 H
I =0
L2 L
L1 L n
I =-I / 3
L3 L n
0ransformation of the earth to line short-circit crrent
in case of transformator with a grop connection *d77
Machowski J, @ace2ko P. Awarcia w systemach elektroenergetyc(nych
%Power System Short-Circuits in Polish&, :ydawnictwo Bakowo-
0echnic(ne, :ars(awa 8<<8
*ibliography
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