KINE 433 Physiology of Exercise

Practice Questions Examination #1

The examination will come from the notes given in class and the book, but these
practice questions cover most of the pertinent material.
Study Questions from the text
Introduction, pg ! !"#, #$"#%
&hapter #, pgs ''"'%, #"(, )"##
&hapter , pg ! *"', (, #+"#
&hapter *, pg ##* #"#+
&hapter $, #"#
&hapter ', #"*, ', ("#+
&hapter %, #")
,ther related study Questions
#. The development of what device allows physiologists to sample and study human
muscle fibers- .hat is the ma/or disadvantage of this technique as compared, e.g., with
studying fibers in the muscle of an animal-
. 0efine the concept of 1steady state2 during a constant bout of exercise.
*. 3xplain why 1deltas2 are important in understanding physiology. 4ive several
examples of deltas that explain physiological functions.
$. Start with an action potential on an alpha"neuron to a motor unit in a limb muscle.
Trace the path of the action potential into the muscle and the mechanisms of excitation"
contraction in the correct order.
'. 0escribe the relative properties of type I, type IIa, and type IIb5x6 fibers for each of
the following variables7 5#6 motor unit isometric force, 56 muscle fiber specific isometric
force, 5*6 fiber shortening velocity, 5$6 fiber oxidative capacity, 5'6 fiber glycolytic
capacity, 5%6 fiber fatigue resistance, 5(6 fiber myosin 8T9ase activity, 5!6 fiber S:
density, 5)6 number of fibers per motor unit.
%. 3xplain what is meant by 1oxidative capacity2 of the muscle, i.e., what are the
properties that impart oxidative capacity-
(. .rite the 8T9ase reaction. .hy is this the 1basic reaction in exercise physiology-2
.hat are the three most important 8T9ases in the muscle cell-
!. 0raw a graph showing the temporal relationships among cytosolic free calcium
concentration, active state, and measured muscle tension. .hat is active state tension-
;ow do you explain the difference in active state and measured muscle tension-
). .rite the equation for calculating power. If the three fiber types all produce about the
same specific force, how do you explain the fact that fast fibers produce higher power-
#+. Indicate two experimental approaches that demonstrate that the alpha"motoneuron
dictates fiber type and fiber properties.
##. 0escribe the normal pattern of recruitment of motor unit 5muscle fiber6 types starting
with a low force contraction and then increasing the force output. .hat are the two ways
the nervous system controls force production by a muscle-
#. 0raw a force"velocity curve. .hat is the significance of this curve regarding muscle
in/ury-
#*. 3xplain how a nerve or muscle cell 5or any other type of cell, for that matter6
establishes the resting membrane potential. ;ow does this change during an action
potential, and what are the changes in ion fluxes that occur 5you might want to draw a
nerve membrane potential recording6- .hat two things primarily determine the velocity
of the action potential down an axon-
#$. .hat important physiological functions pertaining to exercise physiology are
controlled by the following brain structures7 5#6 cerebrum, 56 cerebellum, 5*6
hypothalamus, 5$6 brain stem-
#'. 0escribe a generali<ed sensory"motor reflex that demonstrates sensory"motor
integration.
#%. 3xplain how an action potential is passed from one neuron to the next at the synapse.
#(. .hat is the final neurotransmitter from sympathetic neurons- .hat are the sources
of the catecholamines in the blood during the 1fight or flight2 response-
#!. .hat type of information does each of the following muscle receptors provide, and
what is the effect of the input on muscle contraction7 5#6 muscle spindles, 56 4olgi
tendon organs-
#). 3xplain the concept of the 1engram.2
+. 3xplain what happens to each of the following variables when a muscle fiber
undergoes 5chronic6 hypertrophy7 5#6 number and si<e of myofibrils, 56 balance between
protein synthesis and protein degradation, 5*6 cross"sectional area of the fiber, 5$6
strength of the muscle fiber. .hat is muscle fiber hyperplasia- ;ow important is it in
muscle growth during strength training-
#. Two primary things can contribute to increase in muscle strength with resistance
training, neurological factors and hypertrophy. 0iscuss the contributions of these two
variables to the strength gains in a male and a female over months of weight training.
.hat are some of the specific neurological factors that change with strength training-
. =ice can be genetically engineered to vastly increase muscle si<e. The gene for
what protein is affected to allow 1double"muscled2 growth-
*. >ame several experimental models for inducing muscle atrophy in humans and
animals.
$. 0escribe 0,=S. .hat type of muscle contractions is particularly in/urious- 3xplain
the role of satellite cells in repairing damaged muscle fibers. 8 large part of the strength
loss following high force eccentrics is due to excitation"contraction 53"&6 uncoupling.
.hat does this mean-
'. 3xplain the concept of 1periodi<ation2 in the training regimen of an athlete that trains
year"around for a period of intense competition during the season. In your answer, be
sure to include the terms 1volume,2 1intensity,2 and 1technique.2
%. 3xplain why more 8T9 can be formed from a gram of ??8 than from a gram of
glucose. .hat is another ma/or advantage to using fat to resynthesi<e 8T9 during
exercise- .hat are the primary advantages to using glycogen 5glucose6 as an energy
substrate during high intensity exercise-
(. .hat are the particular advantages and disadvantages of each of the following energy
pathways during exercise of different intensities7 5#6 8T9"9&r stores and the creatine
kinase reaction, 56 glycolysis 5aerobic and anaerobic6, 5*6 oxidative pathways 5@rebs
cycle and 3TS6-
!. 0efine each of the following terms7 glycogenolysisA glycogenesisA lipolysisA
triglycerideA glycogen
). .hat is the primary purpose of the metabolic pathways that break down glucose
5glycolysis, @rebs cycle6 and ??8 5beta"oxidation, @rebs cycle6 in the muscle fiber
during aerobic exercise, i.e., what is produced in these pathways that is used to
resynthesi<e most of the 8T9 in the cell-
*+. .hat is the :3:- ;ow is it calculated- ;ow is it used to indicate the primary
metabolic substrate 5glucose or ??86 that is being used during the exercise- .hat is the
purpose of the oxygen that is used during metabolism- In what metabolic pathways is
carbon dioxide produced-
*#. 0raw a graph showing oxygen requirements and oxygen consumption as a function
of time when a person starts from rest and begins to exercise at a submaximal intensity.
.hat explains the oxygen deficit and the excess post"exercise oxygen consumption-
;ow does training affect the oxygen deficit at a given exercise intensity-
*. .hat is the lactate threshold- .hat are the causes of the lactate threshold, i.e., what
changes in the body to cause the threshold- .hat is its significance during exercise-
**. .hat is the B,max- .hat is the influence of endurance training on the variable-
0raw a graph showing the B, up to max for a person before and after aerobic training
as a function of exercise intensity.
*$. .hat would you expect to be the primary factor that causes fatigue in each of the
following types of exercise7 5#6 exercise you can do for about "* hours 5e.g., a
marathon6, 56 exercise you can do for about #+"#' seconds 5e.g., a #++"meter sprint6, 5*6
exercise you can do for greater than ' hours 5e.g., a super marathon6, 5$6 exercise you can
do for +"%+ seconds 5e.g., a $++"meter sprint6. .hy does an elevation in hydrogens
5i.e., a decrease in p;6 cause fatigue-
*'. 3xplain the differences between the ways steroid and non"steroid hormones affect
cells. 4ive several examples of each. The effects of a hormone on a cell depend upon
the concentration of the hormone in the blood and the density of receptors for the
hormone on the cell. .ith this in mind, explain the physiological importance of receptor
up"regulation and down"regulation.
*%. The hormones 80; and aldosterone are critically important during exercise,
particularly in the heat. 3xplain the mechanisms that cause release of the hormones, and
describe the important effects that they have.
*(. .hat is the significance of the sympathetic nervous system and the catecholamines
during exercise- 4ive an example of an alpha"adrenergic effect, and an example of a
beta"adrenergic effect, that is important during exercise. 0raw a graph showing the blood
levels of norepinephrine as a function of exercise intensity. .hat other physiological
variable shows similar changes with increasing exercise intensity-
*!. .hat is the only ma/or hormone that decreases in the blood during exercise- .hat is
the general effect of endurance training on hormone release during exercise of a given
intensity- .hat hormones cause an increase in blood glucose during exercise- In blood
??8-
*). .hat are the changes in the muscles that occur with endurance training that lead to
increased oxidative capacity- .hat is the effect of aerobic training on glucose and ??8
metabolism during sub"maximal exercise- .hat are the changes that occur in the
muscles with anaerobic training-
$+. 0iscuss the physiological measurements that a track or swimming coach might use to
monitor the changes in conditioning of the athletes with training. .hat are the practical
advantages or disadvantages to each of these-