Isotopes of xenon

Full table
General
Name, symbol Isotopes of xenon,
133
Xe
Neutrons 79
Protons 54
Nuclide data
Natural abundance syn
Half-life 5.243 d (1)
Decay products
133
Cs
Isotope mass 132.9059107 u
Spin 3/2+
Decay mode Decay energy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Naturally occurring xenon (Xe) is made of eight stable isotopes. (
124
Xe,
126
Xe, and
134
Xe are predicted to undergo double beta decay, but this has
never been observed in these isotopes, so they are considered to be stable.)
[1][2]
Xenon has the second highest number of stable isotopes. Only tin,
with 10 stable isotopes, has more.
[3]
Beyond these stable forms, there are over 30 unstable isotopes and isomers that have been studied, the
longest-lived of which is
136
Xe which undergoes double beta decay with a half-life of 2.38 0.02 0.14 10
21
years
[4]
with the next longest lived
being
127
Xe with a half-life of 36.345 days. Of known isomers, the longest-lived is
131m
Xe with a half-life of 11.934 days.
129
Xe is produced by beta
decay of
129
I (half-life: 16 million years);
131m
Xe,
133
Xe,
133m
Xe, and
135
Xe are some of the fission products of both
235
U and
239
Pu, and therefore
used as indicators of nuclear explosions.
The artificial isotope
135
Xe is of considerable significance in the operation of nuclear fission reactors.
135
Xe has a huge cross section for thermal
neutrons, 2.6510
6
barns, so it acts as a neutron absorber or "poison" that can slow or stop the chain reaction after a period of operation. This was
discovered in the earliest nuclear reactors built by the American Manhattan Project for plutonium production. Fortunately the designers had made
provisions in the design to increase the reactor's reactivity (the number of neutrons per fission that go on to fission other atoms of nuclear fuel).
Relatively high concentrations of radioactive xenon isotopes are also found emanating from nuclear reactors due to the release of this fission gas
from cracked fuel rods or fissioning of uranium in cooling water. The concentrations of these isotopes are still usually low compared to the naturally
occurring radioactive noble gas
222
Rn.
Because xenon is a tracer for two parent isotopes, Xe isotope ratios in meteorites are a powerful tool for studying the formation of the solar system.
The I-Xe method of dating gives the time elapsed between nucleosynthesis and the condensation of a solid object from the solar nebula (Xenon
being a gas, only that part of it which formed after condensation will be present inside the object). Xenon isotopes are also a powerful tool for
understanding terrestrial differentiation. Excess
129
Xe found in carbon dioxide well gases from New Mexico was believed to be from the decay of
mantle-derived gases soon after Earth's formation.
[5]
Standard atomic mass: 131.293(6) u
All other isotopes have half-lives less than 12 days, most less than 20 hours. The shortest-lived isotope is
148
Xe with a half-life of 408 ns. Its 41
isotopes have mass numbers ranging from 108 to 148.
108
Xe (disc. 2011) is the second heaviest nuclide with equal numbers of protons and neutrons, after
112
Ba.
Contents
1 Xenon-133
2 Xenon-135
3 Xenon-136
4 Table
4.1 Notes
5 References
Xenon-133
Xenon-133 (sold as a drug under the brand name Xeneisol, ATC code V09EX03) is an isotope of
xenon. It is a radionuclide that was inhaled to assess pulmonary function, and to image the lungs,
[6]
but is now discontinued.
[7]
It was also used to image blood flow, particularly in the brain.
[8]

133
Xe is
also an important fission product.
[citation needed]
Xenon-135
Main article: Xenon-135
Xenon-136
Xenon-136 is an isotope of xenon. It undergoes double beta decay.
Table
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1 of 4 10.2.2014 18:19
Beta

0.427 MeV
nuclide
symbol
Z(p) N(n)

isotopic mass (u)

half-life
decay
mode(s)
[9][n 1]
daughter
isotope(s)
[n 2]
nuclear
spin
representative
isotopic
composition
(mole fraction)
range of natural
variation
(mole fraction)
excitation energy
110
Xe 54 56 109.94428(14)
310(190) ms
[105(+35-25) ms]

+ 110
I
0+

106
Te
111
Xe 54 57 110.94160(33)# 740(200) ms

+
(90%)
111
I
5/2+#
(10%)
107
Te
112
Xe 54 58 111.93562(11) 2.7(8) s

+
(99.1%)
112
I
0+
(.9%)
108
Te
113
Xe 54 59 112.93334(9) 2.74(8) s

+
(92.98%)
113
I
(5/2+)#

+
, p (7%)
112
Te
(.011%)
109
Te

+
, (.007%)
109
Sb
114
Xe 54 60 113.927980(12) 10.0(4) s
+ 114
I 0+
115
Xe 54 61 114.926294(13) 18(4) s

+
(99.65%)
115
I
(5/2+)
+
, p (.34%)
114
Te

+
, (310
4
%)
111
Sb
116
Xe 54 62 115.921581(14) 59(2) s
+ 116
I 0+
117
Xe 54 63 116.920359(11) 61(2) s

+
(99.99%)
117
I
5/2(+)

+
, p (.0029%)
116
Te
118
Xe 54 64 117.916179(11) 3.8(9) min
+ 118
I 0+
119
Xe 54 65 118.915411(11) 5.8(3) min
+ 119
I 5/2(+)
120
Xe 54 66 119.911784(13) 40(1) min
+ 120
I 0+
121
Xe 54 67 120.911462(12) 40.1(20) min
+ 121
I (5/2+)
122
Xe 54 68 121.908368(12) 20.1(1) h
+ 122
I 0+
123
Xe 54 69 122.908482(10) 2.08(2) h EC
123
I 1/2+
123m
Xe 185.18(22) keV 5.49(26) s 7/2(-)
124
Xe 54 70 123.905893(2) Observationally Stable
[n 3]
0+ 9.52(3)10
4
125
Xe 54 71 124.9063955(20) 16.9(2) h
+ 125
I 1/2(+)
125m1
Xe 252.60(14) keV 56.9(9) s IT
125
Xe 9/2(-)
125m2
Xe 295.86(15) keV 0.14(3) s 7/2(+)
126
Xe 54 72 125.904274(7) Observationally Stable
[n 4]
0+ 8.90(2)10
4
127
Xe 54 73 126.905184(4) 36.345(3) d EC
127
I 1/2+
127m
Xe 297.10(8) keV 69.2(9) s IT
127
Xe 9/2-
128
Xe 54 74 127.9035313(15) Stable
[n 5]
0+ 0.019102(8)
129
Xe
[n 6]
54 75 128.9047794(8) Stable
[n 5]
1/2+ 0.264006(82)
129m
Xe 236.14(3) keV 8.88(2) d IT
129
Xe 11/2-
130
Xe 54 76 129.9035080(8) Stable
[n 5]
0+ 0.040710(13)
131
Xe
[n 7]
54 77 130.9050824(10) Stable
[n 5]
3/2+ 0.212324(30)
131m
Xe 163.930(8) keV 11.934(21) d IT
131
Xe 11/2-
132
Xe
[n 7]
54 78 131.9041535(10) Stable
[n 5]
0+ 0.269086(33)
132m
Xe 2752.27(17) keV 8.39(11) ms IT
132
Xe (10+)
133
Xe
[n 7][n 8]
54 79 132.9059107(26) 5.2475(5) d
- 133
Cs 3/2+
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133m
Xe 233.221(18) keV 2.19(1) d IT
133
Xe 11/2-
134
Xe
[n 7]
54 80 133.9053945(9) Observationally Stable
[n 9]
0+ 0.104357(21)
134m1
Xe 1965.5(5) keV 290(17) ms IT
134
Xe 7-
134m2
Xe 3025.2(15) keV 5(1) s (10+)
135
Xe
[n 10]
54 81 134.907227(5) 9.14(2) h
- 135
Cs 3/2+
135m
Xe 526.551(13) keV 15.29(5) min
IT (99.99%)
135
Xe
11/2-

-
(.004%)
135
Cs
136
Xe
[n 11]
54 82 135.907219(8) 2.38(0.02, 0.14) 10
21
yr
[4]

-

- 136
Ba 0+ 0.088573(44)
136m
Xe 1891.703(14) keV 2.95(9) s 6+
137
Xe 54 83 136.911562(8) 3.818(13) min
- 137
Cs 7/2-
138
Xe 54 84 137.91395(5) 14.08(8) min
- 138
Cs 0+
139
Xe 54 85 138.918793(22) 39.68(14) s
- 139
Cs 3/2-
140
Xe 54 86 139.92164(7) 13.60(10) s
- 140
Cs 0+
141
Xe 54 87 140.92665(10) 1.73(1) s

-
(99.45%)
141
Cs
5/2(-#)

-
, n (.043%)
140
Cs
142
Xe 54 88 141.92971(11) 1.22(2) s

-
(99.59%)
142
Cs
0+

-
, n (.41%)
141
Cs
143
Xe 54 89 142.93511(21)# 0.511(6) s
- 143
Cs 5/2-
144
Xe 54 90 143.93851(32)# 0.388(7) s

- 144
Cs
0+

-
, n
143
Cs
145
Xe 54 91 144.94407(32)# 188(4) ms
- 145
Cs (3/2-)#
146
Xe 54 92 145.94775(43)# 146(6) ms
- 146
Cs 0+
147
Xe 54 93 146.95356(43)#
130(80) ms
[0.10(+10-5) s]

- 147
Cs
3/2-#

-
, n
146
Cs
^ Abbreviations:
EC: Electron capture
IT: Isomeric transition
1.
^ Bold for stable isotopes 2.
^ Suspected of undergoing
+

+
decay to
124
Te with a half-life over 4810
15
years 3.
^ Suspected of undergoing
+

+
decay to
126
Te 4.
^
a

b

c

d

e
Theoretically capable of spontaneous fission 5.
^ Used in a method of radiodating groundwater and to infer certain events in the Solar System's history 6.
^
a

b

c

d
Fission product 7.
^ Has medical uses 8.
^ Suspected of undergoing
-

-
decay to
134
Ba with a half-life over 1110
15
years 9.
^ Most powerful known neutron absorber, produced in nuclear power plants as a decay product of
135
I, itself a decay product of
135
Te, a fission product.
Normally absorbs neutrons in the high neutron flux environments to become
136
Xe; see iodine pit for more information
10.
^ Primordial radionuclide 11.
Notes
The isotopic composition refers to that in air.
Geologically exceptional samples are known in which the isotopic composition lies outside the reported range. The uncertainty in the atomic
mass may exceed the stated value for such specimens.
Commercially available materials may have been subjected to an undisclosed or inadvertent isotopic fractionation. Substantial deviations from
the given mass and composition can occur.
Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment
arguments are enclosed in parentheses.
Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation,
except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC which use expanded uncertainties.
References
Isotopes of xenon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_xenon
3 of 4 10.2.2014 18:19
^ Status of -decay in Xenon (http://www.shef.ac.uk/physics/bus2006/talks/luscher_roland.pdf), Roland Lscher, accessed on line September 17, 2007. 1.
^ Average (Recommended) Half-Life Values for Two-Neutrino Double-Beta Decay (http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015369612904), A. S. Barabash,
Czechoslovak Journal of Physics 52, #4 (April 2002), pp. 567573.
2.
^ Rajam, J. B. (1960). Atomic Physics (7th ed.). Delhi: S. Chand and Co. ISBN 81-219-1809-X. 3.
^
a

b
Gando, A.; Gando, Y.; Hanakago, H.; Ikeda, H.; Inoue, K.; Kato, R.; Koga, M.; Matsuda, S.; Mitsui, T.; Nakada, T.; Nakamura, K.; Obata, A.; Oki, A.;
Ono, Y.; Shimizu, I.; Shirai, J.; Suzuki, A.; Takemoto, Y.; Tamae, K.; Ueshima, K.; Watanabe, H.; Xu, B. D.; Yamada, S.; Yoshida, H.; Kozlov, A.; Yoshida,
S.; Banks, T. I.; Detwiler, J. A.; Freedman, S. J.; Fujikawa, B. K. (2012). "Measurement of the double- decay half-life of
136
Xe with the KamLAND-Zen
experiment". Physical Review C 85 (4). arXiv:1201.4664 (//arxiv.org/abs/1201.4664). Bibcode:2012PhRvC..85d5504G (http://adsabs.harvard.edu
/abs/2012PhRvC..85d5504G). doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.85.045504 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevC.85.045504).
4.
^ Boulos, M.S.; Manuel, O.K. (1971). "The xenon record of extinct radioactivities in the Earth.". Science 174 (4016): 13341336.
Bibcode:1971Sci...174.1334B (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1971Sci...174.1334B). doi:10.1126/science.174.4016.1334 (http://dx.doi.org
/10.1126%2Fscience.174.4016.1334). PMID 17801897 (//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17801897).
5.
^ Jones, R. L.; Sproule, B. J.; Overton, T. R. (1978). "Measurement of regional ventilation and lung perfusion with Xe-133". Journal of nuclear medicine
19 (10): 11871188. PMID 722337 (//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/722337).
6.
^ FDA Approved Drugs: Xeneisol (http://www.fdaapproveddrugs.us/xeneisol.html) 7.
^ Hoshi, H.; Jinnouchi, S.; Watanabe, K.; Onishi, T.; Uwada, O.; Nakano, S.; Kinoshita, K. (1987). "Cerebral blood flow imaging in patients with brain
tumor and arterio-venous malformation using Tc-99m hexamethylpropylene-amine oxime--a comparison with Xe-133 and IMP". Kaku igaku. the Japanese
journal of nuclear medicine 24 (11): 16171623. PMID 3502279 (//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3502279).
8.
^ http://www.nucleonica.net/unc.aspx 9.
Isotope masses from Ame2003 Atomic Mass Evaluation (http://amdc.in2p3.fr/web/masseval.html) by G. Audi, A.H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J.
Blachot and O. Bersillon in Nuclear Physics A729 (2003).
Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
J. R. de Laeter, J. K. Bhlke, P. De Bivre, H. Hidaka, H. S. Peiser, K. J. R. Rosman and P. D. P. Taylor (2003). "Atomic weights of the
elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)" (http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/75/6/0683/pdf/). Pure and Applied
Chemistry 75 (6): 683800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac200375060683).
M. E. Wieser (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)" (http://iupac.org/publications/pac/78/11/2051
/pdf/). Pure and Applied Chemistry 78 (11): 20512066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051 (http://dx.doi.org
/10.1351%2Fpac200678112051). Lay summary (http://old.iupac.org/news/archives/2005/atomic-weights_revised05.html).
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources. See editing notes on this article's talk page.
G. Audi, A. H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties"
(http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/amdc/nubase/Nubase2003.pdf). Nuclear Physics A 729: 3128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A
(http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NuPhA.729....3A). doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001 (http://dx.doi.org
/10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2003.11.001).
National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.1 database" (http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/). Brookhaven National Laboratory. Retrieved
September 2005.
N. E. Holden (2004). "Table of the Isotopes". In D. R. Lide. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). CRC Press. Section
11. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.
Isotopes of iodine Isotopes of xenon
Isotopes of
caesium
Table of nuclides
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