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Wireless communication

presented by

p.Prathyusha
&
k.Anusha,
3rd cse,
Rao&Naidu engg college,
South by-pass road,
Ongole,
Prakasham(dt).
Email:nandu_anu530@yahoo.com.
prathyusha_50@rediffmail.com.
Contact: 9966625815.
9948260667.
Abstract:

The fast development in the field of wireless communication gives access to


a wide range of new and unforeseen applications in the sector of train-busses. Innovative
technologies offer a promising approach to classical problems like cable-replacement and
system upgrade (retrofitting). In this paper we derive the need for intra-train busses,
especially for freight trains, and give a short survey of available wireless technologies. In
this context we identify the internal and external parameters to which the communication
system is subjected. Additionally, special European boundary conditions for train
equipment are taken into account.
We present our arguments for the usage of DECT as a wireless
communication standard suitable for train internal communication. Apart from that,
possible topologies of a generic wireless train bus are discussed. Based on the theoretical
considerations, we introduce our concept for a testing platform. We show how the
platform is designed and how different topologies and their reliability can be evaluated.
One aspect of the design of the testing platform was the usage of the off-the-shelf
components. Finally, we present the results of initial tests with the chosen communication
system.

This article reviews space-time modem technology for mobile radio


applications. We begin with motivations for the use of space-time modems and then
briefly discuss the challenges posed by wireless propagation. Next, we develop a signal
model for the wireless environment. Channel estimation, equalization, and filtering
techniques for space-time modems in the forward and reverse links are then discussed.
Finally, we review applications of space-time modems to cellular systems and discuss
industry trends

Spatial antenna diversity has been important in improving the radio


link between wireless users. Historically, microscopic antenna diversity has been used to
reduce the fading seen by a radio receiver, whereas macroscopic diversity provides
multiple listening posts to ensure that mobile communication links remain intact over a
wide geographic area. In later years, the concepts of spatial diversity have been expanded
to build foundations for emerging technologies, such as smart (adaptive) antennas and
position location systems. Smart antennas hold great promise for increasing the capacity
of wireless communications because they radiate and receive energy only in the intended
directions, thereby greatly reducing interference. To properly design, analyze, and
implement smart antennas and to exploit spatial processing in emerging wireless systems,
accurate radio channel models that incorporate spatial characteristics are necessary. In
this tutorial, we review the key concepts in spatial channel modeling and present
emerging approaches. We also review the research issues in developing and using spatial
channel models for adaptive antennas
Introduction:
Wireless communications is one of the most active areas of technology
development of our time. This development is being driven primarily by the
transformation of what has been largely a medium for supporting voice telephony into a
medium for supporting other services, such as the transmission of video, images, text,
and data. Thus, similar to the developments in wireline capacity in the 1990s, the demand
for new wireless capacity is growing at a very rapid pace. Although there are, of course,
still a great many technical problems to be solved in wireline communications, demands
for additional wireline capacity can be fulfilled largely with the addition of new private
infrastructure, such as additional optical fiber, routers, switches, and so on. On the other
hand, the traditional resources that have been used to add capacity to wireless systems are
radio bandwidth and transmitter power.
The Wireless communications today covers a very wide array of
applications. The telecommunications largest industries worldwide, with more than $1
trillion in annual revenues for services and equipment. The largest part of the
telecommunications business is telephony. The principal wireless component of
telephony is mobile (i.e., cellular) telephony.
The worldwide growth rate in cellular telephony is very aggressive,
and analysts report that the number of cellular telephony subscriptions worldwide has
now surpassed the number of wireline (i.e., fixed) telephony subscriptions. Moreover, at
the time of this writing in 2003, the number of cellular telephony subscriptions
worldwide is reportedly on the order of 1.2 billion. These numbers make cellular
telephony a very important driver of wireless technology development, and in recent
years the push to develop new mobile data services, which go collectively under the
name third-generation (3G) cellular, has played a key role in motivating research in new
signal processing techniques for wireless. However, cellular telephony is only one of a
very wide array of wireless technologies that are being developed very rapidly at the
present time.
Among other technologies are wireless piconetworking (as exemplified by the
Bluetooth radio-on-a-chip) and other personal area network (PAN) systems (e.g., the
IEEE 802.15 family of standards), wireless local area network (LAN) systems
(exemplified by the IEEE 802.11 and HiperLAN families of standards, called WiFi
systems), wireless metropolitan area network (MAN) systems.other wireless local loop
(WLL) systems, and a variety of satellite systems. These additional wireless technologies
provide a basis for a very rich array of applications, including local telephony service,
broadband Internet access, and distribution of high-rate entertainment content such as
high-definition video and high-quality audio to the home, within the home, to
automobiles, and so on.Like 3G, these technologies have spurred considerable research in
signal processing for wireless.
These technologies are supported by a number of transmission and channel-assignment
techniques, including time-division multiple access (TDMA), code-division multiple
access (CDMA), and other spread-spectrum systems, orthogonal frequency-division
multiplexing (OFDM) and other multicarrier systems, and high-rate single-carrier
systems.
Definition:
Wireless is a term used to describe telecommunications in which
electromagnetic waves (rather than some form of wire) carrythe signal over part or all of
the communication path. Some monitoring devices, such as intrusionalarms, employ
acoustic waves at frequencies above the range of human hearing; these are also
sometimes classified as wireless.
The first wireless transmitters went on the air in the early 20th centuryusing
radiotelegraphy (Morse code). Later, as modulation made it possible to transmit
voicesand music via wireless, the medium came to be called "radio." With theadvent of
television, fax, data communication, and the effective use of a larger portion of the
spectrum, the term "wireless" hasbeen resurrected.
Common examples of wireless equipment in use today include:

• cellular phones and pagers -- provide connectivity for portable and mobile
applications, both personal and business
• Global Positioning System (GPS) -- allows drivers of cars and trucks, captains of
boats and ships, and pilots of aircraft to ascertain their location anywhere on earth
• Cordless computer peripherals -- the cordless mouse is a common example;
keyboards and printers can also be linked to a computer via wireless
• Cordless telephone sets -- these are limited-range devices, not to be confused with
cell phones
• Home-entertainment-system control boxes -- the VCR control and the TV channel
control are the most common examples; some hi-fi sound systems and FM
broadcast receivers also use this technology
• Remote garage-door openers -- one of the oldest wireless devices in common use
by consumers; usually operates at radio frequencies
• Two-way radios -- this includes Amateur and Citizens Radio Service, as well as
business, marine, and military communications
• Baby monitors -- these devices are simplified radio transmitter/receiver units with
limited range
• satellite television -- allows viewers in almost any location to select from
hundreds of channels
• wireless LANs or local area networks -- provide flexibility and reliability for
business computer users
Applications:
Today wireless communication is used in many applications.They are

• Audio • Computers & Peripherals • Military


• Automotive • Consumer Electronics • Security
• Broadband • Industrial • Video and Imaging

• Communications & Telecom • Medical • Wireless

Video&Imaging:
3D metrology has become more abundantly used with the rapid growth of
computer modeling. Using DLP® technology, with its high switching rates and digital
precision for exact synchronized gray level output, objects can be measured with finer
detail and less ambiguity.
Traditionally, because of the extensive time required only a single frame
snap-shot was used to capture points of an object. Today, high-speed cameras and
DLP® technology allow a series of patterns to be projected onto the surface of an
object and captured in less than a second by a camera. The surface shape is obtained
fully with finer detail. Because the of the quick speed, 3D metrology using DLP ®
technology lends itself to hand-held systems, or the capture of data from living
objects, or a production line measurements.

Z-Snapper Speed and Precision

The z-Snapper provides full-field 3D surface


data at a recording time that compares with a
standard CCD camera. The high density of data
points per measurement reveals even small
object features with high reliability.

The z-Snapper logic is based upon the well-


known fringe projection methodology
combined with sophisticated phase measuring
algorithms. A sequence of patterns is projected
and recorded by a precisely synchronized
camera. Optimized algorithms are provided for
the fast and reliable evaluation of the intensity
patterns; the user benefits from the ViALUX
3D library shipped with the application
programming interface (API).

The z-Snapper uses a LED based lighting


system. The device is self contained (no fiber
bundle input) and does not need a cooling fan
so that the housing is completely closed and
dust protected. The LED does not require a
high voltage so the system may be battery
powered. And the LED based system enables
the user the ability to be tilted and operated in
any desired position.

Bluetooth Headset(Wireless):
A Bluetooth headset is a wireless headset. It implements Bluetooth technology to provide
2.45GHz-radio wireless connectivity for audio communication. The core subsystems
include:

• RF Front-End - includes RF filter, balun (line matching), and RF transceiver


(Modulator/Demodulator/ADC/DAC). The RF front-end provides the wireless link
through the antenna.
• Baseband DSP/Microcontroller/Memory - the DSP processes physical layer
protocols and audio data. The microcontroller runs the Bluetooth software stack
stored in memory and controls the RF/host interfaces. The Bluetooth software and
data are stored in ROM/RAM. Upgraded firmware may be loaded from FLASH
memory.
• Audio Codec - connected to microphone and earpiece to perform analog/digital
conversions and bit stream coding/decoding to create audio radio.
• Host Interface/Volume Control - host or user can use this serial interface to
configure the processor, codec, or changes the volume.
• Power Conversion - converts input battery power to run various functional
blocks.
• Battery Management - charges the battery using wall or USB voltage.

Medical:
Wireless communication is very useful in medical field such as:
 Automated External Defibrillator
 Blood Pressure Monitor
 Confocal Microscopy
 Dialysis Machine
 Digital Hearing Aids
 Electrocardiogram (ECG) Front End
 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
 Portable Blood Gas Analyzer
 Portable Medical Instruments
 Pulse Oximetry
 Ultrasound System
Advantages and disadvantages
Advantages:
A wireless communication system has a number of advantages, not least the
mobility of the devices within the environment. It is a simple matter to relocate a
communicating device, and no additional cost of rewiring and excessive downtime is
associated with such a move. It is also a simple matter to add in a communication device
to the system or remove one from the system without any disruption to the remainder of
the system. Other than the initial outlay on setting up the cell sites, the cost of running
and maintaining a radio based communications solution is minimal.
Transferring Data
The embedded chip at each end of the wireless communication runs
software for interacting with the end user and managing the transmission. For example, a
personal organizer could run software that lets the consumer connect through a PC to the
Internet and download updates to its scheduling program.

Establishing Communication
A common example of a wireless mobile device that uses IR to establish a
communication link is a television or stereo remote. You may point the remote at the
television or stereo from across the room, and click buttons to turn the target device on or
off and change channels. This is possible because the remote has an IR transmitter and its
target device has an IR receiver that enables the one-way communication of data. cell
phones are wireless devices that use radio frequency (RF) to communicate with cellular
base stations . This is done at UHF and microwave frequencies.

New versions of mobile or portable devices are being designed with an


internal wireless link capability to connect to a stationary device such as a personal
computer (PC) or office telephone system. This lets the user to move around the office or
even around the building and still maintain connection with the stationary system.
Satellites are also wireless systems that use RF to communicate.

Satellite communications include such things as the Global Positioning


System (GPS) that you can use to easily find your current location within 50 feet.

Disadvantage:
One of the major problems that presents itself is the already limited
spectrum available for communications. The remaining free spectrum has to be used to its
maximum potential, spread spectrum technology presenting itself as a suitable means of
increasing performance. Splitting up of the environment into a number of small cells also
increases the overall accessible bandwidth of the communication system, but also
increases the cost as more cell sites are required. Techniques such as diversity combining
can also be used to increase the available bandwidth through improved reception
capabilities.
Conclusion
Consumers are rapidly embracing wireless devices, and the possibilities
are limited only by the imagination. Java-based consumer and embedded technologies
make application development fast, efficient, and easy because applications written to a
reference implementation run on any device that supports the reference implementation.

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