Heat Tr. Lab Manual

Manual for
Heat Transfer Operations

List of Experiments:
Sl No Experiment Name Page Number
1. Composite wall.
. Natural Con!e"tion.
#. $or"e% Con!e"tion.
&. T'ermal Con%u"ti!it( of li)ui%.
*. T'ermal "on%u"ti!it( of a metal ro%.
+. Heat transfer t'roug' a pin fin.
,. Emissi!it( measurement.
-. Criti"al .nsulation T'i"/ness
0. 1ropwise an% $ilmwise "on%ensation.
12. 1ouble pipe 'eat ex"'anger.
11. S'ell an% Tube Heat ex"'anger.
1. 3ising film e!aporator
1#. Heat transfer t'roug' agitate% !essel
1&. 4oiling 'eat transfer
E5PE3.MENT NO: 1
N6ME O$ E5PE3.MENT : COMPOS.TE 76LL
O48ECT.9E:
Study of conduction heat transfer in composite wall.
6.M:
To determine total thermal resistance and thermal conductivity of composite wall
To plot temperature gradient along with composite wall structure.
.NT3O1:CT.ON:
When a temperature gradient exists in a body, there is an energy transfer from the high
temperature region to the low temperature region. Energy is transferred by conduction and
heat transfer rate per unit area is proportional to the normal temperature gradient.
X
T
A
q
When the proportionality constant is inserted

X
T
KA q

Where q is the heat transfer rate and
X
T
is the temperature gradient in the direction of

heat flow. The positive constant k is called thermal conductivity of the material.
THEO3;:
direct application of !ourier"s law is the plane wall.
( )
T T
X
kA
q
# $

When the thermal conductivity is considered constant. The wall thickness is %, and T# and
T$ are surface temperatures. &f more than one material is present, as in the multiplayer
wall, the analysis would proceed as follows'
The temperature gradients in the three materials, the heat flow may be written.
( )
T T
a X
kA
q
# $

( )
T T
k
b X
A
B
$ (
)
( )
T T
k
c X
A
C
( *

The heat flow must be same through all sections. Solving these three equations
simultaneously, the heat flow is written as
A K
X
A K
X
A K
X
T T
C
C
B
B
A
A
q

+ +
* #
1ESC3.PT.ON:
The pparatus consists of a heater sandwiched between two asbestos sheets. Three slabs of
different material are provided on both sides of heater, which forms a composite structure.
small press+ frame is provided to ensure the perfect contact between the slabs. variac is
provided for varying the input to the heater and measurement of input power is carried out
by a digital voltmeter , -igital mmeter.
Temperatures sensors are embedded between inter faces of the slab, to read the temperature
at the surface. The experiment can be conducted at various values of power input and
calculation can be made accordingly.
:T.L.T.ES 3E<:.3E1:
Electrically supply' # phase, $$. / 0, $ mp.
Table for set up support
E5PE3.MENT6L P3OCE1:3E:
#1 Start the supply of heater by varying the dimmerstat2 ad3ust the power input at the
desired value.
$1 Take readings of all the temperature sensors after fairly steady temperatures are
achieved and rate of rise is negligible.
(1 4ote down readings in the observation table.
SPEC.$.C6T.ON:
Slab si5e'
0ast &ron ' -iameter ) $6. mm, thickness ) $. mm
7akelite ' -iameter ) $6. mm, thickness ) #8 mm
9ress wood' -iameter ) $6. mm, thickness ) #$.: mm
;eater ' 4ichrome heater <*..watt1 wounded on mica and insulated with
=ica and asbestos is provided
0ontrol form' The control panel consists of digital voltmeter, digital temperature
&ndicator with multi channel switch, variac to control the heat
&nput to the heater.
Temp sensors' >T- 9T ? #.. type <@ nos1
Wooden cabinet is provided to accommodate the slab assembly. Whole assembly is
fitted on a =S powder coated base plate to give the setup more strength and rigid ness.
O4SE396T.ON = C6LC:L6T.ON '
16T6:
Slab si>e
0ast &ron ' -iameter ) $6. mm, thickness ) $. mm
7akelite ' -iameter ) $6. mm, thickness ) #8 mm
9ress wood' -iameter ) $6. mm, thickness ) #$.: mm
;eater ' 4ichrome heater *.. Watt1 wounded on mica and insulated with
lpppmica and asbestos is provided.
0ontrol 9anel' The control panel consists of -igital /oltmeter, -igital mmeter,
-igital temperature indicator with multi channel switch, /ariac to
control the heat input to the heater.
Temp. Sensor' >T- 9T+#.. type <@nos.1
Wooden cabinet is provided to accommodate the slab assembly. Whole assembly is
fitted on a =S 9ower coated base plate to give the setup more strength and rigidness.
O4SE396T.ON T64LE:
9oltage
9
6mpere
6
Heat Temperature sensors rea%ings ?C
&nput T# T$ T( T* T6 T8 T: T@
.
0
W)/A&
t x).
t x)$6mm
t x)**mm
t x)68.: mm
T,
T*
Press woo%
4a/elite T#
Cast .ron T1
Heater
T
T&
T+
T-
NOMENCL6T:3E:
7 ) Total thickness of composite slab.
B ) ;eat supplied by the heater
T# , T$ ) &nterface temperature of cast &ron and heater
T( , T* ) &nterface temperature of cast &ron and bakelite
T6 , T8 ) &nterface temperature of bakelite and press wood
T: , T@ ) Top surface temperature of press wood
%# ) 0ast &ron thickness
%$ ) 7akelite thickness
%( ) 9ress wood thickness
>t ) Slab Sensitivity
C ) =etal conductivity
P3EC6:T.ON = M6.NTEN6NCE .NST3:CT.ONS:
#1 Dse the stabili5e 0 single phase supply only
$1 4ever switch on mains power supply before ensuring that all the E4FE!! switches
given on the panel are at E!! position
(1 /oltage to heater starts and increase slowly
*1 4ever run the apparatus if power is less than #@. / and more than $*. /
61 Eperate selector switch of temperature indicator gently
81 lways keep he the apparatus free from dust.
:1 There is a possibility of getting abrupt result if the supply voltage is fluctuating or
if the satisfactory steady state condition is not reached.
T3O:4LESHOOT.N@:
#1 &f electrical panel is not showing the input on the mains light. 0heck the fuse and
also check the main supply
$1 &f -T& displays A1B on the screen check the computer socket if loose tight it.
(1 &f temperature of any sensor is not displays in -T& check and rectify that
*1 /oltmeter showing the voltage given to heater but ampere meter does not.
61 Tight the heater socket , switch if ok it means heater burned.
E5PE3.MENT NO:
N6ME O$ E5PE3.MENT: HE6T T36NS$E3 .N N6T:36L CON9ECT.ON
O48ECT.9E:
Study of convection heat transfer in natural convection.
6.M:
To find out the heat transfer co+efficient of vertical cylinder in natural convection.
.NT3O1:CT.ON:
0onvection is defined as process of heat transfer by combined action of heat conduction
and mixing motion. 0onvection heat transfer is further classified as natural convection ans
forced convection.
&f the mixing motion takes place due to density difference caused by temperature gradient,
then the process of heat transfer is known as heat transfer by 4atural of !ree 0onvection.
&f the mixing motion is induced by some external means such as a pump or blower then
the process is known as heat transfer by !orced 0onvection.
1ESC3.PT.ON:
The apparatus consists of a brass tube fitted in a rectangular duct in a vertical fashion. The
duct is open at the top and bottom and forms an enclosure and serves the purpose of
undisturbed surrounding. Ene side of it is made up of glassFcrylic for visuali5ation.
heating element is kept in the vertical tube, which heats the tube surface. The heat is lost
from the tube to the surrounding air by natural convection. -igital Temperature &ndictor
measure the temperature at the different point with the help of seven temperature sensors.
The heat input to the heater is measured by -igital mmeter and -igital voltmeter and can
be varied by a dimmerstat.
:T.L.T.ES 3E<:.3E1:
Electricity supply' # 9hase, $$. / 0, $ mp.
Table for set+up support
ST63T.N@ P3OCE1:3E:
#. 0lean the apparatus and make it free from -ust, first.
$. Ensure that all En FEff Switch given on the panel are at E!! position.
(. Ensure that variac knob is at GE>E position given on the panel.
*. 4ow switch on the main power supply<$$. / 0,6. ;51.
6. Switch on the panel with help of mains onFoff switch given on the panel.
8. !ix the power input to the heater with the help of variac, voltmeter and ammeter
provided.
:. fter (. min. record the temperature of test section at various points in each 6 min.
interval.
@. &f the temp. >eadings are same for three times, assume that steady state is achieved.
H. >ecord the final temperatures.
CLOS.N@ P3OCE1:3E:
#. When experiment is over ,switch off the heater first.
$. d3ust variac to 5ero.
(. Switch off the panel with the help of mains onFoff switch given on the panel.
*. Switch off power supply to panel.
SPEC.$.C6T.ON:
-iameter of tube ) (6 mm
Iength of the tube ) 6.. mm
Si5e of duct ) $6 cm % $6 cm % H. cm
Temperature sensors ) >T- 9T+#.. type
4o. of >T- Temperature sensors ) @ 4os.
-igital /oltmeter ) . to 6.. /
-igital mmeter ) . to #. mps.
-immerstat ) $ mpsF$$. /.
;eater ) *.. watts.
Temperature indicator ) -igital Temperature &ndicator . to $..
.
0
with multi channel switch.
$O3M:L6E:
#. The heat transfer coefficient is given by
0 hr 0alFm C
1 .<
$
a s
a
T T A
Q
h

Where
q ) ;eat transfer rate ) / & <C 0alF;r.1
s ) rea of the heat transferring surface.
) Jd I m
$
$.
:
: 8 6 * ( $ #
T T T T T T T
T
S
+ + + + + +
Ts ) mbient temperature in duct

.
0 ) T@
O4SE396T.ON = C6LC:L6T.ONS:
Euter diameter of 0ylinder, d ) (6mm.
Iength of 0ylinder, I ) 6..mm.
&nput to heater ) / x &, Watts.
Where
/ ) /olts.
& ) mps.
3un No. 9
9olts
.
6mps
?C
T1 T T# T& T* T+ T, T-
P3EC6:T.ONS = M6.NTEN6NCE .NST3:CT.ONS:
#. Dse the stabili5e .0. Single 9hase supply only.
$. 4ever switch on mains power supply before ensuring that all the on F off
switches given on the panel are at off position.
(. /oltage to heater starts and increase slowly.
*. keep all the assembly undisturbed.
6. 4ever run the apparatus if power supply is less than #@./ and above $*. /.
8. Eperate selector switch of temperature indicator gently.
:. lways keep the apparatus free from dust.
@. There is a possibility of getting abrupt result if the supply voltage is fluctuating
or if the satisfactory steady state condition is not reached.
T3O:4LESHOOT.N@:
#. &f electric panel is not showing the input on the mains light. 0heck the fuse
and also check the main supply.
$. &f -.T.& displays K#L on the screen check the computer socket if loose tight
it.
(. &f temperature of any sensor is not displays in -.T.&. check the connection
and rectify that.
*. /oltmeter showing the voltage given to heater but ampere meter does not.
6. Tight the heater socket , switch if ok it means heater burned.
E5PE3.MENT NO:#
N6ME O$ E5PE3.MENT: HE6T T36NS$E3 .N $O3CE1 CON9ECT.ON
6.M :
To find surface heat transfer coefficient for a pipe flowing heat by force convection to air
flowing through it, for different air flow rate and heat flow rate.
THEO3;'
ir flowing into the heated pipe with very high flow rate the heat transfer rate increases.
The temperature taken by the cold air from the bulk temperature and rises its temperature.
Thus, for the tube the total energy added can be expressed in terms of a bulk+temperature
difference by
q ) m 0p < Tb$ ? Tb# 1
7ulk temperature difference in terms of heat transfer coefficient
q ) h < Tb$ ? Tb# 1
traditional expression for calculation of heat transfer in fully developed turbulent flow in
smooth tubes is that recommended by -ittus and 7oelter.
4ud ) ...$( >ed
..@
9r
n

&f n ) M ..* for heating of the fluid
M ..( for cooling of the fluid
:T.L.T.ES 3E<:.3E1:
Electricity Supply ' # 9hase, $$. / 0, #.mp.
!loor area of #.$ m x ..6 m.
1ESC3.PT.ON:
The apparatus consists of blower unit fitted with the test pipe. The test section is
surrounding by nichrome heater. !our Temperature Sensors are embedded on the test
section and two temperature sensors are placed in the air stream at the entrance and exit of
the test section to measure the air temperature. Test 9ipe is connected to the delivery side
of the blower along with the Erifice to measure flow of air through the pipe. &nput to the
heater is given through a dimmerstat and measured by meters. &t is to be noted that only a
part of the total heat supplied is utili5ed in heating the air. temperature indicator is
provided to measure temperature of pipe wall in the test section. ir flow is measured with
the help of Erifice meter and the water manometer fitted on the board.
ST63T.N@ P3OCE1:3E:
#. 0lean the apparatus and make it free from -ust.
$. 9ut =anometer !luid <water1 in =anometer connected Erifice meter.
(. Ensure that all EnFEff Switches given on the 9anel are at E!! position.
*. Ensure that /ariac Cnob is at GE>E position, given on the panel.
6. 4ow switch on the =ain 9ower Supply <$$. / 0, 6. ;51.
8. Switch on the 9anel with the help of mains EnFEff Switch given on the 9anel.
:. !ix the power &nput to the ;eater with the help of /ariac, /oltmeter and
mmeter provided.
@. Switch on 7lower by operating >otary Switch given on the panel.
H. d3ust ir !low >ate with the help of ir !low 0ontrol /alve given in the ir
Iine.
#.. fter (. =inutes record the temperature of test Section at various points in each
6 =inutes interval.
##. &f Temperatures readings are same for three times, assume that steady state is
achieved.
#$. >ecord the final temperature.
#(. >ecord manometer reading.
CLOS.N@ P3OCE1:3E:
#. When experiment is over, switch off heater first.
$. Switch off 7lower.
(. d3ust /ariac to Gero.
*. Switch off the 9anel with the help of =ains EnFEff Switch given on the 9anel.
6. Switch off 9ower Supply to 9anel.
ST6N1631 16T6:
Iength of test section ) *#$ mm
&.-. of test section ) ($ mm
E.-. of test section ) (@ mm
4o. of >T- Temperature Sensors ) 8 mm
7lower ) N ;.9.
Erifice -iameter ) #* mm
Erifice pipe inside diameter ) $ mp,$$. /
-igital temperature indicator with multichannel switch -igital /oltmeter , -igital
mmeter are also provided.
$O3M:L6E:
#.
( )
Chr m kCal
T T A
Q
U
A S
a
$
F
$. ( ) Hr m f f H g d Cd U
a w
F F $ * F
( $

(.
. F Hr TKcal mC Q
p a

*.
'
#
f
m
R H
O4SE396T.ON T64LE:
9
9OLT
.
6MPS
T1

O
C
T

O
C
T#

O
C
T&

O
C
T*

O
C
T+

O
C
Manometer
3ea%ing
C"mD
O4SE396T.ONS:
&nner dia of test section, -i ) ++++++++++++++ mm
Euter dia of test section, -o ) ++++++++++++++ mm
Iength of test section, I ) ++++++++++++++ mm
-iameter of orifice, ) ++++++++++++++ mm
Temperature sensors readings T# ) ++++++++++++++
E
0 ir inlet temp.
T$ ) ++++++++++++++
E
0 Surface temp. of test section
T( ) ++++++++++++++
E
T* ) ++++++++++++++
E
T6 ) ++++++++++++++
E
T8 ) ++++++++++++++
E
0 ir outlet temp.
=anometer >eading ; ) ++++++++++++++ =eters.
C6LC:L6T.ONS:
;eat Transfer 0oefficient
( )
a S
a
T T A
Q
U
Ba the rate at which air is getting heating is calculated as follows '

Ba ) m 0p OT C calF;r.
Where'
= ) =ass flow rate of air CgF;r.
0p ) Specific heat of air C cal
o
0 Cg.
OT ) Temp. rise in air
o
0 <T8 P T#1
m ) B f a
fa ) -ensity of air
B ) /ol. flow rate
B ) 0d J F *d
$
Q $g ; f w F f a <m
(
F;r 1
D )
( )
Chr m kCal
T T A
Q
a S
a
$
F
0d ) 0oefficient of discharge ) ..8.
; ) -ifference of water level in manometer in meters.
9w ) -ensity of water #... kgFm
(
9a ) -ensity of air at inlet temp. ) #.$.6 kgFm
(
d ) -iameter of Erifice ) ...#*
) Test section area ) J -i I m
$
Ta ) verage temperature of air

( )
C
T T
$
8 #
Ts ) verage surface temperature
C
T T T T
+ + +
*
* ( $ #
Dsing this procedure obtain the values of ;a for different air flow rates.
#. Dse the stabili5e .0. Single phase supply only
$. 4ever switch on mains power supply before ensuring that all the E4FE!!
switches given on the panel are at E!! position.
(. /oltage to heater start and increase slowly.
*. Ceep all the assembly undisturbed.
6. 4ever run the apparatus if power supply is less than #@. volts and above than $*.
volts.
@. There is a possibility of getting abrupt result if the supply voltage is fluctuating or if
the satisfactory steady state condition is not reached.
T3O:4LE SHOOT.N@:
#. &f electric panel is not showing the input on the mains light. 0heck the fuse and also
check the main supply.
$. &f -.T.&. displays K#L on the screen check the computer socket if loose tight it.
(. &f temperature of any sensor is not displays in -.T.&. check the connection and
rectify that.
3E$E3ENCES:
#. ;eat Transfer by R.9. ;olman, @
th
Edition, of =c Sraw ;ill
$. 9rocess ;eat Transfer by -onald B Cern, of =c Sraw ;ill
E5PE3.MENT NO: &
N6ME O$ E5PE3.MENT: THE3M6L CON1:CT.9.T; O$ L.<:.1
C@:631E1 PL6TE METHO1D
O48ECT.9E:
Study of heat transfer through liquid.
6.M:
To determine the Thermal 0onductivity of a liquid
.NT3O1:CT.ON:
When a temperature gradient exists in a body, there is an energy transfer from the high
temperature region to the low temperature region .energy is transferred by conduction and
heat transfer per unit area is proportional to the normal temperature gradient'
X
T
A
q
when the proportionality constant is inserted,

X
T
kA q

where q is the heat transfer rate and
X
T
the temperature gradient in the direction of heat

flow. The positive constant k is called thermal conductivity of the material.
X
T T
kA
X
T
kA Q
c h
h h
1 <
;eat transfer area ) h <rea 9erpendicular to the direction of heat flow1
1ESC3.PT.ON:
The apparatus is based on well established KSuarded ;ot 9lateL method. &t is a steady state
absolute method suitable method for materials, which can be fixed between two plates and
can also be extended to liquids that fill the gap between the plates.
The essentials components of the set up are the hot plate, cold plate, and heater to heat the
hot plate, cold water supply for the cold plate, >T- 9T+#.. Sensors and the liquid
specimen holder.
T
h
T
c
%
&n the set up, a unidirectional heat flows takes place across the liquid whose two faces are
maintained at different temperatures by the hot plate on one end and by the cold plate at the
other end.
heater heats hot plate and voltage to the heater is varied with the help of variac to
conduct the experiment on different voltages as well as different heat inputs. Temperatures
are measured by >T- 9T+#.. sensors attached at three different places on the hot plate as
well as on the cold plate. These sensors are provided on the inner surface facing the liquid
sample. n average of these sensors readings are used as and at steady state condition.
;eat is supplied by an electric heater for which, we have to record the voltmeter reading
</1 nd ammeter reading<1 after attaining the steady state condition. The temperature of
the cold surface is maintained by circulating cold water at high velocity. The gap between
hot plate and cold plate forms the liquid cell, in which liquid sample is filled.
The depth of the liquid in the direction of flow must be small to ensure the absence of
convection currents and a liquid samples of high viscosity and density shall further ensure
the absence of convection and the heat transfer can be safely assume to take place by
conduction alone.
:T.L.T.ES 3E<:.3E1:
Water supply 6 litFmin <approx1
-rain.
Electricity supply' # phase, $$. / 0, $ mp.
Table for set ? up support
#. !ill the liquid cell with the sample liquid <glycerol1 through the inlet port,
keeping the apparatus tilted towards upper side so that there is complete
removal of air through outlet port. Iiquid filing should be continued till there is
complete removal of air and also liquid glycerol comes out of the outlet port.
0lose the outlet port followed by inlet port.
$. llow cold water to flow through cold water inlet.
(. Start the electric heater to heat the hot plate. d3ust the voltage of hot plate
heater in the range of #. to #6 volts.
*. d3ust the cold water flow rate such that there is no appreciable change in the
outlet temperature of cold water<there should be minimum change1.
6. So on recording the thermocouple reading on hot side as well as on cold side,
and once steady state is achieved <may be after (.+8. min12 <Steady state is
reached when there is no appreciable change in the thermocouple readings
T..#U01 record the three thermocouple readings on the hot side <Th#, Th$, Th(, ie
T#,T$, T(1 and the three thermocouple readings <Tc#, Tc$, Tc(, ie T*,T6, T81 on the
cold side along with the voltmeter </1 and ammeter <1 readings.
8. Stop the electric supply to the heater and continue with the supply of cold
water till there is a decrease in the temperature of hot plate <may be for another
(. ? *. mins1.
:. Epen the liquid outlet valve slightly in the downward tilt position and drain the
sample liquid in a receiver, keeping liquid port open.
SPEC.$.C6T.ON:
#. ;ot plate
=aterial ) copper
-iameter ) #@. mm
$. 0old plate
=aterial ) copper
-iameter ) #@. mm
(. Sample liquid depth ) #8 mm
*. Temp. sensors ) >T- 9T+ #.. type
Buantity ) 8 4os.
) 4o. # to ( mounted on hot plate
) 4o. * to 8 mounted on cold plate.
6. -igital temperature indicator
>ange ) .
.
0 to #HH.H
.
0
Ieast count ) ..#
.
0
8. /ariac ) $ amp, $(. / 0
:. -igital voltmeter ) . to 6.. /olts
@. -igital ammeter ) . to #. mp.
H. ;eater ) 4ichrome heater <*.. Watt1
$O3M:L6E:
1 <
# $
T T
X
kA
q
1 .<
c h h
T T A
X
q k
O4SE396T.ON T64LE:
Sl.
No
9
9olts
.
6mps
7
7atts
T'1
?C
T'?C T'?C T'#?C T"1?C T"?C T"#?C Col%
water
flow
rate
3ECO31 THE $OLLO7.N@ 6T STE61; ST6TE:
Sample liquid'
/olt meter reading ) /
mmeter reading )
;ot face average temperature, Th ) <Th# V T h$ V T h(1F(
0old face temperature, Th ) <T c# V T c$ V T c(1F(
#. Dse the stabili5ed .0 Single 9hase supply only.
$. 4ever switch on mains power supply before ensuring that all the E4FE!! switches
given on the panel are at E!! position.
(. /oltage to heater starts and increases slowly.
6. 4ever run the apparatus if the power supply is less than #@. volts and above than
$*. volts.
@. Testing liquid should be filled fully.
H. There is a possibility of getting abrupt result if the voltage is fluctuating or if the
satisfactory steady state condition is not reached.
T3O:4LESHOOT.N@:
rectify that
6. Tight the heater socket and switch if ok it means heater burned and replace that.
E5PE3.MENT NO: *
N6ME O$ E5PE3.MENT: THE3M6L CON1:CT.9.T; O$ MET6L 3O1
O48ECT.9E:
Study of conduction heat transfer in metal rod
6.M:
To determine the thermal conductivity of metal bar
THEO3;:
The heater will heat the bar on its end one and heat will be conducted through the bar to the
other end. Since the rod is insulated from outside, it can be safely assumed that the heat
transfer along the copper rod is mainly due to axial conduction and at steady state the heat
conducted shall be equal to the heat absorbed by water at the cooling end. The heat
conducted at steady state shall create a temperature profile within the rod. WT ) f <x1X. The
steady state heat balance at the rear end of the rod is'
;eat absorbed by cooling water.
B ) =0p OT
;eat conducted through the rod in axial direction'
dX
dT
kA Q
at steady state
T MC
dX
dT
kA Q
P

So thermal conductivity of rod may be expressed as,
,
_
dX
dT
A
T MC
k
P
The assumption that at steady state, the heat flow is mainly due to axial conduction can be
verified by the readings of temperature sensors fixed in the insulation material around the
rod in radial direction. Iess variation in these readings shall confirm the assumption. The
values of dTFd% is obtained as the slope of the graph between T vs. %
1ESC3.PT.ON:
The apparatus consists of a metal bar, one end of which is heated by an electric heater
while the other end of the bar pro3ects inside the cooling water 3acket. The middle portion
of the bar is surrounded by a cylindrical shell filled with the asbestos insulated powder. The
temperature of the bar is measured at different section. The heater is provided with a
dimmerstat for controlling the heat input, water under constant head conditions is
circulated through the 3acket and its flow rate and temperature rise are noted by two
temperature sensors provided at the inlet and outlet of the water.
:T.L.T.ES 3E<:.3E1:
Electricity Supply' # phase, $$. / 0, $ amps
Water supply
-rain
Table for setup support
ST63T.N@ P3OCE1:3E:
#1 0onnect cold water supply at inlet of the cooling chamber.
$1 0onnect outlet of the cooling chamber to drain.
(1 Ensure that all on F off switches given on the panel are at E!! position.
*1 Ensure that /ariac Cnob is at GE>E positionF given on the panel.
61 Start water supply <say $ I9= approx1 at constant head.
81 4ow switch on the main power supply
:1 Switch on the panel with the help of mains onFoff switches given on the panel
@1 !ix the power input to the heater with the help of variac, voltmeter and mmeter
provided.
H1 fter (. minute start recording the temperature of various points at each 6 minutes
interval.
#.1 &f temperature readings are same for three times assume that steady state is
achieved.
##1 >ecord the final temperature.
CLOS.N@ P3OCE1:3E:
#1 When experiment is over, switch off heater first.
$1 d3ust variac at 5ero.
(1 Switch off the panel with the help of mains onFoff switch given on the panel.
*1 Switch off power supply to panel.
61 Stop cold water supply.
$O3M:L6E:
,
_
dX
dT
A
T MC
k
P
SPEC.$.C6T.ON:
Iength of the metal rod ) *6. mm
-ia of the metal rod ) $6 mm
Test length of the bar ) $(6 mm
Total no. of temp. sensors in the setup ) @ no.
4o. of temp. Sensors =ounted on the bar ) 8 no
4o. of temp. Sensors mounted on water 3acket ) $ no
Type of temperature sensor ) >T- 9T+#..
;eater ) 4ichrome heater <*.. w1
0ooling 3acket dia ) #.. mm
Iength of cooling 3acket ) :6 mm
-immerstat for heater coil ) $ amp, $(. /0
-igital /oltmeter ) . to 6.. /olts 0
-igital mmeter ) . to #. mp
Temperature indicator digital temperature indicator .
.
0 to #HH.H
.
0 and least count ..#
.
0 with multi channel switch.
O4SE396T.ON = C6LC:L6T.ON:
Temp
Sensor No.
1 # & * + , -
Stea%(
State temp
Temp sensor no along t'e axis 1istan"e from lea%ing e%ge C'ot en%D of
t'e ro%E 5 CmmD
T# (6
T$ :6
T( ##6
T* #66
T6 #H6
T8 $(6
T: is the inlet temp of cold water
T@ is the outlet temp of cold water
C6LC:L6T.ON:
;eat gained by water <at steady state1 B ) = 0p <T@+T:1 CcalFhr
;eat transfer area for axial conduction ) ( )
$
* F D
- is the diameter of copper rod
9lot T vs. %. draw a smooth curve through all the points and obtain the slope dTFd% at
x)I or using least square method fit the T vs. % data to a polynomial and thus obtain
the slope dTFdx at x)I. Express the slope in
.
0 Fm.
0alculate the value of thermal conductivity of metal bar, k from'
1
]
1
,
_
dX
dT
A
T MC
k
P
0ompare it with the literature value of copper
k
)(($ k 0alFh+m
.
0. -iscuss the sources
of error, if any.
$1 4ever switch on the mains power supply before ensuring that all the onFoff switches
given on the panel are at off positions.
(1 /oltage to heater to be starts and increase slowly.
*1 Ceep all the assembly undisturbed.
61 4ever run the apparatus if power supply is less than #@. volts and above than $*.
volts
81 Eperate selector switch of temperature indicator gently
:1 lways keep the apparatus free from dust.
@1 There is a possibility of getting abrupt result if the supply voltage is fluctuating or if
the satisfactory
steady state condition is not reached
T3O:4LESHOOT.N@:
#1 &f electric panel is not showing the input on the mains light. 0heck the fuse
and also check the main supply
$1 &f -.T.& display K#L on the screen check the computer socket of loose tight it
(1 &f temperature of any sensor is not displays in -.T.& check the connection
and rectify that.
*1 /oltmeter showing the voltage given to heater but ampere meter does not.
61 Tight the heater socket , switch if ok it means heater burned.
E5PE3.MENT NO: +
N6ME O$ E5PE3.MENT: HE6T T36NS$E3 $3OM 6 P.N $.N
O48ECT.9E:
Study of convection heat transfer from a pin fin.
6.M:
To study the temperature distribution along the length of a pin fin under free and forced
convection.
.NT3O1:CT.ON:
Extended surfaces or fins are used to increase the heat transfer rate from a surface to a fluid
wherever it is not possible to increase the value of a surface heat transfer coefficient or the
temperature difference between the surface and the fluid. The use of this is very common
and they are fabricated in a variety of shapes circumferential fins around the cylinder of a
motorcycle engine and the fins attached to condenser tubes of a refrigerator are few
familiar examples.
THEO3;:
&t is obvious that a fin surface stick out from primary heat transfer surface. The temperature
difference with surrounding fluid will steadily diminish as one moves out along the fin.
The design of the fins therefore requires knowledge of the temperature distribution in the
fin. The main ob3ect of this experimental set up is to study the temperature distribution in a
simple pin fin.
!in effectiveness ) tan h mI FmI
Temperature profile given by '
Fo ) WT+T b X F WTb + Tf X ) Wcosh m <I+x1 V ; sinh m <I+x1FWcosh mI V ; sinh
mIX
Where T
f
is the free stream temp. of air2 Tb is the temp. of fin at its base2 T is the temp.
within the fin at any x 2 I is the length of the fin and - is the fin diameter, m is the fin
parameter defined as2
m ) Wh 0 F<kb 1 X
) # F WT mf V $:(.#6X, # F C
/elocity of air ) / ) B F cross sectional area of duct.
B ) 0o < F *1 d
$
W$g;w Fair X , m
(
Fs <at temp. Tf1
/elocity of air at T may be calculated from'
/ ) / WTmf V $:(.#6X F WTf V $:(.#6X
1ESC3.PT.ON:
brass fin of circular cross section is fitted across a long rectangular duct. The other end
of the duct is connected to the suction side of the blower and the air flows past the fin
perpendicular to its axis. Ene end of the fin pro3ects outside of duct and is heated by its
heater. >T- 9T ? #.. type temperature sensors measures temperatures at five points along
the length of the fin. n orifice meter, fitted on the delivery side of the blower, measures
the flow rate of air.
:T.L.T.ES 3E<:.3E1:
Electricity supply' # phase, $$. 0, 6 mp.
Table for set+up support.
N6T:36L CON9ECT.ON:
Start heating the fin by switching on the heating element and ad3ust the voltage . to
@. /olt. <&ncrease slowly from . onwards1 note the temperature readings 4o. # to 6.
When steady state is reached, record the final readings of temperatures sensor no. #
to 6 and also ambient temperature 4o. 8.
>epeat the same experiment with various voltages ) #.. volts , #$. volts.
$O3CE1 CON9ECT.ON:
Start heating the fin by switching on the heater element and ad3ust the voltage )
#.. volts.
Start the blower and ad3ust the difference of level in the manometer ;) cm with the
help of fly valve provided on the pipe.
4ote the temperature readings 4o. # to 6 at a interval of 6 minutes.
When the steady state is reached record the final readings of temperatures sensor
no. # to 6 and also ambient temperature 4o. 8.
>epeat the same experiment with another ; ) cm. etc.
SPEC.$.C6T.ONS:
-uct si5e ) #6.mm
#..mm
#...mm
-iameter of the fin ) #$.:mm,
Iength of the fin ) #$6mm
-iameter of the orifice ) (Hmm
-iameter of the delivery tube<&nt.1 ) 6$mm
0oefficient of discharge <orifice meter1 0o ) ..8*
Temperature indicator ) .+$..0,>T- 9T ?#..type
>T- 9T ?#.. type Sensors ) 84os.
Temperature Sensor 4o. 8 reads ambient temperature in the inside of the duct.
Thermal conductivity of fin material <7rass1 ) H6 CcalFhr+m+0
0entrifugal blower with single ? phase motor ) ..6 ;9,$@..>9=
-immerstat for heat input control ) $(./ , $ mp.
;eater suitable for mounting at the fin end outside the duct.
/oltmeter ) .+6.. / .0.
mmeter ) .+#. .
O4SE396T.ONS = C6LC:L6T.ONS:
Expt Power
.nputE
$in Temp. Mano
meter
rea%ingE
C'D m of
water
W)vAi T) <x)$.6cm1 T)<x)6cm1 T)<x):.6cm1 T)<x)#. cm1 T)<x)#$.6 cm1 T)Tf
!ree
0onvection
!orced
0onvection
$3EE CON9ECT.ON:
=ean temp of the fin, Tm ) <T# V T$ V T( V T* V T61 F 6
) #F <Tmf V $:(.#61
Srashof 4o. Sr ) <g -
(
T1F
$
Dsing the correlation for free convection'
4usselt 4o. 4u ) ..6(<Sr 9r1
#F*
) h -Fkair
!ree convective heat transfer coeff, h ) 4u kair F -
!in parameter, m )
A k hC
b
F
9erimeter, 0 ) -
0ross+sectional area of fin, ) -
$
F*
!in dia. - ) #$.:#.
+(
m
!in Iength, I ) #$6#.
+(
m
!in effectiveness,
) tanh mIFmI
9arameter, ; ) hFkbm
Theoretical temperature profile within the fin
Fo ) WT+T b X F WTb + T f X ) Wcosh m <I+x1 V ; sinh m <I+x1 F Wcosh mI V ;sinh mIX
Taking base temp, Tb)T#
$O3CE1 CON9ECT.ON:
Erifice coefficient, 0o ) ..8*
/olumetric flow rate of air, B ) 0o<F*1d
$ H g $
; ) Wh <wFa+#1XF#..
/elocity of air, / ) BFa <at ambient fluid temp.1
/elocity of air at mean <Tmf1, /# ) /<Tmf V $:(.#61 F <Tf V $:(.#61
fluid temp.
>e ) -/#F
Dsing the correlation for force convection'
4usselt 4o. 4u ) ..8#6<>e1
..*88
4u ) h-Fkair
;eat transfer coeff, h ) 4u kairF-
!in parameter m )
A k hC
b
F
(. /oltage to heater start and increase slowly.
6. 4ever run the apparatus if power supply is less than #@. volts and above than $*.
volts.
@. There is a possibility of getting abrupt result if the supply voltage is fluctuating or
if the satisfactory steady state condition is not reached.
T3O:4LE SHOOT.N@:
the main supply.
$. &f -.T.& displays K#Lon the screen check the computer socket if loose tight it.
(. &f temperature of any sensor is not displayed in -.T.& check the connection and rectify
that.
E5PE3.MENT NO: ,
N6ME O$ E5PE3.MENT: EM.SS.9.T; ME6S:3EMENT 6PP636T:S
O48ECT.9E:
Study of >adiation heat by black body and test plate.
6.M:
To find out the emissivity of a test plate.
.NT3O1:CT.ON:
ll substances at all temperature emit thermal radiation. Thermal radiation is an
electromagnetic wave and does not require any material medium for propagation. ll
bodies can emit radiation and have also the capacity to absorb all of a part of the radiation
coming from the surrounding towards it.
1ESC3.PT.ON:
The experimental set up consists of two circular copper plates identical in si5e and is
provided with heating coils sand witches. The plates are mounted on bracket and are kept
in an enclosure so as to provide undisturbed nature convection surroundings. The heating
input to the heater is varied by separate dimmerstat and is measured by using an ammeter
and a voltmeter with the help of double pole double throw switches. The temperature of the
plates is measured by 9t+#.. sensor. nother 9t+#.. sensor is kept in the enclosure to read
the ambient temperature of enclosure.
9late # is blackened by a thick layer of lampblack to form the ideali5ed black surface
where as the plate $ is the test plate whose emissivity is to be determined. The heater inputs
to the two plates are dissipated from the plates by conduction, convection and radiation.
The experimental set up is designed in such a way that under steady state conditions the
heat dissipation by conduction and convection is same for both the cases. When the surface
temperatures are same the difference in the heater input readings is because of the
difference in radiation characteristics due to their different emissivities.
:T.L.T.ES 3E<:.3E1:
Electricity supply' # 9hase, $$. / 0, * mps
Table for set+up support
#. Sradually increase the input to the heater to black plate and ad3ust it to some
value vi5. 6.,:6,#.. watts and ad3ust heater input to test plate slightly less than
the black plates vi5.*.,86,@6 etc.
$. 0heck the temperature of the two plates with small time intervals and ad3ust the
input of test plate only, by the dimmerstat so that two plates will be maintained
at the same temperature.
(. This will require some trial and error and may take more than one hour of so to
obtain the steady state condition.
*. fter attaining the steady state conditions record the temperature and /oltmeter
and mmeter reading for both the plates.
6. The same procedure is repeated for various surface temperature in increasing
order.
SPEC.$.C6T.ON:
#. Test plate dia ) #8.mm
$. 7lack plate ) #8. mm
(. -immerstat for both plates ) .+$, .+$$./.
*. /oltmeter ) .+$6./, mmeter .+$.6
6. >T- temperature sensor ) ( 4os
8. ;eater for test plate and black plate 4ichrome strip wound on mica sheet
and sand+witched between two mica sheets of **.Watt.
$O3M:L6E:
#. qb ) < Ts
*
+ T-
*
1
$. qs ) Y E < Ts
*
? T-
*
1
(. E ) Emissivity of specimen to be determined.
< Wb ? Ws 1 ..@8 ) < Eb ? E 1 Y < Ts
*
? T-
*
1
T-

) mbient temperature of enclosure
o
C
O4SE396T.ON = C6LC:L6T.ONS:
4L6CF PL6TE:
9oltageE 9 6mperageE . Power inputE 7b G 9
.
4la"/ plate tempE Ts C
o
CD
TEST PL6TE:
9oltageE 9 6mperageE . 7attageE 7s G 9 . Ts C
o
CD T1 C
o
CD
The emissivity of the test plate can be calculated at various surface temperatures of the
plates.
NOMENCL6T:3E:
qb ) ;eat input to disc coated with lamp black <C 0alFhr1
) Wb ..@8
Wb ) wattage supplied to black plate
qs ) ;eat input to test plate <C 0alFhr1
) Ws ..@8
Ws ) wattage supplied to test plate
Y ) Stefan 7olt5mann constant ) *.@:8 #.
+@
CcalFm
$
hr
o
C
*
) rea of disc <m
$
1
Ts ) Surface temperature of -iscs
o
C
E ) Emissivity of specimen to be determined.
Eb ) Emissivity of black body.
(. /oltage to heater starts and increases slowly.
6. Ceep run the apparatus if power supply is less than #@. volts and above than
$*. volts.
8. Eperate selector switch of temperature indicator gently
T3O:4LE SHOOT.N@:
#. &f electric panel is not showing the input on the mains light. 0heck the fuse
and also check the main supply.
$. &f -.T.&. displays K#L on the screen check the computer socket if loose tight
it.
(. &f temperature of any sensor is not displays in -.T.&. check the connection
and rectify that.
*. &f the temperature is not shown proper in -.T.& some air gap is there
between the surface of the plate and the sensor. 9late that by using heat sink
chemical.
6. /oltmeter showing the voltage given to heater but ampere meter does not.
tight the heater socket and switch if ok it means heater burned.
E5PE3.MENT NO: -
N6ME O$ E5PE3.MENT: C3.T.C6L .NS:L6T.ON TH.CFNESS
3EM63FS:
Theory and practice regarding the 0ritical >adius of &nsulation as given above reveals that
?
a1 The 0ritical radius depends upon C of insulation and h value present at cuter surface.
b1 t the 0ritical >adius the value of q is maximum and beyond 0ritical radius q starts
decreasing
c1 ln many practical situations, the pipe radius is greater than , hence any amount of
&nsulation added
becomes effective.
6PP636T:S:
The pparatus consists of * nos. of metallic vertical pipes provided with heaters from
inside. The heater input can be varied by a dimmerstat and is measured by digital voltmeter
and ammeter. Thermocouples are provided on the surface to measure the temperature of
pipe <T# , T$1 and also the insulation surface <T( , T*1. T6 is the temperature, at the
ambient. The input to the ;eater is varied in such a way that outer surface temperature is
same for all the four vertical tubes. Dnder the steady state conditions the observations are
recorded in the Table.
SCOPE O$ E5PE3.MENTS:
#1 The experiment can be conducted for different values of heater input getting different
surface temperature of :.
o
0, @.
o
0, H.
o
0 etc.
$1 The experiments setups can be built for other &nsulation, such as glass wool, wood etc.
lternatively the value of h can also be calculated by using the correlation for vertical
cylinder.
O4SE396T.ON T64LE :
-1 Iength of 9ipe ) #6. mm
I1 -iameter of 9ipe ) $@ mm
S.NO. .NS:L6T.ON
TH.CFNESS "m
9 !olts . amps <G9.
7atts
T1 ?C T ?C
9ipe &
9ipe &&
9ipe &&&
9ipe &/
.
..6
#
$
( )
#.
#
.#* . . $
(
$
$
( $
+

r
r
r
r
!
K
r
Tamb T
"

r$ ) ...#* m
Where
7arepipe ) r( ) r$ ) ...#* m
..6 cm 9ipe ) r( ) r$ V ....6 ) ...#H m
l cm pipe ) r( ) v$ V ...# ) ...$* m
$cm pipe ) r( ) v$ V ...$ ) ...(* m
C) ..$
THEO3; O$ C3.T.C6L .NS:L6T.ON TH.CFNESS :
The problem of deciding the thickness of insulation around a pipe in order to reduce the
heat loss fromits surface occurs frequently. &t is natural to expect that greater insulation will
result in less heat loss. The following analysis shows that this may not be always be the
case,
0onsider a long pipe of inner and outer radii r# and r$ and thermal conductivity k# having
insulation <thermal conductivity k$ 1 wrapped around it to a radius r &t is assumed that the
;eat Transfer coefficient at the radius r( of the insulation surface is ho while the heat
transfer coefficient, at the inner surface of the pipe is h#.
!rom the equation the heat transfer rate for a length I is given by ?
I ) Iength of pipe.
( )
. $ $
(
$ #
$
# #
. #
#
ln
#
ln
# #
$
h r r
r
k r
r
k h r
T T "
q
+ + +

&f q is plotted as a function of r( other parameters being held constant, it will some time be
seen to pass through a maximum for a certain r(, This value called the critical radius is
obtained by differentiating the denominator of equation with respect to r and equating to
5ero, i.e. by minimi5ing the denominator since the numerator is constant. Thus ?
$
( . ( $
# #
r h r k

Equation indicates that if we have a pipe whose outer radius r is less than the critical
radius, then the+addition of &nsulation will increase the heat loss from the pipe until r( ) <r(1
critical The addition of insulation thereafter will reduce the heat loss from the pipe. En the
other hand if r$ Z <r(1 critical then the addition of insulation will immediately reduce the
heat loss from the pipe.
The result obtained can be physically explained in terms of thermal resistances. The heat
flow rate q is governed by the thermal resistance of the insulation and the thermal surface.
Where as resistance of the insulation increases with r( the resistance on the outer surface
%e"reases Dpto if the critical radius, the rate of decrease is greater than the rate of increase
and the heat flow rate consequently increases. 7eyond the critical radius, the rate of
increase of the thermal resistance of the insulation is greater than the rate of decreases of
the thermal resistance on the outer surface and consequently the heat flow rate decreases.
THE $OLLO7.N@ E56MPLE .LL:ST36TES THE 64O9E THEO3;:
sbestos insulation <k ) .,$.w F m + k1 is put on a steel pipe <#.8 cm &.-, $ cm E-1. ;ot
water at H.
.
0 flows through tile pipe and the heat transfer coefficient h# is 6..w F m
$
+ k.
;eat is lost from the outer
surface by natural convection to surrounding it at (.
.
0 and the heat transfer coefficient <h#1
is w F m
$
+ k. 0alculate the heat loss rate per meter length of the pipe of insulation thickness
of ., ..6, #, $, (, * , 6cm. 9lot the results discuss the variations obtained.
4eglecting the thermal resistance of the metal pipe in comparison to the other resistance,
we have from equation
( )
m w
r
r
!
"
q
F
#.
# ..@ . .
.# . . $ . .
...@ . .
6..
#
(. H. ..@ . . $
(
(
+ +

The results obtained are given in Table and also plotted in !ig.
.nsulation T'i"/ness
C"mD
r CmD Heat Loss rate per mtr.
CwHmD
. ...# (8.@
..6 ...#6 *$.$
# ...$ *(.(
$ ...( *#.6
( ...* (@.H
* ...6 (8.8
6 ...8 (*.:
6.
*.
(.
$.
#.

. . # $ ( * 6
&t is seen that the heat loss rate first increases with the insulation thickness, reaches a
maximum and then decreases. Thus this obviously because the outer radius of the pipe <r$1
is less than the critical radius, this is confirmed from equation which gives +
( ) m cr#cal r .$ . .
#.
$ . .
(

Since the /alue of the heal loss rate with a * cm thick insulation is equal to the /alue With
no insulation, we conclude that in the present case a thickness is greater * cm is required in
order to reduce the heat loss rate.
E5PE3.MENT NO: 0
N6ME O$ E5PE3.MENT: 13OP7.SE = $.LM7.SE CON1ENS6T.ON
O48ECT.9E:
To study of heat transfer in the process of condensation.
6.M:
To find the heat transfer co+efficient for -rop wise 0ondensation and !ilm wise
0ondensation process.
.NT3O1:CT.ON:
&n all applications, the steam must be condensed as it transfer heat to a cooling medium hot
water in a heating calorimeter, sugar etc. during condensation very high heat fluxes are
possible , provided the heat can be quickly transferred from the condensing surface to the
cooling medium, heat exchangers using steam can be compact , effective.
THEO3;:
Steam may condense on to a surface in two distinct modes, known as !ilm Wise , -rop
wise. !or the same temperature difference between the steam , the surface, drop wise
condensation is much more effective than film wise , for this reason the former is
desirable although in practical plants it rarely occurs for prolonged period'+
$.LM 7.SE CON1ENS6T.ON:
Dnless specially treated, most materials are wettable , as condensation occurs a film
condensate spreads over the surface. The thickness of the film depends upon a numbers of
factors, e.g. the rate of condensation, the viscosity of the condensate and whether the
surface is vertical or hori5ontal, etc.
!resh vapour condenses on to the outside of the film , heat is transferred by conduction
through the film to the metal surface beneath. s the film thickness it flows downwards ,
drips from the low points leaving the film intact , at an equilibrium thickness.
The film of liquid is a barrier to the transfer of heat and its resistance account for most of
the difference between the effectiveness of film wise and drops wise condensation.
13OP 7.SE CON1ENS6T.ON:
7y specially treating the condensing surface the contact angle can be changed and the
surface becomes [non+wettable". s the steam condenses, a large number of generally
spherical beads cover the surface. s condensation proceeds, the beads become larger,
coalesce and then strike downwards over the surface. The moving bead gathers all the
static beads along its downwards in its trail. Tha [bare" surface offers very little resistance
to the transfer of heat and very high heat fluxes are therefore possible.
Dnfortunately, due to the nature of the material used in the construction of condensing heat
exchangers, film wise condensation is normal <lthough many bare metal surface are [non+
wettable" this is not true of the oxide film which quickly covers the bare material1.
1ESC3.PT.ON:
The equipment consists of a metallic container in which steam generation takes place. The
lower portion houses suitable electric heater for steam generation. special arrangement is
provided for the container for filling the water. The glass cylinder houses two water cooled
copper condensers, one of which is chromium plated to promote drop wise condensation
and the other is in its natural state to give film wise condensation. connection for
pressure gauge is provided. Separate connections of two condensers for passing water are
provided. Ene >ota meter with appropriate piping can be used for measuring water flow
rate in one of the condensers under test.
digital temp indicator provided has multipoint connections, which measures temp of
steam, two condensers, water inlet , outlet temp of condenser water flows.
:T.L.T.ES 3E<:.3E1:
Water supply ? 6ltrFmin
Electricity supply+ # phase $$. / 0, #.6 kW
Table for set up support
#1 !ill water in steam generator by operating the valve.
$1 Start water flow through one of the condensers which is to be tested and note down
water flow rate in >ota meter. Ensure that during measurement water is flowing only
through the condenser under test and second valve is closed.
(1 0onnect supply socket to mains , E4 the heated switch.
*1. Slowly steam generation will start in the steam generator of the unit and the steam
rises to test section, gets condensed on the tube , fall down in the cylinder.
61 -epending upon type of condenser under test drop wise or film wise can be
visuali5ed.
81 &f the water flow rate is low then steam pressure in the chamber will rise and pressure
gauge will read the pressure. &f the water flow rate is matched then condensation will
occur at more or less atmospheric pressure or up to # kg pressure.
:1 Ebservations like temperature, water flow rates, pressure are note down in the
observations table at the
end of each set.
SPEC.$.C6T.ON:
0ondensers ' Ene chromium plated for dropwise condensation , one natural
finish for filmwise condensation otherwise identical in
construction. $. mm E-, #8 mm length, !abricated from copper
with reverse flow in concentric tubes. !itted with temperature
sensor for surface temp. measurement.
=ain unit ' =S !abricated construction comprising test section , steam
generation section. Test section is provided with glass cylinder for
visuali5ation of the process.
Steam Senerator ' @Itrs. <pprox.1 made of stainless steel with #.6 CW heater
insulated with ceramic wool.
0ontrol valve ' one each for Steam, 0ooling water , drain.
&nstrumentation ' #1 Temperature &ndicator' -igital .+#HH.H
.
0 , least count ..#
.
0
with multi+
channel switch.
$1 Temperature Sensors' >T- 9T+ #.. Type. <84os.1
(1 >ota meter' Standard =ake #.. I9; capacity for measuring
water flow rate.
*1 9leasure Sauge' -ial type .+$ CgFcm
$
61 Temperature 0ontroller' -igital .+#HH.H
.
0 , least count ..#
.
0
<for steam generator1
$O3M:L6E:
$O3 PL6NE CON1ENSE3
# #
*
>e
$ D
m
w
d

( ) ( )
* . . @ . .
9r .$( . .
ed
R %&l
K m '
"
K %&
h
a!d
$ #
#
F
( )
$6 . .
(
$
$
$
H*( . .
1
]
1
" Tw Ts
gk
h
o
!rom these values overall ;eat Transfer coefficient <D1 can be calculated.
C hr m KCal
h D
D
h U
o o

1
]
1
+
$
F
# # #
$O3M:L6E:
$O3 PL6TE1 CON1ENSE3
# #
*
>e
$ D
m
w
d

( ) ( )
* . . @ . .
9r .$( . .
ed
R %&l
K m '
"
K %&
h
a!d
$ #
#
F
( )
$6 . .
(
$
$
$
H*( . .
1
]
1
" Tw Ts
gk
h
o
Where, g ) cc. -ue to gravity ) H.@ mFsec

$
I ) Iength of condenser ) #8. mm.
!rom these values overall ;eat Transfer coefficient <D1 can be calculated.
C hr m KCal
h D
D
h U
o o

1
]
1
+
$
F
# # #
C m K'
h D
D
h U
o o

1
]
1
+ sec F
(8..
#@ . * # # #
$
O4SE396T.ONS = C6LC:L6T.ONS:
S. No
Steam pressure /gH"m
7ater flow rate lp'
Con%enser un%er test
Plate% "on%enser outer surfa"e T1
Steam T
Plain "on%enser outer surfa"e T#
Steam T&
7ater outlet from "on%enser T*
C6LC:L6T.ON:
4ormally steam will be pressuri5ed. 7ut if pressure gauge reads some pressure then
properties of steam should be taken at that pressure or other wise atmospheric pressure
would be taken.
We will first calculate the heat transfer coefficient inside the condenser under test. !or this
property of water are taken at bulk mean temperature of water where i.e. <Twi V Two 1F$
Where are water Twi and Two are water inlet , outlet temperatures.

!ollowing property are required+
\#) density of water kgFcm
(
v#) kinematics viscosity m
$
Fsec
k#) thermal conductivity
9r) prandtl number.
4ow calculate >eynolds number+
# #
*
>e

w
d
D
m
&f this value of >e $#.. then flow is turbulent and below this value flow is laminar
4ormally flow will be turbulent in the tube.
4ow 4ussle 4umber
4u# ) ...$(<>ed1
..@
<9r1
..*
K m
'
"
K %&
h
$
#
4ow calculate heat transfer coefficient on outer surface of the condenser <h.1. !or this
property of water are taken at bulk mean temperature of condensate i.e.
C T C
T T
' S

$
$
9roperty needed is ?
]$ ) density of water kgFcm(
C$ ) thermal conductivity
^ ) viscosity m$Fsec
_ ) heat of evaporation
( )
$6 . .
(
$
$
$
H*( . .
1
1
]
1
" T T
gk
h
w s
o
!rom these value overall heat transfer co efficient can be calculated

C hrm
Kcal
h D
D
h U
o
1
]
1
+
$
. #
# # #
Same procedure can be repeated for other condenser. Except for some exceptional cases
overall heat transfer coefficient for -ropwise 0ondensation will be higher than that of film
wise condensation. >esults may vary from theory in some degree due to unavoidable heat
losses.
NOMENCL6T:3E:
-i ) &nner -ia of condenser. ) #.: cm
hi ) &nside ;eat transfer 0oefficient
Ts ) Temperature of steam
.
0
Tw ) Temperature of condenser wall
.
0
g ) cc. -ue to gravity ) H.@ mFsec
$
I ) Iength of condenser ) #8. mm
) -ensity of water kgFm

(
v ) Cinematics /iscosity m
$
Fsec.
k ) Thermal conductivity k calFhr.m
.
0 <WFm
.
01
P3EC6:T.ON = M6.NTEN6NCE .NST3:CT.ON:
$1 4ever switch on mains power supply before ensuring that all the E4`E!! switches
given on the panel are at Eff position.
(1 /oltage to heater starts and increases slowly
*1 Ceep all the assembly undisturbed
61 4ever run the apparatus if power supply is less than #@. , more than $*.
81 Eperate selector switch of temp indicator
:1 -o not start heater supply unless water is filled in the test unit
@1 lways keep the apparatus free from dust
T3O:4LE SHOOT.N@:
#1 &f electric panel is not showing the input on the mains light. 0heck the fuse and also
check the main supply
$1 &f -T& displays # on the screen check the computer socket if loose tight it
(1 &f temperature of any sensor is not displays in -T& check the connection and rectify
that
*1 /oltmeter showing the voltage given to heater but ampere meter does not. Tight the
heater socket , switch if ok it means heater burn.
E5PE3.MENT NO: 12
N6ME O$ E5PE3.MENT : 1O:4LE P.PE HE6T E5CH6N@E3
P636LLEL $LO7 H CO:NTE3 $LO7 HE6T E5CH6N@E3
O48ECT.9E:
To study the heat transfer phenomena in parallel F counter flow arrangements.
6.M:
To calculate overall heat transfer coefficient for both type of heat exchanger.
.NT3O1:CT.ON :
;eat Exchanger is devices in which heat is transferred from one fluid to another. The
necessity for doing this arises in a multitude of industrial applications. 0ommon examples
of heat exchangers are the radiator of a car, the condenser at the back of a domestic
refrigerator and the steam boiler of a thermal power plant.
;eat Exchangers are classified in three categories'
#1 Transfer Type.
$1 Storage Type.
(1 -irect 0ontact Type,
THEO3; :
transfer type of heat exchanger is one on which both fluids pass simultaneously through
the device and heat is transferred through separating walls. &n practice most of the heat
exchangers used are transfer type ones.
The transfer type exchangers are further classified according to flow arrangement as '
#1 Parallel $low in which fluids flow in the same direction.
$1 Counter $low in which they flow in opposite direction and
(1 Cross $low in which they flow at right angles to each other.
simple example of transfer type of heat exchanger can be in the form of a tube type
arrangement in which one of the fluids is flowing through the inner tube and the other
through the annulus surroundings it. The heat transfer takes place across the walls of the
inner tube.
1ESC3.PT.ON:
The apparatus consists of a tube in tube type concentric tube heat exchanger. The hot fluid
is hot water which is obtained from an insulated water bath using a magnetic drive pump
and it flow through the inner tube while the cold fluid is cold water flowing through the
annuals.
The hot water flows always in one direction and the flow rate of which is controlled by
means of a valve. The cold water can be admitted at one of the end enabling the heat
exchanger to run as a parallel flow apparatus or a counter flow apparatus. This is done by
valve operations.
>T- 9T+#.. type sensors measure the temperature. !or flow measurement >otameters are
provided at inlet of cold water and outlet of hot water line. The readings are recorded when
steady state is reached.
:T.L.T.ES 3E<:.3E1:
Water supply #. litFmin <approx.1
-rain.
Electricity Supply' # 9hase, $$. / 0, ( CW.
!loor area $ m x ..8 m
#. 9ut water in bath and switch on the heaters.
$. d3ust the required temperature of hot water using -T0.
(. d3ust the valve. llow hot water to recycle in bath through by+pass by switching
on the magnetic pump.
*. Start the flow through annulus and run the exchanger either as parallel flow or
counter flow unit.
6. d3ust the flow rate on cold water side between ranges of #.6 to * IF=in.
8. d3ust the flow rate on hot water side, between the rate of #.6 to * IF=in.
:. Ceeping the flow rate same, wait till the steady state conditions are reached.
@. >ecord the temperatures on hot water and cold water side and also the flow rates
accurately.
H. >epeat the experiment with a counter flow under identical flow conditions.
SPEC.$.C6T.ON:
&nner Tube ' =aterial ) SS, &- ) H.6 mm, E- ) #$.: mm
Euter Tube ' =aterial ) S&, &- ) $@ mm, E- ) ((.@ mm
Iength of the heat Exchanger ' I ) #.8# m
Temperature 0ontroller ' -igital, >ange ' .+$..
.
0
Temperature &ndicator ' -igital, >ange ' .+$..
.
0 , least count ..#
.
0
with multi channel switch.
Temperature Sensors ' >T-+9T+#.. type. <6 4os.1
!low measurement ' >otameter <$ 4os.1
Water 7ath ' =aterial ' SS insulated with ceramic wool and
powder coated =S outer Shell fitted with
heating elements (kw <$ 4os., #.6 kw each1.
9ump ' !;9 magnetic drive pump
<=ax operating temp. @6
.
01
$O3M:L6E:
#. ;eat Transfer rate, is calculated as
qh ) ;eat Transfer rate from hot water.
) mh 0 p h <T h i ? T h o 1 C cal F hr.
qc ) ;eat Transfer rate to the cold water.
) mc 0 p c <T c o ? T c i 1 C cal F hr.
q )
$
h c
q q +
C 0alFhr.
$. I = T - ) logarithmic mean temperature difference which can be calculated as per
the following formula'
I = T - ) OTm ) OTi ? OT.
&n<OTi OT.1
Where ' OTi ) OThi + Tci <for parallel flow1
) OThi + Tco <for counter flow1
and OTo ) OTho + Tco <for parallel flow1
) OTho + Tci <for counter flow1
4ote that in a special case of 0ounter !low Exchanger exists when the heat
capacity rates 0c , 0h are equal, then Thi ? Tco ) Tho ? Tci thereby making OTi
) OTo. &n this case.
I=T- is of the form .F. and so undefined. 7ut it is obvious that since OT is
constant throughout the exchanger, hence
OTm ) OTi ) OTo
<acc. to ref. !undamental of Engineering ;eat , =ass Transfer by >.0. Sachdeva,
9g.*HH1
(. Everall heat transfer coefficient can be calculated by using.
q ) D OTm
D ) C hr m KCal T A q
m

$
F F
0alculated Dr i based on i ) J di I
Dr o based on o ) J do I
*. 0ompare the values of OTm , q in the parallel flow and counter flow runs. 4ote
that if experiment is conducted very carefully then the superiority of counter flow
arrangement in terms of higher values of Tm and excess values of q for same flow
rates condition can be revealed.
P636LLEL $LO7:
S.No Hot water si%e Col% water si%e
$low rate IT'i
2
C IT'o
2
C $low rate IT"i
2
C IT"o
2
C
#
$
CO:NTE3 $LO7:
S.No Hot water si%e Col% water si%e
$low rate IT'i
2
C IT'o
2
C $low rate IT"i
2
C IT"o
2
C
#
$
C6LC:L6T.ONS:
o ) J do I ) (.#*#6 x #$.: x #.
+(
x #8# x #.
+$
) ...8*$ m
$

C6SE . : CO:NTE3 $LO7
=ass flow rate of ;ot water'+
verage temp. ) ++++++++++++
.
0
=; ) ++++++++++++ kgFhr.
9; ) ++++++++++++ kgFm
(

0p; ) ++++++++++++ kRFkg
.
C
=ass flow rate of cold water
verage temp. ) ++++++++++++
.
0
=c ) ++++++++++++ kgFm
pc ) ++++++++++++ kgFm
(
0pc ) ++++++++++++ kRFkg
.
C
;eat !low >ate
B; ) =; 0p; OT ) +++++++++++++++++++ kW
Bc ) =0 0p0; OT ) +++++++++++++++++++ kW
Effectiveness of ;E, a)
b #..
max
Q
Q
ac#&al
Bactual )
$
h c
Q Q +
) +++++++++++++++++++ kW

Bmax ) =h 09h <Thi + T0i1 ) +++++++++++++++++++ kW
I.=.T.-. for 0ounter !low )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) [ ]
c ho co h
c ho co h
T T T T !
T T T T

F
B ) Do + io I=T-
Do )
"MTD A
Q
o

) +++++++++++++++++++ kW Fm
$ .
0

C6SE .. : P636LLEL $LO7
=ass flow rate of ;ot water '+
verage temp. ) +++++++++++++++
.
0
=; ) +++++++++++++++ kgFhr.
9; ) ++++++++++++++ kgFm
(
0p; ) ++++++++++++++ kRFkg
.
C
=ass flow rate of cold water
verage temp. ) ++++++++++++
.
0
=c ) ++++++++++++ kgFm
pc ) ++++++++++++ kgFm
(
0pc ) ++++++++++++ kRFkg
.
C
;eat !low >ate
B; ) =h 09h OT ) +++++++++++++++++++ kW
Bc ) =0 09c OT ) +++++++++++++++++++ kW
Effectiveness of ;E, a)
b #..
max
Q
Q
ac#&al
Bactual )
$
h c
Q Q +
) +++++++++++++++++++ kW

Bmax ) =h 09h <Thi + T0i1 ) +++++++++++++++++++ kW
I.=.T.-. for 0ounter !low )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) [ ]
co ho c h
co ho c h
T T T T !
T T T T

F
B ) Do + io I=T-
Do )
"MTD A
Q
o

) +++++++++++++++++++ kW Fm
$
.
0
Nomen"lature :
qh ) heat loss by the hot water, kW
mh ) mass flow rate of the hot water
0ph ) specific heat of hot fluid at mean temperature.
Tho ) outlet temperature of the hot water
Thi ) inlet temperature of the hot water
qc ) heat gained by the cold water
mc ) mass flow rate of the cold water
0pc ) specific heat of cold fluid at mean temperature
Tco ) outlet temperature of the cold water
Tci ) inlet temperature of the cold water
q ) average heat transfer from the system
D ) overall heat transfer coefficient.
Dri ) overall heat transfer coefficient of inner pipe
i ) J di I %+sectional area of inner pipe.
D r o ) overall heat transfer coefficient of outer pipe
o ) J di I %+sectional area of outer pipe.
Pre"autions an% Maintenan"e .nstru"tion:
#. Dse the stabili5ed .0. Single 9hase supply only.
$. 4ever switch on mains power supply before ensuring that all the E4FEff switches
(. Ceep all the assembly undisturbed.
*. 4ever run the apparatus if power supply is less than #@. volts and above than $*.
volts.
8. lways keep the apparatus free from dust.
:. !or parallel flow open the valves /# , /( and close valves /$ , /*.
@. !or counter flow open the valves /$ , /* and close valves /# , /(.
H. -on"t switch E4 the heater before filling the water into the bath. There is a
possibility of getting abrupt result if the supply voltage is fluctuating or if the
Troubles'ooting :
$. &f -.T.&. displays K&L on the screen check the computer socket if loose tight it.
rectify that.
E5PE3.MENT NO: 11
N6ME O$ E5PE3.MENT: SHELL = T:4E HE6T E5CH6N@E3
O48ECT.9E:
To study of heat transfer in Shell and Tube Exchanger.
6.M:
To calculate overall heat transfer coefficient for Shell and Tube Exchanger.
.NT3O1:CT.ON:
;eat exchanger is device in which heat is transferred from one fluid to another. The
necessity for doing this arises in a multitude of industrial applications. 0ommon examples
of heat exchangers are the radiator of a car, the condenser at the back of a domestic
refrigerator and the steam boiler of a thermal power plant.
;eat Exchangers are classified in three categories'
#1 Transfer Type.
$1 Storage Type.
(1 -irect 0ontact Type.
1ESC3.PT.ON:
The apparatus consists of 9arallel !lowF0ounter !low heat exchangers. The hot fluid is hot
water, which is attained from an insulating water bath using a magnetic drive pump and it
flow through the inner tube while the cold water flowing through the annuals. !or flow
measurement >otameters are provided at inlet of cold water and outlet of hot water line.
The ;ot water bath is of recycled type with -igital Temperature 0ontroller . to #..
.
0.
:T.L.T.ES 3E<:E3E1:
Water supply $.litFmin <approx.1
-rain.
Electricity Supply2 # 9hase, $$. / 0, and * kW.
!loor area of #.6m x ..:6 m
ST63T.N@ P3OCE1:3E:
#. 0lean the apparatus and make water bath free from dust.
$. 0lose all the drain valves provided.
(. !ill water bath c with clean water and ensure that no foreign particles are there.
*. 0onnect cold water supply to the inlet of cold water >otameter Iine.
6. 0onnect outlet of 0old water from Shell to -rain.
8. Ensure that all onFoff switches given on the panel are at E!! position.
:. 4ow switch on the main power supply <$$. / 0, 6. ;51.
@. Switch on heater by operating >otary Switch given on the panel.
H. Set Temperature of the water bath with the help of -igital Temperature 0ontroller.
#.. Epen flow control valve and 7y+pass valve for ;ot water supply.
##. Switch on =agnetic 9ump for hot water supply.
#$. d3ust ;ot water flow rate with the help of flow control valve and >otameter.
#(. >ecord the temperatures of ;ot and 0old water inlet , outlet when steady state is
achieved.
SH:T1O7N P3OCE1:3E:
#. When experiment is over, Switch off heater first.
$. Switch of =agnetic pump for hot water supply.
(. Switch off power supply to panel.
*. stop cold water supply with the help of flow control valve.
6. Stop hot water supply with the help of flow control valve.
8. -rain cold and hot water from the shell with the help of given drain valves.
:. -rain water bath with the help of -rain valve.
SPEC.$.C6T.ON:
#. Shell.
=aterial ) S.S.
&nner dia. ) $.@ mm
Iength ) 6..mm
$6b cut baffles at #..mm distance * 4os.
$. Tube =aterial ) S.S.
E- ) #8mm
Iength of tubes ) 6..mm
4os. of tubes ) $*
(. Temperature controller ) -igital .+#..
.
0
*. Temperature sensors ) >T- 9T+#.. type < *nos.1
6. Temperature indicator ) -igital . to $..
.
0 with multi+channel switch.
8. Electric heater ) $(. / 0 $kW <$ nos.1
:. !low measurement ) >otameter <$ nos.1
@. Water bath ) =aterial' SS insulated with ceramic wool and
powder coated
=S outer shell fitted with heating elements.
H. 9ump ) !;9 magnetic drive pump <max.operating
temperature @6
.
01
$O3M:L6E:
#. Bh ) mh 0ph < Thi + Tho 1 W
$. Bc ) mc 0pc < Tco + Tci 1 W
(. Do )
m o
a$g
T A
Q

*. I=T-) < OTm 1 )
( )
o
o
T T !
T T

F
S.
No.
HOT 76TE3 S.1E COL1 76TE3 S.1E
$LO7 36TE m' FgH'r T'i
o
C T'o
o
C $LO7 36TE m'
FgH'r
T"i
o
C T"o
o
C
#.
$.
(.
*.
#. 4ever switch on main power supply before ensuring that all the on F off
switches given on the panel are at off position.
$. 4ever switch on ;eaters before filling water bath c with clean water. &t may
damage heaters.
(. 4ever run the pump at low voltage i.e. less than #@. /olts.
*. 4ever fully close the -elivery and 7y+pass line /alves simultaneously.
6. lways keep apparatus free from dust.
8. To prevent clogging of moving parts, run pump at least once in a fortnight.
:. !requently Srease F Eil the rotating parts, once in three months.
@. lways use clean water.
H. &f apparatus will not be in use for more than one month, drain the apparatus
completely and fill pump with cutting oil.
T3O:4LESHOOT.N@:
#. &f electric panel is not showing the input on the mains light. 0heck the fuse and
also check the main supply.
rectify that.
*. /oltmeter showing the voltage given to heater but ampere meter does not. Tight
the heater socket , switch if ok it means heater burned.
E5PE3.MENT NO: 1
N6ME O$ E5PE3.MENT: 3.S.N@ $.LM E96PO36TO3
CS.N@LE E$$ECTD CLON@ T:4E 9E3T.C6L T;PED
O48ECT.9E:
To concentrate a 6b <wt1 sodium carbonate solution to about #6b <wt1 solutions.
6.M:
To evaluate the following at steady state condition'+
=aterial and heat balance
Economy and the capacity of the evaporator.
The overall heat transfer coefficient
.NT3O1:CT.ON:
Evaporation deals with concentration of a non+volatile solute from a solution by the
removal of required amount of volatile solvent. Dsually the solvent is water. 7y vapori5ing
a part of the solvent, useful product i.e. the concentrated solution or thick liquor is
produced and the vapor is discarded. Iong tube evaporators are usually used for the
concentration of foamy liquids. The heat transfer coefficient obtained in a long tube
evaporator is less than that obtained in case of a forced circulation evaporator.
THEO3;:
=aterial 7alance around an evaporator'
Water vapor, Wv
!eed 0oncentrated liquor
Wf W
%f %
7asis' time units
E.=.7. Wf ) W V Wv ++++++++++++++++ <#1
Solute balance
Wf %f ) W % +++++++++++++++++ <$1
=, T$
Wv, tc vapor condenser
;eat 7alance
=, T#
We, tf
Steam condensate Ws,
s, We, ts
4eglecting heat losses to the surroundings and negligible heat of dilution. The steady state
heat balance around the evaporator is'
Ws _s V Wf hf ) Wv ; V W h +++++++++++++++++++ <(1
C6P6C.T; :
Evaporator capacity can be defined as' kg. of water evaporated per hour <Wv1
ECONOM;:
Steam Economy is defined as' kg. of water evaporated per kg. of steam used.
Everall heat transfer coefficient <D1'
0an be obtained from steady state balance'
B ) Ws _s ) D <ts+t1 ++++++++++++++++++++ <*1
!actors affecting the overall heat transfer coefficient'
#. 7oiling point elevation
$. ;ydrostatic head in the tubes
(. mount of non+ condensable present in the steam and condensing temperature of
steam
*. Iiquid viscosity and its velocity
6. -irt factor
1ESC3.PT.ON:
The set+up consists of stainless steel surrounded by a stainless steel 3acket and fitted with
accumulator. -ilute solution is feed to tubes. Steam from a steam generator is supplied to
shell to concentrate the dilute feed solution to a desired level. The 3acket is fitted with a
steam trap and the condensate is collected at the end of trap. The vapours of volatile
solvent are condensed in a shell , tube type condenser and the balance non+volatile solute
collected in the accumulator is recycled through the evaporator.
:T.L.T.ES 3E<:.3E1:
Water supply 6 litFmin <approx.1 and drain.
Electricity supply ' #phase $$. / 0 and *CW.
>equired chemicals
E5PE3.MENT6L P3OCE1:3E'
The evaporator is operated under atmospheric conditions.
#. 9repare 6b<wt1 solution of sodium carbonate in water.
$. Start filling the evaporator tubes with this solution and when the tubes are at least half
full, start admitting steam into the steam chest and also start cooling water supply to
the condenser.
(. s soon as evaporation starts in the tubes, the liquid level in the boiler section starts
decreasing. Starts admitting the fresh feed to make up the decrease in liquid level.
*. The evaporated vapor of evaporator is condensed in the condenser. 0ondensed vapor
is collected in a vessel. mount of vapor condensed is monitored with time.
6. The cold+water flow rate in the condenser is kept constant throughout and cold+water
flow rate and its inlet and outlet temperature are measured.
8. !eed and thick liquor temperature are also recorded with time.
:. The concentration of thick liquor is monitored by measuring its density at constant
temperature and the determining the concentration from the calibration curve
<concentration /Fs density graph should be prepared before the start of experiment.1
@. When the liquid is concentration is maintained at #6b.
SPEC.$.C6T.ON:
#. Evaporator
=aterial ) SS
Shell &- ) :6mm
Iength ) H..mm
Tubes
=aterial ) SS
Tube E- ) #$.:mm
Tube &- ) H.6mm
4o. of tubes ) *
$. 0ondenser
=aterial ) SS
Shell &- ) #.@mm
Iength ) 6..mm
Tubes
=aterial ) SS
Tube E- ) #$.:mm
Tube &- ) H.6mm
4o. of tubes ) #$
(. Steam generator
=aterial ) SS
0apacity ) $6Itrs.
;eater ) * kW< $4os., $kW each1
*. Temperature sensors.
Type ) >T- 9T ? #.. <8 4os.1
$O3M:L6E'
#. B) Ws _s ) D <ts+t1
$. Ws _s V Wf hf ) Wv ; V W h
(. Wf ) W V Wv
#. Effective heating length ) +++++ mm
$. -iameter ) +++++ mm
(. 4umber of evaporator tubes. ) +++++
t steady state record the following'
#. 0ondensate rate, ) ++++++ Ws, kgFs
$. Thin liquor flow rate, Wf ) +++++++ kgFs
(. Thin liquor temperature, tf ) +++++++ C
*. Thick liquor flow rate, W, ) ++++++ kgFs
6. Thick liquor temperature, t, ) ++++++ C
8. Steam condensing temp, ts , ) ++++++ C
:. 0ooling water flow rate, =, ) ++++++ kgFs
@. 0ooling water inlet Temp, T# ) ++++++ C
H. 0ooling water outlet Temp, T$ ) ++++++ C
#.. Thin liquor conc.<feed1 mass fraction, xf ) +++++++
##. Thick liquor conc., mass fraction, x ) +++++++
#$. Steam pressure 9, k4Fm
$
) +++++++
#(. Evaporation rate, Wv ,kgFs ) +++++++
Dsing the equations given above, calculate the following at the specified steam pressure
0apacity
Steam economy
Everall heat transfer coefficient
#. 4ever switch on mains power supply before ensuring that all the E4FE!! switches
$. Ceep all the assembly undisturbed.
(. 4ever run the apparatus if power supply is less than #@. /olts and above than $*.
volts.
*. Eperate selector switch of temperature indicator gently.
6. lways keep the apparatus free from dust.
8. -on"t switch E4 the heater before filling the water into the bath.
There is a possibility of getting abrupt result if the supply voltage is fluctuating or if the
T3O:4LE SHOOT.N@:
(. &f temperature of any sensor is not displays in -.T.& check the connection and
rectify that.
*. /oltmeter showing the voltage given to heater but ampere meter does not. Tight the
heater socket , switch if ok it means heater burned.
6. &f safety valve is not working at more than #.6 kgFcm
$
3ust to pull that and some
drops of oil into that.
E5PE3.MENT NO: 1#
N6ME O$ E5PE3.MENT: HE6T T36NS$E3 TH3O:@H 6@.T6TE1 9ESSEL
O48ECT.9E:
Study of the heat transfer in a agitated vessel.
6.M:
To determine the overall heat transfer co+efficient for various degrees of agitation.
THEO3;:
Thermal resistance to heat transfer arises due to liquid film on the inside of the vessel wall,
the wall thickness and due to film formed on the inside of 3acket wall. &n addition, the scale
formed on either side of the 3acket wall shall also effect the overall heat transfer co+eff. The
overall heat transfer co+efficient <Dd1 based on the inside 3acket area is2
#FDd ) #FDc V >d
Where
o (
o (
h h
h h
Uc
+
2 neglecting the wall resistance and >d is the dirt factor
;3 is the inside heat transfer coefficient, hoi is the heat transfer coefficient. !or the
condensing steam in the 3acket h3 can be evaluated from 0hilton et al correlation for
3acketed vessel'
#* . .
1 < 1 < 1 < (8 . .
(
#
(
$
$
w
( (
k
Cp % "
k
D h

Where, I is the length of the paddle, 4 is the revolution per sec. -3 is the inside dia. of the
vessel. ll other properties may be evaluated at average fluid temperature and used in
consistent units. ;oi for condensing steam can be obtained from 9erry"s ;and 7ook, >d
must also be obtained from the hand book. straight line results when 3 factor is plotted on
a log+log scale against modified >eynolds 4o, >e given by'
#* . .
(
#
1 < 1 <

w
k
Cp
k
h(D(
(

nd
1 F < >e
$
% "
3e
;eat transfer area can be calculated by considering the bottom to be a flat plate or can be
considering as an elliptical head. !or the first case'
;eat transfer area )
$
*
(
D D()

+
Where 5 is the height to which liquid is filled in the tank. >ate of heat transfer, B can be
obtained from'
B)Dd OTm

1ESC3.PT.ON:
The set up consists of 3acketed vessel, fitted with a * bladed impeller. The tank is fitted
with baffles. The water temperature inside the 3acket is monitored by a 9t+#.. sensor.
Steam is 3acked is supplied by $6 I boiler fitted with 8kW heater. The whole assembly is
made of S.S.
:T.L.T.ES 3E<:.3E1:
Water supply $. litFmin <approx.1 and drain
Electricity supply # phase, $$. / 0, 6 kW
!loor area of #.6m #.6 m
<#1 The vessel is filled with measured quantity of water to such a level that 3acket is
below the water level.
<$1 >ecord the height of water in the tank <51. 4ote down the initial temp. of water
<(1 Set the stirrer speed at the desired level and open the steam valve and feed the
saturated steam at #.6 bar pressure is then admitted to the 3acket.
<*1 Ceep the steam pressure constant throughout
<61 4ote down the temperature of water in the vessel after every one minute till it starts
boiling and the temperature remains constants
<81 4ote down the height of water at the time of boiling with the help of a meter rod
<:1 fter the evaporation has taken place for (. minute, again note down the height
<@1 Cnowing the difference in the two levels, the amount of water evaporated can be
easily calculated.
SPEC.$.C6T.ON:
System ' Steam to water
Racketed vessel ' =aterial' stainless steel fitted with * nos. baffles dia. (6.,
depth 6..mm
Racket ' Width $6mm, insulated with ceramic wool
;elical coil ' =aterial copper, E- #8mm &- #(mm
gitator ' Stainless steel &mpeller fitted on a shaft coupled to a -0
=otor with thyristor
0ontrolled -0 -rive.
0ondensate =easurement ' =easuring 0ylinder , stop watch
Water flow measurement ' >ota meter
Steam Senerator ' =ade of stainless steel fitted with level gauge, pressure
gauge, safety valve,
drain and insulated with ceramic wool , cladding with
luminium foil.
;eaters ' * kw 4ichrome wire heater <$ 4os., $kW each1
0ontrol panel comprising of '
-igital Temperature 0ontroller' . ? $..
.
0
<for Steam Senerator1
-igital Temperature &ndicator ' . ? $..
.
0 with multi channel switch
Temperature sensors ' >T- 9T+#.. type 8 nos.
>9= &ndicator ' Standard make, -igital, 4on contact type.
With standard make onFoff switch, =ains &ndicator etc.
good quality painted rigid =S structure is provided to support all the parts.
$O3M:L6E:
1.
1 <
B S
T T UA
d
dT
mCp
. 1 < 1 <
$
#
# $ T T
T T
S
S
mCp*! UA

#.
1 <
B S B
T T A U '
-iameter of 3acketed vessel ) -3
-iameter of &mpeller ) I
;eight of water in vessel ) G
Weight of water added ) m
&nitial temp of water )
Steam pressure )
Temp of condensing steam' Ts
O4SE396T.ON T64LE:
S.No 3.P.SE N Time
se"
Temp of waterE T
?C
Tb ?C CTsJTbD?C %TH% :
The experiment should be repeated at various values of 4
D can be obtained by integral of differential method.
7y integrating method'
1 < 1 <
$
#
# $ T T
T T
S
S
mCp*! UA

7y differential method'
1 <
B S
T T UA
d
dT
mCp
t boiling
1 <
B S B
T T A U '
Where W is the mass of water evaporated, Tb is the boiling temp of water and is the
latent heat of vapori5ation of water.
9lot D vs 4 and discuss your observations.
P3EC6:T.ON = M6.NTEN6NCE .NST3:CT.ON:
#1 Dse the stabili5e 0 single phase supply
$1 4ever switch on mains supply before ensuring that all the E4FE!! switches given on
the panel are at E!! position.
(1 Ceep all the assembly undisturbed.
*1 4ever run the apparatus if power is less than #@. volts and above than $*. volts.
61 Eperate selector switch of temp indicator gently.
81 lways keep the apparatus free from dust.
There is a possibility of getting abrupt result if the supply voltage is fluctuating or if the
T3O:4LESHOOT.N@:
#1 &f electrical panel is not showing the input on the mains light. 0heck the fuse.
$1 &f -.T.& displays K#L on the screen check the computer socket if loose tight it.
(1 &f temp of any sensor is not displays in -T& check the connection and rectify that.
E5PE3.MENT NO: 1&
N6ME O$ E5PE3.MENT: 4O.L.N@ HE6T T36NS$E3
ObKe"ti!e of Experiment
#1 To study the pool 7oiling 9henomenon
$1 To observe the 4atural 0onvection 7oiling
(1 To observe the 4ucleate 7oiling
*1 To draw the graph of the 7oiling curve
( )
S
T T +s
A
q
e
,
_
$
. .
Where
,
_
A
q
.
is heat flux based on heater inputd
T$ ) ;eater surface temp.
TS ) Saturation temp of the Iiquid b
Limitation
i1 To obtainable higher heater temp. Iiquid other than water such as parafin may
be used
ii1 With Water the temp will be always less than #..
.
0
9ro"e%ure
i1 0harge the 0ontainer with required quantity of liquid so that the heater is
completely submerged.
ii1 Start the heater with small input observe boiling natural convection.

( ) C T T
S
#
$
iii1 &ncrease the heater input for boiling
iv1 Start the water circulation.
v1 =ake observation under steady state.
4O.L.N@ HE6T T36NS$E3
When heat is, added to a liquid from a submerged solid surface which is at a temperature
higher than the saturation temperature of the liquid, it is usual for a part of the liquid to
change phase. This charge of phase is called boiling. 7oiling is of various types, the type
being dependent on the temperature difference between the surface and the liquid. The
different types arc indicated in !ig. # which illustrates a typical experimental boiling curve
obtained in a saturated pool of liquid.
Tin+ heat flux supplied #. the surface is plotted against <T/ ? T,1, the difference between
the temperature of the surface and the saturation temperature of the liquid. &t is si+en that
the boiling curve can be divided into three regions' <&1 natural convection region, <&&1
nucleate boiling region, and <&&&1 film boiling region. The region of' natural convection
occurs at low temperature differences <of the order of #.
o
0 or less1. ;eat transfer from the
heated surface to the liquid in its vicinity causes the liquid to be superheated. This
superheated liquid rises to the free liquid surface by natural convection, where vapour is
produced by evaporation.
s the temperature difference <Tw + Ts 1 is increased, nucleate boiling commences. &n this
region bubble begin to form at certain locations on the heated surface. >egion && consists of
two parts. &n the first part, &&a, the bubbles formed are very few in number. These bubbles
grow in si5e, separate from the heated surface and rise to the free surface. &n the second
part ##8, the rate of bubble formation as well as the number of locations where they are
formed increase,
With increasing temperature difference, a stage is finally reached when the high bubble
formation rate causes them to coalesce and blanket the surface with a vapour film. This is
the beginning of region &&&, namely, film boiling. &n the first part of this region, &&&a, the
vapor film is unstable film boiling may be occurring on a portion of the heated surface
area, while nucleate boiling may be occurring on the remaining area. &n the second part,
###8, a stable film covers the entire surface. The temperature difference in this region is of
the order of #...
o
0 and consequently radiative heat transfer across the vapour film is also
significant.
&t will be observed from !ig. @,( that the heat flux does not increase in a regular manner
with the temperature difference. e&n region .&, the heat flux is proportional to <Tw+ Ts1 where
n is slightly greater than unity <approximately #.(1. When the transition from natural
convection to nucleate boiling occurs, the heat flux starts to increase more rapidly with
temperature difference, the value of n increasing to about (. [t the end of region &&, the
boiling curve reaches a peak <point 1. 7eyond this, in region &&&a, in spite of the
increasing temperature difference, the heat flux decreases because the thermal resistance to
heat flow increases with the formation of a vapour film. The heat flux passes through a
minimum. <point+71 at the end of region &&&a. &t starts to increase again with <Tw+ Ts1 only
ewhen stable film boiling begins and radiation becomes increasingly significant.
&t is of interest to note how the temperature of the heating surface changes as the heat flux
is steadily increased from 5ero. Dp to the point e natural convection of boiling then
nucleate boiling occur and the temperature of the heating surface is obtained by reading off
the value <Tw+ Ts1 from the boiling curve and . adding to it the value of T &f the heat flux is
increased a little beyond the value at , the temperature of the surface shoots up to the
value corresponding to the point 0 ; is apparent from !ig, @.( that the surface temperature
corresponding to point 0 is high for some surfaces, it is high enough to cause the material
to melt. Thus in many practical situations, it is undesirable to exceed the value of heat flux
corresponding to point . This value is therefore of considerable significance in
engineering and is called the critical or peak heat flux.
The discussion so far has been concerned with the various types of boiling which occur in
saturated pool boiling. &f the liquid is below the saturation temperature, we say that sub+
cooled pool+boiling is taking place. Thus in order to specify pool boiling occurring in any
process, one must state <. whether the liquid is saturated or sub+cooled, and <if1 whether it
is in the natural convection, nucleate or film boiling region.
C6LC:L6T.ONS .
#1 Test surface dia ) d ) (@.( mm I ) ##H mm
$1 Surface rea ) J dl ) ...#*( m
$
(1 0ooling 0oil dia ) 6* mm
*1 0ooling 0oil height ) :$ mm
61 9ool temp. T #
81 Surface tea2 T$ <TW1
:1 Saturation temp + Ts ) #..
.
0
@1 /oltage + /olt
H1 0urrent + =9
O4SE396T.ON T64LE:
Sr.
No. 9oltage
9olts
Current
6mps
Pool
temp.
T1
?C
Surfa"e
temp.
T
?C
7ater inlet
temp.
T#
?C
7ater
outlet
Temp.
T&
?C
7ater
$low
rate
#.
$.
(.
q ) / x &
) J dl
q
;eat !lux ) +++

9lot the graph <qF1 vFs T$ ? T(

;eat balance
m.cp.f T f T ) T* ? T(
cp ) *#:* RFkg k
E5PE3.MENT NO: 1*
N6ME O$ E5PE3.MENT: STE$6N 4OLTLM6NN 6PP636T:S
&=' To calculate Stefan 7olt5mann 0onstant.
&4T>E-D0T&E4
The most commonly used law of thermal radiation is the Stefan 7olt5mann
Iaw which states that thermal radiation heat flux or emissive power of a
black surface is proportional to the fourth power of absolute temperature of
the surface and is given by Q,A ) eb ) YT* <CcalFhr.m
$
.C*1
The constant of proportionality e is called the Stefan 7olt5mann 0onstant
and has the value of' *.@:8 x #.+
@
CcalFhr.m
$
.C* Er 6.8: W ,m
.
/k
0
/
The ob3ect of this experimental set+up is to measure the value of this
constant by an easy arrangement.
-ES0>&9T&E4
The apparatus is flanged copper hemisphere fixed on a flat non+conducting
plate. The outer surface is enclosed in metal water 3acket to heat to some
suitable constant temperature.
!our chromel+alumel thermocouples are attached on mner surface of
hemisphere to measure its mean temperature. The disc, which is mounted
in an insulating 7akelite sleeve, is fitted in a hole drilled in the centre of
base plate. The base of a sleeve is conveniently supported from bottom
side. chromel+alumel thermocouple is used to measure the temperature
of disc. The thermocouple is mounted on the disc to study the rise of its
temperature.
When the disc is inserted at the bottom of hemisphere, the response of
temperature change of disc with time is used to calculate the Stefan
7olt5mann 0onstant.
S9E0&!&0T&E4S
#. ;emispherical enclosure dia ) $.. mm. pprox.
$. Suitable si5ed water 3acket for hemisphere.
(. 7ase plate of bakelite ) (.. x (.. mm
$

*. Sleeve si5e ) 6. mm. -ia. pprox.
6. Test disc. -ia ) $.mm.
8. =ass of test disc ) ....(8 Cg. <(.8 gms approx.1
:. Specific heat, S of the test disc ) ..# Kcal,Kg g0
@. Thermocouple 4o. T8 for measuring the bath
temperature.
H. 4o. of thermocouples mounted on hemisphere Tl To T*
$
#. Thermocouple mounted on disc <test disc1 T6.
$. Temperature &ndicator -igital E.l
o
0 Ieast 0ount, .+$..
o
0 range and
timer set for 6 sec to display the temperature rise of the disc, for
thermocouple 4E.6.
(. &mmersion water heater of $... watt capacity for hot water.
4ETE' The surface of disc and hemisphere are blackened by using
lamp to make their absorbitivities to be approximately unity.
9>E0E-D>E
#. ;eat the water in the tank by the immersion heater up to a desired
temperature. < say about @.o0 #o H..0 etc.1
$. The disc is kept open before pouring the hot water in the 3acket.
(. The hot water is poured in the water 3acket. llow water till it reaches
the level up to the mark on the tube.
*. The hemispherical enclosure will come to some uniform temperature
T in short time after filling the hot water in the 3acket.
6. The disc is now inserted from bottom and its temperature is eT6e.
8. 4ote down the rise in temperature of disc at every 6 secs. The
radiation energy falling on e-e from the enclosure is given by '
E ) d <Ta1* hhhhhhhhh
Where d ) area of the disc in m
$

(
<#1
Ta ) verage temperature of the enclosure recorded by the
thermocouples T# To T*.
The Emissivity of the disc - is assumed to be unity <7lack disc1.
The radiant energy of disc is emitting into the enclosure will be '
E#) dYT6* <$1
4et heat input to disc per unit time is given by <#1 + <$1
E + E# ) Y d < Ta* ? T6*1 ... ... ... ... ... . .. <(1
&f the disc has mass m and specific heat S then a short time after disc
is inserted.
m.s. <dTFdt1) Yd<Ta*+Ts*1 or
Y ) m.s.<dT F dti t ) . CcalFhr m
$
. C*
d <Ta* ? T6* 1
&n this equation <dT F dt1t ) . denotes the rate of rise of temperature of the
disc at the instance when its temperature is T6 and will vary with time. &t is
clearly best measured at time t ) . before heat conducted has any
significant effect.
This is obtained from plot of temperature rise of disc with respect to time
and obtaining its slope at t ) . when temperature ) T6, this will be the
required value of dT F dt at t ) E. The thermocouple mounted on disc
<i.e. T61 is to be used for this purpose.
*
4ote that the disc with its insulating sleeve is placed quickly in position
and start the time and record the temperature at fixed time intervals. The
process is completed in about (. second"s time.
Ta)verage temperature in
Ta ) verage temperature in
1C ) T # V T$ V T( V T*
*
g0 ) Ta V $:(
Temperature of disc at the instant when it is inserted )
<T61 ) T6 V $:( in 1K
Temperature time response of the disc
Dse the -isc Thermocouple 4E.6 on Temperature &ndicator and note
down rise at the time interval of 6 seconds.
Time <Sec.1 t Temperature <T61 oC
.
6
#.
#6
$.
$6
(.
9lot the graph of T against t as shown in !ig.
Ebtain slope from the graph.
<dT F dt1 at t ) . ) o0FSec. ) x (8.. DC,Hr/
/alue of Y can be obtained by using <(1
Y ) m.s.<dT F dti t ) . CcalFhr m
$
. C* d <Ta* ? T6* 1
9>E0DT&E4S
1. 4efore starting t'e experiment fill t'e water in t'e 7ater bat' an%
t'en onl( swit"' MOnM t'e 'eater.
$. Selector switch, dimmer knob should be used gently.
(. When the experiment is over turn the ;eater switch to E!! position.
*. >un the equipment once in a week for better performance.
E5PE3.MENT NO: 1+
N6ME O$ E5PE3.MENT: THE3M6L CON1:CT.9.T; O$ .NS:L6T.N@ PO71E3
&= 2+
To determine the thermal conductivity of insulating powder. < =aterial + asbestos powder1
&4T>E-D0T&E4
Thermal conductivity is one of the important properties of the materials and its knowledge is require
for analy5ing heat conduction problems. physical meaning of thermal conductivity is how quickly heat
passes through a given material. Thus the determination of this property has one of the
considerable engineering significance.
There are various methods of determination of thermal conductivity suitable for different materials.
The present apparatus is suitable for finding out thermal conductivity of materials in powdered from.
S9E0&!&0T&E4S
#
1
-iameter of &nner Sphere
$
1

-iameter of outer sphere
(
1
=ica ;eater
4
)
$ mp. open type -immerstat.
6
1

&nsulating 9owder + =aterial
6
)

-igital Temperature &ndicator
7
)
-igital /oltmeter, # 4o.
8
)
-igital mmeter, # 4o.
#.cm.
$.cm.
4ichrome wire type + $.. watt.
sbestos.
>ange ' . + (..g0.
>ange ' . + $6. /
>ange' . + $ mp.
-ES0>&9T&E4
The apparatus lS mounted on a sturdy table. &t consists of two thin walled
concentric copper spheres. The inner sphere houses the heating coil. ;eating coil
is 4ichrome wire wound on mica sheet. The insulating powder is packed between
two shells. 9ower supply to the heater is given through a -immerstat and is
measured by a /oltmeter and an mmeter. 0hromel+lumel thermocouples are
used to measure temperatures. !our thermocouples are embedded on inner sphere
and six thermocouples are embedded on outer sphere. ll ten temperatures are
measured on a temperature indicator by operating a selector switch. These
readings enable to find out the thermal conductivity of the insulating powder.
9>E0E-D>E
#1 9ut =ain Switch eE4e
$1 pply input <power1 by operating -immerstat. <4ote' The power should not
exceed *. watts otherwise heater wire is likely to burn1
(1 Wait for j hour for steady state conditions.
*1 4ote down the readings in the observation table.
61 >epeat the experiments for different heat input.
81 fter experiment is over put -immerstat to 5ero position and make the =ain
Switch eE!!e.
E%9E>&=E4TS
The value of thermal conductivity of the powder can be calculated by usmg
following equation under steady state condition.
q

*n'Cri + ro <Tin +
Tout1 < ro + ri1
$
E7SE>/T&E4 T7IE
n - >adius of inner sphere + 6. mm.
ro + >adius of outer sphere + #..mm.
Sr. /olt+ mm+ &nner sphere Temp. Euter sphere Temp.
4o meter eter
/ & Tl T$ T( T* T6 T8 T: T@ TH TlE
++
0I0DIT&E4S
#1 verage temp. for inner sphere
Tin )
Tl + T$ + T( + T* *
$1 verage temp. for outer sphere
Tout T6 + ............................... + T&.
8
(1 ;eat input q ) / x & watt.
*1 Thermal 0onductivity
K q < ro + ri 1
*n ri+ro <Tin + Tout1
3
9>E0DT&E4S
#1 Selector switch, dimmer knob should be used gently.
$1 When the experiment is over turn the dimmer knob to 5ero position.
(1 >un the equipment once in a week for better performance.
&D 1o not ex"ee% &2 watt.

Rk9EE D4&/E>S&Tk E! E4S&4EE>&4S , TE0;4EIESk, SD4
;eat Transfer Iaboratory =anual
:(

Heat Tr. Lab Manual

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Manual for

Heat Transfer Operations

When the proportionality constant is inserted

is the temperature gradient in the direction of

Ts ) mbient temperature in duct

Ba the rate at which air is getting heating is calculated as follows '

when the proportionality constant is inserted,

the temperature gradient in the direction of heat

Where, g ) cc. -ue to gravity ) H.@ mFsec

!rom these value overall heat transfer co efficient can be calculated

) -ensity of water kgFm

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