Discharge Calculator - Flowrates, Jet Properties and Outfall Design

The following spreadsheet was developed for the estimation of effluent flowrates and their characteristics of a
reverse osmosis (RO) desalination plant. The procedere is based on the technical note "Improved Discharge
Configurations for Brine Effluents from Desalination Plants" by Jirka (2006).
First, the flowrates of the desalination plant are estimated related to the drinking water flowrate Q drink .
Additionally the effluent properties (e.g. density, salinity) are calculated.
Second, the required design of the outfall (geometry) and its characteristics (e.g. discharge velocity U o ,
momentum flux M o , length scales L Q & L M ) are calculated for a discharge into a stagnant water body.
Third, the properties of the negatively buoyant jet are estimated (Dilution S , maximum level of rise z max , x max ,
impingement point z i , x i ) and a recommendation for the outfall location is given (distance to shore).
In the summary all important parameters are listed.
The density & viscosity calculator is attachted and can be used separately. The figures for the calculation of the
jet trajectory and the dilution are also attached.
Note that the calculations are only valid for dense discharges (= effluent is more dense than the ambient)!
For the calculation following parameters are required:
- ambient characteristics: temperature T a , salinity Sal a , bottom slope qB
- plant characteristics: flow rate Q drink , recovery rate r , brine temperature T desal
- if existent blended effluent char.: flow rate Q effl,ex , temperature T effl,ex , salinity Sal effl,ex
- outfall geometry: discharge angle qo , port openenings n
Please enter the values of these parameters into the highlighted cells on the following three worksheets.
Declaration of the colors of the highlighted cells:
yellow fixed parameters (ambient characteristics, plant/effluent properties)
blue freely selectable (outfall geometry)
green calculation not yet implemented

Flowrates & Effluent Characteristics RO

annotations/limitations:

- ambient characteristics (seawater)

ambient temperature
ambient salinity
ambient density
ambient kin. viscosity

Ta
Sal a
ra
na

=
=
=
=

22.00
33.00
1022.44
9.98E-07

C
ppt
kg/m
2
m /s

T = 10 to 180C
Sal = 0 to 160 ppt (ppt = g/kg)
3

allowed ranges for viscosity calculation:

Sal = 0 to 130 ppt, T = 10 to 180C (El-Dessouky, Ettouny (2002))

- fresh water (permeate)

flowrate
recovery rate
intake flowrate

Q drink =
r =
Q in =

1.00 m/s
50 %
2.00 m/s

recovery rate:
percentage of intake water converted into permeate;
plant characteristic; following Lattemann: r = 40-65%

- brine characteristics (effluent from desalination process)

plant effluent flowrate
temperature
salinity
density
substance concentration

Q desal
T desal
Sal desal
rdesal
cdesal

=
=
=
=
=

1.00
22.00
66.00
1047.49
20.00

m /s
C
ppt
kg/m3
ppm

usually ambient or 1C above

with Sal drink = 0 ppt
e.g. coagulants, anti-scalants, ....
(has no effect on density or mixing characteristics)

- blended effluent - external flowrate

temperature
salinity
density

Q effl,ex
T effl,ex
Sal effl,ex
reffl,ex

=
=
=
=

(e.g. waste water or others)

1.00 m3/s
20.00 C
0.00 ppt
Sal = 0 to 160 ppt, T = 10 to 180 C
998.40 kg/m3

Final effluent characteristics:

flowrate
effluent temperature
effluent salinity
effluent density
buoyant acceleration
-> negatively buoyant, ok!
kin. viscosity

Qo
To
Sal o
ro
go'

=
=
=
=
=

2.00
21.00
33.00
1022.73
-0.00281

m3/s
C
ppt
kg/m3
m/s2

mean average
mean average
g o ' = g (|ra-ro|)/ra
g o' < 0: negatively buoyant, g o' > 0: positively buoyant

no =

1.02E-06 m2/s

co =

10.00 ppm

allowed ranges for viscosity calculation:

Sal = 0 to 130 ppt, T = 10 to 180C (El-Dessouky, Ettouny (2002))

substance concentration

Discharge Characteristics RO
annotations:

- ambient characteristics
ambient density
buoyant acceleration
offshore slope

ra =
g' o =
qB =

1022.44 kg/m3
-0.00281 m/s2
10

Qo =
ro =
no =

2.00 m3/s
1022.73 kg/m3
1.02E-06 m2/s

- effluent characteristics
flowrate
discharge density
kin. viscosity

- discharge characteristics
Choose a discharge angle (recommended: 45) :
qo =

discharge angle
discharge angle ok!
port discharge velocity
number of openings
port diameter

Uo =
n =
D =

dens. Froude Number

Reynolds Number

Fro =
Reo =

45
15

5.00 m/s
6
0.29 m
174.75
1.43E+06

[0qo 90] only integer!

recommended: U o = 4-6 m/s
start with one opening!

Fro = U o /(g' o D )1/2 = Q o /(D p/4)/(g' o D )1/2

Reo = U o D /no

Checking of characteristic properties:

Diameter D : in required range, ok!
Froude Number Fo: huge value, please check openings!
Reynolds Number Reo: in required range, ok!

required:
0.1 D 1.0
Fro 10, recommended: Fro=2025
Reo > 4000

Choose an appropriate port diameter (DN according to ISO standard):

port diameter

D =

0.30 m

Final discharge characteristics:

port diameter
number of openings
discharge angle
flowrate (individual)
port discharge velocity
dens. Froude Number
Reynolds Number
momentum flux
buoyancy flux
discharge length scale
momentum length scale

0.30 m
D =
6
n =
qo =
15
Q o,ind. =
0.33 m3/s
Uo =
4.72 m/s
Fro =
162.42
Reo = 1.39E+06
Mo =
1.57 m4/s2
Jo =
-0.001 m4/s3
LQ =
0.27 m
LM =
45.87 m

M o = U o Q o
J o = g' o Q o (<0: negatively buoyant)
L Q = (D p/4) 1/2 = Q o / M o 1/2
L M = M o 3/4 / J o 1/2

Jet Properties RO
annotations:

- discharge & ambient characteristics

qo =
ho =

discharge angle
port height
in required range, ok!
offshore slope
imaginary offshore slope

qB =
qB * =

momentum length scale

dens. Froude Number

LM =
Fro =

15
0.50 m
10
10

h o = 0m or h o = 0.5-1.0m

due to port height, not yet implemented

45.87 m
162.42

- geometric jet properties

(for discharge angles that are not a multiple of 15: linear iterpolation!)
(c /c max = 3%)
Z max /L M (3%) =
0.564
(c /c max = 25%)
Z max /L M (25%) =
0.447
(taken from Fig. 2(a))
z max /L M =
0.232
x max /L M =
1.241
z i /L M =
-0.487
(taken from Fig. 4(a))
x i /L M =
!port height not considered!
2.700
Z max (3%) =
upper jet boundary
25.86 m
Z max (25%) =
20.51 m
z max =
maximum jet centerline
10.64 m
x max =
position
56.94 m
zi =
jet centerline position at
-22.34 m
x i = 123.85 m
the impingement point
x
H ao

869.62 m
15.38 m

Choose an appropriate outfall location:

offshore location
x =
H ao =
local water depth

870.0 m
15.39 m

offshore location
local water depth

- dilutions & concentration

minimum centerline
dilution at z max
bulk dilution at
impingement point

H ao 0.75Z max (25%)

in required range,
offshore location ok!

(for bottom slopes that are not a multiple of 10: linear iterpolation!)
S m /Fr o =
Fig. 2(b)
0.21
Sm =
34.8
S i /Fr o =
Si =

substance concentration at the centerline of

max. level of rise (z max )
cm =
impingement point (z i )
ci =

1.00
162.5
0.29 ppm
0.06 ppm

Fig. 4(b)

S = c o /c c -> c c = c o /S

erpolation!)

SUMMARY RO
- ambient characteristics
ra =
qB =

ambient density
offshore slope

1022.44 kg/m3
10

- effluent characteristics
Qo
ro
no
g' o

flowrate
discharge density
kin. viscosity
buoyant acceleration

=
=
=
=

2.00
1022.73
1.02E-06
-0.00281

m3/s
3
kg/m
2
m /s
2
m/s

(<0: negatively buoyant)

- dicharge characteristics & jet properties

flowrate (individual)
port discharge velocity
dens. Froude Number
Reynolds Number
momentum flux
buoyancy flux
discharge length scale
momentum length scale
max. jet centerline position
jet centerline position
at the impingement point
min. centerline dilution @ z max
dilution @ impingement point
substance concentrat. @ z max
substance concentration @ z i

Q o,ind.
Uo
Fro
Reo
Mo
Jo
LQ
LM
z max
x max
zi
xi
Sm
Si
cm
ci

=
0.33 m3/s
=
4.72 m/s
=
162.42
= 1.39E+06
=
1.57 m4/s2
=
0.00 m4/s3
=
0.27 m
=
45.87 m
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

10.64
56.94
-22.34
123.85
34.8
162.5
0.06
0.22

m
m
m
m

=
=
=
=
=
=

0.30
6
15
0.50
870.0
15.39

ppm
ppm

- recommended outfall geometries

port diameter
number of openings
discharge angle
port height
offshore location
local water depth

D
n
qo
ho
x
H ao

m
m
m

SEAWATER DENSITY & VISCOSITY CALCULATOR

Please enter the values of salinity and temperature of the effluent or ambient water (p=1atm):

33.00

Salinity: Sal =

ppt

for r: 0 Sal 160 ppt

for m: 0 Sal 130 ppt
10 T 180 C

T=

20.00

Density:

r=

1023.019

Dynamic Viscosity:

m=

1.069

*10-3 kg/m s

Kinematic Viscosity:

n=

1.045

*10-6 m/s

Temperature:
Temperature:

kg/m

source:
El-Dessouky, Ettouny (2002): Fundamentals of Sea Water Desalination (Appendix A: Themodynamic Properties)

Density of sea water as a function of salinity and temperature

Salinity: 0 to 160 ppt, Temperature: 10 to 180 C, Pressure: p = 1 atm
The density correlation of sea water is given by:

r = (A1F1 + A2F2 + A3F3 + A4F4)*10

[kg/m]

where:
F1 =
F2 =
F3 =
F4 =

0.5
A
2A - 1
4A - 3A

A = (2T-200)/160

G1 = 0.5
G2 = B
G3 = 2B - 1

A1 = 4.032219 G1 + 0.115313 G2 + 3.26*10-4 G3

A2 = -0.108199 G1 + 1.571*10-3 G2 - 4.23 * 10-4 G3
A3 = -0.012247 G1 + 1.74*10-3 G2 - 9.0*10-6 G3
A4 = 6.92*10-4 G1 - 8.7*10-5 G2 - 5.3*10-5 G3

B = (2Sal-150)/150

Viscosity of sea water as a function of salinity and temperature

Salinity: 0 to 130 ppt, Temperature: 10 to 180 C, Pressure: p = 1 atm
The dynamic viscosity correlation of sea water is given by:

m = (mW)(mR)*10-3

[kg/m s]

n = m/ r
where:
Ln(mW) =
mR =
A=
B=

[m/s]

-3.79418 + 604.129/(139.18+T)
1 + A*Sal + B*Sal
1.474*10-3 + 1.5*10-5 T - 3.927*10-8 T2
1.0734*10-5 - 8.5*10-8 T +2.23*10-10 T2

Fig. 2 (a)

Geometric jet properties at maximum level of rise

2.5

Zmax/LM zmax/LM xmax/LM

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

10

20

x_max

Theta0.9715
0
2.6160
4.5568
7.2432
10.3725
13.6449
18.2490
22.9980
28.3379
34.1195
39.7502
43.3051
45.3786
48.6357
51.2990
55.4410
58.6937
61.3548
64.9021
68.3006
71.6981
74.6517
78.1945
80.5566
83.6556
86.4593
88.0818
89.7043

xmax/LM
zmax/LM
Zmax(3%)/LM
Zmax(25%)/LM
xmax*/LM

x_max
0
0.1151
0.3157
0.5162
0.7835
1.0285
1.2065
1.3621
1.4730
1.5615
1.6129
1.6270
1.6192
1.6115
1.5813
1.5364
1.4541
1.3645
1.2898
1.1778
1.0585
0.9242
0.7974
0.6260
0.5142
0.3502
0.2012
0.1043
0.0075

30
z_max

Theta
0
4.6697
10.6027
17.1311
23.2161
28.8572
34.3508
40.1412
45.1897
48.6048
54.8402
60.6289
66.1192
71.0146
75.6121
83.9150
89.8436

z_max
0
0.0403
0.1362
0.2693
0.4172
0.5726
0.7355
0.9058
1.0613
1.1650
1.3426
1.4906
1.6089
1.6975
1.7639
1.8521
1.8885

40 q [] 50
Z_max_3%

Theta
0.5342
5.7276
8.9923
13.0000
15.3753
20.7202
24.2840
28.2938
31.8582
34.9781
38.5429
42.8513
46.8623
49.6848
52.9523
56.2192
59.4851
63.3435
66.9045
70.6126
75.3588
79.6589
84.8479
87.6643
89.7390

Z_max 0.2118
3%
0.3227
0.3967
0.5002
0.5669
0.7223
0.8334
0.9668
1.0853
1.2038
1.3298
1.4928
1.6410
1.7448
1.8559
1.9596
2.0484
2.1371
2.2110
2.2701
2.3438
2.3953
2.4467
2.4687
2.4759

60

70
Z_max_25%

Theta
0.6768
3.3468
9.5783
15.3665
18.1868
21.7495
26.7980
30.8074
34.6691
37.7879
40.0156
44.1747
46.5511
49.3725
53.6787
57.8356
61.6946
64.8106
70.1516
73.7110
77.5667
80.5318
84.5340
87.6462
89.5726

Z_max 25%
0.1375
0.1817
0.3074
0.4479
0.5219
0.6181
0.7736
0.8995
1.0329
1.1366
1.2107
1.3588
1.4403
1.5292
1.6625
1.7809
1.8771
1.9436
2.0471
2.0987
2.1502
2.1796
2.2089
2.2233
2.2305

= -3.87340930091997E-11*theta^6 + 1.35855657125514E-08*theta^5 - 1.88466399633769E-06*theta^4 + 1.32370099986

= 8.96034580956262E-12*theta^6 - 1.96811134631301E-09*theta^5 + 1.61940812676287E-07*theta^4 - 1.104171015597
= -1.90212551452414E-12*theta^6 + 2.10387511821525E-09*theta^5 - 3.86272303589499E-07*theta^4 + 2.18413065660
= -4.15536063691431E-12*theta^6 + 2.07657972657878E-09*theta^5 - 3.13673259007529E-07*theta^4 + 1.51073246639
= 5.84507682255264E-08*theta^6 - 2.48546607631953E-06*theta^5 + 4.05917264968633E-05*theta^4 - 3.322326912037

80

90
x_max*

Theta
0.081158673
1.418344437
3.201626854
4.687879569
6.174132283
8.404063455
10.18789797
12.26931429
13.31002245
14.05370091
15.09440907
15.98715448

x_max*
1.096654275
1.104089219
1.118959108
1.133828996
1.148698885
1.178438662
1.200743494
1.230483271
1.24535316
1.260223048
1.275092937
1.29739777

769E-06*theta^4 + 1.32370099986678E-04*theta^3 - 5.59539047637969E-03*theta^2 + 1.42606256975711E-01*theta

87E-07*theta^4 - 1.1041710155979E-05*theta^3 + 6.91284581577634E-04*theta^2 + 6.3922033613153E-03*theta
499E-07*theta^4 + 2.18413065660464E-05*theta^3 - 2.2331771852952E-04*theta^2 + 2.34174001868774E-02*theta + 1.96157411179688E-01
529E-07*theta^4 + 1.51073246639019E-05*theta^3 - 5.80846006220177E-06*theta^2 + 1.85734633977261E-02*theta + 1.22231246044606E-01
33E-05*theta^4 - 3.32232691203778E-04*theta^3 + 1.84266719305346E-03*theta^2 + 3.45977712866332E-03*theta + 1.0963449609836E+00

Fig. 4 (b)

02*theta + 1.96157411179688E-01
E-02*theta + 1.22231246044606E-01
-03*theta + 1.0963449609836E+00

Fig. 2 (b)

Minimum centerline dilution

0.30

0.25

Sm/Fo

0.20

0.15

0.10

0.05

0.00
0

10

Theta 1.2691
1.7086
2.2937
3.4710
4.2061
5.0901
5.8268
6.8580
8.4814
9.6643
10.8460
12.9178
14.6951
17.3624
19.8836
23.2975
26.1192
28.7943
31.9160
35.4860
40.5455
43.3738
46.6494
50.8188
54.5432
58.2677
62.5887
67.6559
71.9781
84.9463
87.9280
90.1641

20

30

40

q []

50

60

70

S_m/F_o
0.0466
0.0562
0.0703
0.0887
0.1013
0.1138
0.1242
0.1389
0.1581
0.1692
0.1817
0.1986
0.2111
0.2280
0.2412
0.2552
0.2646
0.2712
0.2777
0.2820
0.2854
0.2860
0.2859
0.2849
0.2818
0.2786
0.2740
0.2670
0.2609
0.2403
0.2349
0.2311

Sm/Fo = -6.6480900894465E-12*x^6 + 2.13443627515762E-09*x^5 - 2.78481177335259E-07*x^4 + 1.94758862414959E-05*

qo =

Sm/Fo =

90.00
0.231

S_m/F_o

80

90

x^4 + 1.94758862414959E-05*x^3 - 8.33299633928484E-04*x^2 + 2.17919728705891E-02*x + 2.19626824040669E-02

Fig. 4 (b)

Fig.4 (a)

Jet trajectories for variable offshore slope

2.5
2.0

1.77

1.89

90

1.5

1.47

qo = 75

qo = 60

1.05

1.0

45

0.61

z/LM

0.5

30

0.23

15

0.0
0

-0.5

qB = 10

-1.0
qB = 20

-1.5
-2.0

qB = 30

-2.5
-3.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

x/LM

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

x
z_max
(0)
x
z_max
(15)
x
z_max
(30)
x
z_max
(45)
x
z_max
(60) 0.1095
x
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0324
-0.0016
0.1176
0.0325
0.0834
0.0383
0.0605
0.0440
0.0659
0.0783
0.0488
0.3175
-0.0022
0.2428
0.0722
0.2025
0.1180
0.1736
0.1694
0.1502
0.2380
0.5685
-0.0026
0.3679
0.1119
0.3273
0.1977
0.3206
0.3233
0.2907
0.4946
0.1370
0.6142
-0.0084
0.5957
0.1629
0.4692
0.2773
0.4394
0.4430
0.3526
0.5916
0.1868
0.7055
-0.0143
0.7323
0.1912
0.5942
0.3456
0.5583
0.5455
0.4483
0.7456
0.2200
0.8825
-0.0375
0.8576
0.2081
0.7249
0.4025
0.6943
0.6594
0.5329
0.8596
0.2701
1.0995
-0.0779
1.0856
0.2248
0.9182
0.4763
0.7963
0.7335
0.6345
0.9964
0.3536
1.2481
-0.1124
1.2339
0.2245
1.0376
0.5161
1.0177
0.8701
0.7475
1.1218
0.4039
1.3796
-0.1526
1.4052
0.2070
1.1857
0.5500
1.1938
0.9554
0.8890
1.2586
0.4654
1.4997
-0.1985
1.5879
0.1781
1.4306
0.5838
1.3360
1.0008
1.0534
1.3782
0.5667
1.6543
-0.2673
1.7194
0.1436
1.5561
0.5836
1.5752
1.0346
1.2240
1.4464
0.6685
1.7803
-0.3304
1.9367
0.0690
1.7045
0.5719
1.7464
1.0229
1.3151
1.4633
0.7253
1.9064
-0.4106
2.1314
-0.0284
1.8416
0.5488
1.8837
0.9826
1.4807
1.4402
0.7594
2.0325
-0.4907
2.3149
-0.1430
2.0932
0.4684
2.0268
0.9196
1.6124
1.3771
0.8165
2.1760
-0.5995
2.4756
-0.2632
2.2765
0.3710
2.1700
0.8336
1.7387
1.2741
0.9084
2.4059
-0.8112
2.8494
-0.6522
2.5462
0.1649
2.4748
0.5247
1.9289
1.0282
1.0473
2.4864
-0.8970
2.9820
-0.8180
2.7360
-0.0296
2.6191
0.3246
1.9984
0.9025
1.1056
2.7514
-1.2229
3.2653
-1.2867
3.0186
-0.4127
2.7811
0.0388
2.1668
0.5310
1.2171
2.8611
-1.3830
3.4044
-1.5668
3.0822
-0.5156
2.8971
-0.2012
2.2250
0.3882
1.2585
2.9998
-1.6117
3.5148
-1.8182
3.2038
-0.7442
3.0018
-0.4526
2.2777
0.2225
1.3119
3.0867
-1.7717
3.5730
-1.9553
3.3489
-1.0528
3.0833
-0.6526
2.3479
-0.0003
1.3657
3.1389
-1.8746
3.6313
-2.1096
3.4071
-1.1956
3.1767
-0.9211
2.4360
-0.3145
1.4137
-2.0517
3.6722
-2.2353 - 1.2344505827059E-02*x^5
3.4887
-1.4070
3.2529
-1.1725
2.5011 -1.8167
-0.5944
1.4559
3.7189
-2.3610
3.5997
-1.7384
3.3350
-1.4467
2.5545
-0.8514
1.4801
3.6876
-2.0184
3.3763
-1.6124
2.6138
-1.1256
1.4985
3.7288
-2.1726
3.4528
-1.9094
2.6676
-1.4283
1.5166
3.7698
-2.3154
3.4941
-2.0694
2.7034
-1.6282
1.5350
3.5297
-2.2407
2.7335
1.5593
z/L 3.2259
(0) = 5.39080486760213E-04*x^6
+ 6.27249541430501E-02*x^4
- 1.77953956910642E-01*x^3
+ 8.34397

z/L
(0)
z/L
M
(15)
z/L
(15)
=
M
(30)
MM
(30)
M
(45)
M
(45)
(60)
z/Lz/L
M
(60)
M
(75)=
MM
(75)
M
M
bottom
slope []:
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21

-0.075
-3.54761572680218E-04*x^6
3.1475920441153E-03*x^5 ++3.02414455945836E-02*x^4
- -1.20827495396952E-01*x^3
7.2658
0.225
===-1.04388586385085E-03*x^6
+-- 1.01641578112321E-03*x^5
+ 1.3786
0.533
5.470577491450970E-04*x^6
1.721598829499270E-02*x^5
+2.47415202684351E-02*x^4
9.609741519670930E-02*x^4
- 3.034449287806640E-01*x^3
+ 8+
0.916
1.1117107795144E-02*x^6
- 1.516790444657090E-01*x^5
+ 6.031069714954360E-01*x^4
- 1.4149195193022E-01*x^3
1.233453456967250*x^3
+ 5.11257
1.406
1.83778805987095*x^6
- 9.5838303292112*x^5
+ 19.0983936369884*x^4
- 19.1190879476489*x^3
+ 6.65051415114431*x^2
1.298
0
15
30
45
60
x_i/L_M z_i/L_M x_i/L_M z_i/L_M x_i/L_M z_i/L_M x_i/L_M z_i/L_M x_i/L_M z_i/L_M
0.000
0.000
2.079
0.000
2.712
0.000
2.802
0.000
2.348
0.000
0.658
-0.011
2.148
-0.037
2.755
-0.048
2.827
-0.049
2.360
-0.041
0.838
-0.029
2.215
-0.077
2.796
-0.098
2.851
-0.100
2.372
-0.083
0.984
-0.052
2.281
-0.120
2.836
-0.149
2.875
-0.151
2.383
-0.125
1.112
-0.078
2.345
-0.164
2.876
-0.201
2.899
-0.203
2.395
-0.167
1.230
-0.108
2.408
-0.211
2.915
-0.255
2.923
-0.256
2.406
-0.211
1.339
-0.141
2.469
-0.259
2.953
-0.310
2.946
-0.310
2.418
-0.254
1.443
-0.177
2.529
-0.310
2.991
-0.367
2.969
-0.365
2.429
-0.298
1.542
-0.217
2.587
-0.364
3.027
-0.425
2.992
-0.421
2.440
-0.343
1.637
-0.259
2.644
-0.419
3.063
-0.485
3.015
-0.478
2.451
-0.388
1.728
-0.305
2.700
-0.476
3.099
-0.546
3.038
-0.536
2.463
-0.434
1.817
-0.353
2.755
-0.535
3.134
-0.609
3.060
-0.595
2.474
-0.481
1.902
-0.404
2.808
-0.597
3.168
-0.673
3.082
-0.655
2.485
-0.528
1.985
-0.458
2.860
-0.660
3.202
-0.739
3.104
-0.717
2.496
-0.576
2.065
-0.515
2.912
-0.726
3.236
-0.807
3.127
-0.780
2.507
-0.625
2.143
-0.574
2.962
-0.794
3.269
-0.876
3.149
-0.844
2.518
-0.675
2.218
-0.636
3.011
-0.863
3.301
-0.947
3.170
-0.909
2.530
-0.725
2.291
-0.701
3.059
-0.935
3.333
-1.019
3.192
-0.976
2.541
-0.777
2.363
-0.768
3.107
-1.009
3.365
-1.093
3.214
-1.044
2.552
-0.829
2.432
-0.837
3.153
-1.086
3.396
-1.169
3.236
-1.114
2.563
-0.883
2.500
-0.910
3.199
-1.164
3.427
-1.247
3.258
-1.186
2.574
-0.937
2.566
-0.985
3.244
-1.245
3.458
-1.327
3.279
-1.259
2.586
-0.992

22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

2.630
2.692
2.754
2.813
2.872
2.929
2.986
3.041
3.095

-1.063
-1.143
-1.226
-1.312
-1.401
-1.493
-1.587
-1.686
-1.787

3.289
3.332
3.375
3.418
3.460
3.501
3.542
3.583
3.623

-1.329
-1.414
-1.503
-1.594
-1.687
-1.784
-1.883
-1.986
-2.092

3.488
3.518
3.548
3.578
3.608
3.637
3.666
3.695
3.724

-1.409
-1.493
-1.580
-1.668
-1.760
-1.853
-1.949
-2.048
-2.150

3.301
3.323
3.345
3.367
3.389
3.411
3.433
3.455
3.477

-1.334
-1.410
-1.489
-1.570
-1.653
-1.738
-1.825
-1.915
-2.008

2.597
2.608
2.620
2.631
2.643
2.654
2.666
2.678
2.690

-1.049
-1.107
-1.166
-1.227
-1.289
-1.352
-1.418
-1.484
-1.553

4.5

z_max
(75) 0.020
x
z_max
(90)
x
z_max
x
0.0000
0.0000
0.0219
1.89
0.000
0.000 10
0.000 15
0.000
0.0840
-0.2814
0.7732
1.77
4 5
-0.3499547
-0.7053079
-1.0717968
0.3294
-0.1957
1.2842
0.23
0.4607
0.1868
1.3648
1.47
0.6433
0.6265
1.6035
0.61
0.7631
1.2602
1.6360
1.05
0.9172
0.020
1.8900
0.5000
0
1.1683
1.2995
1.4478
1.6189
1.7272
1.7556
1.7613
1.7555
1.6811
1.4296
1.2753
0.8868
0.7040
0.4527
0.1557
-0.1356
-0.4211
-0.5867
-0.7409
-0.8666
-1.0265
-1.2035
1E-02*x^4
++8.34397081634961E-02*x^2
- +1.09367819386534E-02*x
36E-02*x^4- 1.77953956910642E-01*x^3
- -1.20827495396952E-01*x^3
7.26586495875381E-03*x^2
3.07851264689816E-01*x
351E-02*x^4
1.37863402342191E-02*x^2
6.08062166546006E-01*x
70930E-02*x^4
- 3.034449287806640E-01*x^3
+ 8.137753393384630E-02*x^2
+ 1.00714068002344*x
360E-01*x^4
- 1.4149195193022E-01*x^3
1.233453456967250*x^3
+ 5.112572979705870E-01*x^2
9.1190879476489*x^3
+ 6.65051415114431*x^2
+ 2.65092721076326*x+ 1.609496010525620*x
75
x_i/L_M z_i/L_M
1.391
0.000
1.395
-0.024
1.399
-0.049
1.403
-0.074
1.407
-0.098
1.411
-0.123
1.415
-0.149
1.419
-0.174
1.423
-0.200
1.427
-0.226
1.430
-0.252
1.434
-0.279
1.438
-0.306
1.442
-0.333
1.446
-0.361
1.451
-0.389
1.455
-0.417
1.459
-0.446
1.463
-0.475
1.467
-0.505
1.471
-0.536
1.476
-0.566

1.480
1.484
1.489
1.493
1.498
1.503
1.508
1.512
1.517

-0.598
-0.630
-0.663
-0.696
-0.731
-0.766
-0.802
-0.838
-0.876

20
0.000 25
0.000 30
0.000
-1.4558809
-1.8652306
-2.3094011

Fig. 4 (b)

Bulk dilutions for variable offshore slope

2.5

2.0

Si/Fo

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0
0
Theta 0.4865
2.9514
4.9242
8.7093
12.4962
18.0975
22.7130
26.3401
30.4628
35.9057
42.5055
49.6026
56.0408
62.9764
68.5917
73.5476
78.5040
85.1141
89.5767

Si/Fo (0)
Si/Fo (10)
Si/Fo (20)
Si/Fo (30)
qo =

Si/Fo (0) =
Si/Fo (10) =
Si/Fo (20) =
Si/Fo (30) =

10
Si/F0.1014
o (0)
0.2207
0.3071
0.4388
0.5541
0.6941
0.7848
0.8507
0.9167
0.9951
1.0694
1.1274
1.1688
1.1938
1.2065
1.2067
1.2029
1.1827
1.1624

20
Theta
1.4180
2.7350
5.3705
8.3354
10.9705
14.1011
18.7157
23.6612
28.7733
34.2171
39.8275
45.6048
51.8796
57.8263
63.9404
69.7259
75.6789
81.3028
86.1008
88.9141

30

40

Si/Fo0.6439
(10)
0.6851
0.7551
0.8333
0.9074
0.9816
1.0805
1.1752
1.2577
1.3279
1.3857
1.4271
1.4521
1.4566
1.4405
1.4079
1.3548
1.2894
1.2239
1.1788

q []

Theta0.5490
2.8545
5.8190
9.4425
14.0553
18.3392
23.1190
27.7355
33.3431
39.1187
44.7327
48.8622
52.4979
56.1354
62.4206
67.0533
73.8405
78.1455
80.6298
84.7706
88.4154
89.7401

50

60

Si/Fo1.0343
(20)
1.1001
1.1825
1.2813
1.3966
1.4996
1.5985
1.6809
1.7634
1.8213
1.8463
1.8506
1.8385
1.8099
1.7404
1.6749
1.5479
1.4577
1.4003
1.3019
1.2076
1.1789

70
Theta
0.6499
3.4479
6.2458
10.6908
15.4670
19.5861
24.3655
29.6432
33.6034
37.0703
40.7037
44.3389
49.2989
53.1034
55.5859
59.5593
63.2031
66.1866
70.4971
74.9747
78.9557
82.4393
86.2551
88.5783
89.7397

80
Si/Fo1.6178
(30)
1.7125
1.8072
1.9471
2.0789
2.1778
2.2808
2.3591
2.4004
2.4212
2.4296
2.4216
2.3849
2.3399
2.2989
2.2210
2.1349
2.0447
1.9052
1.7493
1.6016
1.4702
1.3225
1.2281
1.1830

= -1.5278595890795E-11*x^6 + 4.75779358979899E-09*x^5 - 5.93044679357057E-07*x^4 + 3.83986481204819E-05*

= 5.4329867258437E-12*x^6 - 1.45882071146886E-09*x^5 + 1.48914754346514E-07*x^4 - 0.0000070172645695533
= -8.09073720783789E-12*x^6 + 2.24448932774251E-09*x^5 - 1.95454256787158E-07*x^4 + 4.26443939539355E-06
= 2.93122121847444E-12*x^6 - 4.02975262671317E-10*x^5 + 4.28138973616809E-08*x^4 - 5.47863676698675E-06*
10.0
0.48
0.880
1.295
1.925

S_i/F_o 0

S_i/F_o 10

S_i/F_o 20

S_i/F_o 30

80

90

x^4 + 3.83986481204819E-05*x^3 - 1.5726647486815E-03*x^2 + 5.29165999419988E-02*x + 7.7166165750381E-02

^4 - 0.0000070172645695533*x^3 - 0.000127066526488538*x^2 + 0.0295722168120381*x + 0.602753425771075
*x^4 + 4.26443939539355E-06*x^3 - 2.17177084384487E-04*x^2 + 2.96971296063456E-02*x + 1.01742812853606E+00
x^4 - 5.47863676698675E-06*x^3 - 2.00376622634102E-04*x^2 + 3.56861260665765E-02*x + 1.59361796727542E+00

Fig. 4 (b)