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Rev. peru. biol.

ISSN 1561-0837
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL MAYOR DE SAN MARCOS
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLGICAS
VOLUMEN 21 MAYO, 2014 NMERO 1
LIMA, PER
REVISTA
PERUANA DE
BIOLOGA
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REVISTA PERUANA DE BIOLOGA
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Freie Universitt Berlin- Alemania
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Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro- Brasil
Fabrcio Rodrigues dos Santos
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais- Brasil
Davor Vrcibradic
Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro- Brasil
Berta Calonge Camargo
Pontifcia Universidad Javeriana, Bogot, Colombia
Sergio Solari
Universidad de Antioquia- Colombia
Finn Borchsenius
Aarhus University- Denmark
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Aarhus University- Denmark
Arnaud Bertrand
IRD. Institut de recherche pour le dveloppement- Francia
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IRD. Institut de recherche pour le dveloppement, - Francia
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Kyushu University - Japon
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Universidad Nacional Autnoma de Mxico- Mxico
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Asociacin Peruana para la Conservacin de la Naturaleza- Per
Renato Guevara-Carrasco
Instituto del Mar del Per- Per
Reynaldo Linares-Palomino
Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina- Per
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Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina - Per
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Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina - Per
Gerardo Lamas
Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos- Per
Pablo Ramrez
Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos- Per
Juan Tarazona
Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos- Per
Armando Yarlequ
Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos- Per
Manuel Tantalen
Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia- Per
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Duke University- USA
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University of Missouri- USA
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University of Texas at Austin USA
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American Museum of Natural History, USA
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1

REVISTA PERUANA DE BIOLOGA
Volumen 21 Mayo, 2014 Nmero 1
Rev. peru. biol. ISSN-L 1561-0837
CONTENIDO
TRABAJOS ORIGINALES
3 Revision of the South American wasp genus Alophophion Cushman, 1947 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Ophioninae)
Revisin del genero de avipas sudamericanas Alophophion Cushman, 1947 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Ophioninae)
Mabel Alvarado
61 Dieta de Leopardus colocolo (Carnivora: Felidae) en la Reserva Nacional de Junn, Junn, Per
Diet of Leopardus colocolo (Carnivora: Felidae) in the Reserva Nacional de Junn, Junn, Peru
Ursula Fajardo, Daniel Cossos y Vctor Pacheco
71 Estado del zorro gris Lycalopex griseus (Gray, 1837) (Mammalia: Canidae) en el Per
Status of gray fox Lycalopex griseus (Gray, 1837) (Mammalia: Canidae) from Peru
Elena Vivar y Vctor Pacheco
79 Anlisis morfolgico del sistema reproductor e identifcacin molecular a travs de los marcadores mitocondriales COI y 16S
rRNA de Megalobulimus oblongus (Mollusca, Strophocheilidae) de Colombia
Morphological analysis of the reproductive system and molecular identifcation by mitochondrial markers COI and 16S rRNA of
Megalobulimus oblongus (Mollusca, Strophocheilidae) of Colombia
Erika Jaramillo Roldn, Jessika Lpez Martnez, Rina Ramrez, Luz Elena Velsquez Trujillo
89 Caracterizacin molecular de la regin determinante de resistencia a quinolonas (QRDR) de la topoisomerasa IV de Bartonella
bacilliformis en aislados clnicos
Molecular characterization of quinolones resistance determining region (QRDR) of Bartonella bacilliformis topoisomerasa IV
in clinical isolates
Abraham Espinoza-Culup, Ruth Quispe-Gaspar, Michael Jaramillo, Melisa Icho, Anika Eca, Pablo Ramrez, Dbora
Alvarado, Juan Carlos Guerrero, Franklin Vargas-Vsquez, Ofelia Crdova, Ruth Garca-de-la-Guarda
99 Patrones de coocurrencia y conducta alimentaria a escala local de Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae) del estado Falcn,
Venezuela
Co-ocurrence patterns and feeding behaviour at local scale of Phlebotominae(Diptera: Psychodidae) from Falcon state, Ve-
nezuela
Dalmiro J. Cazorla, Elsa Nieves y Pedro Morales
NOTA CIENTFICA
105 Nueva especie de Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) para Per: Dalla granites (Mabille, 1898)
A new skipper species for Peru: Dalla granites (Mabille, 1898) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae)
Jos Alfredo Cerdea, Erick Huaman, Rmulo Delgado y Gerardo Lamas
109 Two new butterfy records for Peru: Orophila cardases cardases and Pedaliodes garlaczi (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
Dos nuevos registros de mariposas para Per: Orophila cardases cardases y Pedaliodes garlaczi (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
Jos Alfredo Cerdea and Erick Huaman
111 Primer registro de Serratospiculum tendo (Nematoda: Diplotriaenidae) para el Per
First record of Serratospiculum tendo (Nematoda: Diplotriaenidae) in Peru
Luis A. Gomez-Puerta, Pedro A. Ospina, Mercy G. Ramirez, Nelly G. Cribillero
2
3

Revision of the South American wasp genus ALOPHOPHION
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 003 - 060 (May 2014)
Revista peruana de biologa 21(1): 003 - 060 (2014)
doi: http://doi.org/10.15381/rpb.v21i1.8245
Revision of the South American wasp genus Alophophion Cushman, 1947 (Hymenoptera:
Ichneumonidae: Ophioninae)
Mabel Alvarado
1,2
Revisin del genero de avipas sudamericanas Alophophion Cushman, 1947 (Hymenoptera:
Ichneumonidae: Ophioninae)
1 Division of Entomology, Natural History Museum,
and Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology,
1501 Crestline Drive Suite 140, University of
Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045, USA
2 Departamento de Entomologa, Museo de
Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor
de San Marcos. Av. Arenales 1256 Jess Mara,
Lima 14, Per
Email Mabel Alvarado: malvarado@ku.edu
Presentado: 02/03/2014
Aceptado: 07/04/2014
Publicado online: 26/05/2014
TRABAJOS ORIGINALES
Los autores. Este artculo es publicado por la Revista Peruana de Biologa de la Facultad de Ciencias Biolgicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San
Marcos. Este es un artculo de acceso abierto, distribuido bajo los trminos de la Licencia Creative Commons Atribucin-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0
Internacional.(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/), que permite el uso no comercial, distribucin y reproduccin en cualquier medio, siempre
que la obra original sea debidamente citadas. Para uso comercial, por favor pngase en contacto con editor.revperubiol@gmail.com.
Citacin:
Alvarado M. 2014. Revision of the South American
wasp genus Alophophion Cushman, 1947 (Hyme-
noptera: Ichneumonidae: Ophioninae). Revista
peruana de biologa 21(1): 003 - 060 (Mayo 2014),
doi: http://doi.org/10.15381/rpb.v21i1.8245
Abstract
The species of the strictly Neotropical ophionine wasp genus Alophophion Cushman, 1947 are
revised. New descriptions of all previously named species are provided, except Alophophion
holosericeus (Taschenberg, 1875) for which the type series is lost and the name is herein
considered a nomen dubium. The female of A. favorufus (Brull, 1846) is described for the frst
time. Four informal species groups are proposed based on the morphology of the mandibles,
development of the malar space, and general proportions of the head (i.e., development of
the face and gena). Whereas the genus previously included only seven named species, it is
here expanded to include 49 species (not including the aforementioned nomen dubium), 43
of which are newly discovered and described and thereby increasing the diversity by over
eight times. A key to the four species groups and their included taxa is provided. Alophophion
is confned to cold and/or dry areas of subequatorial South America, with the exception of
A. mancocapaci new species and A. pedroi new species which occur incloud forests around
Cuzco, Peru. The genus is newly recorded from Bolivia and Ecuador, and more extensive and
accurate distributions are summarized for A. chilensis, A. favorufus, and A. politus. Alophophion
favorufus is newly recorded from Argentina.
Keywords: Ichneumonoidea; taxonomy; new species; parasitoid; Euhymenoptera; Neotropical
Resumen
Las especies del genero de avispas neotropicales Alophophion Cushman, 1947 son revisadas.
Se presenta nuevas descripciones para todas la especies previamente descritas, excepto
Alophophion holosericeus (Taschenberg, 1875) debido a que los especmenes tipo estn
perdidos y el nombre es considerado nomen dubium. La hembra de A. favorufus (Brull, 1846)
es descrita por primera vez. Cuatro grupos de especies informales son propuestos basados
en la morfologa de las mandbulas, amplitud del espacio malar, y las proporciones de la ca-
beza (tales como la amplitud del rostro y gena). El gnero previamente inclua siete especies,
aqu se ampla a 49 especies (sin incluir el nomen dubium), 43 de las cuales son nuevas
para la ciencia. Claves para los cuatro grupos de especies son propuestas. Alophophion est
confnado a reas fras y/o secas de Amrica del Sur subecuatorial, con la excepcin de las
especies A. mancocapaci new species y A. pedroi new species que ocurren en los bosques
hmedos de Cuzco, Per. El gnero es registrado por primera vez para Bolivia y Ecuador;
distribuciones ms precisas para A. chilensis, A. favorufus, y A. politus son proporcionadas;
y, A. favorufus es registrado por primera vez para Argentina.
Palabras clave: Ichneumonoidea; taxonoma; especies nuevas; parasitoides; Euhymenop-
tera; Neotrpico.
ISSN-L 1561-0837
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLGICAS UNMSM
Journal home page: http://revistasinvestigacion.unmsm.edu.pe/index.php/rpb/index
4
Alvarado
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 003 - 060 (Mayo 2014)
Introduction
Alophophion Cushman is an endemic South American ge-
nus of parasitoid wasps in the diverse ichneumonid subfamily
Ophioninae (Gauld & Lanfranco 1987). Currently compro-
mising seven species distributed in Argentina, Brazil, Chile,
and the Falkland Islands (Yu & Horstmann 1997), the genus
is also known to include numerous undescribed species inclu-
ding several in the Andean region such as Peru and Ecuador
(e.g., Gauld 1985, Gauld & Lanfranco 1987, Alvarado et al.
2010). Species of Alophophion are not rare and can be found
throughout South America. Even though it has been known
that there are at least 30 species in the genus (e.g., Gauld
1985, Gauld & Lanfranco 1987, Baudino 2005) no new
species has been described formally during its 66-year history.
Cushman (1947) established the genus by removing its type
species from Ophion Fabricius, and Townes & Townes (1966)
did the same by removing additional species from the latter
genus and moving them to Alophophion without naming any
additional taxa. Tus, despite a steady accumulation of new
species the systematics of the group has only become more
and more challenging given the lack of any taxonomic action
to address the circumscription of the genus and identifcation
of its included units.
Gauld (1980, 1985) proposed the following characters to
support the putative monophyly of Alophophion: complete ab-
sence of the occipital carina; Rs+2r joining the pterostigma near
the its midpoint; the frst subdiscal cell stouter than is typical
for other ophionine genera; and the ramulus, when present, is
directed more anteriorly than that of other ophionines (Gauld
1980, 1985). Tese have never been tested in a formal cladistic
analysis. Nonetheless, monophyly of the genus seems solid,
particularly in relation to genera such as Ophion Fabricius
which are undoubtedly holding genera for taxa not readily
placed elsewhere (Gauld 1985). Te proper classifcation of the
numerous species presently placed within Ophion remains one
of the more complicated and long-standing challenges for the
systematics of the subfamily.
Te aim of the present paper is to clearly delineate the ge-
nus, redescribe the currently recognized species, and add the
description of 43 new species. As will be discussed more below,
resolving such taxonomic issues surrounding the biodiversity of
Alophophion will also provide a solid basis for future biological
investigation which is critical given the apparent importance
of these wasps as biological control agents of critical crop pests
(e.g., cutworms on alfalfa). Tis monograph will permit for the
frst time a more accurate perspective on the species and mor-
phological diversity within Alophophion, a fner understanding
of their distribution and ecological preferences, and allow for
their identifcation by biologists and agronomists interested in
further study of these wasps.
Material and methods
Te present study was based on examination of 970 specimens
of Alophophion and housed in the following institutions:
AEIC: American Entomological Institute, Gainesville,
Florida, USA (David Wahl)
BMNH: Natural History Museum, London, England
(Gavin Broad)
MNHN: Musum national d'histoire naturelle, Paris, France
(Claire Villemant).
MNNC: Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Santiago,
Chile (Mario Elgueta).
MLP: Museo de La Plata, Argentina (Marta Loiacono).
MUSM: Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Na-
cional Mayor de San Marcos, Peru (Gerardo Lamas).
SEMC: Snow Entomological Museum Collection, Kansas,
USA (Michael Engel).
UCDC: Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of Cali-
fornia, California, USA (Steve Heydon).
USNM: United States National Museum, Washington D.C.,
USA (Robert Kula)
All of the descriptions were based of females, while infor-
mation from males was provided only if they were confdently
associated with females.
Large portions of the specimens studied where collected in Peru
and from the following localities:
Monteseco is located between the basins of the Rio Zana
and Chancay-Lambayeque Rivers; between the departments
of Cajamarca and Lambayeque. It has a unique environment
including montane cloud forests on the western slopes of
the Peruvian Andes and associated ecosystems, such as dry
forests and puna grasslands (DS-020-2011-MINAM). Tree
expeditions were conducted, the frst during April 2009 at the
following elevations: 1615 m, 2150 m, and 2841m; the second
was during October 2009 at elevations of 1195 m, 1615 m,
2150 m, and 2841m; and the last was in May 2010 at elevations
of 1232 m, 1615 m, 2150 m, 2841 m, and 3116 m. At each
locality 15 hours of clear light traps were used.
Te Polylepis forest located in Chavia District, Lucanas
Province, Ayacucho Department, between 4000m and 4200m
Species of Polylepis Ruiz & Pav. (Rosaceae) are rosaceous
shrubs or trees native to the mid- and high-elevation tropical
Andes (Simpson 1979). Te expedition was conducted in
April 2010 and the following collecting methods were used:
two malaise traps and four yellow pan traps working during
fve days; 10 pitfall traps during three days; and light traps
during 12 hours.
Measurements and morphological terminology.- The
morphological terminology adopted in this work broadly
follows Gauld & Mitchell (1981) and Gauld (1988). Indices
used by Gauld & Mitchell (1981) were also followed, but some
are further explained below. Te following measurements were
realized as suggested by Gauld & Mitchell (1981): the width of
the face is the minimum distance between the compound eyes,
and its height is the median vertical distance from the clypeal
margin to the facial tubercle. Te head in lateral view is measured
perpendicularly to the torulus. Malar space is measured as the
shortest distance between a point just above the anterior dorsal
margin of the mandible and the compound eye. Te indices for
wing used are cubital index of fore wing (CI), intercubital index
(ICI), second discoidal index (SDI) and nervellar index of hind
wing (NI). Te propodeal anterior area and posterior to the
anterior transverse carina are referred respectively as propodeum
5

Revision of the South American wasp genus ALOPHOPHION
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 003 - 060 (May 2014)
anterior area and propodeum posterior area (Gauld & Mitchell,
1981). Te measurement of the fagellomeres were done in lateral
view, the width of each was measured at its individual apex. Te
ventral face of the mesopleuron is described as mesosternum
(Bennett 2008). Selected terms from Townes (1969) were used.
For the purpose of indicating the level of accuracy, ratios are
expressed to the nearest tenth and represent estimated values.
Integumental sculpture terminology follows Harris (1979).
Imaging.- Photomicrographs were prepared using a Canon
7D digital camera attached to an Infnity K-2 long-distance
microscopic lens. Digital photos were combined by using the
program CombineZP. Plates were prepared using Adobe Fotos-
hop and Ilustrator CS3.
Taxonomy
Genus Alophophion Cushman
Alophophion Cushman, 1947: 439. Type species: Ophion
chilensis Spinola, 1851, by original designation.
Diagnosis.- Tis lineage is characterized by the following
putative apomorphies: occipital carina entirely absent (Fig. 2);
Rs+2r joining pterostigma near center (Fig. 1); frst subdiscal
cell stouter than normal; ramulus, when present, directed more
anteriorly than that of other ophionines (Gauld 1980, 1985).
Description (modifed from Gauld 1985).- Head. Mandi-
bles not twisted, weakly narrowed apically, subequally bidenta-
te; outer mandibular surface fat, usually punctate and hirsute;
upper mandibular surface generally slightly convex or concave,
with or without a diagonal groove extending from upper
corner to middle of mandible. Maxillary palp 5-segmented,
labial palp 4-segmented. Margin of clypeus often impressed,
sometimes very narrowly so. Ocelli generally large, posterior
(lateral) ocelli close to compound eyes; frontal carina absent;
occipital carina absent.
Mesosoma.- Pronotum unspecialized or mediodorsally
somewhat fattened and quite long; spiracle longer than wide;
spiracular sclerite exposed. Notauli present on anterior part
of mesoscutum. Epicnemial carina generally strong. Meso-
pleural furrow varying in length, from absent to reaching the
lower-posterior end of mesopleuron; diagonal, extending from
episternal scrobe to near subalar prominence. Mesoscutellum
very weakly convex, usually narrow and not carinate laterally.
Posterior transverse carina of mesosternum absent except for
lateral vestiges (Fig. 3). Propodeum with anterior area occluded,
transverse and often lateromedian longitudinal carinae discer-
nible, sometimes complete; posterior area smooth, rugulose or
carinate. Fore wing with pterostigma broad; marginal cell long;
Rs+2r slender, curved near proximal 0.3x before joining pteros-
tigma near center; discosubmarginal cell with glabrous area an-
terior; 1m-cu generally centrally angled, sometimes with a short
ramulus which is directed more anteriorly than that of Ophion.
Hind wing with Rs curved. Protibial spur with a membranous
fange behind macrotrichial comb; meso- and metatrochantelli
unspecialized; inner metatibial spur fattened, with a margin of
long close setae; metapretarsal claws unspecialized; inner surface
of tarsi with a margin of long close setae.
Metasoma.- Gaster moderately slender; tergite II in profle
elongate, thyridium oval, separated from anterior margin of
tergite by its own length or less; umbo distinct; epipleuron up-
turned. Ovipositor sheath narrow.
Comments.- Genus diagnosis remarks:
Te upper mandibular surface is described; the presence of
a diagonal groove on the mandible is newly described for the
genus. Te description of the mesopleural furrow is included.
Te genus currently contains seven species, while here are
presented 43 putative new species. Four informal species groups
are proposed on the basis of their morphology, supported by
the presence/absence and degree of development of a diagonal
groove on the mandible, size of the compound eyes in relation
to the face, coloration, and facial and genal proportions.
Key to Species-groups of Alophophion
(1) Mandibles with a diagonal groove extending from upper corner to middle
of mandible, groove bears long setae (Figs. 4, 5) ......... Species-group B
Mandibles without a groove in upper surface (Figs. 10, 11); if there is a
concavity basally them bears small setae (Figs. 69) ........................... 2
(2) Malar space 0.40.8x as long as basal width of mandible; body bright yellow
with reddish or black spots; diurnal activity ................ Species-group D
Malar space 0.10.3x as long as basal width of mandible; body brownish,
olive green, or light straw yellow; nocturnal activity............................ 3
(3) Face generally long, at least 1x as long as wide (Figs. 1230); compound eyes
at least 0.8x as wide as facial width; head, in lateral view, with gena 0.30.5x as
wide as compound eyes (Figs. 3149) ........................ Species-group A
Face at most 1.0x as wide as long (Figs. 118139); compound eyes at most
0.6x as wide as facial width; head, in lateral view, with gena at least 0.6x as wide
as compound eyes (Figs. 140161) ........................ Species-group C
Biology.- Ophionines are solitary koinobiont endoparasi-
toids of the caterpillars of many conspicuous larger Lepidoptera
(Fernandez-Triana 2005, Gauld 1985, Gauld & Lanfranco
1987, Townes 1971). Te parasitoid egg is apparently free in
the host's haemocoel where it hatches to produce a caudate
frst instar larva; species attacking mature larvae undergo rapid
development, but taxa that oviposit in very young larvae have
a protracted frst larval instar. Te parasitoid larva completes
development just prior to host-pupation, often after the host
Figures 1 3. Details of Alophophion atahualpai new spe-
cies. (1) Fore wing, (2) Head, in dorsal view, (3) Mesosoma,
in lateral view.
6
Alvarado
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 003 - 060 (Mayo 2014)
Figures 4 20.
Details of mandibles in ventral view.
(4) A.capayan new species
(5) A. favorufus
(6) A. yestay new species
(7) A. pachacutii new species
(8) A. jujuye new species
(9) A. trauco new species
(10) A. diaguita new species
(11) A. inti new species.
Details of face.
(12) A. mancocapaci new species
(13) A. picunche new species
(14) A. mapuche new species
(15) A. chango new species
(16) A. alvarengai new species
(17) A. ona new species
(18) A. chono new species
(19) A. alacalufe new species
(20) A. pihuchen new species.
7

Revision of the South American wasp genus ALOPHOPHION
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 003 - 060 (May 2014)
has constructed a cocoon. Te ichneumonid larva spins a
characteristic fbrous, ovoid cocoon which is generally dark
brown with a pale equatorial band. Species may remain as
mature larvae or even adults inside this cocoon for the greater
part of the year in seasonal habitats (Gauld 1985).
Alophophion have been recovered from Noctuidae (Bau-
dino 2005, Gauld & Lanfranco 1987). Baudino (2005) re-
covered species from larvae of the cutworms Agrotis malefda
(Guene), Feltia gypaetina (Guene), and Peridroma saucia
(Hbner) feeding on Medicago sativa L. (Fabaceae) during a
survey conducted over four years (19992002) in La Pampa
Province, Argentina. Alophophion was responsible for 80%
of the parasitoidism of these cutworms, indicating them as
potentially critical biological control agents. Pupal formation
occurred between 18 September and 28 November of each year
of sampling, and adults emerged between 5 May and 4 August
the year after cocoon formation; the average date of adult
emergence was 12 June. Te period between adult emergences
averaged 222.7 days (about 7 months), meaning that once the
cocoon is formed, and the larva remains in diapause until early
winter of the following year, so that emerging adults coincide
with the birth of cutworms. Alophophion larseni (Enderlein,
1912) was recovered from an undetermined noctuid (Gauld
& Lanfranco 1987).
Gauld & Lanfranco (1987) mentioned that Alophophion
occurs in South America south of the equator and in cooler
areas partially replaces Ophion, a cosmopolitan genus; that
Alophophion is most diverse in southern Chile and Patagonia.
Alophophion larseni (Enderlein, 1912) is the only ophionine
present in the Falkland Islands (Yu & Horstmann 1997, Gauld
& Lanfranco 1987).
Most Ophionines, including Alophophion, are crepuscular or
nocturnal and frequently come to light at night in large numbers
(Gauld & Carter 1983). Tey may be collected using light traps
which makes them particularly suitable for zoogeographic and
ecological study; and large samples may be collected in terrain
where sweep netting and Malaise traps yield poor results, or, as
in the case of the rainforest canopy, where collections can only
be achieved by cumbersome, expensive, and (for fast-fying
insects) unproven techniques (Gauld 1985).
Taxonomic history.- Cushmann (1947) proposed Alopho-
phion on the basis of the lack of the occipital carina, a character
that barely warranted generic distinction from Ophion and
commented that several species before me, all from South
America, present such uniformity of structure as to form a
compact group more conveniently treated here as a genus. He
designated Ophion chilensis Spinola, 1851 as the type species
but did not formally transfer any other species into Alophophion
thereby leaving it monotypic for the time.
Townes & Townes (1966) transferred O. flicornis (Morley,
1912), O. favorufus (Brull, 1846), O. holosericeus (Taschen-
berg, 1875), O. politus (Morley, 1912), O. porculatus (Morley,
1912), and O. larseni (Enderlein, 1912) to Alophophion. It is
unclear whether some or all of these species were those already
mentioned by Cushman (1947) when he wrote, ... several
species before me...
Townes (1971) proposed two tribes in Ophioninae, the
Ophionini and Enicospilini. Alophophion was included in
Ophionini, a group that was distinguished by the protibial spur
with a longitudinal comb of short bristles on its front side, and
on its hind side a longitudinal membranous scraper, the scraper
similar in shape to the comb and parallel to it; protibial spur a
little ticker than in the Enicospilini; and second tergite usually
with a median triangular or semi-triangular raised area at the
base that is bounded by a weak impression. He re-described
Alophophion and mentioned that it occurs in South America and
Falkland Islands and that it was a large genus despite including
only seven described species.
Gauld (1980) did an analysis of the classifcation of the
Ophion genus-group, he disagree with Cushman (1947) that
Alophophion scarcely warranted generic distinction from Ophion
and despite the fact that Alophophion was undoubtedly close to
Ophion, the combination of characters exhibited by this group
separated it well from Ophion. Gauld did not consider the tri-
bes proposed by Townes (1971) because he considered that the
tribe Enicospilini was a heterogeneous assemblage of potentially
unrelated genera. He also mentioned that Alophophion occurs in
southern South America from Ecuador to the Falkland Islands
and that it may potentially compromise about 30 species.
Gauld & Lanfranco (1987) provided a key for genera occu-
rring in South America, and suggested that Alophophion was not
present north of 25
o
S latitude and in cooler areas was partially
replacing Ophion in such regions. Additionally, they noted that
the genus was more diverse in the south part of Chile and Pata-
gonia and that Alophophion was the only lineage of ophionines
collected in the Falkland Island (Islas Malvinas). Tese authors
also proposed that A. occidentalis should be considered as a
synonym of A. larseni.
Relationships to other genera.- Gauld (1985) made the
frst attempt to reconstruct the phylogeny of the genera of the
Ophioninae using both parsimony and compatibility methods
of analysis. He recognized within Ophioninae fve major evolu-
tionary lineages as the Ophion, Sicophion, Eremotylus, Tyreodon,
and Enicospilus genus-groups for thirty-two genera and a scenario
for the possible evolution of the subfamily was suggested. Te
Ophion group contained seven genera: Afrophion Gauld, Aga-
thophiona Westwood, Alophophion, Xylophion Gauld, Sclerophion
Gauld, Rhopalophion Seyrig, and Ophion. According to Gauld
(1985) Ophion is apparently a paraphyletic stem-group from
which all other genera in this group have arisen, and the genus
was primarily a Holarctic taxon, originating in the temperate
north. It is probable that at some period it was present in most
regions and has gradually disappeared from equatorial regions
leaving isolated relicts in South Africa (Afrophion), Australia
(Xylophion), Madagascar (Rhopalophion), and Patagonia (Alopho-
phion). Te possibility that there has been repeated expansion
into and extinction within the tropics is suggested by the pre-
sence of some groups of species of Ophion on isolated mountains
in Southeast Asia, New Guinea, and South America, and by the
occurrence of distinctive Ophion species-complexes in Australia
and New Zealand (Gauld 1985). Obviously, if this scenario is
correct, then Ophion s.str. requires a comprehensive and rigorous
phylogenetic analysis and eventual division into monophyletic
genera. Quicke et al. (2009) analyzed the internal phylogeny of
the Ichneumonidae and found scant evidence for the Tyreodon
genus group of Gauld (1985), though these taxa did tend to
form a grade in the combined morphological and molecular trees
8
Alvarado
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 003 - 060 (Mayo 2014)
leading to a clade comprising Ophion, Alophophion, Afrophion,
Xylophion, and Rhopalophion, and various additional genera in
their gaps-informative tree. Unfortunately, their study was not
specifcally designed to fully resolve internal relationships within
Ophioninae and this remains an area for critical investigation.
Species-group A
Diagnosis.- Face long, at least 1x as long as wide (Figs.
1230); compound eyes at least 0.8x as wide as face; head, in
lateral view, with gena 0.30.4x as wide as compound eyes (Figs.
3149), exceptionally 0.5x in A. mancocapaci new species (Fig.
45). Lateral ocellus separated from compound eye by usually less
than 0.2x ocellar diameter (Figs. 5052), exceptionally 0.3x in
A. picunche new species (Figs. 53). Compound eyes and ocelli,
in relation to vertex, larger than in other species groups. Upper
margin of mandibles with a small concavity at base, glabrous in
lateral edge; bearing small setae (Fig. 89), concavity longer in
A. trauco new species (Fig. 8) but not reaching external surface
of mandibles. Notaulus extending 0.4x length of mesoscutum,
exceptionally reaching to 0.6x in A. maytacapaci new species.
Color yellowish, brownish, some species brownish with cream
or yellowish spots.
Included species.- Nineteen species are presently included
in this species-group, all of which are newly described: A. ala-
calufe new species, A. alvarengai new species, A. ananauca new
species, A. chango new species, A. chono new species, A. jujuye
new species, A. mallecoensis new species, A. mancocapaci new
species, A. mapuche new species, A. mapudungun new species,
A. maytacapaci new species, A. ona new species, A. pedroi new
species, A. picunche new species, A. pihuchen new species, A.
sinchirocai new species, A. sofae new species, A. trauco new
species, and A. viride new species.
Comments.- Most of the species of species-group A are distri-
buted along the western slopes of the Andes with the exception
of A. alvarengai new species and A. jujuye new species and that
occur in Brazil and Argentina and A. mancocapaci new species
and A. pedroi new species which are distributed on the eastern
slopes of the Andes of Peru.
Key to species of species-group A
(1) Mesopleuron furrow absent (Figs. 5868, 75) .......................... 2
Mesopleural furrow present (Figs. 6974), projecting from upper epicnemial
carina to posterior-lower end of mesopleuron, sometimes short, not reaching
middle of mesopleuron .................................................................... 11
(2) Propodeum without transverse carinae; hind wing with 9 hamuli on R1
distally; gena 0.5x as wide as compound eyes in lateral view (Fig. 45)
......................................... Alophophion mancocapaci new species
Propodeum with transverse carinae; hind wing with 68 hamuli on R1 distally;
gena at most 0.4x wide as compound eyes in lateral view ................... 3
(3) Lateral ocelli almost in contact with compound eyes, separated from com-
pound eyes by less than 0.1x maximum diameter of lateral ocelli (Fig. 50)
............................................ Alophophion alvarengai new species
Lateral ocelli separated from compound eyes by at least 0.1x as maximum
diameter of posterior ocelli (Fig. 5253)............................................. 4
(4) Epicnemial carina oval in a lateral view (Fig. 61); metasomal tergite light
straw yellow with a brownish spot apically
.............................................Alophophion pihuchen new species
Epicnemial carina forming an angle or strongly curved between mesopleuron
and mesosternum (Figs. 6168); metasomal tergite with a single color
................................................................................................. 5
(5) Posterior transverse carina faintly indicated centrally; area superomedia +
dentipara with longitudinal striate sculpture (Fig. 85)
................................................... Alophophion chango new species
Posterior transverse carina well defned (Figs. 8690); area superomedia
discernible and smooth ...................................................................... 6
(6) Lateromedian longitudinal carinae behind posterior transverse carinae
separated, sometimes faint; area petiolaris present (Figs. 8688) ......... 7
Lateromedian longitudinal carinae behind posterior transverse carinae con-
fuent; area petiolaris absent (Figs.8990) ........................................... 9
(7) Marginal cell of fore wing with a glabrous area next to Rs+2r and cover by
setae next to pterostigma (like Fig. 56)
................................................ Alophophion picunche new species
Marginal cell of fore wing with a glabrous area next to Rs+2r and pterostigma
(Fig. 55) 8
(8) Compound eyes 0.70.8x as wide as face (Fig. 14); metasoma with tergite
II with spiracle located at 0.6x length of tergite
................................................. Alophophion mapuche new species
Compound eyes 1.0x as wide as face (Fig. 18); metasoma with tergite II with
spiracle located at 0.5x length of tergite Alophophion chono new species
(9) Compound eyes 1.0x as wide as face (Fig. 19); mesopleuron brownish red
with cream colored spots .......... Alophophion alacalufe new species
Compound eyes 0.80.9x as wide as face (Figs. 17, 28); mesopleuron homo-
geneously testaceous with or without few yellow spot .................. 10
(10) Face 0.80.9x as wide as long (Fig. 17); lateral ocellus separated from
compound eye by 0.10.2x ocellar diameter
......................................................... Alophophion ona new species
Face 0.91.0x as wide as long (Fig. 28); lateral ocellus separated from com-
pound eye by 0.30.4x ocellar diameter
........................................... Alophophion mallecoensis new species
(11) Carinae on propodeum developed as lamellate (Figs. 91)
.................................................... Alophophion trauco new species
Carinae on propodeum not lamellate, sometime faint (Figs. 7681, 92)
.................................................................................................... 12
(12) Juxtacoxal carina present (Fig. 71)
............................................ Alophophion sinchirocai new species
Juxtacoxal carina absent ................................................................. 13
(13) Head with pale mark on orbits; lower face and frons centrally brownish
red (Fig. 2425) ........................................................................... 14
Head predominantly light straw yellow, except sometimes occiput testaceous,
orbits not discernible (Fig. 2123); lower face and frons sometimes centrally
slightly brownish .............................................................................. 15
(14) Mesoscutellum entirely cream colored; compound eyes 0.9x as wide as face
(Fig. 25); gena, in lateral view, 0.2x as wide as compound eyes (Fig. 41) ...
.............................................. Alophophion ananauca new species
Apical half of mesoscutellum yellowish; compound eyes 0.8x as wide as face
(Fig. 24); gena, in lateral view, 0.4x as wide as compound eyes (Fig. 43)
........................................... Alophophion maytacapaci new species
(15) Lateral ocelli almost in contact with compound eyes (Fig. 52) 16
Lateral ocelli separated from compound eyes by at least 0.1x maximum
diameter of lateral ocelli (Figs. 53) .................................................... 17
(16) Lower edge of speculum scrobiculate (Fig. 70); metapleuron rugulose
.................................................... Alophophion jujuye new species
Lower edge of speculum and metapleuron imbricate with punctures (Fig. 75)
................................................... Alophophion pedroi new species
(17) Gena and occiput of the same color, olive green; face 0.91.0x as wide as
long (Fig. 30); lower edge of speculum fnely scrobiculate (Fig. 74)
.................................................... Alophophion viride new species
Gena yellowish and occiput glaucous; face 0.8x as wide as long (Fig. 40, 42);
lower edge of speculum imbricate between punctures ....................... 18
9

Revision of the South American wasp genus ALOPHOPHION
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 003 - 060 (May 2014)
Figures 21 43.
Details of face.
(21) A. sofae new species
(22) A. jujuye new species
(23) A. mapudungun new species
(24) A. maytacapaci new species
(25) A. ananauca new species
(26) A. sinchirocai new species
(27) A. trauco new species
(28) A. mallecoensis new species
(29) A. pedroi new species.
Details of face.
(30) A. viride new species
Details of head in lateral view.
(31) A. chango new species
(32) A. picunche new species
(33) A. mapuche new species
(34) A. chono new species
(35) A. alacalufe new species
(36) A. trauco new species
(37) A. mallecoensis new species
(38) A. jujuye new species
(39) A. sinchirocai new species
(40) A. sofae new species
(41) A. ananauca new species
(42) A. mapudungun new species
(43) A. maytacapaci new species.
10
Alvarado
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 003 - 060 (Mayo 2014)
Figures 44 65
Details of head in lateral view.
(44) A. alvarengai new species
(45) A. mancocapaci new species
(46) A. ona new species
(47) A. pedroi new species
(48) A. viride new species
(49) A. pihuchen new species
Details of head in dorsal view.
(50) A. alvarengai new species
(51) A. ananauca new species
(52) A. jujuye new species
(53) A. picunche new species.
Details of fore wing.
(54) A. mancocapaci new species
(55) A. mapuche new species
(56) A. trauco new species.
(57) Details of mesosoma in lateral view.
A. mancocapaci new species.
Details of Mesosoma in lateral view.
(58) A. mapudungun new species
(59) A. maytacapaci new species
(60) A. alvarengai new species
(61) A. pihuchen new species
(62) A. chango new species
(63) A. picunche new species
(64) A. mapuche new species
(65) A. chono new species.
11

Revision of the South American wasp genus ALOPHOPHION
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 003 - 060 (May 2014)
Figures 66 81.
Details of mesosoma in lateral view.
(66) A. alacalufe new species
(67) A. ona new species
(68) A. mallecoensis new species
(69) A. trauco new species
(70) A. jujuye new species
(71) A. sinchirocai new species
(72) A. sofae new species
(73) A. ananauca new species.
Details of mesosoma in lateral view.
(74) A. viride new species
(75) A. pedroi new species
Details of propodeum.
(76) A. jujuye new species
(77) A. sinchirocai new species
(78) A. sofae new species
(79) A. ananauca new species
(80) A. mapudungun new species
(81) A. maytacapaci new species.
12
Alvarado
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 003 - 060 (Mayo 2014)
(18) Metapleuron with punctate texture on apical half and rugulose on the
lower half; mesopleuron glaucous with yellowish spots
........................................ Alophophion mapudungun new species
Metapleuron with rugulose texture on entire surface (Figs. 72); mesopleuron
homogeneously glaucous ................ Alophophion sofae new species
1. Alophophion alacalufe new species
(Figs. 19, 35, 66, 89)
Diagnosis.- Tis species can be recognized by this com-
bination of the features: body mainly brownish red colored,
nervellar index of hind wing 1.0 and compound eyes 1.0x as
wide as face.
Description.- : Head. Face (Fig. 19) 0.9 x as wide as long;
softly imbricate with punctures separated by 12x a puncture
width; median portion weakly convex. Clypeus convex; upper
Figures 82 93.
Details of propodeum.
(82) A. mancocapaci new species
(83) A. alvarengai new species
(84) A. pihuchen new species
(85) A. chango new species
(86) A. picunche new species
(87) A. mapuche new species
(88) A. chono new species
(89) A. alacalufe new species
(90) A. ona new species.
(91) A. trauco new species
(92) A. pedroi new species
(93) A. viride new species
half smooth and lower softly imbricate with punctures separated
by 23x a puncture width; apical edge centrally straight and
slightly convex laterally. Compound eyes 1.0x as wide as face.
Malar space 0.10.2x as long as basal width of mandible. Gena,
in lateral view (Fig. 35), 0.4x as wide as compound eyes, softly
imbricate with shallow punctures separated by 1x a puncture
width. Frons softly imbricate, softly striate between antennae
and median ocellus. Vertex with texture as gena. Lateral ocellus
separated from compound eye by 0.1x ocellar diameter; distance
between ocelli 0.50.6x ocellar diameter. Antenna with 5152
fagellomeres. Ratio of length/width from frst to seventh fage-
llomeres: 5.3:2.7:2.4:2.3:2.2:2.1:2.1. Ratio of length/width of
pre-apical fagellomeres: 1.5x.
Mesosoma.- Pronotum on upper half softly imbricate with
punctures separated by 1.02.0x a puncture width; lower half
and collar striate. Mesoscutum smooth with shallow punctures
separated by 68x a puncture width. Notaulus extending 0.3x
13

Revision of the South American wasp genus ALOPHOPHION
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 003 - 060 (May 2014)
ocelli; imbricate, slightly striate between antennae and median
ocellus. Vertex with texture as gena. Lateral ocellus separated
from compound eye by less than 0.1x ocellar diameter; distance
between ocelli 0.30.4x ocellar diameter (Fig. 50). Antenna with
4748 fagellomeres. Ratio of length/width from frst to seventh
fagellomeres: 3.94.0:2.42.6:2.22.4:2.12.2:2.1:2.1:2.02.1.
Ratio of length/width of pre-apical fagellomeres: 2.02.1x.
Mesosoma. Pronotum imbricate with shallow punctures se-
parated by 3x a puncture width. Notaulus extending 0.3x length
of mesoscutum. Mesoscutum and mesoscutellum imbricate with
shallow punctures separated by 23x a puncture width. Mesos-
cutellum evenly convex lateral carina reaching 0.1x to posterior
margin of mesoscutellum. Mesopleuron (Fig. 60) imbricate
with shallow punctures separated by 12x a puncture width;
mesopleural furrow absent. Epicnemial carina not joining to
anterior margin of mesopleuron. Metapleuron imbricate between
punctures. Fore wing with CI=0.7; ICI=0.8; SDI=1.5; 1m-cu
slightly curved; ramulus present; Rs+M slightly curved; margi-
nal cell apically glabrous, except by a row of setae next to upper
margin; sub-basal cell glabrous. Hind wing with 68 hamuli on
R1 distally; NI=0.8; cu-a slightly curved. Propodeum (Fig. 83)
with anterior area imbricate with shallow punctures separated
by 23x a puncture width, behind anterior transverse carina
granulo-striate with punctures separated by 12x a puncture
width; with anterior transverse carina present, reaching pleural
carinae; posterior transverse carina absent centrally; lateromedian
longitudinal carinae present before anterior transverse carina,
converging at the middle; lateral longitudinal carinae faint.
Metasoma.- First tergite 4.7x as long as apical width. Tergite
II with spiracle located at 0.6x length of tergite.
Color.- Olive green to light straw yellow except following:
antennae, two diagonal stripes in externum, trochanter,
trochantellus, femur, tibia, tarsomeres and ovipositor sheath
ferruginous.
: Similar to female except: Hind wing with 68 hamuli
on R1 distally.
Comments.- Tis species was been only collected in Bahia,
Brazil. Its distribution is overlapping with A. jujuye new species;
both species have predominately olive green color, and ocelli in
contact with compound eyes; within the Species-group A are
the only that share these features. Additionally, A. alvarengai
new species and A. jujuye new species they have the easternmost
distribution of the genus.
Etymology.- Named in honor of the Brazilian entomologist
M. Alvarenga, who collected the type material.
Holotype: Encruzilhada Bahia, Brazil XI.'74 [xi.1974]
980m. M. Alvarenga
Paratypes: 2, 5: labeled as follows: 2, same data
as holotype; and 2, 3 Encruzilhada, Bah. [Bahia] XI.'72
[xi.1972] 960m. Braz. [Brazil] M. Alvarenga (AEIC).
3. Alophophion ananauca new species
(Figs. 25, 41, 51, 73, 79)
Diagnosis.- Tis species can be recognized by this combina-
tion of the features: body mainly reddish brown colored with
length of mesoscutum, fnely scrobiculate. Mesoscutellum evenly
convex, with texture as that of mesoscutum; lateral carina rea-
ching 0.1x to posterior margin of mesoscutellum. Mesopleuron
(Fig. 66) imbricate with punctures separated by 0.51x a punctu-
re width; speculum smooth with shallow punctures separated
by 2x a puncture width; mesopleural furrow absent. Epicnemial
carina curved to meet anterior margin of mesopleuron at lower
third of pronotum; forming an angulation between mesopleuron
and mesosternum. Metapleuron softly imbricate with punctures
separated by 0.5x a puncture width. Fore wing with CI=0.5;
ICI=0.80.9; SDI=1.41.5; 1m-cu straight; ramulus present;
Rs+M slightly curved; marginal cell with a glabrous area next
to the upper half of Rs+2r; sub-basal cell glabrous with isolate
setae in the apical half. Hind wing with 7 hamuli on R1 distally;
NI=1.0; cu-a slightly curved. Propodeum (Fig. 89) softly imbri-
cate with shallow punctures; anterior transverse carina present
between lateral longitudinal carinae; posterior transverse carina
present, reaching to pleural carinae; longitudinal carinae present;
lateromedian longitudinal carinae confuent behind posterior
transverse carina and absent before anterior transverse carinae;
pleural carina present.
Metasoma.- First tergite 5.6x as long as apical width. Tergite
II with spiracle located at 0.5x length of tergite.
Color.- Brownish red except following: face, gena, between
ocelli, vertex, anterior upper half of pronotum, collar, lateral
margins of mesoscutum, a longitudinal stripe from notaulus to
the posterior end of mesoscutum, mesoscutellum, tegula, subalar
prominence, anterior half of speculum, spot between subalar
prominence and mesopleural furrow, a spot in posterior lower
mesopleuron, and a spot in upper-apical third metapleuron.
Wings grayish hyaline; veins brownish and pterostigma fulvous.
: Unknown.
Comments.- Tis species is distributed in the Chilean region
of Coquimbo.
Etymology.- Te species epithet refers to the Alacalufes,
aSouth Americanpeople living in the ChileanPatagonia. It is
treated as a noun in apposition.
Holotype: , CHILE: Prov. [Provincia] Elqui Choros Bajos
25.X.1988 JEBarriga [J.E. Barriga] (MNNC).
Paratypes: , same data as holotype (UCDC).
2. Alophophion alvarengai new species
(Figs. 16, 44, 60, 83)
Diagnosis.- Tis species can be recognized by having the
ocelli in contact with compound eyes, the mesopleural furrow
absent, and olive green color.
Description.- : Head. Face (Fig. 16) 0.8x as wide as long;
imbricate with shallow punctures separated by 2x a puncture
width; median portion weakly convex. Clypeus convex; softly
imbricate with shallow punctures separated by 23x a puncture
width; apical edge straight centrally, slightly convex laterally.
Compound eyes 1.0x as wide as face. Malar space 0.1x as long as
basal width of mandible. Gena imbricate with shallow punctures
separated by 2x a puncture width; in lateral view (Fig. 44), 0.3x
as wide as compound eyes. Frons bearing setae laterally between
14
Alvarado
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 003 - 060 (Mayo 2014)
cream color spots, compound eyes 0.9x as wide as face and
metapleuron softly rugulose.
Description.- : Head. Face (Fig. 25) 0.8x as wide as long;
imbricate with punctures separated by 12x a puncture width;
median portion weakly convex. Clypeus with punctures separa-
ted by 34x a puncture width; apical edge slightly straight, late-
rally slightly convex. Compound eyes 0.9x as wide as face. Malar
space less than 0.1x as long as basal width of mandible. Gena,
in lateral view (Fig. 41), 0.2x as wide as compound eyes; softly
imbricate with punctures separated by 4x a puncture width.
Frons imbricate, slightly striate between antennae and median
ocellus. Vertex with texture as gena. Lateral ocellus separated
from compound eye by 0.1x ocellar diameter; distance between
ocelli 0.40.5x ocellar diameter. Antenna with 5051 fagello-
meres. Ratio of length/width from frst to seventh fagellomeres:
4.85.1:2.52.7:2.32.4: 2.32.4: 2.22.1:2.02.1: 2.02.1.
Ratio of length/width of pre-apical fagellomeres: 1.51.6x.
Mesosoma.- Pronotum in upper half imbricate with punctu-
res separated by 1x a puncture width and lower half rugulose;
lower half of collar striate and upper half imbricate. Mesoscutum
imbricate with punctures separated by 2x a puncture width,
except smooth in the anterior margins between notaulus and
tegula. Notaulus extending 0.3x length of mesoscutum of
mesoscutum, basally scrobiculate. Mesoscutellum evenly con-
vex; smooth between punctures; lateral carina reaching 0.1x
to posterior margin of mesoscutellum. Mesopleuron (Fig. 73)
smooth on upper half and imbricate on lower half with punctures
separated by 1x a puncture width; speculum smooth between
punctures; mesopleural furrow softly rugulose, reaching to pos-
terior end. Epicnemial carina curved to meet anterior margin
of mesopleuron at lower quarter of pronotum. Metapleuron
softly rugulose. Fore wing with CI=0.70.8; ICI=0.8; SDI=1.5;
1m-cu slightly curved; ramulus present; Rs+M slightly curved;
marginal cell apically with a glabrous area next to pterostigma
and Rs+2r; sub-basal cell glabrous with isolated setae apically.
Hind wing with 7 hamuli on R1 distally; NI=1.0; cu-a slightly
curved. Propodeum (Fig. 79) softly carinate texture, except areas
basalis and externa imbricate with shallow punctures separated
by 34x a puncture width; anterior transverse carina present,
faint laterally; posterior transverse carina present between pleu-
ral carinae; lateral longitudinal carinae present before anterior
transverse carina, faint between transverse carinae, well develop
behind posterior transverse carina; lateromedian longitudinal
carinae present between transverse carina, behind posterior
transverse carina confuent; softly carinate texture, except: areas
basalis and externa imbricate with punctures separated by 12x
a puncture width; pleural carina present.
Metasoma.- First tergite 5.05.2x as long as apical width.
Tergite II with spiracle located at 0.5x length of tergite.
Color.- Reddish brown except following: face laterally, frons
laterally, between ocelli, vertex, gena, collar, a spot in upper
margin of pronotum and lower half, tegula, subalar prominen-
ce, lateral margins of mesoscutum, a longitudinal stripe from
notaulus to the posterior end of mesoscutum, mesoscutellum,
anterior half of speculum, spot between subalar prominence
and mesopleural furrow, a spot in posterior lower mesopleuron,
metapleuron apical half, propodeum apical half and hind coxae
dorsally yellowish. Wings grayish hyaline; veins brownish; pte-
rostigma cream colored, centrally brownish.
: Similar to female.
Comments.- Tere are variations in the marginal cell of some
specimens; they have setae next to the pterostigma and posterior
transverse carina weak centrally. Tis species is distributed on
the western Andes north of Chile.
Etymology.- Te species epithet "ananauca" refers to Aa-
uca, a legend character from the north of Chile that gave the
name to the red fower. It is treated as a noun in apposition.
Holotype: Q. El Len [Quebrada El Len], Atac. [Ata-
cama] X.5.1980 [05.x.1980] Chile [,] Luis Pea (AEIC)
Paratypes: 4, 14 Q. El Len [Quebrada El Len],
Atac. [Atacama] X.5.1980 [05.x.1980] Chile [,] Luis Pea
(AEIC).
4. Alophophion chango new species
(Figs. 15, 31, 62, 85)
Diagnosis.- Tis species is easy to recognize, within the
Species-groups A, by having the propodeum with areas denti-
para and superomedia faintly delimitated, with carinate texture.
Description.- : Head. Face (Fig. 15) 1.0 x as wide as long;
centrally smooth and softly imbricate laterally with shallow
punctures separated by 1x a puncture width; median portion
weakly convex. Clypeus convex; smooth basally and apically
imbricate with punctures separated by 12x a puncture width;
apical edge slightly convex. Compound eyes 0.80.9x as wide
as face. Malar space 0.1x as long as basal width of mandible.
Gena, in lateral view (Fig. 31), 0.4x as wide as compound eyes;
imbricate with shallow punctures separated by 4x a puncture
width. Frons imbricate, softly striate between antennae and
median ocellus. Vertex with texture as gena. Lateral ocellus
separated from compound eye by 0.1x ocellar diameter;
distance between ocelli 0.30.6x ocellar diameter. Antenna
with 5254 fagellomeres. Ratio of length/width from frst to
seventh fagellomeres: 4.54.9:2.42.6:2.12.3:2.02.2:2.0
2.1:2.02.1:1.92.1. Ratio of length/width of pre-apical
fagellomeres: 1.51.6x.
Mesosoma.- Pronotum on upper half punctate imbricate
laterally with shallow punctures separated by 0.51x a puncture
width; lower half striate; collar striate. Mesoscutum smooth
centrally and imbricate laterally with shallow punctures sepa-
rated by 1x a puncture width. Notaulus extending 0.3x length
of mesoscutum, scrobiculate. Mesoscutellum evenly convex,
smooth with shallow punctures separated by 1x a puncture
width; lateral carina reaching 0.1x to posterior margin of
mesoscutellum. Mesopleuron (Fig. 62) imbricate with punctu-
res separated by 12x a puncture width; subalar prominence
smooth with shallow punctures separated by 34x a puncture
width; lower edge of speculum fnely scrobiculate; mesopleural
furrow absent. Epicnemial carina curved to meet anterior margin
of mesopleuron at lower quarter of pronotum. Metapleuron
imbricate with punctures separated by 0.51x a puncture width.
Fore wing with CI=0.4; ICI=0.8; SDI=1.31.4; 1m-cu slightly
curved; ramulus present; Rs+M slightly curved; marginal cell
homogeneously covered by setae; sub-basal cell glabrous, except
row of setae next to vein 1A apically. Hind wing with 67 hamuli
on R1 distally; NI=0.80.9; cu-a slightly curved. Propodeum
15

Revision of the South American wasp genus ALOPHOPHION
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 003 - 060 (May 2014)
(Fig. 85) with anterior transverse carina present, faint laterally;
posterior transverse carina weak centrally; longitudinal carinae
present, faint; longitudinal carinate texture, except areas basalis
and externa imbricate with punctures separated by 12x a
puncture width; pleural carina present.
Metasoma.- First tergite 5.55.7x as long as apical width.
Tergite II with spiracle located at 0.6 of tergite.
Color.- Testaceous except following: area surrounding com-
pound eyes, between ocelli, vertex and gena light straw yellow.
: Similar to female, except texture of propodeum softer
than in female.
Comments.- Alophophion chango new species is distributed in
the Chilean region of Maule and Araucana and the Argentinean
province of Tucuman.
Etymology.- Te species epithet "chango" refers to the tribe
of nativeSouth Americans, the Chango people, who appeared
to have originally inhabited the Peruvian coast and spread south
to the coast of Atacama, in northern Chile. It is treated as a
noun in apposition.
Holotype: Curacautn, Malleco II.'64 [ii.1964] R. [Ro]
Blanco Chile Luis E. Pea (AEIC).
Paratypes: 1, 8: labeled as follows: ARGENTINA:
1,1 ARGENTINA: Tuc. [Tucuman], Taf d. [del] Valle,
2,500 m. 6-8.I.1970 [06-08.i.1970]. At light Vardy & Argulin-
deguy.B.M.1970-36 (BMNH) CHILE: 1 Chovellen Maule
Prov. [Province] XII.5.53 [05.xii.1953] Chile L Pena Guzman
[Pea Guzman]; and 4 Curacautn, Malleco II.'64 [ii.1964]
R. [Ro] Blanco Chile Luis E. Pea (AEIC). 2 CHILE:
[Araucania] Los AlpesNahuelbuta 17.i.1985 I.D. Gauld
(BMNH).
5. Alophophion chono new species
(Figs. 18, 34, 65, 88)
Diagnosis.- Tis species can be recognized by this combi-
nation of the features: the clypeus convex, the compound eyes
1.0x as wide as face and hind wing with 6 hamuli on R1 distally.
Description.- : Head. Face (Fig. 18) 0.80.9x as wide as
long; imbricate with punctures separated by 1x a puncture width;
median portion weakly convex. Clypeus convex; imbricate with
sparse punctures separated by 24x a puncture width; apical
edge slightly convex. Compound eyes 1.0x as wide as face. Malar
space less than 0.1x as long as basal width of mandible. Gena,
in lateral view (Fig. 34), 0.4x as wide as compound eyes, softly
imbricate with shallows punctures separated by 8x a puncture
width. Frons imbricate, slightly striate between antennae and
median ocellus. Vertex with texture as gena. Lateral ocellus se-
parated from compound eye by 0.2x ocellar diameter; distance
between ocelli 0.70.8x ocellar diameter. Antenna with 5053
fagellomeres. Ratio of length/width from frst to seventh fa-
gellomeres: 5.0:2.52.7:2.3:2.2:2.12.2:2.1:2.02.1. Ratio of
length/width of pre-apical fagellomeres: 1.71.8x.
Mesosoma.- Pronotum punctate, imbricate with punctures
separated by 1x a puncture width; collar striate. Mesoscutum
smooth with shallows punctures separated by 6x a puncture
width. Notaulus extending 0.2x length of mesoscutum; softly
scrobiculate. Mesoscutellum evenly convex, with texture as that
of mesoscutum; lateral carina reaching 0.2x to posterior margin
of mesoscutellum. Mesopleuron (Fig. 65) punctate, imbricate
with punctures separated by 12.5x a puncture width; meso-
pleural furrow absent. Epicnemial carina curved to meet anterior
margin of mesopleuron at lower quarter of pronotum. Meta-
pleuron imbricate with punctures separated by 34x a puncture
width. Fore wing with CI=0.40.5; ICI=0.70.9; SDI=1.4;
1m-cu slightly curved; ramulus present; Rs+M slightly curved;
marginal cell with glabrous area next to proximal half of Rs+2r
and pterostigma; sub-basal cell with isolate setae in the third
apical. Hind wing with 6 hamuli on R1 distally; NI=0.9; cu-a
slightly curved. Propodeum (Fig. 88) with anterior transverse
carina present, faint laterally; posterior transverse carina present,
reaching to pleural carinae; lateromedian longitudinal carinae
absent before anterior transverse carina, present and well defned
between transverse carinae, behind posterior transverse carina
faint; lateral longitudinal carinae faint; pleural carina present;
softly rugulose-carinate texture, except anterior area imbricate
with punctures separated by 12x a puncture width.
Metasoma.- First tergite 4.95.1x as long as apical width.
Tergite II with spiracle located at 0.5x of tergite.
Color.- Rufo-testaceous except following: face, frons laterally,
vertex, gena, pronotum (except upper dorsal corner), lateral
margins of mesoscutum, spot from notaulus to 3/4 of mesos-
cutum, mesoscutellum, tegula, subalar prominence, speculum,
a spot between subalar prominence and mesopleural furrow, a
spot in posterior lower mesopleuron, metapleuron apical half,
propodeum apical half and hind coxae dorsally yellowish. Wings
grayish hyaline; veins brownish; pterostigma fulvous.
: Unknown.
Comments.- One female has the mesopleuron with isolate
holes in the surface. Alophophion chono new species is distributed
in the Chilean region of Coquimbo.
Etymology.- The species epithet "chono" refers to the
language spoken by the indigenous peoplethat of theChilo
Archipelago. It is treated as a noun in apposition.
Holotype: El Calabazo Had. [Hacienda] Illapel Coquim-
bo Prov. [Provincia] XI.21-23.57 [21-23.xii.1957] Chile L Pena
Guzman [L. Pea Guzmn] (AEIC).
Paratypes: 2: labeled as follows: 1 Canela Baja,
Coquimbo, Chile X.23 1961 [23.x.1961] Luis Pea; and 1
Rivadavia Elqui valley Coquimbo V.16.53 [16.v.1953] Chile
L Pena Guzman [L. Pea Guzmn] (AEIC).
6. Alophophion jujuye new species
(Figs. 8, 22, 38, 52, 76)
Diagnosis.- Tis species can be recognized by this combi-
nation of the features: light straw yellow to olive green colored,
posterior ocelli almost in contact with compound eyes and
distance between ocelli 0.20.3x ocellar diameter.
Description.- : Head. Face (Fig. 22) 0.80.9x as wide as
long; imbricate with punctures separated by 1.01.5x a puncture
width; median portion weakly convex; median portion weakly
convex. Clypeus slightly convex; imbricate with punctures
16
Alvarado
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 003 - 060 (Mayo 2014)
separated by 2.03.5x a puncture width; apical edge slightly
convex. Compound eyes 1.0x as wide as face. Malar space at
most 0.1x as long as basal width of mandible. Gena, in lateral
view (Fig. 38), 0.4x as wide as compound eyes; imbricate with
shallow punctures separated by 46x a puncture width. Frons
imbricate, slightly striate between antennae and median ocellus;
setae present laterally and between ocelli. Vertex with texture as
gena. Lateral ocellus separated from compound eye by less than
0.1x ocellar diameter; distance between ocelli 0.20.3x ocellar
diameter (Fig. 52). Antenna with 5162 fagellomeres. Ratio of
length/width from frst to seventh fagellomeres: 4.04.6:2.3
2.7:2.12.5:2.02.4:1.92.4:1.92.3:1.92.2. Ratio of length/
width of pre-apical fagellomeres: 2.02.1x.
Mesosoma.- Pronotum on upper half punctate, imbricate
with punctures separated by 0.51x a puncture width; lower half
striate; lower half of collar striate. Mesoscutum smooth and cen-
trally imbricate with punctures separated by 2x a puncture width.
Notaulus extending 0.2 length of mesoscutum, basally scrobi-
culate. Mesoscutellum evenly convex; smooth with punctures
separated by 12x a puncture width; lateral carina reaching 0.2x
to posterior margin of mesoscutellum. Mesopleuron (Fig. 52)
with subalar prominence, speculum and area between subalar
prominence and epicnemial carina smooth with punctures sepa-
rated by 12x a puncture width; lower edge of speculum fnely
scrobiculate; mesopleural furrow rugulose-punctate reaching to
the posterior end, fnely scrobiculate upper epicnemial carina.
Epicnemial carina curved to meet anterior margin of meso-
pleuron at lower quarter of pronotum. Metapleuron rugulose.
Fore wing with CI=0.6; ICI=0.7; SDI=1.41.5; 1m-cu slightly
sinuate; ramulus present; marginal cell cover by setae; sub-basal
cell glabrous with isolated setae. Hind wing with 67 hamuli on
R1 distally; NI=1.01.1; cu-a slightly curved. Propodeum (Fig.
76) with rugulose texture, except area basalis imbricate-striate
with soft punctures separated by 68x a puncture width; anterior
transverse carina present, faint laterally; posterior transverse
carina present between pleural carinae, weak centrally; lateral
longitudinal carinae present before anterior transverse carina,
faint between transverse carinae, well develop behind posterior
transverse carina with traces of an additional one next to it;
lateromedian longitudinal carinae present, behind posterior
transverse carina confuent with traces of an additional one
between them; pleural carina present.
Metasoma.- First tergite 4.7x as long as apical width. Tergite
II with spiracle located at 0.6x of tergite.
Color.- Light straw yellow to olive green except following:
mandibles, antennae, mesopleuron, trochanter, trochantellus,
femur, tibia and tarsomeres rufo-testaceous. Wings grayish
hyaline; veins brownish and pterostigma fulvous.
: Unknown
Comments.- Tere is some variation in the specimen from
Brazil, it has posterior transverse carina homogeneously develop
and longitudinal carinae behind simple.
Tis species is distributed in the Argentinean regions of
Jujuy, Salta, and Tucuman and the Brazilian state of Bahia. Its
distribution overlaps with A. alvarengai new species. And they
seem to be closely related, as both have the ocelli in contact with
the compound eyes and have similar coloration.
Etymology.- Te species epithet "jujuye" refers to the Jujuyes,
a name of sedentary indigenous people that inhabited the valley
of Jujuy. It is treated as a noun in apposition.
Holotype: 1 Horco Molle nr. Tucumn XII-26-65 [26.
xii.1965] Arg. [Argentina] H. & M. Townes (AEIC)
Paratypes: 8: labeled as follows: ARGENTINA: 7:
1 Horco Molle nr. Tucumn I.28-II.3.66 [28.i-03.ii.1966]
Arg. Lionel Stange; 2 Horco Molle nr. Tucumn I-8-15-66
[08-15.i.1966] Arg. [Argentina] H. & M. Townes; 1 Jujuy,
Argent. [Argentina] I-14-66 [14.i.1966] H. & M. Townes;
1 Tartagal, Salta I.'72 [i.1972] Argentina Manfredo Fritz;
1 Amaicha, Argent. [Argentina] Nov. 19-21, 1966 [19-21.
xi.1966] Lionel Stange; and, 1 Capillitas, Catam. [Catamar-
ca] I-II.70 [i-ii.1970] Argentina Luis Pea (AEIC). BRAZIL:
1 Encruzilhada [,] Bahia, Brazil XI.'74 [xi.1974] 980m. M.
Alvarenga (AEIC).
7. Alophophion mallecoensis new species
(Figs. 28, 37, 68)
Diagnosis.- Tis species can be recognized by this combi-
nation of the features: face almost square, clypeus convex and
posterior transverse carina present with M shape between lateral
carinae.
Description.- : Head. Face (Fig. 28) 0.91.0x as wide
as long; median portion weakly convex; softly imbricate with
punctures separated by 1.02.0x a puncture width. Clypeus
convex; softly imbricate with punctures separated by 2.03.0x
a puncture width; apical edge slightly convex. Compound eyes
0.70.8x as wide as face. Malar space 0.1x as long as basal width
of mandible. Gena, in lateral view (Fig. 37), 0.30.4x as wide
as compound eyes; imbricate with soft punctures separated by
5.07.0x a puncture width. Frons imbricate, slightly striate bet-
ween antennae and median ocellus. Vertex with texture as gena.
Lateral ocellus separated from compound eye by 0.30.4x ocellar
diameter; distance between ocelli 0.50.6x ocellar diameter.
Antenna with 5356 fagellomeres. Ratio of length/width from
frst to seventh fagellomeres: 4.34.4:2.32.5:1.92.1:1.82.0:
1.81.9: 1.71.9: 1.71.8. Ratio of length/width of pre-apical
fagellomeres: 1.72.2x.
Mesosoma.- Pronotum in upper half smooth with punctures
separated by 1.52.0x a puncture width and lower half striate;
lower half of collar striate and upper half imbricate. Mesoscutum
smooth with punctures separated by 4.05.0x a puncture width.
Notaulus extending 0.4x length of mesoscutum, basal half scro-
biculate. Mesoscutellum evenly convex, smooth with punctures
separated by 2.03.0x a puncture width; lateral carina reaching
0.2x to posterior margin of mesoscutellum. Mesopleuron (Fig.
68) imbricate with punctures separated by 1.02.0x a puncture
width; mesopleural furrow absent; speculum softly imbricate
with punctures separated by 3.05.0x a puncture width. Epic-
nemial carina curved to meet anterior margin of mesopleuron
at lower quarter of pronotum. Metapleuron imbricate with
punctures separated by 0.51.0x a puncture width; juxtacoxal
carina present. Fore wing with CI=0.40.5; ICI=0.80.9;
SDI=1.31.4; 1m-cu slightly curved; ramulus present; marginal
cell basally with a glabrous area next to pterostigma and vein
Rs+2r; sub-basal cell glabrous. Hind wing with 7 hamuli on R1
17

Revision of the South American wasp genus ALOPHOPHION
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 003 - 060 (May 2014)
distally; NI=0.8; cu-a slightly curved. Propodeum with leathery
texture, except areas basalis and externa imbricate with punctures
separated by 0.51.5x as a puncture width; anterior transverse
carina present, faint laterally, strongly up-curved centrally;
posterior transverse carina present between pleural carinae with
a M shape between lateral carinae; lateral longitudinal carinae
faint between transverse carinae, behind posterior transverse
carina complete and well defned; lateromedian longitudinal
carinae present before anterior transverse carina and between
transverse carinae, behind posterior transverse carina forming
a single carina (some specimens with additional, faint carinae
next to lateromedian longitudinal carina); pleural carina present.
Metasoma.- First tergite 3.84.3x as long as apical width.
Tergite II with spiracle located at 0.5x of tergite.
Color.- Testaceous except following: face laterally, frons
laterally, between ocelli, vertex, gena next to compound eyes
cream colored.
: similar to female.
Comments.- Some specimens have irregular texture on me-
sopleuron that can resemble the mesopleural furrow but in this
species this texture is not contacted to epicnemial carina. Other
have sub-basal cell glabrous with isolate setae on distal half.
Etymology.- Te specifc epithet is based on Malleco the
type locality.
Holotype: CHILE MALLECO Vn. [] Louquimay
[Lonquimay] 1400m 22.XII.1994 [22.xii.1994] J.E. Barriga
(MNNC)
Paratypes: 2, 15 labeled as follows: ARGENTINA:
1, ARGENTINA. N.-W [NW] Patagonia. 1,000-3,000ft.
[305-915m] Dec. 1919. H.E. Box (BMNH). CHILE: 2,
13 same data as holotype (UCDC); 1 Curacautn, Malle-
co II.'64 [ii.1964] R. [Ro] Blanco Chile Luis E. Pea (AEIC).
8. Alophophion mancocapaci new species
(Figs. 12, 45, 54, 57, 82)
Diagnosis.- Tis species is easy to recognize by its entirely
yellow face; fore wing Rs+2r markedly sinuous just before the
center of vein; and the hind wing with 9 hamuli on R1 distally.
Description.- : Head. Face (Fig. 12) 1.0 x as wide as
long; coarsely punctate, imbricate with punctures separated by
0.51x a puncture width; median portion weakly convex. Cly-
peus convex; with texture as face; apical edge straight centrally,
slightly convex laterally. Compound eyes 0.8x as wide as face.
Malar space 0.1x as long as basal width of mandible. Gena, in
lateral view (Fig. 45), 0.5x as wide as compound eyes, softly
imbricate with punctures separated by 12x a puncture width.
Frons imbricate, slightly striate between antennae and median
ocellus. Vertex with texture as gena. Lateral ocellus separated
from compound eye by 0.1x ocellar diameter; distance between
ocelli 0.3x ocellar diameter. Antenna with 56 fagellomeres.
Ratio of length/width from frst to seventh fagellomeres:
4.1:2.3:2.1:2.0:1.9:1.8:1.7. Ratio of length/width of pre-apical
fagellomeres: 2.7x.
Mesosoma.- Pronotum in upper half punctate, imbricate
with punctures separated by 0.51x a puncture width; collar
striate-punctate. Mesoscutum softly imbricate laterally and
smooth centrally with punctures separated by 12x a puncture
width. Notaulus extending 0.3x length of mesoscutum, rugulose
basally. Mesoscutellum evenly convex, imbricate with punctures
separated by 12x a puncture width; lateral carina reaching
0.4x to posterior margin of mesoscutellum. Mesopleuron (Fig.
57) softly imbricate with punctures separated by 0.51x a
puncture width; mesopleural furrow absent. Epicnemial carina
not curved to meet anterior margin of mesopleuron, reaching
about lower third of pronotum. Metapleuron imbricate with
punctures separated by 1x a puncture width. Fore wing (Fig.
54) with CI=0.5; ICI=0.9; SDI=1.2; 1m-cu straight; ramulus
present; Rs+M curved; Rs+2r markedly sinuous just before
center of vein; marginal cell with a glabrous area next to Rs+2r;
sub-basal cell glabrous with a row of setae next to M+Cu. Hind
wing with 9 hamuli on R1 distally; NI=1.1; cu-a slightly cur-
ved. Propodeum (Fig. 82) imbricate with shallow punctures;
transverse carinae absent; longitudinal carinae present only
apically; pleural carina absent.
Metasoma.- First tergite 4.0x as long as apical width. Tergite
II with spiracle located at 0.6x length of tergite.
Color.- Fulvous except following: face, gena, frons, vertex,
subalar prominence and mesoscutellum yellowish, and apical
quarter of tergite III and tergites IV to VIII brownish. Wings
infuscate; veins and pterostigma brownish except next to Rs+2r
fulvous.
: Unknown.
Comments.- Te locality label mentions Quincemil near
Macapata, but it should be Marcapata given that Macapata in
Peru is in Lima Department.
Etymology.- Te species epithet "mancocapaci" refers to
Manco Capac, the frst ruler of the Tawantinsuyu
Holotype: 1: labeled as follows: PERU: 1, Quincemil,
Per 30 m. nr. Macapata [Marcapata] IX.1-3.62 Luis Pea
[handwritten] (AEIC).
9. Alophophion mapuche new species
(Figs. 14, 33, 55, 64, 87)
Diagnosis.- Tis species has a similar appearance to A. pi-
cunche new species. Alophophion mapuche new species has the
clypeus with the upper half convex and the lower half fat while
A. picunche new species has the clypeus convex.
Description.- : Head. Face (Fig. 14) 0.91.0 x as wide
as long; softly imbricate with punctures separated by 12x a
puncture width; median portion weakly convex. Clypeus with
upper half convex and lower half fat; imbricate with punctu-
res separated by 23x a puncture width; apical edge straight
centrally, laterally slightly convex. Compound eyes 0.70.8x
as wide as face. Malar space 0.1x as long as basal width of
mandible. Mandibles imbricate with irregularly distributed
punctures. Gena, in lateral view (Fig. 33), 0.30.4x as wide as
compound eyes; softly imbricate with punctures separated by
45x a puncture width. Frons imbricate, softly carinate between
antennae and median ocellus. Vertex with texture as gena. La-
teral ocellus separated from compound eye by 0.20.3x ocellar
diameter; distance between ocelli 0.60.8x ocellar diameter.
18
Alvarado
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 003 - 060 (Mayo 2014)
Antenna with 4846 fagellomeres. Ratio of length/width from
frst to seventh fagellomeres: 4.54.6:2.32.7:2.12.3:2.0
2.2:1.92.1:1.92.0:1.9. Ratio of length/width of pre-apical
fagellomeres: 1.61.8x.
Mesosoma.- Pronotum smooth with punctures separated
by 2x a puncture width; collar striate; with a row of transverse
carinae on posterior edge of pronotum. Mesoscutum smooth
with shallow punctures separated by 10x a puncture width.
Notaulus extending 0.2x length of mesoscutum, basally scro-
biculate. Mesoscutellum evenly convex, smooth with punctures
separated by 3x a puncture width; lateral carina reaching 0.1x to
posterior margin of mesoscutellum. Mesopleuron (Fig. 64) on
upper half smooth and lower half imbricate; coarsely punctate,
punctures separated by 2x a puncture width; mesopleural furrow
absent. Epicnemial carina curved to meet anterior margin of
mesopleuron at lower third of pronotum. Metapleuron imbricate
with punctures separated by 2x a puncture width. Fore wing
(Fig. 55) with CI=0.40.5; ICI=0.81.0; SDI=1.314; 1m-
cu straight; ramulus present; Rs+M slightly curved; marginal
cell with a glabrous area apically, extending next to Rs+2r and
pterostigma; sub-basal cell glabrous, with isolate setae apically.
Hind wing with 78 hamuli on R1 distally; NI=0.60.9; cu-a
slightly curved. Propodeum (Fig. 87) areas lateralis, petiolaris
and posteroexterna softly wavy-rugulose and areas anterior,
dentipara and superomedia punctate, smooth with shallow
punctures; anterior transverse carina present, faint laterally;
posterior transverse carina present between pleural carinae,
sometimes broken medially; lateromedian longitudinal carinae
absent before anterior transverse carina, present and well defned
between transverse carinae, behind posterior transverse carina,
sometimes converging, when converging there are two lateral
carinae; lateral longitudinal carinae faint between transverse
carinae, behind posterior transverse carina present; pleural
carina present.
Metasoma.- First tergite 4.74.8x as long as apical width.
Tergite II with spiracle located at 0.6x of tergite.
Color.- Rufo-testaceous except following: face, frons late-
rally, vertex, gena, lower pronotum, collar, lateral margins of
mesoscutum, spot from notaulus to 3/4 of mesoscutum, mesos-
cutellum, tegula, subalar prominence, speculum, a diagonal
stripe in mesopleuron, metapleuron apical half and propodeum
apical half yellowish. Wings grayish hyaline; veins brownish and
pterostigma testaceous.
: Similar to female.
Comments.- Alophophion mapuche new species is distributed
in the Chilean regions Biobo, Coquimbo and Valparaso. Tis
species overlaps its distribution with A. picunche new species.
Etymology.- Te species epithet "mapuche" refers to Te
Mapuche, a group of indigenous inhabitants of south-cen-
tralChileand southwesternArgentina. It is treated as a noun
in apposition.
Holotype: El Pangue, Coquimbo, Chile XI.3-5 1961
[03-05.xi.1961] Luis Pea (AEIC).
Paratypes: 2, 18: labeled as follows: 7 El Pangue,
Coquimbo, Chile XI.3-5 1961 [03-05.xi.1961] Luis Pea; 1
El Pangue, Coquimbo, Chile XI.4 1961 [04.xi.1961] Luis Pea;
1 Las Vizcachas Chile 50 km. E Valparaiso X.20-21.51 [20-
21.x.1951] L. Pea; 2, 6 Ro Los Chores [Los Choros],
Coquimbo, Chile X.29-30 1961[29-30.x.1961] Luis Pea; 1
Rio los Molles [handwritten] Coquimbo, Chile XI.7-10.61 [07-
10.xi.1961; handwritten] Luis Pea; 1 Rio los Molles [hand
written] Coquimbo, Chile XI.7-10.61 [07-10.xi.1961; hand
written] Luis Pea and 1 Rivadavia Elqui valley Coquimbo
X.28-29.57 Chile L Pena Guzman [Pea Guzmn] (AEIC).
10. Alophophion mapudungun new species
(Figs. 23, 42, 58, 80)
Diagnosis.- Tis species can be recognized by this combi-
nation of the features: face 0.8x as wide as long, clypeus convex
with imbricate texture between punctures and metapleuron
fulvous with apical half yellowish.
Description.- : Head. Face (Fig. 23) 0.8x as wide as long;
median portion weakly convex; softly imbricate. Clypeus convex;
imbricate with punctures separated by 12x a puncture width;
apical edge slightly convex. Compound eyes 0.80.9x as wide as
face. Malar space 0.1x as long as basal width of mandible. Gena,
in lateral view (Fig. 42), 0.30.4x as wide as compound eyes,
softly imbricate with punctures separated by 34x a puncture
width. Frons imbricate, slightly striate between antennae and
median ocellus. Vertex with texture as gena. Lateral ocellus se-
parated from compound eye by 0.2x ocellar diameter; distance
between ocelli 0.50.9x ocellar diameter. Antenna with 4652
fagellomeres. Ratio of length/width from frst to seventh fa-
gellomeres: 4.55.3:2.93.0:2.6:2.42.5: 2.42.5:2.4:2.22.3.
Ratio of length/width of pre-apical fagellomeres: 1.51.7x.
Mesosoma.- Pronotum in upper half imbricate with punctu-
res separated by 1.02.0x a puncture width and lower half
rugulose; lower half of collar striate and upper half imbricate
with punctures separated by 1x a puncture width. Mesoscu-
tum smooth with punctures separated by 1.02.0x a puncture
width, punctures closer centrally. Notaulus extending 0.3x
length of mesoscutum, basally scrobiculate. Mesoscutellum
evenly convex, smooth with punctures separated by 4x a
puncture width; lateral carina reaching 0.1x to posterior mar-
gin of mesoscutellum. Mesopleuron (Fig. 58) on upper half
smooth and lower half imbricate; coarsely punctate, punctu-
res separated by 0.51x a puncture width; speculum smooth
between punctures; mesopleural furrow softly rugose, reaching
to middle of mesopleuron. Epicnemial carina curved to meet
anterior margin of mesopleuron at lower quarter of pronotum.
Metapleuron softly imbricate with punctures separated by
0.51x a puncture width; lower half softly rugose. Fore wing
with CI=0.50.6; ICI=0.80.9; SDI=1.41.5; 1m-cu slightly
curved; ramulus small; marginal cell apically with a glabrous
area next to proximal half of Rs+2r; sub-basal cell glabrous.
Hind wing with 67 hamuli on R1 distally; NI=0.60.9; cu-a
slightly curved. Propodeum (Fig. 80) softly carinate texture,
except areas basalis and externa punctate imbricate with shallow
punctures; anterior transverse carina present, faint laterally;
posterior transverse carina present between pleural carinae;
lateral longitudinal carinae present before anterior transverse
carina, faint between transverse carinae, well develop behind
posterior transverse carina; lateromedian longitudinal carinae
present between transverse carina, behind posterior transverse
carina confuent; pleural carina present.
19

Revision of the South American wasp genus ALOPHOPHION
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 003 - 060 (May 2014)
Metasoma.- First tergite 5.3x as long as apical width. Tergite
II with spiracle located at 0.5x of tergite.
Color.- Testaceous except following: face laterally, frons late-
rally, between ocelli, vertex, gena, collar, a spot in upper margin
of pronotum and lower half, tegula, subalar prominence, lateral
margins of mesoscutum, a longitudinal stripe from notaulus to
the posterior end of mesoscutum, mesoscutellum, anterior half
of speculum, spot between subalar prominence and mesopleural
furrow, a spot in posterior lower mesopleuron, metapleuron api-
cal half, propodeum apical half and lateral and posterior margins
of tergites III to VII yellowish. Wings grayish hyaline; veins
brownish and pterostigma cream colored, centrally brownish.
: Similar to female.
Comments.- Tere are variations in the texture of the face
and clypeus whereby they are smooth instead of imbricate bet-
ween the punctures. Tere is also variation in the propodeum
with a few specimens having the lateromedian longitudinal
carinae behind the posterior transverse carina close together
forming a thin area petiolaris and with a smoother texture.
Tis species is distributed in the Chilean regions of Atacama,
Araucana, and Coquimbo.
Etymology.- Te species epithet "mapudungun" refers to a
language spoken in south-central Chile and west central Argenti-
na by the Mapuche people. It is treated as a noun in apposition.
Holotype: Q. [Quebrada] Algodones Pr. [Provincia]
Atacama CHILE Oct. 18, 1957 [18.x.1957] L.E. Pena [Pea]
(AEIC).
Paratypes: 4, 7: labeled as follows: 1 40 km. S.
Copiapo CHILE Prov. [Provincia] Atacama Oct. 15, 1957
[15.x.1957] L.E. Pena [Pea]; 1 El Pangue, Coquimbo,
Chile Oct. 27, 1961 [27.x.1961] Luis Pea; 3, [Val-
paraso, Petorca] Los Molles XI.20.65 [20.xi.1965] Chile Luis
Pea; 3 [Araucana] Q. [Quebrada] Boquern Atacama
Pr. [Provincia] X.18.57 Chile LPenaGuzman [Pea Guzmn];
Q. [Quebrada] de CHANARAL [Chaaral] Pr. [Provincia]
Atacama CHILE Oct.1957 [x.1957] 300m. L.E. Pena [Pea];
and 1 Ro Los Chores [Los Choros], Coquimbo, Chile X.29-
30 1961 [29-30.x.1961] Luis Pea (AEIC).
11. Alophophion maytacapaci new species
(Figs. 24, 43, 59, 81)
Diagnosis.- Tis species can be recognized by this com-
bination of the features: notaulus extending 0.6x length of
mesoscutum and mesoscutellum with basal half brownish and
apical half yellowish.
Description.- : Head. Face (Fig. 24) 0.9 x as wide as long;
median portion weakly convex; centrally smooth and laterally
imbricate texture with punctures separated by 0.51x a puncture
width. Clypeus convex; upper half smooth with punctures sepa-
rated by 13x a puncture width and lower half imbricate with
punctures separated by 0.51x a puncture width; apical edge
slightly straight, laterally slightly convex. Compound eyes 0.8x
as wide as face. Malar space 0.1x as long as basal width of man-
dible. Gena, in lateral view (Fig. 43), 0.4x as wide as compound
eyes; imbricate with soft punctures separated by 68x a puncture
width. Frons imbricate, slightly striate between antennae and
median ocellus. Vertex with texture as gena. Lateral ocellus
separated from compound eye by 0.10.2x ocellar diameter;
distance between ocelli 0.40.5x ocellar diameter. Antenna with
5153 fagellomeres. Ratio of length/width from frst to seventh
fagellomeres: 4.85.1:2.82.9:2.52.6:2.42.5: 2.32.4: 2.3:
2.22.3. Ratio of length/width of pre-apical fagellomeres: 1.9x.
Mesosoma.- Pronotum in upper half smooth with punctures
separated by 1x a puncture width; lower half rugulose; lower
half of collar striate. Mesoscutum smooth punctures separated
by 0.51x a puncture width. Notaulus extending 0.6x length of
mesoscutum, basal half scrobiculate. Mesoscutellum evenly con-
vex, smooth with punctures separated by 23x a puncture width;
lateral carina reaching 0.1x to posterior margin of mesoscutellum.
Mesopleuron (Fig. 59) smooth with punctures separated by 0.5x
a puncture width; mesopleural furrow upper epicnemial carina f-
nely scrobiculate, after that faintly scrobiculate reaching to middle
of mesopleuron. Epicnemial carina weak anteriorly, curved to meet
anterior margin of mesopleuron at lower quarter of pronotum.
Metapleuron coarsely punctate, imbricate with punctures separa-
ted by 23x a puncture width; juxtacoxal carina absent. Fore wing
with CI=0.50.6; ICI=0.70.8; SDI=1.5; 1m-cu slightly curved;
ramulus present; marginal cell basally with a glabrous area next to
pterostigma and proximal half of Rs+2r; sub-basal cell glabrous
with one or two setae apically. Hind wing with 6 hamuli on R1
distally; NI=0.8; cu-a slightly curved. Propodeum (Fig.81) with
softly carinate texture, except areas basalis and externa punctate
imbricate with punctures separated by 34x as a puncture width;
anterior transverse carina present, faint laterally; posterior trans-
verse carina faint or absent between lateromedian longitudinal
carinae; lateral longitudinal carinae faint; lateromedian longitu-
dinal carinae present between transverse carina, behind posterior
transverse carina close to each other with traces of additional ones
between them; pleural carina present.
Metasoma.- First tergite 4.24.6x as long as apical width.
Tergite II with spiracle located at 0.5x of tergite.
Color.- Reddish brown except following: face laterally, frons
laterally, between ocelli, vertex, gena, upper half of collar, basal
half of tegula, subalar prominence, anterior half of speculum,
apical half of mesoscutellum yellowish; between subalar pro-
minence and speculum blackish brown. Wings grayish hyali-
ne; veins brownish and pterostigma cream colored, centrally
brownish.
: Unknown.
Comments.- Alophophion sinchirocai new species and A.
maytacapaci new species overlap in distribution in Lima.
Etymology.- Te species epithet "maytacapaci" refers to
Mayta Cpac the fourth ruler of the Tawantinsuyu.
Holotype: PERU: AY [Ayacucho], Laramate
1450'44.1"S/ 7444'13.4"W. 2100m. 14.ii.2009. Light Trap.
L Figueroa (MUSM)
Paratypes: 4 labeled as follows: 2 PERU: AY
[Ayacucho], Laramate 1450'44.1"S/7444'13.4"W. 2100m.
14.ii.2009. Light Trap. L Figueroa (1 SEMC, 1 MUSM);
1 LIMA 20-V-68 N. ESPINOLA COL (MUSM); and 1
PERU: Dpto. [Departamento] Lima: Capillucas (R. [Rio]
Caete) 19:III:87 Pedro Hocking (MUSM).
20
Alvarado
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 003 - 060 (Mayo 2014)
12. Alophophion ona new species
(Figs. 17, 46, 67, 90)
Diagnosis.- Tis species can be recognized by this combina-
tion of the features: lateral longitudinal carinae present between
transverse carinae, area dentipara well defned and distance
between ocelli 0.91.0x ocellar diameter.
Description.- : Head. Face (Fig. 17) 0.80.9x as wide as
long; median portion weakly convex; centrally smooth with
punctures separated by 23x a puncture width and laterally
imbricate with punctures separated by 12x a puncture width.
Clypeus convex; with upper half smooth with sparse punctures
separated by 24x a puncture width and lower half imbricate
with punctures separated by 24x a puncture width; apical edge
slightly convex. Compound eyes 0.80.9x as wide as face. Malar
space 0.2x as long as basal width of mandible. Gena, in lateral
view (Fig. 46), 0.4x as wide as compound eyes, softly imbricate
with shallows punctures separated by 45x a puncture width.
Frons imbricate, slightly striate between antennae and median
ocellus. Vertex with texture as gena. Lateral ocellus separated
from compound eye by 0.10.2x ocellar diameter; distance
between ocelli 0.91.0x ocellar diameter. Antenna with 56
fagellomeres. Ratio of length/width from frst to seventh fage-
llomeres: 5.15.2:2.52.6:2.3:2.22.3:2.12.2:2.02.2:1.92.1.
Ratio of length/width of pre-apical fagellomeres: 1.6x.
Mesosoma.- Pronotum on upper half smooth with shallow
punctures separated by 23x a puncture width; lower half stria-
te; collar striate. Mesoscutum smooth with shallow punctures
separated by 23x a puncture width. Notaulus extending 0.3x
length of mesoscutum. Mesoscutellum evenly convex, with
texture as that of mesoscutum; lateral carina reaching 0.4x to
posterior margin of mesoscutellum. Mesopleuron (Fig. 67)
imbricate with punctures separated by 12x a puncture width;
speculum punctate, smooth with punctures separated by 0.5
1x a puncture width; mesopleural furrow absent. Epicnemial
carina curved to meet anterior margin of mesopleuron at lower
quarter of pronotum. Metapleuron imbricate on anterior half
with punctures separated by 0.51x a puncture width and on
posterior half with punctures separated by 12x a puncture
width. Fore wing with CI=0.30.5; ICI=0.8; SDI=1.41.5;
1m-cu straight; ramulus present; Rs+M slightly curved; mar-
ginal cell apically with a glabrous area next to Rs+2r vein;
sub-basal cell glabrous, with isolate hairs apically. Hind wing
with 6 hamuli on R1 distally; NI=1.01.1; cu-a slightly curved.
Propodeum (Fig. 90) softly rugulose with shallow punctures,
except anterior area imbricate with punctures separated by
12x a puncture width; anterior transverse carina present
between lateral longitudinal carinae; posterior transverse
carina present between pleural carinae; lateral longitudinal
carinae, present before anterior transverse carina; laterome-
dian longitudinal carinae present between transverse carinae;
lateromedian longitudinal carinae converge behind posterior
transverse carina; pleural carina present.
Metasoma.- First tergite 5.6x as long as apical width. Tergite
II with spiracle located at 0.5x of tergite.
Color.- Rufo-testaceous except following: face laterally, frons
laterally, between ocelli, vertex, gena, tegula, subalar prominence,
anteriorly speculum and a spot between subalar prominence
and mesopleural furrow yellowish. Wings grayish hyaline; veins
brownish and pterostigma fulvous.
: Unknown.
Comments.- Te propodeal carinae are well developed but
not as much as trauco new species. Alophophion ona new species
is distributed in the Chilean region of Biobio.
Etymology.- Te species epithet "ona" refers to the Ona
peopleanindigenous peoplethat inhabited in thePatagonianre-
gion of southernArgentinaandChile, including theTierra del
Fuegoislands. It is treated as a noun in apposition.
Holotype: Las Trancas, Chile XII.1-15.75 [01-15.
xii.1975] Chilln Luis Pea (AEIC);
Paratypes: 2: labeled as follows: CHILE: 1 Las Trancas,
Chile XII.1-15.75 [01-15.xii.1975] Chilln Luis Pea (AEIC);
and ARGENTINA: CHILE [Argentina]: R.N. [Ro Negro], El
Bolson. 10.ii.1960. A. Kavocs. B.M.1964-193 (BMNH).
13. Alophophion pedroi new species
(Fig. 29, 47, 75, 92)
Diagnosis.- Tis species can be recognized by this combi-
nation of the features: mesopleuron imbricate with shallow
punctures and the mesopleural furrow softly rugulose, and the
areas dentipara and superomedia with carinate texture.
Description.- : Head. Face (Fig. 29) 0.9x as wide as long;
imbricate with shallow punctures separated by 2x a puncture
width; median portion weakly convex. Clypeus convex im-
bricate with punctures separated by 12x a puncture width;
apical edge slightly convex laterally. Compound eyes 0.9x as
wide as face. Malar space less than 0.1x as long as basal width
of mandible. Gena, in lateral view (Fig. 47), 0.30.4x as wide
as compound eyes, imbricate with shallow, punctures separated
by less than a puncture width. Frons imbricate, slightly striate
between central ocelli and toruli. Vertex with texture as gena.
Lateral ocellus separated from compound eye by less than 0.1x
ocellar diameter; distance between ocelli 0.4x ocellar diameter.
Antenna with 5455 fagellomeres. Ratio of length/width from
frst to seventh fagellomeres: 4.84.6:2.92.8:2.62.5:2.5
2.4:2.52.3:242.2:2.42.1. Ratio of length/width of pre-apical
fagellomeres: 2.61.7x.
Mesosoma.- Pronotum and mesoscutum imbricate with
shallow punctures separated by 12x a puncture width. No-
taulus extending 0.6x length of mesoscutum, with same texture
as mesoscutum. Mesoscutellum evenly convex, with texture as
that of mesoscutum; lateral carina extending 0.3x length of
mesoscutellum. Mesopleuron (Fig. 75) imbricate with shallow
punctures separated by 12x a puncture width; lower edge of
speculum imbricate, slightly shine; mesopleural furrow softly
rugulose, extending 0.3x length of mesopleuron. Epicnemial
carina curved to meet anterior margin of mesopleuron at
lower third of pronotum. Metapleuron imbricate with shallow
punctures separated by 12x a puncture width. Fore wing with
CI=0.6; ICI=0.91.0; SDI=1.3; 1m-cu slightly curved; ramulus
present; Rs+M slightly curved; marginal cell of fore wing cover
by setae; sub-basal cell glabrous. Hind wing with 8 hamuli on
R1 distally; NI=0.60.8; cu-a slightly curved. Propodeum (Fig.
92) with area basalis imbricate with shallow punctures separated
21

Revision of the South American wasp genus ALOPHOPHION
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 003 - 060 (May 2014)
by 2x a puncture width, rest of propodeum fnely imbricate with
punctures separated by less than 1x a puncture width; anterior
transverse carina strongly elevated and complete, slightly weaker
laterally; posterior transverse carina strongly elevated, absent
centrally; lateral longitudinal carinae absent; lateromedian
longitudinal carinae present after anterior transverse carina,
confuent behind posterior transverse carina; areas superomedia
with triangular shape, centrally divided by a carina; posterior
transverse carinae strongly elevated, centrally absent.
Metasoma.- First tergite 5.1x as long as apical width. Tergite
II with spiracle located at 0.50.6x length of tergite.
Color.- Light straw yellow except following: antennae, mandi-
bles, palpi, legs (except fore coxa, mid coxa posteriorly) and me-
tasoma after tergite II testaceous; and ovipositor sheath brownish.
: Unknown.
Comments.- Tis species was collected between 1400 and
1700 m, in a secondary cloud forest pers. obs.). Structurally
is quite similar to A. alvarengai new species; both species have
similar arrangement of carinae and texture of the body. Tey
can be diferentiate by the proportion of the face, wider in A.
pedroi new species (0.9x as wide as long) than in A. alvarengai
new species (0.8x as wide as long).
Etymology.- Named in honor of the naturalist Pedro Hoc-
king.
Holotype: , PERU: CU [Cuzco], La Convencin, Echarate,
C. [Comunity] Otsanampiato, 73857.71W/123931.36S
1449m. 20-22.i.2010. Light. C. Carranza y C. Rossi (MUSM)
Paratype: , PERU: CU [Cuzco], La Convencin,
Echarate, CC. [Comunity] Otsanampiato, 123943.50[S]
730940.93[W] 1687m. 16.ix.2010. Light. M. Alvarado y
J. Peralta (MUSM)
14. Alophophion picunche new species
(Figs. 13, 32, 53, 63, 86)
Diagnosis.- Tis species can be recognized by this combi-
nation of features: epicnemial carina oval, lateromedian longi-
tudinal carinae converging behind posterior transverse carina,
and tergites fulvous.
Description.- : Head. Face (Fig. 13) 0.80.9x as wide as
long; imbricate with shallow punctures separated by 12x a
puncture width; median portion weakly convex. Clypeus convex;
imbricate with shallow punctures separated by 46x a puncture
width; apical edge straight centrally, laterally slightly convex.
Compound eyes 0.80.9x as wide as face. Malar space 0.1x as
long as basal width of mandible. Mandibles smooth texture
between punctures. Gena, in lateral view (Fig. 32), 0.4x as wide
as compound eyes, smooth with shallow punctures separated by
46x a puncture width. Frons imbricate, softly striate between
antennae and median ocellus. Vertex with texture as gena.
Lateral ocellus separated from compound eye by 0.2x ocellar
diameter; distance between ocelli 0.60.8x ocellar diameter.
Antenna with 4754 fagellomeres. Ratio of length/width from
frst to seventh fagellomeres: 4.2:2.42.5:2.22.3:2.12.2:
2.02.1:1.92.0:1.9. Ratio of length/width of pre-apical fage-
llomeres: 1.61.8x.
Mesosoma.- Pronotum imbricate with shallow punctu-
res separated by 24x a puncture width, getting smooth to
anteriorly; collar striate. Mesoscutum smooth with shallow
punctures separated by 68x a puncture width. Notaulus
extending 0.3x length of mesoscutum. Mesoscutellum evenly
convex, smooth with shallow punctures separated by 34x
a puncture width; lateral carina reaching 0.1x to posterior
margin of mesoscutellum. Mesopleuron (Fig. 63) upper half
smooth and lower half imbricate imbricate with shallow
punctures separated by 24x a puncture width; mesopleu-
ral furrow absent. Epicnemial carina oval in a lateral view,
curved to meet anterior margin of mesopleuron at lower
quarter of pronotum; faint next to pronotum. Metapleuron
smooth between punctures. Fore wing (Fig. 53) with CI=0.5;
ICI=0.60.7; SDI=1.4; 1m-cu slight curved; ramulus present;
Rs+M slightly curved; marginal cell with a glabrous area next
to Rs+2r; sub-basal cell glabrous. Hind wing with 78 hamuli
on R1 distally; NI=1.01.1; cu-a slightly curved. Propodeum
(Fig. 86) with area basalis imbricate with shallow punctures
separated by 3x a puncture width, areas spiracularis, latera-
lis, dentipara, superomedia, posteroexterna and petiolaris
imbricate with softly carinate texture, punctate; anterior
transverse carina present, faint laterally; posterior transverse
carina present between pleural carinae; lateral longitudinal
carinae present, faint between transverse carinae; laterome-
dian longitudinal carinae present, behind posterior transverse
carina converging; anterior area imbricate between punctures;
pleural carina present.
Metasoma.- First tergite 4.54.7x as long as apical width.
Tergite II with spiracle located at 0.5x length of tergite.
Color.- Rufo-testaceous except following: face, frons laterally,
vertex, gena, pronotum, lateral margins of mesoscutum, spot
from notaulus to posterior end of mesoscutum, mesoscutellum,
tegula, subalar prominence, speculum, a diagonal stripe in
mesopleuron, metapleuron apical half, propodeum apical half
and tergites laterally yellowish. Wings grayish hyaline; veins
brownish and pterostigma testaceous.
: Similar to female.
Comments.- A few females have metapleuron and propo-
deum imbricate between punctures. Some specimens have, be-
hind posterior transverse, the lateromedian longitudinal carinae
present and with only one carina each one; while other specimens
an additional carina next to lateromedian and lateral longitudinal
carinae. Tis species was only collected in Coquimbo.
Etymology.- Te species epithet "picunche" refers to the
Picunche, a mapudungun speaking Chilean people who lived
to the north of the Mapuches or Araucanians and south of
the Choapa River and the Diaguitas. It is treated as a noun in
apposition.
Holotype: [Coquimbo, Valle de Elqui] Las Hedionditas
[Termas Las Hediondas] I.10-11.66 [10-11.i.1965] Chile Luis
Pea (AEIC).
Paratypes: 19, 15: labeled as follows: 19, 14
[Coquimbo, Valle de Elqui] Las Hedionditas [Termas Las
Hediondas] I.10-11.66 [10-11.i.1965] Chile Luis Pea; 1
Ro Los Chores [Los Choros], Coquimbo, Chile X.29-30 1961
[29-30.x.1961] Luis Pea (AEIC).
22
Alvarado
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 003 - 060 (Mayo 2014)
15. Alophophion pihuchen new species
(Figs. 20, 49, 61, 84)
Diagnosis.- Tis species can be recognized by having the
epicnemial carina oval, and the metasomal tergite IIV light
straw yellow with an apical brownish spot.
Description.- : Head. Face (Fig. 20) 0.9 x as wide as long;
median portion weakly convex; smooth with punctures separated
by 23x as a puncture width. Clypeus convex; with upper half
punctate smooth with punctures separated by 56x as a puncture
width, and lower half imbricate with shallow punctures separated
by 4x as a puncture width; apical edge straight centrally, laterally
slightly convex. Compound eyes 0.70.8x as wide as face. Malar
space 0.1x as long as basal width of mandible. Gena, in lateral
view (Fig. 49), 0.4x as wide as compound eyes, smooth with
shallow punctures separated by 4x as a puncture width. Frons
smooth, slightly striate between antennae and median ocellus.
Vertex with texture as gena. Lateral ocellus separated from com-
pound eye by 0.20.3x ocellar diameter; distance between ocelli
1.0x ocellar diameter. Antenna with 50 fagellomeres. Ratio of
length/width from frst to seventh fagellomeres: 4.55.2:2.4
2.8:2.32.5:2.22.4:2.22.3:2.12.3:2.02.2. Ratio of length/
width of pre-apical fagellomeres: 1.2x.
Mesosoma.- Pronotum with punctures separated by 12x
a puncture width on upper half smooth and lower half of pro-
podeum; collar imbricate-striate. Mesoscutum smooth with
punctures separated by 34x as a puncture width. Notaulus
extending 0.3x length of mesoscutum, smooth. Mesoscutellum
evenly convex, with texture as that of mesoscutum; lateral carina
reaching 0.1x to posterior margin of mesoscutellum. Mesopleuron
(Fig. 61) smooth with punctures separated by 24x as a puncture
width; mesopleural furrow absent. Epicnemial carina oval in a
lateral view; curved to meet anterior margin of mesopleuron at
lower third of pronotum. Metapleuron smooth with punctures se-
parated by 23x as a puncture width. Fore wing with CI=0.40.5;
ICI=0.7; SDI=1.5; 1m-cu straight; ramulus present; Rs+M slightly
curved; marginal cell basally and next to Rs+2r glabrous; sub-basal
cell glabrous with some isolate setae apically. Hind wing with 67
hamuli on R1 distally; NI=0.9; cu-a slightly curved. Propodeum
(Fig. 84) with carinate texture on areas superomedia and lateralis,
areas basalis and externa smooth with punctures separated by 12x
as a puncture width, and softly carinate-rugulose texture on areas
dentipara, superomedia, posteroexterna and petiolaris; anterior
transverse carina present, faint laterally; posterior transverse carina
weak reaching to pleural carinae; longitudinal carinae present,
faint; pleural carina present.
Metasoma.- First tergite 4.0x as long as apical width. Tergite
II with spiracle located at 0.5x length of tergite.
Color.- Light straw yellow except following: except following:
palpi, antenomeres, a posterior spot in fore coxae, an anterior
spot in mid and hind coxae, basal 2/3 of trochanter, tibias, tar-
someres, axilla, mesopleuron with a longitudinal stripe between
notaulus and lateral mesoscutum and one between notauli, a
spot in posterior lower mesopleuron, metapleuron basal half,
basal half of propodeum and hind coxae dorsally fulvous; and
tergites IIV with an apical central spot, tergites IVVI basally
and ovipositor sheath brownish.
: Unknown.
Comments.- One female has the lateromedian longitudinal
carinae, behind posterior transverse, wavy; while the other
specimen have these carinae straight.
Tis species is distributed in the Chilean region of Metro-
politana de Santiago.
Etymology.- Te species epithet "pihuchen" refers to the
creature from the Mapuche and Chilote mythology, a much
feared shapeshifting creature which could instantly change into
animal form. It is treated as a noun in apposition.
Holotype: [Metropolitana de Santiago, Cordillera] Las
Gunilias [Lagunillas] II.19.66 [19.ii.1966] Chile LPenaGuzman
[L. Pea Guzmn] (AEIC).
Paratypes: 2, 1: labeled as follows 1, 1 [Metropo-
litana de Santiago, Cordillera] Las Gunilias [Lagunillas] II.19.66
[19.ii.1966] Chile LPenaGuzman [L. Pea Guzmn] y 1
[Maule Region] Rio Teno Curico, Chile III.8.62 [08.iii.1962]
Luis Pea (AEIC).
16. Alophophion sinchirocai new species
(Figs. 26, 39, 71, 77)
Diagnosis.- Tis species can be recognized by this combina-
tion of the features: metapleuron reddish brown, mesoscutellum
cream colored, and, has the juxtacoxal carina developed.
Description.- : Head. Face (Fig. 26) 0.80.9 x as wide
as long; median portion weakly convex; softly imbricate with
punctures separated by 0.51x a puncture width. Clypeus
convex; softly imbricate with punctures separated by 12x a
puncture width; apical edge slightly convex. Compound eyes
0.8x as wide as face. Malar space 0.2x as long as basal width
of mandible. Gena, in lateral view (Fig. 39), 0.4x as wide as
compound eyes, imbricate with punctures separated by 34x
a puncture width. Frons imbricate, slightly striate between an-
tennae and median ocellus. Vertex with texture as gena. Lateral
ocellus separated from compound eye by 0.1x ocellar diameter;
distance between ocelli 0.40.5x ocellar diameter. Antenna with
56 fagellomeres. Ratio of length/width from frst to seventh fa-
gellomeres: 5.05.8:2.93.2:2.72.8:2.52.7: 2.42.6: 2.42.5:
2.32.4. Ratio of length/width of pre-apical fagellomeres: 1.7x.
Mesosoma.- Pronotum imbricate with punctures separa-
ted by 0.51x a puncture width; collar striate. Mesoscutum
smooth with punctures separated by 11.5x a puncture width.
Notaulus extending 0.3x length of mesoscutum. Mesoscutellum
evenly convex, smooth with punctures separated by 023x a
puncture width; lateral carina reaching 0.1x to posterior mar-
gin of mesoscutellum. Mesopleuron (Fig. 11) imbricate with
punctures separated by 1x a puncture width; speculum smooth
with punctures separated by 2x a puncture width; mesopleural
furrow faintly scrobiculate reaching to posterior end. Epicnemial
carina curved to meet anterior margin of mesopleuron at lower
quarter of pronotum. Metapleuron imbricate with punctures
separated by 0.51x a puncture width; juxtacoxal carina present.
Fore wing with CI=0.60.7; ICI=0.7; SDI=1.4; 1m-cu straight;
ramulus present as an angulation or absent; Rs+M slightly
curved; marginal cell with a glabrous area next to Rs+2r; sub-
basal cell glabrous. Hind wing with 67 hamuli on R1 distally;
NI=0.91.0; cu-a slightly curved. Propodeum (Fig. 77) imbrica-
23

Revision of the South American wasp genus ALOPHOPHION
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 003 - 060 (May 2014)
te with punctures separated by 23x a puncture width and softly
rugose, except area basalis imbricate with punctures; anterior
transverse carina present, faint laterally; posterior transverse
carina broke in the middle; lateral longitudinal carinae present,
faint; lateromedian longitudinal carinae present, faint behind
posterior transverse carina and with an additional longitudinal
carina between them; pleural carina present.
Metasoma.- First tergite 4.85.2x as long as apical width.
Tergite II with spiracle located at 0.5x of tergite.
Color.- Reddish brown except following: face laterally, frons
laterally, between ocelli, vertex, gena, collar, basal half of tegula,
subalar prominence, postscutellum and mesoscutellum yellowish.
Wings grayish hyaline; veins brownish and pterostigma fulvous.
: Unknown.
Comments.- Alophophion sinchirocai new species and A. ma-
ytacapaci new species occur in central Peru, on the eastern slopes
of the Andes. Tey have a similar appearance, but can be dife-
rentiated by the color of speculum which is fulvous reddish in
A. sinchirocai new species and is fulvous reddish with a yellowish
spot in A. maytacapaci new species. Alophophion sinchirocai new
species has the area superomedia imbricate between punctures
while in A. maytacapaci new species this area this is carinate.
Etymology.- Te species epithet "sinchiroca" refers to Sinchi
Roca the second ruler of the Tawantinsuyu.
Holotype: PERU: Dpto. [Departamento] Lima: Torna-
mesa (R. [Rio] Rimac) 25:II:12 [25.ii.2012] (1600 mt.) Pedro
Hocking [Handwritten] (MUSM)
Paratype: Huamachuco, PERU: 3200m. 23.II [23.ii.?]
Coll. Weyrauch / MHN 3276 [Handwritten] (MUSM)
17. Alophophion sofae new species
(Figs. 21, 40, 72, 78)
Diagnosis.- Tis species can be recognized by this combina-
tion of the features: body mainly fulvous to light straw yellow
colored, compound eyes 1.1x as wide as face and metapleuron
softly rugulose.
Description.- : Head. Face (Fig. 21) 0.8x as wide as long;
median portion weakly convex; centrally smooth and laterally
imbricate with punctures separated by 0.51x a puncture width.
Clypeus convex; upper half smooth with punctures separated by
45x a puncture width and lower half imbricate with punctures
separated by 23x a puncture width, slightly striate; apical edge
slightly convex. Compound eyes 1.1x as wide as face. Malar
space 0.1x as long as basal width of mandible. Gena, in lateral
view (Fig. 40), 0.3x as wide as compound eyes, imbricate with
punctures separated by 23x a puncture width. Frons imbricate,
slightly striate between antennae and median ocellus. Vertex
with texture as gena. Lateral ocellus separated from compound
eye by 0.1x ocellar diameter; distance between ocelli 0.8x oce-
llar diameter. Antenna with 56 fagellomeres. Ratio of length/
width from frst to seventh fagellomeres: 4.44.6:2.52.8:2.2
2.3:2.02.2:1.92.1:1.82.1:1.82.0. Ratio of length/width of
pre-apical fagellomeres: 1.4x.
Mesosoma.- Pronotum in upper half smooth with punctures
separated by 12x a puncture width and lower half striate; lower
half of collar striate. Mesoscutum smooth with punctures separa-
ted by 2x a puncture width. Notaulus extending 0.3x length of
mesoscutum, basally scrobiculate. Mesoscutellum evenly convex,
smooth with punctures separated by 34x a puncture width;
lateral carina reaching 0.1x to posterior margin of mesoscutellum.
Mesopleuron (Fig. 72) imbricate (except between subalar promi-
nence and epicnemial carina smooth) with punctures separated
by 0.51.5x a puncture width; speculum smooth with punctures
separated by 23x a puncture width; mesopleural furrow softly
rugulose reaching to the posterior end. Epicnemial carina curved
to meet anterior margin of mesopleuron at lower quarter of pro-
notum. Metapleuron softly rugulose. Fore wing with CI=0.70.8;
ICI=0.80.9; SDI=1.31.4; 1m-cu straight; ramulus present;
marginal cell apically with a glabrous area next to pterostigma and
Rs+2r; sub-basal cell glabrous with isolated setae in the apical half.
Hind wing with 78 hamuli on R1 distally; NI=1.0; cu-a slightly
curved. Propodeum (Fig. 78) with softly carinate texture, except:
areas basalis and externa punctate, imbricate with punctures
separated by 23x a puncture width; anterior transverse carina
present, faint laterally; posterior transverse carina weak centrally
and absent between lateromedian longitudinal carinae; lateral
longitudinal carinae present before anterior transverse carina,
faint between transverse carinae, well develop behind posterior
transverse carina; lateromedian longitudinal carinae present after
anterior transverse carina; areas superomedia and petiolaris more
less confuent, posterior transverse carinae rarely faintly indicated;
behind posterior transverse carina with traces of an additional
one between them; pleural carina present.
Metasoma.- First tergite 4.54.6x as long as apical width.
Tergite II with spiracle located at 0.5x of tergite.
Color.- Fulvous to light straw yellow except following: face,
frons laterally, between ocelli, vertex and gena. Wings grayish
hyaline; veins brownish and pterostigma fulvous.
: Unknown.
Comments.- Tis species overlaps in distribution with A.
ofeliae new species and both even seem to have the same seaso-
nality, although sample sizes are quite small so this may refect
collecting bias. Both even seem have the same general appearance
but they are easily diferentiable by having the face longer than
wide in A. sofae new species and face 1.1x as wide as long in A.
ofeliae new species.
Etymology. Named in honor of Sofa Carranza.
Holotype: PERU: MO [Moquegua], General Sn-
chez Cerro, La Capilla, 71
o
2056W/ 16
o
4537S, 2739 m.
16.iv.2011. C. Carranza (MUSM).
Paratypes: 3 : labeled as follows: PERU: 2, same data
as holotype (MUSM) and 1 Arequipa [,] Peru Dr Esemel
[handwritten] / Press. By Imp. Bur. Ent. Brit. Mus. 1921472/
179 u [handwritten] / Ophion sp n [handwritten] (BMNH).
18. Alophophion trauco new species
(Figs. 9, 27, 36, 56, 69, 91)
Diagnosis. Alophophion trauco new species has propodeum
with carinae lamellate as A. chiquiyane new species; but can be
distinguished of them by having metapleuron and mesopleural
furrow scrobiculate-rugulose.
24
Alvarado
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 003 - 060 (Mayo 2014)
Description.- : Head. Face (Fig. 27) 0.91.0 x as wide
as long; centrally smooth and softly imbricate laterally with
shallow punctures separated by 12x a puncture width; median
portion weakly convex. Clypeus convex; smooth basally and
imbricate apically with shallow punctures separated by 34x a
puncture width; apical edge slightly straight, laterally slightly
convex. Compound eyes 0.70.9x as wide as face. Malar space
0.10.2x (Fig. 9) as long as basal width of mandible. Gena, in
lateral view (Fig. 36), 0.40.6x as wide as compound eyes, softly
imbricate with shallow punctures separated by 24x a puncture
width. Frons imbricate, slightly striate between antennae and
median ocellus. Vertex with texture as gena. Lateral ocellus
separated from compound eye by 0.10.3x ocellar diameter;
distance between ocelli 0.70.9x ocellar diameter. Antenna with
5356 fagellomeres. Ratio of length/width from frst to seventh
fagellomeres: 3.64.3:2.12.3:1.92.0:1.9:1.9:1.8:1.7. Ratio of
length/width of pre-apical fagellomeres: 1.31.6x.
Mesosoma.- Pronotum imbricate with shallow punctures
separated by 0.51.5x a puncture width; collar striate. Mesos-
cutum smooth centrally and imbricate laterally with shallow
punctures separated by 1x a puncture width. Notaulus extending
0.20.3x length of mesoscutum, basally with a carina along
notaulus. Mesoscutellum evenly convex, smooth with punctu-
res separated by 2x a puncture width; lateral carina reaching
0.1x to posterior margin of mesoscutellum. Mesopleuron (Fig.
69) smooth on upper half and imbricate on lower half with
soft punctures separated by 3x a puncture width; speculum
smooth with soft punctures separated by 23x a puncture wi-
dth; mesopleural furrow scrobiculate- rugulose, reaching only
next to epicnemial carina or reaching to the posterior end of
mesopleuron. Upper part of epicnemial carina, at mesopleuron,
indistinguishable from mesopleural furrow; epicnemial carina
curved to meet anterior margin of mesopleuron at lower third
of pronotum. Metapleuron scrobiculate- rugulose to softly
scrobiculate. Fore wing (Fig. 56) with CI=0.30.6; ICI=0.70.9;
SDI=1.21.5; 1m-cu straight; ramulus present; Rs+M slightly
curved; marginal cell with a glabrous area next to 0.3 proximal
of Rs+2r vein; sub-basal cell glabrous with isolate setae apically.
Hind wing with 67 hamuli on R1 distally; NI=0.81.2; cu-a
slightly curved. Propodeum (Fig. 91) smooth with shallow
punctures, except: areas spiracularis and lateralis with softly
carinate-rugulose texture; with carinae lamellate; anterior trans-
verse carina present, faint laterally; posterior transverse carina
present between pleural carinae; lateromedian longitudinal
carinae present before anterior transverse carina and between
transverse carinae, behind posterior transverse carina confuent
or close together, so area petiolaris thin; pleural carina present.
Metasoma. First tergite 4.24.7x as long as apical width.
Tergite II with spiracle located at 0.50.6x length of tergite.
Color. Rufo-testaceous except following: face laterally, frons
laterally, between ocelli, vertex and gena yellowish. Wings grayish
hyaline; veins brownish and pterostigma fulvous.
: Similar to female but all males have a single lateromedian
longitudinal carina behind the posterior transverse carina wi-
thout traces next to it.
Comments. Tere is some variation in the lateromedian
longitudinal carinae behind the posterior transverse carina, in
some specimens the carinae are close together forming a thin
area petiolaris (Fig. 82) or confuent with or without traces of
lateromedian longitudinal carinae next to it (Fig. 81); while one
specimen has these carinae wavy. Specimens with metapleuron
softly rugulose have smooth texture with punctures. Te speci-
men from Paso de Pino Hachado is distinctly smaller than the
remainder of the series and with a forewing CI=0.4, hind wing
NI=0.7, and spiracle of tergite II near the middle, otherwise
it agrees with the species. Tis size diference likely represents
development in a slightly smaller or malnourished host.
Tis species was collected at an elevation of 1080 m and
1600 m in the Chilean regions Araucania, Biobo and Maule.
Its distribution overlaps with A. chiquiyane new species.
Etymology.- Te species epithet "trauco" refers to the name
of a mythical entity that inhabits the woods ofChilo, an island
in the south ofChile. It is treated as a noun in apposition.
Holotype: Curacautn, Malleco II.'64 [ii.1964] R. [Ro]
Blanco Chile Luis E. Pea (AEIC)
Paratypes: 15, 7 labeled as follows: CHILE: 7,
8 Curacautn, Malleco II.'64 [ii.1964] R. [Ro] Blanco Chile
Luis E. Pea; 1 Fundo El Coigo Cord [Cordillera] Curico
Chile XII.20-31.59 [20-31.xii.1959] Luis Pena [Pea]; 1 Las
Trancas Chilln, Chile I.19-22.79 [19-22.i.1979] 1600m. L.
Pea; 1 Las Trancas Chilln, Chile April 1972 [iv.1979] Luis
Pea;1 Las Trancas, Chile II.6-11.66 [06-11.ii.1966] Chilln
Luis Pea; 1 Las Trancas, Chile XII.1-15.75 [01-15.xii.1975]
Chilln Luis Pea; 1 Las Trancas, uble, Chile, December
1976 [xii.1976] Luis Pea; 1 Las Nieves XI.15.47 [12.xi.1947]
Chile L. Pena Guzman; 1 El Pangue, Coquimbo, Chile XI.3-
5 1961 [03-05.xi.1961] Luis Pea; 2 [Libertador General
Bernardo O'Higgins, Cachapoal] Las Nieves XI.12.47 Chile L.
Pena Guzman [Pea Guzmn]; 1 [Libertador General Ber-
nardo O'Higgins, Cachapoal] Las Nieves XI.16.47 [16.xi.1947]
Chile L. Pena Guzman [Pea Guzmn] and 1 Pino Hachado
[Paso de Pino Hachado] Lonquimay, Mal. [Malleco] II.18.80 [18.
ii.1980] Chile 1600m. L. Pea (AEIC); and 4, 1 CHILE:
VIII Regin [Biobo] Los Lleuques 14km w. Termas de Chilln
1080m 3654'S [/] 7132'W 23-24.XI.1994 SLHeydon [S.L.
Heydon] & EArias [E. Arias] (UCDC).
19. Alophophion viride new species
(Figs. 30, 48, 74, 93)
Diagnosis.- Alophophion viride resembles A. teushen new spe-
cies in the general appearance and olive green coloration but A.
viride can be distinguish by the rugulose texture of propodeum
and lateromedian longitudinal carinae absent between transverse
carinae which are well defned in A. teushen; additionally A.
teushen has a predominantly smooth texture on the propodeum.
Description.- : Head. Face (Fig. 30) 0.91.0x as wide as
long; smooth with punctures separated by 0.51x a puncture wi-
dth; median portion weakly convex. Clypeus convex; upper half
smooth and lower softly imbricate with isolated punctures; apical
edge softly convex. Compound eyes 0.8x as wide as face. Malar
space 0.1x as long as basal width of mandible. Gena, in lateral
view (Fig. 48), 0.50.6x as wide as compound eyes; smooth with
punctures separated by 57x a puncture width. Frons smooth,
softly striate between antennae and median ocellus. Lateral oce-
25

Revision of the South American wasp genus ALOPHOPHION
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 003 - 060 (May 2014)
llus separated from compound eye by 0.20.3x ocellar diameter;
distance between ocelli 0.71.0x ocellar diameter. Antenna with
46 fagellomeres. Ratio of length/width from frst to seventh
fagellomeres: 3.83.7:2.5:2.4:2.32.2:2.22.1:2.22.0:2.11.9.
Ratio of length/width of pre-apical fagellomeres: 1.2x.
Mesosoma.- Pronotum on upper half softly imbricate with
punctures separated by 1.01.5x a puncture width; lower half
and collar striate. Mesoscutum smooth laterally and imbricate
centrally with shallow punctures separated by 23x a puncture
width. Notaulus extending 0.2x length of mesoscutum, fnely
scrobiculate. Mesoscutellum evenly convex; lateral carina rea-
ching 0.1x to posterior margin of mesoscutellum; smooth with
punctures separated by 23x a puncture width. Mesopleuron
(Fig. 74) softly imbricate with punctures separated by 12x a
puncture width; lower edge of speculum fnally scrobiculate;
speculum smooth with shallow punctures separated by 46x
a puncture width; mesopleural furrow rugulose, short. Epic-
nemial carina curved to meet anterior margin of mesopleuron
at lower quarter of pronotum; forming an angulation between
mesopleuron and mesosternum. Metapleuron imbricate with
punctures separated by 0.51.0x a puncture width. Fore wing
with CI=0.7; ICI=0.70.8; SDI=1.4; 1m-cu straight; ramulus
present; Rs+M slightly curved; marginal cell cover by setae; sub-
basal cell glabrous rarely with a setae on apical quarter. Hind
wing with 7 hamuli on R1 distally; NI=0.60.8x; cu-a slightly
curved. Propodeum (Fig. 93) rugulose except imbricate with
punctures separated by 1.0x a puncture width on anterior area;
anterior transverse carina present between lateral longitudinal
carinae, faint; posterior transverse carina present, faint; lateral
longitudinal carina absent; lateromedian longitudinal carinae
present behind posterior transverse carina, faint; pleural carina
present.
Metasoma.- First tergite 4.04.2x as long as apical width.
Tergite II with spiracle located at 0.5x length of tergite.
Color.- Olive green to light straw yellow except following:
antennae, palpi, mandibles, two lateral and one central vittae
on mesoscutum, scuto-scutellar groove, basal half of mesoscute-
llum, upper half of speculum, mesosternum, legs (except coxae
dorsally) and tergites rufo-testaceous.
: unknown
Comments.- Te specimens have metasoma brownish instead
of olive green, this variation in the color was obtained probably
because the killing method.
Comments.- Te paratype has the face thinner and latero-
median longitudinal carinae present but faint. Alophohion viride
new species overlaps its distribution with A. teushen new species.
Etymology.- Te specifc epithet viride, meaning green, in
reference to the body coloration.
Holotype: , CHILE [ARGENTINA]: Chubut. 18.vi.1962.
A. Kovacs. B.M. 1964-193. (BMNH).
Paratypes: , Villa Regina Argentina Rio Negro X.7.61
[07.X.1961] Luis Pea (AEIC).
Species-group B
Diagnosis.- Face at most 1x as long as wide; compound eyes
at most 0.5x wide as face; head, in lateral view, gena at least 0.7x
as wide as compound eyes. Mandibles with a diagonal groove
extending from upper corner to middle of mandible, bearing
long setae. Notaulus reaching 0.30.8x of length of mesoscu-
tum. Forewing with discosubmarginal cell cover by setae next
to Rs+M. Color orange, brownish, some species brownish with
cream spots.
Included species.- Six species are included in this group,
three of which are new: A. caleuche new species, A. capayan new
species, A. flicornis (Morley, 1912), A. favorufus (Brull, 1846),
A. politus (Morley, 1912), and A. yagane new species.
Comments.- Tis species group is distributed in Argentina,
the south of Brazil, and Chile, possibly also Uruguay and Para-
guay but collections are lacking from that countries.
Key to species of species-group B
(1) Pre-apical fagellomeres wider than long; ramulus absent
.......................................... Alophophion flicornis (Morley, 1912)
Pre-apical fagellomeres longer than wide; ramulus present .......... 2
(2) Propodeum with posterior transverse carina when present faintly indicated;
no trace of longitudinal carinae (Fig. 113)
.......................................... Alophophion favorufus (Brull, 1846)
Propodeum with transverse carinae well developed; longitudinal carinae
delimiting dentipara area (Figs. 114117) ...................................... 3
(3) Lateral ocelli separated from compound eyes by 0.1x maximum ocellar
diameter (Fig. 106); female with area petiolaris and posteroexterna confuent,
without traces of longitudinal carinae (Fig. 115)
................................................. Alophophion capayan new species
Lateral ocelli separated from compound eyes by at least 0.2x maximum ocellar
diameter (like Fig. 107); female with area petiolaris and posteroexterna separated
by traces of longitudinal carinae ..................................................... 4
(4) Mesopleural furrow reaching to posterior lower edge of mesopleuron (Fig.
110); marginal cell homogeneously cover by setae; mesosoma entirely burnt
orange; marginal cell of fore wing basally cover by setae
................................................... Alophophion yagane new species
Mesopleural furrow reaching at most to middle of mesopleuron (Fig. 111);
marginal cell of fore wing basally glabrous; mesosoma fulvous or brownish with
yellowish spots ............................................................................... 5
(5) Hind wing length of Cu1 between M and cu-a 0.60.7x length of cu-a;
metapleuron Testaceous ......... Alophophion politus (Morley, 1912)
Hind wing length of Cu1 between M and cu-a 0.91.0x length of cu-a;
metapleuron with basal half brownish and apical half cream colored
................................................. Alophophion caleuche new species
20. Alophophion caleuche new species
(Figs. 96, 105, 117)
Diagnosis. Within this species-group, A. caleuche new species
is the only one with coloration brownish red with cream color
spots, and the lateromedian longitudinal carinae after posterior
transverse carinae well defned, not converging.
Description.- : Head. Face (Fig. 96) 1.3x as wide as long;
softly imbricate with punctures separated by 0.51x a puncture
width; median portion weakly convex. Clypeus imbricate with
punctures separated by 12x a puncture width; upper half convex
and lower half fat; apical edge straight centrally, slightly convex
laterally. Outer mandibular surface smooth between punctures
bearing long setae in the basal 2/3 and smooth between punctures
in the apical 1/3. Compound eyes 0.5x as wide as face. Malar space
0.2x as long as basal width of mandible. Gena, in lateral view
(Fig. 105), 0.9x as wide as compound eyes, smooth with shallow
punctures separated by 46x a puncture width. Frons carinate
26
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Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 003 - 060 (Mayo 2014)
Figures 94 111.
Details of face.
(94) A. flicornis, holotype
(95) A. favorufus
(96) A. caleuche new species
(97) A. capayan new species
(98) A. yagane new species
(99) A. politus.
Details of head in lateral view.
(100) A. flicornis, holotype
(101) A. favorufus
(102) A. politus, holotype
(103) A. capayan new species.
Details of face in lateral view.
(104) A. yagane new species
(105) A. caleuche new species.
Details of head in dorsal view.
(106) A. capayan new species
(107) A. favorufus.
Details of mesosoma in lateral view.
(108) A. favorufus
(109) A. capayan new species
(110) A. yagane new species
(111) A. politus.
27

Revision of the South American wasp genus ALOPHOPHION
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 003 - 060 (May 2014)
between antennae and median ocellus. Vertex smooth with shallow
punctures separated by 34x a puncture width. Lateral ocellus
separated from compound eye by 0.30.4x ocellar diameter;
distance between ocelli 0.70.8x ocellar diameter. Antenna with
4549 fagellomeres. Ratio of length/width from frst to seventh
fagellomeres: 5.05.2:2.3:2.1:2.01.9:2.01.9:1.91.8:1.8:1.7.
Ratio of length/width of pre-apical fagellomeres: 1.21.4x.
Mesosoma.- Pronotum in upper posterior half smooth with
punctures separated by 0.51x a puncture width; lower lateral
half and collar dorsally striate-punctate. Mesoscutum smooth
with punctures separated by 0.51x a puncture width. Notau-
lus extending 0.3x length of mesoscutum, scrobiculate basally.
Mesoscutellum evenly convex, smooth with punctures separa-
ted by 12x a puncture width; lateral carina reaching 0.2x to
posterior margin of mesoscutellum. Mesopleuron on upper half
smooth and lower half imbricate; coarsely punctate, punctures
separated by 0.51x a puncture width; lower edge of speculum
scrobiculate; mesopleural furrow basally scrobiculate-rugose
reaching usually to the middle of mesopleuron. Epicnemial
Figures 112 126.
Details of propodeum.
(112) A. flicornis, holotype
(113) A. favorufus, holotype
(114) A. politus, holotype
(115) A. capayan new species
(116) A. yagane new species
(117) A. caleuche new species.
Details of face.
(118) A. chilensis
(119) A. larseni
(120) A. porculatus
(121) A. capacyupanquii new species
(122) A. incarocai new species
(123) A. yahuarhuacaci new species
(124) A. waca new species
(125) A. ofeliae new species
(126) A. lloqueyupanquii new species.
28
Alvarado
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 003 - 060 (Mayo 2014)
bearing isolate long setae in the basal 1/2. Compound eyes
0.5x as wide as face. Malar space 0.2x as long as basal width
of mandible (Fig. 4). Gena, in lateral view (Fig. 103), 0.7x
as wide as compound eyes; smooth with shallow punctures
separated by less than 68x a puncture width. Frons imbricate
laterally; striate between antennae and median ocellus. Vertex
with texture as that of gena. Lateral ocellus (Fig. 106) separated
from compound eye by 0.1x ocellar diameter; distance between
ocelli 0.6x ocellar diameter. Antenna with 5359 fagellome-
res. Ratio of length/width from frst to seventh fagellomeres:
4.54.9:2.6:2.2:2.12.0:2.0:1.9:1.9. Ratio of length/width of
pre-apical fagellomeres: 1.51.6x.
Mesosoma.- Pronotum in upper posterior half imbricate
with punctures separated between them by less than the
puncture diameter; lower lateral half and dorsal to collar
striate-carinate. Mesoscutum smooth with punctures separated
between them by less than the puncture diameter. Notaulus
extending 0.4x length of mesoscutum; scrobiculate. Mesoscute-
llum evenly convex, with texture as that of mesoscutum; lateral
carina reaching 0.6x to posterior margin of mesoscutellum.
Mesopleuron (Fig. 109) with speculum and subalar prominence
smooth with punctures separated by 12x a puncture width,
area between subalar prominence and mesopleural furrow ru-
gulose, and lower edge of speculum scrobiculate; mesopleural
furrow basally scrobiculate them becoming rugulose reaching
to posterior lower mesopleuron. Epicnemial carina curved to
meet anterior margin of mesopleuron at lower quarter of the
pronotum. Metapleuron rugulose. Fore wing with CI=0.50.6;
ICI=0.50.7; SDI=1.4; 1m-cu straight; ramulus present; Rs+M
curved; marginal cell apically cover by setae; sub-basal cell
usually without setae, at most with one or two isolate setae.
Hind wing with 7 hamuli on R1 distally, rarely with 8 hamuli;
NI=0.9; cu-a curved. Propodeum with anterior and posterior
transverse carina present; longitudinal carinae present between
transverse carinae; area petiolaris confuent with area poste-
roexterna (lateromedian longitudinal carinae faint if present),
occupying more than half of propodeum (Fig. 115); with
coarsely wavy carinate texture, except punctate before anterior
transverse carinae; pleural carinae present.
Metasoma.- First tergite 4.44.6x as long as apical width.
Tergite II with spiracle located at 0.5x of tergite.
Color.- Rufo-testaceous except following: surrounding area of
compound eyes, vertex, gena, pronotum, lateral margin of mesos-
cutum, notauli, tegula lower 1/3 and apical 1/3, axila, mesoscu-
tellum, postscutellum centrally, subalar prominence, speculum,
a diagonal stripe in mesopleuron, metapleuron, sternite I and II,
sternite III to VI centrally yellowish and tarsomeres yellowish.
: Similar to female except following: softer texture in
propodeum, behind posterior transverse carinae with several
longitudinal carinae and mesopleuron between mesopleural fu-
rrow and subalar prominence (under scrobiculate area) punctate,
smooth between punctures, punctures separated between them
by less than the puncture diameter.
Comments.- Distributed on the Tucumn and Salta pro-
vinces in Argentina.
Etymology.- Te species epithet "capayan" refers to theCa-
payanes, an indigenous people nowadays extinct that lived in
Argentine territory. It is treated as a noun in apposition.
carina curved to meet anterior margin of mesopleuron at lower
quarter of the pronotum. Metapleuron rugulose-punctate. Fore
wing with CI=0.6; ICI=0.60.7; SDI=1.51.6; 1m-cu straight;
ramulus present; Rs+M curved; marginal cell apically glabrous;
sub-basal cell with isolated setae apically. Hind wing with 7 ha-
muli on R1 distally; NI=0.91.0; cu-a curved. Propodeum (Fig.
117) with anterior transverse carina present and well defned,
reaching to lateral longitudinal carina; posterior transverse carina
present, reaching to pleural carina; longitudinal carinae present,
except before anterior transverse carina; lateromedian longitu-
dinal carinae after posterior transverse carina convergent, fused
to form a single median longitudinal carina; rugulose texture,
except punctate before anterior transverse carina.
Metasoma.- First tergite 4.9x as long as apical width. Tergite
II with spiracle located at 0.5x of tergite.
Color.- Brownish red except following: around to compound
eyes, between ocelli, vertex, anterior half of upper half of pro-
notum, collar, lateral margins of mesoscutum, a central stripe, a
longitudinal stripe from notaulus to 3/4 of mesoscutum, mesos-
cutellum, tegula, subalar prominence, speculum, spot between
subalar prominence and mesopleural furrow, a spot in posterior
lower mesopleuron, metapleuron apical half, propodeum apical
half and tergite basal half. Wings grayish hyaline; veins brownish
and pterostigma brownish, basally yellowish.
: Similar to female except by the yellowish spots more
expanded than in females.
Comments.- Tis species is distributed in the Chilean regions
of Atacama and Coquimbo.
Etymology.- Te species epithet "caleuche" refers to the name
of the mythical ghost ship of the Chilote mythology. It is treated
as a noun in apposition.
Holotype: Vista Alegre prov. [province] Huasco CHILE
6.XI.1991 [06.xi.1991 leg. J.E. Barriga/Collection J.E. Barriga
CHILE 26192 [other specimen 26193] (MNNC).
Paratypes: 2, 1: labeled as follows: ARGENTINA: 1,
Chubut Patagonia / From WFH Rosemberg/ [identifcation
label: Ophion chilensis Spinola det C.W. Hooker 3.18.1909]
(USNM). CHILE: 1 Canela Baja, Coquimbo, Chile X.23
1961 [23.x.1961] Luis Pea (AEIC); 1 El Calabazo Had.
[Hacienda] Illapel Coquimbo Prov. [Provincia] XI.29.59 [22.
xii.1957] Chile L Pena Guzman [L. Pea Guzmn]; and 1
same data as holotype (UCDC).
21. Alophophion capayan new species
(Figs. 4, 97, 103, 106, 109, 115)
Diagnosis.- Alophophion capayan new species is unique, wi-
thin this species-group, in having the posterior ocelli separated
from the compound eyes by 0.1x its maximum diameter and
the distance between ocelli 0.6x ocellar diameter.
Description.- : Head. Face (Fig. 97) 1.2x as wide as
long; softly imbricate with punctures separated by less than
0.5x a puncture width; median portion weakly convex. Cly-
peus imbricate with punctures separated by less than 0.51x
a puncture width; slightly convex; apical straight centrally,
slightly convex laterally. Outer mandibular surface smooth
29

Revision of the South American wasp genus ALOPHOPHION
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 003 - 060 (May 2014)
Holotype: San Pedro de Colalao Tucumn, Argent.
[Argentina] IX.1-11.68 [01-11.xi.1968] Lional Stange (AEIC).
Paratypes: 6, 6: labeled as follows: ARGENTINA:
1, 1 San Pedro de Colalao Tucumn, Argent. [Argentina]
IX.1-11.68 [01-11.xi.1968] Lional Stange, 5, 2 Ta-
camas, Tucumn IX.11-X.5.68 [11.ix-05.x1968] Argent. [Ar-
gentina] Lionel Stange, 2 Tacamas, Tucumn X.5-30.68
[05-30.x.1968] Argent. [Argentina] Lionel Stange, and 1 R.
A. [Argentina] SALTA Cafayate 26.VII.944 [26.vii.1944] Col.
R. Golbach (AEIC).
22. Alophophion flicornis (Morley, 1912)
(Figs. 94, 100, 112)
Ophion flicornis Morley, 1912: 57. Holotype BMNH
[Morleys use of type is herein regarded as an original holotype
designation (ICZN 1999: Art. 73.1.1)] [description, key].
Alophophion flicornis (Morley): Townes & Townes, 1966:
171 [generic transfer]; Yu & Horstmann, 1997: 730 [listed].
Diagnosis.- Tis species is easily diferentiable of the rest
member of this species-group due lack of ramulus and apical
fagellomeres wider than long, this last feature is only found in
this species within the genus.
Description.- : Head. Face (Fig. 94) 1.2x as wide as long;
median portion weakly convex; smooth centrally and imbricate
laterally with punctures separated by 1x a puncture width. Cly-
peus upper half of clypeus convex, smooth with punctures sepa-
rated by 1x a puncture width; lower half with imbricate; apical
edge straight centrally, slightly convex laterally. Compound eyes
0.5x as wide as face. Outer mandibular surface smooth between
punctures bearing long setae in the basal 2/3 and smooth bet-
ween punctures in the apical 1/3. Malar space 0.3x as long as
basal width of mandible. Gena, in lateral view (Fig. 100), 0.7x
as wide as compound eyes, with fne punctate texture. Frons
carinate between antennae and median ocellus. Vertex with
texture as gena. Lateral ocelli separated from compound eye
by 0.3x ocellar diameter; distance between ocelli 1.0x ocellar
diameter. Antenna with 43 fagellomeres. Ratio of length/width
from frst to seventh fagellomeres: 3.8:1.9:1.6:1.4:1.4:1.4:1.3.
Ratio of length/width of pre-apical fagellomeres: 0.8x.
Mesosoma.- Pronotum in upper posterior half with punctures
separated between them by less than the puncture diameter, smooth
between punctures; lower half and dorsal to collar striate-punctate.
Mesoscutum smooth between punctures, punctures separated bet-
ween them by less than the puncture diameter. Notaulus extending
0.7x length of mesoscutum, scrobiculate. Mesoscutellum evenly
convex, with texture as that of mesoscutum; lateral carina reaching
to posterior margin of mesoscutellum. Mesopleuron with punctu-
res separated between them by less than the puncture diameter,
smooth between punctures; lower edge of speculum scrobiculate;
mesopleural furrow basally scrobiculate them becoming areolate-
rugose, reaching to posterior lower mesopleuron; lower edge of
speculum to subalar prominence, on area next to epicnemial carinae
scrobiculate. Epicnemial carina curved to meet anterior margin of
mesopleuron at lower quarter of the pronotum. Metapleuron with
rugulose texture. Fore wing with CI=0.5; ICI=0.5; SDI=1.4; 1m-cu
centrally curved and with ramulus absent; fenestra in a bead shape;
sub-basal cell without setae; marginal cell marginal cell apically
cover by setae. Hind wing with 7 hamuli on R1 distally; NI=0.7;
cu-a curved. Propodeum (Fig. 112) with anterior and posterior
transverse carina present, between them longitudinal carinae present
but faintly indicated; with rugulose texture, except punctate before
anterior transverse carinae; pleural carinae present.
Metasoma.- First tergite 3.8x as long as apical width. Tergite
II with spiracle located at 0.5 of tergite
Color.- Rufo-testaceous except following: laterally to com-
pound eyes, between ocelli, mesoscutellum and subalar promi-
nence yellowish. Wings grayish hyaline; veins and pterostigma
brownish black.
: unknown
Type material examined. Holotype: labeled as follows:
Type [handwritten:] MS/B.M. TYPE HYM. [handwritten:]
3.b.1304/ Name by Claude Morley [handwritten:] O. flicornis
Morl. Slm Type ii.1911/ Argentina. O.W. Tomas 1904-
148 (BMNH).
23. Alophophion favorufus (Brull, 1846)
(Figs. 5, 95, 101, 107, 108, 113)
Ophion favo-rufus Brull, 1846: 144. [description]
Ophion favorufus Dalla Torre, 1902: 191 [listed]; Hooker,
1912: 164 [translation of original description].
Neophion favorufus (Brull): Morley, 1912: 31 [generic
transfer].
Alophophion favorufus (Brull): Townes & Townes, 1966:171.
Lectotype MNHN [generic transfer, lectotype designation];
Yu & Horstmann, 1997: 730 [listed].
Diagnosis.- Tis species can be recognized by this combi-
nation of the features: propodeum with anterior and posterior
transverse carinae defned with carinate-rugose texture between
them, ramulus present and apical fagellomeres longer than wide.
Description.- : Head. Face (Fig. 95) 1.21.3x as wide as
long; softly imbricate with punctures separated by less than 1x a
puncture width; median portion weakly convex. Clypeus softly
imbricate with punctures separated by less than 1x a puncture
width; slightly convex; apical edge straight centrally, slightly
convex laterally. Outer mandibular surface smooth between
punctures bearing long setae in the basal 1/2 and small setae
in apical 1/2. Compound eyes 0.30.5x as wide as face. Malar
space 0.3x as long as basal width of mandible. Gena, in lateral
view (Fig. 101), 0.70.8x as wide as compound eyes; smooth
with shallow punctures separated by 34x as a puncture width.
Frons carinate between antennae and median ocellus. Vertex
with texture as gena. Lateral ocelli (Fig. 107) separated from
compound eye by 0.2x ocellar diameter; distance between ocelli
0.70.8x ocellar diameter. Antenna with 4454 fagellomeres.
Ratio of length/width from first to seventh flagellomeres:
4.14.2:2.12.8:1.82.1:1.62.1:1.62.1:1.52.1:1.6. Ratio
of length/width of pre-apical fagellomeres: 1.21.3x.
Mesosoma.- Pronotum with punctures separated by 12x
as a puncture width; in upper posterior half smooth or softly
imbricate between punctures; lower half imbricate-punctate;
30
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Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 003 - 060 (Mayo 2014)
to collar striate-punctate. Mesoscutum smooth with punctures
separated by 0.51x a puncture width; notauli extending 0.7x
length of mesoscutum, scrobiculate basally and apically rugulose.
Mesoscutellum evenly convex; lateral carina reaching ca. 0.2x
to posterior margin of mesoscutellum; smooth with punctures
separated by 34x as a puncture width. Mesopleuron (Fig.
108) smooth with punctures separated by 1x as a puncture
width; lower edge of speculum and subalar striate-punctate;
mesopleural furrow basally (including area between speculum
anteriorly to subalar prominence, on area next to epicnemial
carinae) scrobiculate them becoming striate-punctate, reaching
to posterior lower mesopleuron. Epicnemial carina not reaching
anterior margin of mesopleuron. Metapleuron with rugulose
texture. Fore wing with CI=0.50.7; ICI=0.6; SDI=1.41.6;
1m-cu straight; ramulus present; Rs+M curved; marginal cell
apically cover by setae; sub-basal cell without setae, rarely with
one. Hind wing with 7 hamuli on R1 distally; NI=0.60.8; cu-a
curved. Propodeum (Fig. 113) wavy-rugulose; anterior transverse
carina present and well defned, not reaching to pleural carinae;
posterior transverse carina present, longitudinal carinae bot
discernible; pleural carinae present.
Metasoma.- First tergite 4.85.0x as long as apical width.
Tergite II with spiracle located at 0.5x of tergite.
Color.- Rufo- testaceous except following: around to com-
pound eyes, something between ocelli, collar, mesoscutum
basally between notauli and lateral edges, sometimes notauli,
tegula, mesoscutellum, subalar prominence and posterior lower
mesopleuron yellowish. Wings grayish hyaline; veins dorsally
brownish black, veins ventrally and pterostigma yellowish
brown.
: Similar to female except by gena, in lateral view, 0.6x as
wide as compound eyes. Hind wing with 7 hamuli on R distally
but in a small male 6.
Comments.- Tis species is distributed in the east of the
Andes, in Argentina and southern Brazil, from 250 to 1000m.
Brull (1846) described the species from material collected
in Brazil, but no type was designated. Townes & Townes (1966)
designated a lectotype from Argentina. Te specimens studied
of A. favorufus were distributed in the Argentinean provinces
Catamarca, Buenos Aires, Mendoza, and San Juan; in Brazil it
was only recorded from Rio Grande do Sul.
Type material examined.- Lectotype: labeled as follows:
Musum Paris EY6718/ delemb. Deluruguay jusqu'au mis-
sions/Ophion favorufus"(MNHN).
Non type examined material: 2 29 1?: labeled as
follows: ARGENTINA: 2, 28 , 1?: 1 3 16-18
Km. N. La Merced IX.26-27.68 [26-27.ix.1968] 1000m Cat.
[Catamarca] Argentina Luis Pea, 4 Alapachiri, Tuc.
[Tucumn] X.1.68 [01.x.1968] Argent. [Argentina] Luis Pea,
1 R. A. [Argentina] MENDOZA III.946 [, iii.1946] Col.
Mansoner/Inst. M. Lillo [Instituto Miguel Lillo], 3 San
Luis Argentina Mendoza iv.4.62 [04.iv.1962] Luis Pea, 2
San Pedro de Colalao Tucumn, Argent. [Argentina] XI.8-
XII.8.67 [08.xi-08.xii.1967] Lional Stange, 1 N. Aconquija,
Cat. [Catamarca] X.1-2.68 [01-02.X.1968] Argent. [Argentina]
Luis Pea, 1 Amaicha del Valle XII-30-65 [30.xii.1965]
Argent. [Argentina] H. & M. Townes: and 1 Taf del Valle
[Taf del Valle] I-2-66 [02.i.1960] Argent. [Argentina] H. & M.
Townes (AEIC); 5 Tandil 250m. Bs. Aires [Buenos Aires]
Argent. [Argentina] XII.1953 [xii.1953] F.H. Walz 4 AEIC;
1 MNHN); 1 [Argentina] Pergamino Buenos Aires -8-ix-
1979 [08.ix.1979]; 7 [Argentina: San Juan] Villa Mercedes
San Juan x-1979 [x.1979] Col Mansuz (MLP); and, 1 1?
ARG [Argentina]: S. d. Estero [Santiago del Estero] Colonia
Dora 15-26.xi.1979 C. & M. Vardy B.M. 1980-76 (MNHN).
BRAZIL: 1: BRAZIL: R.G.S. [Rio Grande do Sul] Pelotas 16
x 1952 [16.x.1952] C.M. Blezanko B.M. 1953-249 (BMNH).
24. Alophophion politus (Morley, 1912)
(Figs. 99, 102, 111, 114)
Ophion politus Morley, 1912: 57 Holotype BMNH
[Morley use of type is herein regarded as an original holotype
designation (ICZN 1999: Art. 73.1.1)] [description, key].
Alophophion politus Townes & Townes, 1966:171 [generic
transfer]; Yu & Horstmann, 1997: 730 [listed].
Diagnosis.- Tis species can be recognized by this combina-
tion of the features: propodeum with longitudinal carinae well
defned between transverse carinae defned and area dentipara
and superomedia smooth with isolated punctures.
Description.- : Head. Face (Fig. 99) 1.21.4x as wide as
long; smooth to softly imbricate with punctures separated by
less than 1x a puncture width; median portion weakly convex.
Clypeus with punctures separated by less than 1x a puncture
width; upper half convex, smooth texture between punctures;
lower half fat, imbricate texture between punctures; apical edge
straight centrally, slightly convex laterally. Outer mandibular
surface smooth between punctures; bearing long setae in the
basal 2/3 and smooth between punctures in the apical 1/3.
Compound eyes 0.40.5x as wide as face. Malar space 0.2x
as long as basal width of mandible. Gena, in lateral view (Fig.
102), 0.70.8x as wide as compound eyes; smooth with shallow
punctures separated by 34x as a puncture width. Frons imbri-
cate; convex between antennae and median ocellus. Vertex with
texture as gena. Lateral ocellus separated from compound eye
by 0.30.4x ocellar diameter; distance between ocelli 0.7-1.0x
ocellar diameter. Antenna with 47 55 fagellomeres. Ratio of
length/width from frst to seventh fagellomeres: 4.43.9:2.6
2.4:2.22.1:2.22.0:2.21.9:2.11.9:2.01.8. Ratio of length/
width of pre-apical fagellomeres: 1.41.7x.
Mesosoma.- Pronotum with punctures separated by 12x
as a puncture width; in upper posterior half smooth or softly
imbricate between punctures; lower half granulo-punctate; to
collar striate-punctate. Mesoscutum punctate, smooth between
punctures, punctures separated between them less than the
puncture diameter. Notaulus extending 0.4x length of mesos-
cutum, scrobiculate basally. Mesoscutellum evenly convex, with
texture as that of mesoscutum; lateral carina reaching 0.2x to
posterior margin of mesoscutellum. Mesopleuron (Fig. 111) with
punctures separated by 12x as a puncture width; on upper half
smooth between punctures and in lower half imbricate between
punctures; with lower edge of subalar prominence punctate
(smooth between punctures in big specimens and imbricate
texture between punctures in small specimens); lower edge of
speculum scrobiculate; area between speculum and mesopleural
31

Revision of the South American wasp genus ALOPHOPHION
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 003 - 060 (May 2014)
furrow imbricate between punctures. Mesopleural furrow basally
scrobiculate-rugose reaching usually to the middle of mesopleu-
ron, rarely reaching to posterior lower mesopleuron. Epicnemial
carina curved to meet anterior margin of mesopleuron at lower
quarter of the pronotum. Metapleuron punctate with rugulose
texture. Fore wing with CI=0.50.7; ICI=0.60.7; SDI=1.31.5;
1m-cu straight; ramulus present; Rs+M curved; marginal cell
apically glabrous; sub-basal cell with isolated setae apically. Hind
wing with 78 hamuli on R1 distally; NI=0.60.7; cu-a curved.
Propodeum (Fig. 114) with punctate before anterior transverse
carinae, area dentipara and superomedia smooth with isolated
punctures; anterior transverse carina present and well defned, up
curved laterally, reaching to pleural carinae; posterior transverse
carina present, reaching to pleural carina; sometimes with a lon-
gitudinal carina dividing area superomedia; carinae longitudinal
present behind posterior transverse carina but faintly indicated,
wavy carinate; pleural carinae present.
Metasoma.- First tergite 4.24.7x as long as apical width.
Tergite II with spiracle located at 0.5x of tergite.
Color.- Testaceous except following: around to compound
eyes, between ocelli, vertex, pronotum laterally, mesoscutum
basally between notauli and lateral edges, notauli, tegula, mesos-
cutellum, subalar prominence, posterior lower mesopleuron
and metapleuron apically yellowish. Wings grayish hyaline;
veins dorsally brownish black, veins ventrally and pterostigma
yellowish brown.
In small specimens yellowish spot largest, mesopleuron ye-
llowish except lower edge of speculum and subalar prominence
orange; in mesoscutum spots reaching to posterior edge and
apical half of metapleuron.
: Similar to female except some specimens with propodeal
carinae less defned and with yellowish spot in the apical half
of metapleuron and propodeum and a diagonal stripe in me-
sopleuron.
Comments.- Alophophion politus is quite similar to A. carcan-
choi new species. Tey are diferentiated easily by the presence
of a groove bearing longs hair on the mandibles and shorter
mesopleural furrow in A. politus.
Te type locality only mentions Chile. On base of the ma-
terial examined A. politus more precise distribution is found.
It occurs at the center of Chile, regions of Araucana, Biobo,
Coquimbo, Los Ros, Maule, Libertador General Bernardo
O'Higgins Region, Metropolitana de Santiago and Valparaso;
and the Argentinian provinces of Chubut and Rio Negro. Tis
is the frst record of A. politus in Argentina.
Type examined material.- Holotype: labeled as follows:
Type [handwritten:] MS/ B.M. TYPE HYM. 3.b.1301/Named
by Claude Morley [handwritten:] Ophion politus Morl. Slm Type
ii.1911/Chili. E. Sanders. 93-49 (BMNH).
Non type material examined.- 26, 121: labeled as fo-
llows: ARGENTINA: 7, 12: 5 CHILE [Argentina]:
Chubut. 18.vi.1962. A. Kovacs. B.M. 1964-193.; 7, 2
CHILE [Argentina]: R.N. [Ro Negro], El Bolson. 30.xi.1960.
A. Kavocs. B.M.1964-193; and 1 L. Gutierrez 3-14.xi.1926/
Argentina: Terr. Rio Negro. F. & M. Edwards. B. M. 1927-63
(BMNH). 3, Chubut Patagonia / From WFH Rosemberg/
[identifcation label: Ophion chilensis Spinola det C.W. Ho-
oker 3.12-18.1909]; and 1, Chubut,-Gargo Blanco Valle
Patagonia / Collection Rosenberg /[identifcation label: Ophion
bilineatus Say det C.W. Hooker III.2.1909] (USNM). CHILE:
19, 109: 1 Alto Vilches Tal. [Talca] XII.20.77 [20.
xii.1977] Chile Luis Pea; 1, 3 Canela Baja, Coquimbo,
Chile X.23 1961 [23.x.1961] Luis Pea; 2 Concepcin,
Chile Quebrada Pinares II-III. 1967 [ii-iii.1967] T. Cekalovic;
4 [Chile] Cord. [Cordillera] Las Raices [,] Lonquimay, Chile
III.22.79 [22.iii.1979], [L.] Pea; 1 Chevillen-Tregudema
Chile I.25.67 [25.i.1967], [L.] Pea; 1 Curacautn, Malleco
Chile XII.19-21.'50 [19-21.xii.1950] L. Pena [Pea]; 1 Cu-
racautn, Malleco Chile XII.8.50 [08.xii.1950] L. Pena [Pea];
4 Curacautn, Malleco II.'64 [ii.1964] R. [Ro] Blanco
Chile Luis E. Pea; 1 El Coigual, Curico I.21-25.64 [21-
25.i.1964] Chile Luis E. Pea; 1 El Marchan, Chile III.1971
[iii.1971] Chilln Luis Pea; 1, 1 El Radal 1000-1500 Talca
prov. [Provincia] XI.22.57 [22.xi.1957] Chile L Pena Guzman
[L. Pea Guzmn]; 7 Estero La Jaula Los Quenes [Los
Quees] Curico I.4-18.64 [04-18.i.1964] Chile Luis E. Pea;
1 Fundo El Coigo [,] Cord [Cordillera] Curico Chile XII.20-
31.59 Luis Pena [Pea]; 1 Lago Italma Cord. [Cordillera]
Lonquimay I.12-17.62 [12-17.i.1962] Chille Luis Pea; 1
Lago Puyehue, Pr. [Provincia] Osorno CHILE Feb.18, 1957
[18.ii.1957] L.E. Pena [Pea]; 1, 2 Las Trancas, Chile
April 1972 [vi.1972] Chilln Luis Pea; 1 Las Trancas, Chile
II.6-11.66 [06-11.ii.1966] Chilln Luis Pea; 1, 1 Las
Trancas, Chile I-II.71 [i-ii.1971] Chilln Luis Pea; 12 Las
Trancas, Chile XII.1-15.75 Chilln Luis Pea; 1 Las Trancas,
Chilln Chile Jan.1967 [i.1967], [L.] Pea; 1 Pucatrihue
Chile Dec 1967 [xii.1967] 1966 (crossed out) Luis Pea; 1
Pucatrihue, Chile I.23-31.1966 [23-31.i.1966] Luis Pea; 2
Pucatrihue, Chile Sept.1967 [ix.1966] 1966 (crossed out) Luis
Pea; 1, 9 Q. [Quebrada] Teniente, Coquimbo, Chile
Oct. 26, 1961 [26.x.1961] Luis Pena [Pea]; 1 Recinto [,]
uble I.'76 [i.1976] Chile Luis Pena [Pea]; 4 Rio Blanco,
Aconcagua, Chile Dec. 5-8, 1961 [05-08.xii.1961] Luis Pea;
3, 5 S. Pedro deQuile [San Pedro de Quiles] Coquim-
bo, Chile Nov. 16-17 [16-17.xi.1961], 1961 Luis Pena [Pea];
and 1 Vilches Alto Cord. [Cordillera] Talca I.'75 Chile [i.
1975] Luis Pea (AEIC). 2 Cespedes Had. [Hacienda]
Illapel Coquimbo Pr. [Provincia] XI.26.59 [26.xi.1959] Chile
L Pena Guzman [L. Pea Guzmn] (1 MNHN, 1 AEIC).
1, Quebrada El Manzano Prov. [Provincia] Santiago Chile
X.28.51 [28.x.1951] 1200 m Tra Walz (MNHN). 1 Casa
Pangue. 4-10.xii.1926./ S. Chile: Llanquihue prov. F. & M.
Edwards. B.M. 1927-63; 1 CHILE: Maipe [Maipo] Valley
5.xi.1971 BM1973-192 [handwritten:]; 1 CHILE: Trata []
Victoria. 24.iii.1961. A. Kovacs. B.M. 1964-193 (BMNH).
2 CHILE MALLECO Vn. [] Louquimay [Lonquimay]
1400m 22.XII.1994 [22.xii.1994] J.E. Barriga; 1 CHILE:
CURICO Licancel [Licantn], Licnate [Licantn] 22.XII.1993
[22.xii.1993] JEBarriga [J.E. Barriga] & Lperalta [& L. peralta]
black light; 1, 3 CHILE: IX Regin [Araucana] Salto
El Puma ~ 28km SE Pucn 3925'S 7145'W 7.XII.1994 [07.
xii.1994] SLHeydon [S.L. Heydon] & Earias [E. Arias]; 1,
5 CHILE: Prov. [Provincia] Curico 10km w. Licanten
20.XII.1993 JEBarriga [J.E. Barriga] & LPeralta [& L. Peralta]
at light; 18 CHILE: TALCA Alto Vilches 27.XII.1987
[27.xii.1987] J.E. Barriga; 1 CHILE: VII [Maule] Regin
Curic Altos de Vilches 18.XII.1996 [18.xii.1996] E. Arias ligth
trap; 1 CHILE: VIII Regin [Biobo] Hotel de Montaa
32
Alvarado
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 003 - 060 (Mayo 2014)
Los Pirineos Termas de Chilln 3654'S 7129'W 22.XI.1994
[22.xi.1994] 1200m SLHeydon [S.L. Heydon] & Earias [E.
Arias]; and 9 CHILE: VIII Regin Los Lleuques 14km
w. Termas de Chilln 1080m 3654'S 7132'W 23-24.XI.1994
[23-24.xi.1994] SLHeydon [S.L. Heydon] & Earias [E. Arias];
(UCDC). 1 MUSEUM PARIS CHILI GAY 1843 / Ophion
intricatus (USNM).
25. Alophophion yagane new species
(Figs. 98, 104, 110, 116)
Diagnosis.- Te most striking characteristic of this species,
within the species-group, is the mesopleural furrow reaching
to the posterior lower edge of the mesopleuron, and the la-
teromedian longitudinal carinae convergent behind posterior
transverse carina.
Description.- : Head. Face (Fig. 98) 1.21.3x as wide
as long; softly imbricate with punctures separated by 0.51x
a puncture width; median portion weakly convex; median
portion weakly convex. Clypeus slightly convex, imbricate with
punctures separated by 23x a puncture width; apical edge
straight centrally, slightly convex laterally. Outer mandibular
surface smooth bearing long setae in the basal 2/3. Compound
eyes 0.5x as wide as face. Malar space 0.2x as long as basal
width of mandible. Gena, in lateral view (Fig. 104), 0.7x as
wide as compound eyes, smooth with punctures separated
by 4x a puncture width. Frons striate between antennae and
median ocellus. Vertex smooth with punctures separated by 2x
a puncture width. Lateral ocellus separated from compound
eye by 0.20.3x ocellar diameter; distance between ocelli
0.50.6x ocellar diameter. Antenna with 5152 fagellome-
res. Ratio of length/width from frst to seventh fagellomeres:
4.14.2:2.4:2.22.1:2.12.0:1.92.0:1.81.9:1.7:1.8. Ratio of
length/width of pre-apical fagellomeres: 1.61.8x.
Mesosoma.- Pronotum in upper posterior half imbricate
with punctures separated by less than a puncture diameter; lower
half and dorsal to collar striate. Mesoscutum softly imbricate
with punctures separated by less than the puncture diameter.
Notaulus extending 0.3x length of mesoscutum, fnely scrobi-
culate. Mesoscutellum evenly convex, with texture as that of
mesoscutum; lateral carina reaching 0.4x to posterior margin of
mesoscutellum. Mesopleuron (Fig. 110) smooth with punctures
separated by 0.5x puncture diameter; lower edge of speculum
scrobiculate; mesopleural furrow basally softly scrobiculate them
becoming rugulose reaching to posterior lower mesopleuron.
Epicnemial carina curved to meet anterior margin of mesopleu-
ron at lower quarter of the pronotum. Metapleuron with rugulo-
se texture. Fore wing with CI=0.40.5; ICI=0.7; SDI=1.51.6;
1m-cu straight; ramulus present; Rs+M curved; marginal cell
apically cover by setae; sub-basal cell usually without setae, at
most with one or two isolate setae. Hind wing with 7 hamuli
on R1 distally, rarely with 8 hamuli; NI=0.50.6; cu-a curved.
Propodeum (Fig. 116) with coarsely wavy carinate texture,
except punctate before anterior transverse carinae; anterior and
posterior transverse carina present; longitudinal carinae present,
except before anterior transverse carina; lateromedian longitudi-
nal carinae after posterior transverse carinae convergent, fused to
form a single median longitudinal carina, unusually longitudinal
carinae getting close but not converging; pleural carinae present.
Metasoma.- First tergite 5.05.3x as long as apical width.
Tergite II with spiracle located at 0.40.5x of tergite.
Color.- Burnt orange except following: surrounding area of
compound eyes, vertex and gena yellowish orange.
: Similar to female
Comments.- Some specimens have softer texture in the
propodeum and the epicnemial carina is not well defned in
mesopleuron, while other specimens have the median portion
weakly and clypeus smooth between punctures; these variations
are indistinct from the sex. Te apical corner of marginal cell
sometimes with the setae fallen down, but the hollows left by
them allow them to be identify.
Tere is one specimen determinate as Ophion luteus (Lin-
naeus, 1758) examined by Morley (1912), he mentioned that
he could not fnd distinction between this specimen and others
distributed in Jamaica, Monte Video and Soriano in Uruguay.
Tis specimen belongs to Alophophion and was misidentifed.
Tis species is distributed from Biobo in Chile and Neuqun
in Argentina to the south of the continent.
Etymology.- Te species epithet "yagane" refers to the Yaghan
indigenous peoples of the Southern Cone, who are regarded as
the southernmost peoples in the world.
Holotype: CHILE: Chiloe Al Pacifco Road 7.ii.1985
I.D. Gauld (BMNH).
Paratypes: 12, 13, 1?: labeled as follows: ARGEN-
TINA: 3, 3: 1 CHILE [Argentina]: R.N. [Ro Negro],
El Bolson. 20.i.1960. A. Kavocs. B.M.1964-193 and 1
CHILE [Argentina]: R.N. [Ro Negro], Rio Azul. 05.i.1960.
A. Kavocs. B.M.1964-193 (BMNH); 1 Pucar, Lago Lacar,
Neuquen, Argentina February 4, 1968 [04.ii.1968] L & J Stan-
ge; 1 R.A. TUCUMAN Qda [Quebrada] Amaicha El Molle
2900m- XI.932 [XI.1932]1 1? Alapachiri, Tuc. [Tucumn]
X.1.68 [01.x.1968] Argent. [Argentina] Luis Pea and 1 Pto.
[Puerto] Aqua, L. [Lago] Traful, Neuquen, Argentina January
30, 1968 [30.i.1968] L & J Stange (AEIC). CHILE: 9,
10: labeled as follows: 1, 4 Isla Riesco [,] Magallanes
[Magallanes y de la Antrtica Chilena, Magallanes] II-18-61 [18.
ii.1961] Chile T. Cehalovick; 1 Pucatrihue Osomo Chile
II.3-4.67 [03-04.ii.1967], [L.] Pea; 1 3 km. E Las Trancas
uble Chile I.16.67 [16.i.1967] Lionel Stange and 5,
2 Dalcahue CHILE Prov. [Provincia] Chiloe Feb. 1957
[ii.1957] L. E. Pena [Pea] (AEIC); 1, 1 Punta Arenas [,]
Magallanes [Magallanes y de la Antrtica Chilena, Magallanes]
III-09-61 [09.iii.1961] Chile T. Cehalovick (1 BMNH, 1
AEIC); and 1, 1 CHILE: Chiloe Al Pacifco Road 7.ii.1985
I.D. Gauld (BMNH). Unknown location: 1 6349/ Ophion
luteus, Linn [handwritten:]/ Refered to Holiday Trans Linn. Soc.
1836 p. 319 (BMNH).
Species-group C
Diagnosis.- Face at most 1x as long as wide or wider (Figs.
118139); compound eyes at most 0.6x wide as face; head, in
lateral view (Figs. 140161), gena 0.7 to 0.9 x wide as compound
eyes. Mandible with upper surface with small groove (Figs.
67), groove rarely reaches external surface of mandible, if so,
then only in intersection between upper and external surface
and never reaching to center of external surface; groove bears
33

Revision of the South American wasp genus ALOPHOPHION
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 003 - 060 (May 2014)
small setae. Color yellowish, olive green, brownish, some species
brownish with cream spots.
Included species.- Twenty two species were found in this
group A. atahualpai new species, A. capacyupanquii new
species, A. carcanchoi new species, A. chavinaensis new species,
A. chilensis (Spinola, 1851), A. chiquiyane new species, A. co-
quimboensis new species, A. huascari new species, Alophophion
huaynacapaci new species, A. incarocai new species, A. larseni
(Enderlein, 1912), A. lloqueyupanquii new species, A. ofeliae
new species, A. pachacutii new species, A. pincoya new species,
A. porculatus (Morley, 1912), A. teushen new species, A. waca
new species, A. wiracochai new species, A. yahuarhuacaci new
species, A. yestay new species, and A. yupankii new species.
Key to species of species group C
(1) Propodeum with posterior transverse carina absent between lateral longi-
tudinal carinae (Figs. 186188), if present, then only present laterally forming
area coxalis (Fig. 195) ..................................................................... 2
Propodeum with posterior transverse carina present between lateral longi-
tudinal carinae; sometimes weaker centrally (Figs. 185, 189194, 196194,
200204) or only present between lateromedian longitudinal carinae (Figs.
184, 199, 205) ............................................................................... 6
(2) Propodeum with anterior transverse carina absent, only with longitudinal
carinae present apically (Fig. 186)
.................................... Alophophion capacyupanquii new species
Propodeum with anterior transverse carina present, sometimes only centrally
(Figs. 187188) ............................................................................. 3
(3) Fore wing with ramulus present; sub-basal cell with a glabrous section next
to pterostigma and Rs+2r vein (Fig. 210)
................................................ Alophophion huascari new species
Fore wing with ramulus absent (Fig. 207-208) or only represented as an angle
of Rs+M (Fig. 212), sub-basal cell with setae homogeneously covering
..................................................................................................... 4
(4) Body color brownish with cream white spots (Fig. 178)
................................. Alophophion yupankii new species (in part)
Body predominantly brownish without cream spots ................... 5
(5) Hind wing with sub-basal cell with a row of setae parallel to M+Cu; fore
wing with fenestra comma-shaped (Fig. 207)
............................................... Alophophion incarocai new species
Hind wing with sub-basal cell without a row of setae parallel to M+Cu, if it
is present with only two setae; fore wing with fenestra bead shaped (Fig. 208)
...................................... Alophophion yahuarhuacaci new species
(6) Clypeus with ventral-lateral edges angulate giving a square appearance (Fig.
133) ............................................... Alophophion pincoya new species
Clypeus with ventral-lateral edges more or less curved (Figs. 127129)
..................................................................................................... 7
(7) Mesopleural furrow absent (Figs. 163, 165, 166169); mesopleuron with
surface homogeneously ornamented, generally punctate ................ 8
Mesopleural furrow present (Figs. 162, 164, 173174, 182), mesopleural
furrow scrobiculate, rugulose or areolate-rugose texture; rest of mesopleuron
with surface generally punctate .................................................... 16
(8) Propodeum with longitudinal carinae present between transverse carinae,
enclosing area superomedia and dentipara (Figs. 185, 200, 202) .... 9
Propodeum with lateral longitudinal carinae not distinguishable between
transverse carinae (Figs. 184, 191, 199, 203) .................................... 11
(9) Lateral ocellus separated from compound eye by 0.2x ocellar diameter
............................. Alophophion chilensis (Spinola 1851) (in part)
Lateral ocellus separated from compound eye by 0.30.4x ocellar diameter
............................................................................................... 10
(10) Pronotum smooth with punctures separated by 2.54x a puncture width;
legs homogeneously olive green
........................................ Alophophion porculatus (Morley, 1912)
Pronotum on the upper half smooth with punctures separated by 12x a
puncture width and lower half rugulose; legs olive green with brownish spots
................................................. Alophophion yestay new species
(11) Lower edge of speculum smooth between punctures (Fig. 172)
................................... Alophophion lloqueyupanquii new species
Lower edge of speculum scrobiculate, sometimes only in the proximal half
(Figs. 163-164, 171, 180) ................................................................. 12
(12) Propodeum with area superomedia not distinguishable; lateromedian lon-
gitudinal carinae absent between transverse carinae and present behind posterior
transverse carinae but faint (Fig. 203) Alophophion chavinaensis new species
Propodeum with area superomedia distinguishable; lateromedian longitudinal
carinae present after anterior transverse carina and behind posterior transverse
carinae convergent or fused to form a single median longitudinal carina (Figs.
184, 190199) ................................................................................. 13
(13) Fore wing with marginal cell homogeneously cover by setae (like Fig.
207-209); propodeum with posterior transverse carina faint only well-defned
between lateromedian longitudinal carinae (Fig. 184)
........................................ Alophophion larseni (Enderlein, 1912)
Fore wing with marginal cell apically glabrous next to pterostigma and Rs+2r or
just next to Rs+2r; propodeum with posterior transverse carina homogeneously
defned ............................................................................................ 15
(14) Anterior transverse carina present only centrally; lateral longitudinal carinae
absent; shiny; lateral longitudinal carinae absent between transverse carinae
(Fig.199) ........................................ Alophophion teushen new species
Anterior transverse carina present between pleural carinae; lateral longitu-
dinal carinae present between transverse carinae (Fig. 190), sometimes faint
(Fig. 205) ........................................................................................ 15
(15) Propodeum predominantly light straw yellow (Fig. 190); fore wing with
marginal cell glabrous next to upper half of Rs+2r (Fig. 206)
.................................................... Alophophion ofeliae new species
Propodeum predominantly brownish (Figs. 205); fore wing with marginal
cell glabrous next to pterostigma and Rs+2r (like Fig. 210)
........................................ Alophophion huaynacapaci new species
(16) Metapleuron rugulose (Figs. 3, 173174) ............................ 17
Metapleuron punctate, granulo-punctate, or punctate on upper half and
rugulose on lower half (Figs. 162, 175, 182) ................................ 18
(17) Mesopleuron furrow scrobiculate; epicnemial carina well delimited laterally
(Fig. 173)................................... Alophophion atahualpai new species
Mesopleuron furrow rugulose, sometimes present only around epicnemial
carina, generally reaching to posterior lower mesopleuron; epicnemial carina
not well delimited laterally (Fig. 174)
............................................ Alophophion carcanchoi new species
(18) Fenestra thin, wider transverse diameter narrower than area between fenestra
and Rs+M vein (Fig. 209) ..... Alophophion wiracochai new species
Fenestra wide, transverse diameter wider than the area between fenestra and
Rs+M vein (Fig. 211)........................................................................ 19
(19) Propodeum with area superomedia well defned (Figs. 201202), enclosed
...................................................................................................... 20
Propodeum with area superomedia not well defned (Figs. 189, 196, 204);
lateromedian longitudinal carinae not discernible from the texture between the
transverse carinae ......................................................................... 21
(20) Propodeum with lateromedian longitudinal carinae converging behind
posterior transverse carina, area petiolaris absent; carinae lamellate (Fig. 201) ..
.................................................. Alophophion chiquiyane new species
Propodeum with area petiolaris and area posteroexterna continuous (Fig. 202)
................................... Alophophion chilensis (Spinola 1851) (in part)
(21) Fore wing with marginal cell cover by setae (like Figs. 207209); body
predominantly rufo-testaceous ...... Alophophion waca new species
Fore wing with marginal cell basally glabrous next to proximal half of Rs+2r
and pterostigma (Fig. 211) ............................................................... 22
34
Alvarado
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 003 - 060 (Mayo 2014)
Figures 127 145.
Details of face.
(127) A. atahualpai new species
(128) A. carcanchoi new species
(129) A. wiracochai new species
(130) A. pachacutii new species
(131) A. yupankii new species
(132) A. huascari new species
(133) A. pincoya new species
(134) A. teushen new species
(135) A. yestay new species.
Details of face,
(136) A. chiquiyane new species
(137) A. chavinaensis new species
(138) A. coquimboensis new species
(139) A. huaynacapaci new species
Details of head in lateral view
(140) A. chilensis 141 A. larseni
(142) A. capacyupanquii new species
(143) A. incarocai new species
(144) A. yahuarhuacaci new species
(145) A. waca new species
35

Revision of the South American wasp genus ALOPHOPHION
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 003 - 060 (May 2014)
Figures 146 165.
Details of head in lateral view
(146) A. wiracochai new species
(147) A. huascari new species
(148) A. pachacutii new species
(149) A. yupankii new species
(150) A. pincoya new species
(151) A. teushen new species
(152) A. yestay new species
(153) A. chiquiyane new species
(154) A. ofeliae new species
(155) A. lloqueyupanquii new species
(156) A. atahualpai new species
(157) A. carcanchoi new species.
Details of head in lateral view
(158) A. chavinaensis new species
(159) A. coquimboensis new species
(160) A. huaynacapaci new species
(161) A. porculatus
Details of mesosoma in lateral view.
(162) A. chilensis
(163) A. larseni
(164) A. chavinaensis new species
(165) A. coquimboensis new species.
36
Alvarado
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 003 - 060 (Mayo 2014)
Figures 166 181.
Details of mesosoma in lateral view.
(166) A. porculatus
(167) A. capacyupanquii new species
(168) A. incarocai new species
(169) A. yahuarhuacaci new species
(170) A. waca new species
(171) A. ofeliae new species
(172) A. lloqueyupanquii new species
(173) A. atahualpai new species
Details of mesosoma in lateral view.
(174) A. carcanchoi new species
(175) A. wiracochai new species
(176) A. huascari new species
(177) A. pachacutii new species
(178) A. yupankii new species.
(179) A. pincoya new species
(180) A. teushen new species
(181) A. yestay new species.
37

Revision of the South American wasp genus ALOPHOPHION
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 003 - 060 (May 2014)
Figures 182 198.
Details of mesosoma in lateral view,
(182) A. chiquiyane new species
(183) A. huaynacapaci new species
Details of propodeum,
(184) A. larseni
(185) A. porculatus
(186) A. capacyupanquii new species
(187) A. incarocai new species
(188) A. yahuarhuacaci new species
(189) A. waca new species.
(190) A. ofeliae new species
(191) A. lloqueyupanquii new species
(192) A. atahualpai new species
(193) A. carcanchoi new species
(194) A. wiracochai new species
(195) A. huascari new species
(196) A. pachacutii new species
(197) A. yupankii new species
(198) A. pincoya new species.
38
Alvarado
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 003 - 060 (Mayo 2014)
Figures 199 212.
Details of propodeum.
(199) A. teushen new species
(200) A. yestay new species
(201) A. chiquiyane new species
(202) A. chilensis
(203) A. chavinaensis new species
(204) A. coquimboensis new species
(205) A. huaynacapaci new species.
Details of fore wing,
(206) A. ofeliae new species
(207) A. incarocai new species
(208) A. yahuarhuacaci new species
(209) A. wiracochai new species
(210) A. huascari new species
(211) A. pachacutii new species
(212) A. yupankii new species.
39

Revision of the South American wasp genus ALOPHOPHION
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 003 - 060 (May 2014)
(22) Notaulus with same texture as mesoscutum; frons centrally testaceous and
laterally light straw yellow
...................................... Alophophion coquimboensis new species
Notaulus basally scrobiculate; frons light straw yellow
............................................. Alophophion pachacutii new species
26. Alophophion atahualpai new species
(Figs. 1, 2, 3, 127, 156, 173, 192)
Diagnosis.- Tis species can be recognized by this combi-
nation of the features: speculum and mesopleural furrow are
homogenously scrobiculate.
Description.- : Head. Face (Fig. 127) 1.0 x as wide as
long; smooth with punctures separated by 0.5x a puncture
width; median portion weakly convex. Clypeus smooth with
punctures separated by 0.51x a puncture width; slightly
convex; apical edge straight. Compound eyes 0.50.6x as wide
as face. Malar space 0.2x as long as basal width of mandible.
Gena, in lateral view (Fig. 156), 0.70.8x as wide as compound
eyes; smooth with punctures separated by 0.51x a puncture
width. Frons striate, between central ocelli and toruli. Vertex
with texture as gena. Lateral ocellus separated from compound
eye by 0.2x ocellar diameter; distance between ocelli 0.50.6x
ocellar diameter. Antenna with 54 fagellomeres. Ratio of length/
width from frst to seventh fagellomeres: 4.85.3:3.23.1:2.5
2.8:2.52.6:2.4:2.3:2.22.3. Ratio of length/width of pre-apical
fagellomeres: 1.31.5x.
Mesosoma.- Pronotum on the upper half smooth with
punctures separated by 0.40.8x a puncture width and lower
half scrobiculate; lower half of collar striate. Mesoscutum smooth
with punctures separated by 0.40.8x a puncture width. Notaulus
extending 0.7x length of mesoscutum, basally scrobiculate. Mesos-
cutellum evenly convex; lateral carina reaching 0.1x to posterior
margin of mesoscutellum; smooth with punctures separated by
12x a puncture width. Mesopleuron (Fig. 3, 173) smooth with
punctures separated by 0.40.8x a puncture width; speculum
smooth with punctures separated by 2x a puncture width lower
edge of speculum scrobiculate; mesopleural furrow scrobiculate
reaching to middle to the posterior lower mesopleuron. Epicne-
mial carina curved to meet anterior margin of mesopleuron at
lower third of pronotum. Metapleuron rugulose; juxtacoxal carina
present. Fore wing with CI=0.30.4; ICI=0.6; SDI=1.51.6; 1m-
cu straight; ramulus present; Rs+M curved; marginal cell cover by
setae; sub-basal cell usually without setae. Hind wing with 67
hamuli on R1 distally; NI=0.60.8; cu-a curved. Propodeum (Fig.
192) wavy carinate with punctures except area basalis smooth with
punctures separated by 0.51x a puncture width; anterior and
posterior transverse carina present; longitudinal carinae present,
also before anterior transverse; carinae forming areas petiolaris,
posteroexterna and coxalis wavy; pleural carinae present.
Metasoma.- First tergite 4.75.1x as long as apical width.
Tergite II with spiracle located at 0.50.6x length of tergite.
Color.- Brown reddish except following: surrounding area
of compound eyes, vertex, gena mesoscutum, collar, subalar
prominence, basal spot in speculum yellowish orange and a spot
on posterior lower mesopleuron light straw yellow.
: Similar to female except by the presence of isolate setae
apically in sub-basal cell.
Comments.- Tis species has a wide distribution and the
most septentrional distribution for the genus, from Lima-Peru
to Ecuador. It is present at elevations of 1700 to 3177 m. Tey
are more abundant in higher elevations as was observed Udima
collections; they were collected at elevations of 2150 to 3116m,
and were absent at lower elevations (1195m and 1615 m).
Etymology.- Te species epithet "atahualpai" refers to Ata-
hualpa the last ruler of the Tawantinsuyu.
Holotype: PERU, CA [Cajamarca]. S.N. [National Sanc-
tuary] Udima, 4.6 Km al NE de Monteseco, 2841 m, 65015.8
[S]/79 0416 [W], 12.v.2009 [12.v.2010]. J. Grados Leg.
Paratypes: 11, 126: labeled as follows: ECUADOR:
7, 6: labeled as follows: 6, 5 Ro Len, Ecua-
dor III.21-22.65 [21-22.iii.1965] 1700m. Luis Pea; 1, 1
Ro Len 2100m. XI.30.70 [30.xi.1970] Ecuador Luis E.
Pea (AEIC). PERU: 4, 121: labeled as follows: 3
PERU, CA [Cajamarca]. S.N. [Zona Reservada] Udima, 4.6
Km al NE de Monteseco, 2841 m, 65015.8 [S]/79 0416
[W], 19.x.2009. J. Grados Leg. (MUSM); 1, PERU: CA. 3.8
Km al NE de Monteseco, 2150 m 0650'37"[S] / 7904'52"[W]
16-19.v.2010 J. Grados leg (MUSM); 5, PERU, CA
[Cajamarca, National Sanctuary Udima], 3.8 Km al NE de
Monteseco, 2150 m, 65037 [S]/79 0452 [W], 17.x.2009.
J. Grados Leg. (3 SEMC; 2 MUSM); 5, PERU,
CA [Cajamarca]. S.N. [National Sanctuary] Udima, 4.6 Km
al NE de Monteseco, 2841 m, 65015.8 [S]/790416 [W],
24-26.iv.2009. J. Grados Leg. (3 SEMC; 2 MUSM);
2, 9 PERU, CA [Cajamarca]. S.N. [National Sanctuary]
Udima, 4.6 Km al NE de Monteseco, 2841 m, 65015.8 [S]/79
0416 [W], 12.v.2009 [12.v.2010]. J. Grados Leg. (1, 3
SEMC; 1, 6 MUSM); 1, 94 PERU, CA [Cajamar-
ca]. S.N. [Zona Reservada] Udima, Monteseco, 65040.04
[S]/79 0345.53 [W], 3116m. 14-15.v.2010. J. Grados Leg.
(5 BMNH, 1, 89 MUSM); and 1 PERU: AN. [An-
cash] Huari, Chavin de Huantar 7719'42.34"W/ 935'33.9"S.
3177m. v.2010 L. Figueroa (MUSM); 1, 1 Lima Peru
II.15.56 [15.ii.1956] Tra Walz (AEIC); and 1 PERU,
Amazonas Chachapoyas, 2800 m. 26.iii.1984 [handwritten]
M Cooper / M. Cooper BMNH (E) 2005-152 (BMNH) .
27. Alophophion capacyupanquii new species
(Figs. 121, 142, 167, 186)
Diagnosis.- Tis species can be recognized by this combina-
tion of the features: propodeum with the longitudinal carinae
only present apically and the epicnemial carina faint.
Description.- : Head. Face (Fig. 121) 1.0 x as wide as
long; imbricate with punctures separated by 0.51x a puncture
width; median portion weakly convex. Clypeus with upper half
convex and lower half fat; imbricate with punctures separated
by 12x a puncture width; apical edge straight centrally, slightly
convex laterally. Compound eyes 0.5x as wide as face. Malar
space 0.20.3x as long as basal width of mandible. Gena, in
lateral view (Fig. 142), 0.80.9x as wide as compound eyes,
softly imbricate texture between punctures. Frons imbricate
softly striate between central ocelli and toruli. Vertex with
texture as gena. Lateral ocellus separated from compound eye
by 0.70.8x ocellar diameter; distance between ocelli 0.91.1x
40
Alvarado
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 003 - 060 (Mayo 2014)
ocellar diameter. Antenna with 5253 fagellomeres. Ratio of
length/width from frst to seventh fagellomeres: 5.25.7:3.0
3.1:2.62.9:2.32.6:2.02.6: 2.02.5: 2.02.4. Ratio of length/
width of pre-apical fagellomeres: 1.92.0x.
Mesosoma.- Pronotum in upper half punctate, imbricate
with punctures separated by 0.51x a puncture width; median
portion weakly convex; lower half striate. Mesoscutum smooth
with punctures separated by 12x a puncture width. Notaulus
extending 0.3x length of mesoscutum. Mesoscutellum evenly
convex; smooth with punctures separated by 0.51x a puncture
width; lateral carina reaching 0.1x to posterior margin of mesos-
cutellum. Mesopleuron (Fig. 167) smooth with punctures sepa-
rated by 11.5x a puncture width; mesopleural furrow absent.
Epicnemial carina faint; not joining to anterior margin of meso-
pleuron. Metapleuron smooth with punctures separated by 12x
a puncture width. Fore wing with CI=0.50.7; ICI=0.40.5;
SDI=1.41.5; 1m-cu straight; ramulus absent; Rs+M curved;
marginal cell apically glabrous; sub-basal cell glabrous. Hind
wing with 56 hamuli on R1 distally; NI=0.80.9; cu-a slightly
curved. Propodeum (Fig. 186) with punctures separated by
23x a puncture width; without transverse carinae; longitudinal
carinae present apically, faint; pleural carina present.
Metasoma.- First tergite 5.85.9x as long as apical width.
Tergite II with spiracle located at 0.6x of tergite.
Color.- Brownish except following: face laterally, gena, frons
laterally, vertex, collar, lateral edges of mesoscutum, two longi-
tudinal stripes at the level of notaulus, central-apically spot on
mesoscutum, mesoscutellum, subalar prominence, a diagonal
stripe on mesopleuron from the anterior edge to the middle, a spot
on posterior lower mesopleuron, apical half of metapleuron, apical
third of propodeum, yellowish colored. Wings apically infuscate.
: Similar to female except metapleuron and propodeum
completely brownish.
Comments.- One female has, on sub-basal, cell one apical seta
dorsally. Alophophion capacyupanquii new species is similar to A.
huascari new species in appearance; they can be distinguished by
the texture of the face imbricate texture between punctures in A.
capacyupanquii and smooth in A. huascari. Tis species was collected
in Polylepis forest using light trap and yellow pan traps.
Etymology.- Te species epithet "capacyupanqui" refers to
Cpac Yupanqui the ffth ruler of the Tawantinsuyu.
Holotype: PERU: AY. [Ayacucho] Ayacucho, Chavia,
7353'56.99"W/1454'20.71"S, 4165m. 06-10.iv.2010. Bosque
de Polylepis. Pan Trap [yellow]. N. Martinez Leg. (MUSM).
Paratypes: 18, 3: labeled as follows: 16 PERU: AY.
[Ayacucho] Ayacucho, Chavia, 1454'21.49"S/7353'55.78"W,
4153m. 05-12.iv.2010. Bosque de Polylepis. N. Martinez Leg.
[Ligth trap] (3, AEIC; 3, BMNH; 3, SEMC;
7, MUSM); 1 PERU: AY. [Ayacucho] Ayacucho, Cha-
via, 7353'56.68"W/ 1454'21.56"S, 4164m. 06-10.iv.2010.
Bosque de Polylepis. Pan Trap [yellow]. N. Martinez Leg.;
and 1, 4 PERU: AY. [Ayacucho] Ayacucho, Chavia,
7353'56.99"W/1454'20.71"S, 4165m. 06-10.iv.2010. Bosque
de Polylepis. Pan Trap [yellow]. N. Martinez Leg. (1 SEMC;
1, 3 MUSM).
28. Alophophion carcanchoi new species
(Figs. 128, 157, 174, 193)
Diagnosis.- Tis species can be recognized by this combi-
nation of the features: the epicnemial carina not well delimited
laterally and confuent with the mesopleural furrow, and the
areas dentipara and superomedia with carinate texture.
Description.- : Head. Face (Fig. 128) 1.01.2 x as
wide as long; smooth with punctures separated by 0.51x a
puncture width; median portion weakly convex. Clypeus with
upper 2/3 convex and lower 1/3 fat; imbricate with punctu-
res separated by 12x a puncture width; apical edge slightly
convex. Compound eyes 0.50.6x as wide as face. Malar space
0.10.2x as long as basal width of mandible. Gena, in lateral
view (Fig. 157), 0.81.0x as wide as compound eyes, smooth
with punctures separated by 34x a puncture width. Frons
imbricate, striate between central ocelli and toruli. Vertex with
texture as gena. Lateral ocellus separated from compound eye
by 0.20.3x ocellar diameter; distance between ocelli 0.70.8x
ocellar diameter. Antenna with 4853 fagellomeres. Ratio of
length/width from frst to seventh fagellomeres: 4.64.7:2.7
2.8:2.4:2.3:2.22.3:2.12.2:2.02.1. Ratio of length/width of
pre-apical fagellomeres: 1.31.7x.
Mesosoma.- Pronotum in upper half imbricate with
punctures separated by 0.51x a puncture width; lower half
striate-carinate. Mesoscutum smooth with punctures separated
by 1.52x a puncture width. Notaulus reaching from 1/41/2
length of mesoscutum, basally scrobiculate. Mesoscutellum
evenly convex; smooth with punctures separated by 23x a
puncture width; lateral carina reaching 0.1x to posterior margin
of mesoscutellum. Mesopleuron (Fig. 174) on upper half smooth
and lower half imbricate with punctures separated by 0.51x a
puncture width; lower edge of speculum scrobiculate; speculum
smooth with punctures separated by 12x a puncture width;
mesopleural furrow scrobiculate weakly develop reaching to
the posterior-lower margin of mesopleuron. Epicnemial carina
curved to meet anterior margin of mesopleuron at lower third
of pronotum. Metapleuron usually scrobiculate, rarely imbricate
with punctures separated by 0.51x a puncture width. Fore
wing with CI=0.6; ICI=0.50.6; SDI=1.41.5; 1m-cu straight;
ramulus present; Rs+M slightly curved; marginal cell of fore wing
cover by setae, with a pre-apical glabrous area; sub-basal cell gla-
brous, rarely with one seta apically. Hind wing with 78 hamuli
on R1 distally; NI=0.6; cu-a slightly curved. Propodeum (Fig.
193) areas spiracularis, lateralis, petiolaris and posteroexterna
with wavy-rugulose texture, areas dentipara and superomedia
longitudinally carinate and areas externa and basalis imbricate
with punctures separated by 0.30.7x a puncture width; anterior
transverse carina present, faint laterally; posterior transverse cari-
na present, reaching pleural carinae; lateral longitudinal carinae
present, faint; lateromedian longitudinal carinae present, wavy;
pleural carina present.
Metasoma.- First tergite 4.45.2x as long as apical width.
Tergite II with spiracle located at 0.50.6x length of tergite.
Color.- Testaceous except following: surrounded area to com-
pound eyes, between ocelli and subalar prominence yellowish.
: Similar to female. Rarely propodeum predominantly
smooth with punctures.
41

Revision of the South American wasp genus ALOPHOPHION
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 003 - 060 (May 2014)
Comments.- Tere is variation in the mesopleural furrow
length, from scrobiculate only basally to reaching the posterior
margin of the mesopleuron, and the metapleuron texture from
punctate to scrobiculate. Some specimens have mesopleuron
and metapleuron yellowish.
Alophophion carcanchoi new species is distributed in the
Chilean regions of Araucana, Biobio, Coquimbo, Libertador
General Bernardo O'Higgins, Los Rios, Maule, Metropolitana
de Santiago and Valparaso; and the Argentinean region of Ro
Negro.
Etymology.- Te species epithet "carcancho" refers to the
legend character mentioned in the central zone of Chile, a man
covered in hairs that are fed only tubers and walks tirelessly
through the snow.
Holotype: Curacautn, Malleco II.'64 [ii.1964] R. [Ro]
Blanco Chile Luis E. Pea
Paratypes: 31, 184: labeled as follows: ARGENTI-
NA: 6 : 1 CHILE [Argentina]: R.N. [Ro Negro], El
Bolson. 20.xii.1959. A. Kavocs. B.M.1964-193; 1 CHILE
[Argentina]: R.N. [Ro Negro], El Bolson. 22.xii.1959 A. Kavocs.
B.M.1964-193; 1 CHILE [Argentina]: R.N. [Ro Negro],
El Bolson. 29.xii.1959 A. Kavocs. B.M.1964-193; 1 CHILE
[Argentina]: R.N. [Ro Negro], El Bolson. 13.ii.1961 A. Kavocs.
B.M.1964-193; 1 CHILE [Argentina]: R.N. [Ro Negro],
El Bolson. 30.xi.1961 A. Kavocs. B.M.1964-193; and, 1
CHILE [Argentina]: R.N. [Ro Negro], El Bolson. 25.i.1962
A. Kavocs. B.M.1964-193 (BMNH). CHILE: 31, 178:
1 Angol, Malleco XI.16-21.70 [16-21.xi.1970] Chile T.
Cekalovic; 1 Cord. [Cordillera] Lonquimay Chile I.9 1962
[09.i.1962] Luis Pea/Lago Galletue [38.6833S/71.2833W];
3, 59 Curacautn, Malleco II.'64 [ii.1964] R. [Ro]
Blanco Chile Luis E. Pea; 1 El Coigual, Curico I.21-25.64
[21-25.i.1964Chile Luis E. Pea; 1 El Coigual, Curico I.21-
25.64 [21-25.i.1964] Chile Luis E. Pea; 1 [Libertador Gene-
ral Bernardo O'Higgins ] El Marchan, Chile III.1971 [iii.1971]
Chilln Luis Pea; 1, 11 El Pangue, Coquimbo, Chile
Oct. 27, 1961 [27.x.1961] Luis Pea; 2 Enco, Valdivia
II.24.78 [24.ii.78] Chile Luis Pea; 1, 1 Estero La Jaula
Los Quenes Curico I.4-18.64 [04-18.i.1964] Chile Luis E. Pea;
1, 2 Hualpn, Concep. XII.26.70 [26.xii.1970] Chile T.
Cekalovic; 4, 3 Concepcin, Chile Quebrada Pinares
II-III. 1967 [ii-iii.1967] T. Cekalovic; 1 [Biobo, uble] Las
Trancas Chile Jan.1968 Cord. [Cordillera] Chilln Luis Pea;
1, 2 [Biobo, uble] Las Trancas Chilln Chile Jan.1967
[i.1967] Pea [L. Pea]; 1, 2 [Biobo, uble] Las Trancas,
Chile II.6-11.66 [06-11.ii.1966] Chilln Luis Pea; 2, 7
[Biobo, uble] Las Trancas, Chile I-II.71 [i-ii.1971] Chilln
Luis Pea; 1, 2 [Biobo, uble] Las Trancas, Chile I-
III.1972 [i-iii.1972] Chilln Luis Pea; 2 [Biobo, uble]
Las Trancas, Chile XII.1-15.75 [01-15.xii.1975] Chilln Luis
Pea; 1 Macul, Stgo. [Metropolitana de Santiago, Santiago]
IX.'74 [ix.1974] Chile Luis E. Pea; 1 3 km. E. Las Trancas,
uble, Chile I.16.67 [16.i.1967] Lionel Stange; 10 Pino
Hachado [Paso de Pino Hachado] Lonquimay, Mal. [Malleco]
II.18.80 [18.ii.1980] Chile 1600m. L. Pea; 1 Piscicultura,
Chile R. [Ro] Blanco, Aconcagua XI.10.64 [10.xi.1964] 1600m.
Luis Pea; 1 Q. Sn. Ramn [Quebrada de San Ramn],
Stgo. [Metropolitana de Santiago, Santiago] XII.'74 [xii.1974]
Chile Luis Pea, 1 Rio Blanco III.5-27.195- Chile L Pena
Guzman [Pea Guzmn]; 6 Rio Blanco, Aconcagua, Chile
Dec. 5-8, 1961 [05-08.xii.1961] Luis Pea; 4 Ro Blanco,
C-tn [Curacautn] I.'74 [i.1974] Chile Luis Pea; and 2
Ro Blanco, Cura. [Curacautn] Jan.1974 [i.1974] Chile Luis
Pea (AEIC). 3 CHILE: IX Region [Araucana] Lago
Icalma nr. Icalma I. 1980 J.E. Barriga; 1, 18 CHILE:
Prov. [Provincia] Curico 10km w. Licanten 20.XII.1993 JEBa-
rriga [J.E. Barriga] & LPeralta [& L. Peralta] at light; 25
CHILE: CURICO Licancel, Licnate [Licantn] 22.XII.1993
JEBarriga [J.E. Barriga] & LPeralta [& L. Peralta] black ligth;
11 CHILE: CURICO Licancel, Licnate [Licantn]
22.XII.1993 [22.xii.1993] L. Peralta; 1 CHILE: VII Regin
cordillera de Chillan 80 km ese. Chillan 10.XII.1993 E. Arias;
1 CHILE: VIII Region Shangrilla 24.XI.1994 SEHeydon
[S.E. Heydon] & EArias [E. Arias]; 1 CHILE: Los Angeles
22.XII.1996 E. Arias; and 1 CHILE: CAUTIN Parque Los
Pacaguas 1.XII.1984 JE Barriga [J.E. Barriga](UCDC). 1,
1 CHILE: Termas de Chillan 15.i.1985 I.D. Gauld 1600m.,
Nothofagus; 2 CHILE: Trata Victoria. 24.iii.1961. A.
Kovacs. B.M. 1964-193.; 1 CHILE: [Biobio] Lago Laja
19.i.1985 I.D. Gauld (BMNH). 1 MUSEUM PARIS CHILI
[Chile] VALPARAISO R. MARTIN 1992/ OCTOBRE; and
1 Chile EC Reed/Ophion luteus/Ophion bilineatus Say det.
C.W. Hooker IV.2.1909 (USNM).
29. Alophophion chavinaensis new species
(Fig. 137, 158, 164, 203)
Diagnosis.- Tis species can be recognized by this combi-
nation of the features: propodeum with the transverse carinae
well develop and fore wing with ramulus present.
Description.- : Head. Face (Fig. 137) 1.1 x as wide as
long; smooth with punctures separated by 12x a puncture
width; median portion weakly convex. Clypeus with upper
2/3 slightly convex, smooth with shallow punctures separated
by 23x a puncture width; and lower 1/3 fat, imbricate with
shallow punctures separated by 23x a puncture width; median
portion weakly convex; apical edge straight centrally, slightly
convex laterally. Compound eyes 0.6x as wide as face. Malar
space 0.2x as long as basal width of mandible. Gena, in lateral
view (Fig. 158), 0.7x as wide as compound eyes; smooth with
shallow punctures separated by 12x a puncture width. Frons
imbricate softly striate between central ocelli and toruli. Vertex
with texture as gena. Lateral ocellus separated from compound
eye by 0.3x ocellar diameter; distance between ocelli 0.7x ocellar
diameter. Antenna with 56 fagellomeres. Ratio of length/width
from frst to seventh fagellomeres: 5.6:3.5:3.1:2.9:2.8:2.7:2.6.
Ratio of length/width of pre-apical fagellomeres: 1.8x.
Mesosoma.- Pronotum softly striate with shallow punctures
separated by 34x a puncture width. Mesoscutum smooth with
punctures separated by 34x a puncture width. Notaulus exten-
ding 0.5x length of mesoscutum. Mesoscutellum smooth with
punctures separated by 3x a puncture width; lateral carina rea-
ching 0.2x to posterior margin of mesoscutellum. Mesopleuron
(Fig. 164) smooth with punctures separated by 12x a puncture
width; lower edge of speculum fnely scrobiculate; mesopleural
furrow absent. Epicnemial carina curved to meet anterior margin
of mesopleuron at lower quarter of pronotum. Metapleuron
smooth with punctures separated by 34x a puncture width.
42
Alvarado
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 003 - 060 (Mayo 2014)
Fore wing with CI=0.4; ICI=0.4; SDI=1.6; 1m-cu softly curved;
ramulus present; Rs+M softly sinuate; marginal cell apically
glabrous; sub-basal cell glabrous. Hind wing with 7 hamuli on
R1 distally; NI=0.8; cu-a slightly curved. Propodeum (Fig. 203)
with shallow punctures separated by 34x a puncture width;
anterior transverse carina present between lateral longitudinal
carinae, centrally strongly curved; posterior transverse carina
present, reaching pleural carinae; lateromedian carinae faint,
present behind posterior transverse carina; lateral longitudinal
carinae faint before posterior transverse carinae, well defned
after posterior transverse carina; smooth between punctures;
pleural carina present.
Metasoma.- First tergite 4.9x as long as apical width. Tergite
II with spiracle located at 0.5x of tergite.
Color.- Testaceous except following: face laterally, gena, frons
laterally, vertex, collar, lateral edges of mesoscutum, two longi-
tudinal stripes at the level of notaulus, central-apically spot on
mesoscutum, mesoscutellum and subalar prominence yellowish
colored; and, ovipositor brownish. Wings hyaline.
: unknown.
Comments.- Tis species was described with a single speci-
men, because it occurs in the same locality as A. capacyupanquii,
A. huascari, A. yupanquii and A. wiracochai, this will help to
avoid confusing it with species distributed in the same locality.
Etymology.- Te specifc epithet is based on Chavia the
type locality.
Holotype: PERU: AY. [Ayacucho] Ayacucho, Chavia,
1454'21.49"S/7353'55.78"W, 4153m. 05-12.iv.2010. Bosque
de Polylepis. N. Martinez Leg. [Light trap] (MUSM).
30. Alophophion chilensis (Spinola 1851)
(Figs. 118, 140, 162, 202)
Ophion chilensis Spinola, 1851: 515. [description]; Dalla
Torre, 1902: 188 [listed]; Hooker, 1912: 39. [translation of
original description, key]; Morley, 1912: 55. [description, key];
Alophophion chilensis Cushman, 1947: 440 [genotype, generic
transfer]; Townes & Townes, 1966:171 [listed]; Yu & Horst-
mann, 1997: 730 [listed].
Diagnosis.- Tis species is easy to distinguish by the presence
of the areas superomedia and dentipara enclosed by carinae,
and body predominantly olive green colored with the legs
ferruginous.
Description.- : Head. Face (Fig. 118) 1.0 x as wide as long;
smooth with punctures separated by 11.5x a puncture width;
median portion weakly convex. Clypeus slightly convex; upper
half smooth with punctures separated by 5x a puncture width;
lower half imbricate with punctures separated by 35x a puncture
width; apical edge straight centrally, curved laterally. Compound
eyes 0.6x as wide as face. Malar space 0.10.2x as long as basal
width of mandible. Gena, in lateral view (Fig. 140), 0.60.7x
as wide as compound eyes, smooth with punctures separated by
34x a puncture width. Frons striate between antennae and me-
dian ocellus. Vertex with texture as gena. Lateral ocellus separated
from compound eye by 0.2x ocellar diameter; distance between
ocelli 0.6x ocellar diameter. Antenna with 4854 fagellome-
res. Ratio of length/width from frst to seventh fagellomeres:
3.74.2:2.42.4:2.12.3:2.0:1.92.0:1.81.9:1.71.9. Ratio of
length/width of pre-apical fagellomeres: 1.51.7x.
Mesosoma.- Pronotum in upper half smooth with punctures
separated by 11.5x a puncture width; lower half striate-carinate;
lower half of collar striate. Mesoscutum with punctures separated
by 12x a puncture width, rarely imbricate between punctures
in posterior half. Notaulus extending 0.3x length of mesoscu-
tum, fnely scrobiculate basally. Mesoscutellum evenly convex,
smooth with punctures separated by 23x a puncture width;
lateral carina reaching 0.1x to posterior margin of mesoscute-
llum. Mesopleuron (Fig. 162) with upper half smooth and lower
half imbricate with punctures separated by 1.52x a puncture
width; lower edge of speculum usually with texture as upper
half of mesopleuron, in some specimens with anterior half of
speculum softly scrobiculate; mesopleural furrow absent or small
and rarely reaching to posterior lower mesopleuron. Epicnemial
carina curved to meet anterior margin of mesopleuron at lower
quarter of pronotum. Metapleuron punctate, smooth between
punctures, some specimens with punctate-rugulose texture in
the lower half. Fore wing with CI=0.40.5; ICI=0.7; SDI=1.4;
1m-cu straight; ramulus present; Rs+M curved; marginal cell
basally cover by setae; sub-basal cell glabrous. Hind wing with
7 hamuli on R1 distally; NI=0.71.0; cu-a curved. Propodeum
(Fig. 202) with anterior and posterior transverse carina present;
lateral longitudinal carinae present, faint; lateromedian lon-
gitudinal carinae between transverse carinae present and well
defned; area petiolaris and area posteroexterna continuous,
longitudinally striate; area spiracularis and area lateralis conti-
nuous, transversally striate; area basalis smooth with punctures
separated by 11.5x a puncture width; pleural carinae present.
Metasoma.- First tergite 4.34.4x as long as apical width.
Tergite II with spiracle located at 0.6x of tergite.
Color.- Olive green to light straw yellow except following:
antennae, frons centrally, mesosternum, legs, lateral and apical
metasomal tergites III to VI, and ovipositor sheath ferruginous.
: Similar to female, face slightly wider 1.1x as wide as long.
Comments.- Bigger specimens usually are greener and
mesopleural furrow extending longer than smaller specimens;
instead of having smooth texture as in small specimens, they
have imbricate texture in the bigger specimens.
Hooker (1912) re-described the species and mentioned that
the localization of the type was unknown for him; Townes &
Townes (1966) in their catalogue and reclassifcation of the
Neotropic Ichneumonidae also mentioned that the type was
lost; Casorali & Casorali Moreno (1980) assembled a catalogue
of the Hymenoptera types of Massimiliano Spinola and in that
document A. chilensis is not listed; therefore the type specimen
is considered lost. Here is not designed a neotype, the species is
easily diferentiable from the rest of species of this species-group
by the feature mentioned in the diagnosis.
Hooker (1912) translated the original description of the spe-
cies; and studied numerous specimens from Largo Blanco Valle,
Chubut Territory, Patagonia, Argentina. He determinated them
as A. chilensis, mentioning that there were some variations in the
color, the size and presence of ramulus. I revised this material
and none of them belong to A. chilensis, there are at least four
43

Revision of the South American wasp genus ALOPHOPHION
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 003 - 060 (May 2014)
species between them are A. politus, A. carcanchoi new species,
A. diaguita new species and an undetermined species.
Spinola (1851) mentioned as locality Chili. Alophophion chi-
lensis is distributed in the Chilean regions of Atacama, Coquim-
bo and Valparaiso. Tis provides a more accurate distribution
for the species, previously known only as Chile; the range of
elevation where it is distributed ranges from sea level to 1600 m.
Non type examined material: 3, 38, 2??: labeled as
follows: CHILE: 2, 2 Huasco, Atacama Pr. [Province],
x.20-22.57 [20-22.x.1957], Chile L Pena [Pea] Guzman [Guz-
mn]; 4 S. Pedro deQuile [San Pedro de Quiles],Coquimbo
[Regin], nov. 16-17, 1961 [16-17.x.1961], Luis Pena [Luis
Pea]; 3 El Pangue, Coquimbo [Regin],Chile, xi.4
1961[4.xi.1961], Luis Pea; 1 El Pangue, Coquimbo
[Regin],Chile, x.23 1961[23.x.1961], Luis Pea; 3 El
Pangue, Coquimbo [Regin],Chile, xi.3-5 1961[3-5.xi.1961],
Luis Pea; 14 Rio Los Choros, Coquimbo [Regin],Chile,
x.29-30 1961[4.xi.1961], Luis Pea; 3 Vicuna [Vicua]/
Pangue, Coquimbo [Regin],Chile, xi.2-3.61 [2-3.xi.1961],
Luis Pea; 1 Rivadavia, Elqui Valley, Coquimbo [Regin],
x.28-29.57 [28-29.x.1957], Chile, L Pena [Luis Pea] Guzman;
1 CHILE: Prov. [Province] Elqui Choros Bajos 25.X.1988
[25.x.1988] JEBarriga [J.E. Barriga]; 1 Rivadavia, Elqui
Valley, Coquimbo [Region], v.16.53 [16.v.1953], Chile, L Pena
[Luis Pea] Guzman; 1 Q.[Quebrada] Chaaral, Coquimbo
[Region] 300 m, x.23.57 [23.x.1957], Chile, L Pena [Luis Pea]
Guzman; 2 Rio Blanco, Aconcagua [Valaparaiso Region],
Chile, Dec. 5-8, 1961 [5-8.x.1961], Luis Pea; 1 Piscicultura,
Chile, R. [Ro] Blanco, Aconcagua, XI.10.64 [10.xi.1964], 1600
m. Luis E. Pea1 Los Molles, [Valparaiso Region], XI.20.65
[20.xi.1965], Chile, Luis Pea (AEIC) and 1,2?? [metasoma
lost] Chili, 28 08 [reverse of label, 28 in the line and 08 below]
(BMNH). 1 CHILE: Prov. [Province] Elqui Choros Bajos
25.X.1988 JEBarriga [J.E. Barriga] (UCDC).
31. Alophophion chiquiyane new species
(Figs. 136, 153, 182, 201)
Diagnosis.- Tis species is the only one in the Species-group
C that has the propodeal carinae lamellate. It is quite similar
to A. trauco new species but can be distinguish of them by the
presence of a glabrous area in the marginal cell next to pteros-
tigma, beside of the head proportions.
Description.- : Head. Face (Fig. 136) 1.0 x as wide as long;
smooth with punctures separated by 11.5x a puncture width;
median portion weakly convex. Clypeus convex; imbricate with
punctures separated by 23x a puncture width; apical edge cen-
trally straight, laterally slightly convex. Compound eyes 0.60.7x
as wide as face. Malar space 0.10.2x as long as basal width of
mandible. Gena, in lateral view (Fig. 153), 0.70.8x as wide as
compound eyes; smooth with punctures separated by 13x a
puncture width. Frons smooth, slightly striate between antennae
and median ocellus. Vertex with texture as gena. Lateral ocellus
separated from compound eye by 0.30.4x ocellar diameter;
distance between ocelli 0.91.0x ocellar diameter. Antenna with
5054 fagellomeres. Ratio of length/width from frst to seventh
fagellomeres: 4.74.8:2.3:2.12.2:2.1:2.02.1:1.92.1:1.82.0.
Ratio of length/width of pre-apical fagellomeres: 1.61.7x.
Mesosoma.- Pronotum in upper half smooth with punctures
separated by 11.5x a puncture width; lower half carinate; collar
striate. Mesoscutum smooth laterally and imbricate centrally
with punctures separated by 11.5x a puncture width Notaulus
extending 0.3x length of mesoscutum, scrobiculate. Mesoscute-
llum evenly convex, without lateral carina; smooth with punctu-
res separated by 24x a puncture width. Mesopleuron (Fig. 182)
imbricate with punctures separated by 11.5x a puncture width,
except smooth between punctures upper epicnemial carina;
lower edge of speculum fnely scrobiculate; mesopleural furrow
scrobiculate-rugulose reaching to posterior edge. Epicnemial
carina curved to meet anterior margin of mesopleuron at lower
third of pronotum; forming an angulation between mesopleu-
ron and mesosternum. Metapleuron rugulose. Fore wing with
CI=0.60.8; ICI=0.8; SDI=1.31.6; 1m-cu straight; ramulus
present, small, sometimes only as an angulation; Rs+M slightly
curved; marginal cell basally glabrous next to vein Rs+2r and
pterostigma; sub-basal cell glabrous with a row of setae next to
1A. Hind wing with 6 hamuli on R1 distally; NI=0.81.4; cu-a
slightly curved. Propodeum (Fig. 201) shiny, slightly carinate
texture except areas basalis and externa smooth with punctures
separated by 23x a puncture width; carinae lamellate; transverse
carinae present reaching pleural carinae; longitudinal carinae
present; lateromedian longitudinal carinae confuent behind
posterior transverse carina; pleural carina present.
Metasoma.- First tergite 4.44.5x as long as apical width.
Tergite II with spiracle located at 0.40.5x length of tergite.
Color.- Testaceous except following: surrounding area of
compound eyes, between ocelli, vertex and in some specimens
subalar prominence yellowish. Wings grayish hyaline; veins
brownish and pterostigma fulvous.
: Unknown.
Comments.- Alophophion chiquiyane new species was consi-
der in the Species-group C, but seems to be closely related with
A. trauco new species. Tey share the same structure of the propo-
deal carinae, lamellate. Beside, its distribution overlaps with the
other two species. Tis species is distributed in the Argentinean
region of Neuquen and the Chilean region of Araucania.
Etymology.- Te species epithet "chiquiyane" refers to the
nomadic tribe Chiquiyanes that inhabited the central area of
the present territory of Chile, highlands between Los Andes
and Chilln and in the Argentinean province of Mendoza. It is
treated as a noun in apposition.
Holotype: Pino Hachado [Paso de Pino Hachado] Lon-
quimay, Mal. [Malleco] II.18.80 [18.ii.1980] Chile 1600m. L.
Pea (AEIC).
Paratypes: 3: labeled as follows: ARGENTINA: 1 Pto.
[Puerto] Aqua, L. [Lago] Traful Neuquen, Argentina January
30, 1968 [30.x.1968] L & J Stange (AEIC). CHILE: 2
Curacautn, Malleco II.'64 [ii.1964] R. [Ro] Blanco Chile
Luis E. Pea (AEIC).
32. Alophophion coquimboensis new species
(Figs. 138, 159, 165, 204)
Diagnosis.- Tis species can be recognized by this combination
of features: propodeum with area superomedia not well defned,
44
Alvarado
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 003 - 060 (Mayo 2014)
fore wing with marginal cell basally glabrous next to proximal half
of Rs+2r and predominantly light straw yellow colored.
Description.- : Head. Face (Fig. 138) 1.1x as wide as
long; median portion weakly convex; imbricate with punctures
separated by 0.30.6x a puncture width. Clypeus imbricate with
punctures separated by 1.02.0x a puncture width; upper half
convex and lower half fat; apical edge slightly curved. Com-
pound eyes 0.6x as wide as face. Malar space 0.10.2x as long
as basal width of mandible. Gena, in lateral view (Fig. 159),
0.7x as wide as compound eyes, softly imbricate with shallow
punctures separated by 2.03.0x a puncture width. Frons im-
bricate, softly striate between central ocelli and toruli. Lateral
ocellus separated from compound eye by 0.3x ocellar diameter;
distance between ocelli 0.8x ocellar diameter. Antenna with
4850 fagellomeres. Ratio of length/width from frst to seventh
fagellomeres: 4.8:2.82.7:2.4:2.3:2.2:2.1:2.0. Ratio of length/
width of pre-apical fagellomeres: 1.51.4x.
Mesosoma.- Pronotum on the upper half smooth with
punctures separated by 1.01.5x a puncture width; lower half
scrobiculate and lower collar striate. Mesoscutum smooth with
punctures separated by 0.51.0x a puncture width. Notaulus
extending 0.3x length of mesoscutum. Mesoscutellum evenly
convex, smooth with punctures separated by 2.03.0x a puncture
width; lateral carina reaching 0.1x to posterior margin of mesos-
cutellum. Mesopleuron (Fig. 165) smooth on upper half and
imbricate on lower half with shallow punctures separated by
0.51.0x a puncture width; speculum smooth with punctures
separated by 2.03.0x a puncture width; lower edge of speculum
softly scrobiculate; mesopleural furrow rugulose, short reaching
to anterior third of mesopleuron. Epicnemial carina curved
to meet anterior margin of mesopleuron at lower quarter of
pronotum. Metapleuron imbricate with punctures separated
by 0.51.0x a puncture width. Fore wing with CI=0.50.6;
ICI=0.50.6; SDI=1.51.7; 1m-cu slightly curved; ramulus
present; Rs+M curved; marginal cell basally glabrous next to
proximal half of Rs+2r; sub-basal cell usually without setae, at
most with one seta. Hind wing with 78 hamuli on R1 distally;
NI=0.91.0; cu-a softly curved. Propodeum (Fig. 204) with
wavy-longitudinal carinate texture, except area externa smooth
with punctures separated by 1.02.0x a puncture width; anterior
transverse carina present between lateral longitudinal carinae;
posterior transverse carina present between pleural carinae; lon-
gitudinal carinae present, well defned before anterior transverse
carina and faint between transverse carinae, and defned after
posterior transverse carina; pleural carina present.
Metasoma.- First tergite 4.24.3x as long as apical width.
Tergite II with spiracle located at 0.5x length of tergite.
Color.- Light straw yellow except following: mandibles,
frons, antennae, occiput, a lateral spot (surrounded by a light
straw yellow) and one between notauli to 3/4 of mesoscutum,
mesopleuron, legs and metasoma testaceous.
: Similar to female except following: mesopleural furrow
absent and texture of propodeum smoother than in females.
Comments.- Tere are variations in the structure of latero-
median longitudinal carinae behind posterior transverse, some
specimens have the two carinae independent straight or wavy
and/or has an additional carina between them.
Etymology.- Te specifc epithet is based on Coquimbo
the type locality. Holotype: Ro Los Chores [Los Choros],
Coquimbo, Chile X.29-30 1961[29-30.x.1961] Luis Pea
Paratypes: 3, 19: labeled as follows: CHILE: 3,
9 [CHILE: Coquimbo, Valle de Elqui, Las Hedionditas
[Las Hediondas] I.10-11.66 [10-11.i.1965] Chile Luis Pea;
2 Ro Los Chores [Los Choros], Coquimbo, Chile X.29-
30 1961[29-30.x.1961] Luis Pea; 2 Rivadavia Elqui
valley Coquimbo X.28-29.57 Chile L Pena Guzman [Pea
Guzmn]; 1 Rio Turbio Prov. Coquimbo CHILE 1600m.
Oct. 29, 1957 [29.x.1957] L.E Pena [Pea]; 1 Copiap,
Atac. [Atacama] X.3.80 [03.x.1980] Chile Luis Pea; 1 El
Canelo Santiago Chile XI-1950 L. Pena [Pea]; 1 [Biobo,
uble] Las Trancas, Chile XII.1-15.75 [01-15.xii.1975] Chilln
Luis Pea and, 2 El Marchan, Chile III.1971 [iii.1971]
Chilln Luis Pea (AEIC).
33. Alophophion huascari new species
(Figs. 132, 147, 176, 195, 210)
Diagnosis.- Tis species can be recognized by this combi-
nation of the features: propodeum with the posterior transverse
carina present only laterally, ramulus present, face smooth and
brownish colored.
Description.- : Head. Face (Fig. 132) 1.1x as wide as long;
smooth with punctures separated by 1.52x a puncture width,
except on area bellow toruli imbricate with punctures separated
by 0.5x a puncture width; median portion weakly convex. Cly-
peus with upper half convex, smooth with punctures separated
by 23x a puncture width; and lower half fat, imbricate with
punctures separated by 0.51x a puncture width; apical edge
centrally slightly concave. Compound eyes 0.50.6x as wide
as face. Malar space 0.2x as long as basal width of mandible.
Gena, in lateral view (Fig. 147), 0.7x as wide as compound eyes,
smooth with punctures separated by 23x a puncture width.
Frons smooth, softly striate between antennae and median oce-
llus. Vertex with texture as gena. Lateral ocellus separated from
compound eye by 0.50.6x ocellar diameter; distance between
ocelli 0.8x ocellar diameter. Antenna with 5153 fagellome-
res. Ratio of length/width from frst to seventh fagellomeres:
5.3:2.93.0:2.42.6:2.42.6:2.2:2.2:2.2. Ratio of length/width
of pre-apical fagellomeres: 1.31.6x.
Mesosoma.- Pronotum smooth with punctures separated by
1.52x a puncture width. Mesoscutum smooth with punctures
separated by 12x a puncture width. Notaulus extending 0.2x
length of mesoscutum, punctate. Mesoscutellum evenly convex,
smooth with punctures separated by 45x a puncture width;
lateral carina reaching 0.1x to posterior margin of mesoscute-
llum. Mesopleuron (Fig. 176) smooth with punctures separated
by 1.52x a puncture width; speculum smooth with punctu-
res separated by 34x a puncture width; mesopleural furrow
scrobiculate, small, usually not reaching to mid mesopleuron,
rarely absent. Epicnemial carina not reaching anterior margin
of mesopleuron. Metapleuron smooth with punctures separated
by 45x a puncture width. Fore wing (Fig. 210) with CI=0.5;
ICI=0.5; SDI=1.31.4; 1m-cu slightly sinuate; ramulus present;
Rs+M slightly curved; marginal cell apically glabrous next to
Rs+2r vein and pterostigma; sub-basal cell glabrous except api-
45

Revision of the South American wasp genus ALOPHOPHION
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 003 - 060 (May 2014)
cally with isolate setae. Hind wing with 6 hamuli on R1 distally;
NI=0.91.0; cu-a slightly curved. Propodeum (Fig. 195) smooth
with punctures separated by 12x a puncture width; anterior
transverse carina present, faint laterally; posterior transverse and
lateromedian longitudinal carinae absent; lateral longitudinal
carina present only apically; pleural carina present.
Metasoma.- First tergite 5.75.8x as long as apical width.
Tergite II with spiracle located at 0.50.6x length of tergite.
Color.- Brownish except following: surrounding area of
compound eyes, face centrally, gena, collar, lateral edges of
mesoscutum, two longitudinal stripes at the level of notaulus, a
longitudinal stripe at the center reaching to 2/3 length of mesos-
cutum, mesoscutellum laterally, subalar prominence, a diagonal
stripe of mesopleuron, apical half of metapleuron, apical edge of
tergites IIIVII and legs brownish-cream colored. Wings hyaline,
apically infuscate; veins and pterostigma brownish.
: Similar to female; except some variation in face propor-
tions 1.01.2x as wide as long.
Comments.- Alophophion huascari new species is similar
in appearance to A. capacyupanquii new species. Tey can be
distinguished by the presence of anterior transverse carinae in A.
huascari new species. Tis species was collected in Polylepis forest.
Etymology.- Te species epithet "huascari" refers to Huascar
the twelfth ruler of the Tawantinsuyu.
Holotype: PERU: AY. [Ayacucho] Ayacucho, Chavia,
1454'21.36"S/ 7353'56.87"W, 4170m. 06-10.iv.2010. Bosque
de Polylepis. Pan trap [yellow]. N. Martinez Leg. (MUSM).
Paratypes: 3, 1 l abel ed as fol l ows: PERU:
3 PERU: AY. [Ayacucho] Ayacucho, Chavi a,
1454'21.49"S/7353'55.78"W, 4153m. 05-12.iv.2010.
Bosque de Polylepis. N. Martinez Leg. [Light trap]; and 1
PERU: AY. [Ayacucho] Ayacucho, Chavia, 1454'21.36"S/
7353'56.98"W, 4170m. 07-10.iv.2010. Bosque de Polylepis.
N. Martinez Leg. [Light trap] (MUSM).
34. Alophophion huaynacapaci new species
(Fig. 139, 160, 183, 205)
Diagnosis.- Tis species can be recognized by this combina-
tion of the features: gena, in lateral view, narrow, 0.6x as wide as
compound eyes; and lateral ocellus separated from compound
eye by 0.4x ocellar diameter.
Description.- : Head. Face (Fig. 139) 1.0 x as wide as long;
smooth with shallow punctures separated by 2.0x a puncture
width; median portion weakly convex; punctate-striate before
toruli and next to compound eyes. Clypeus with upper 2/3
slightly convex, smooth with shallow punctures separated by
4.0x a puncture width; and lower 1/3 fat, imbricate with shallow
punctures separated by 4.0x a puncture width; median portion
weakly convex; apical edge straight centrally, slightly convex
laterally. Compound eyes 0.6x as wide as face. Malar space less
than 0.1x as long as basal width of mandible. Gena, in lateral
view (Fig. 160), 0.6x as wide as compound eyes, smooth with
shallow punctures separated by 4x a puncture width. Frons im-
bricate, slightly convex between central ocelli and toruli. Vertex
with texture as gena. Lateral ocellus separated from compound
eye by 0.4x ocellar diameter; distance between ocelli 0.8x ocellar
diameter. Antenna with 47 fagellomeres. Ratio of length/width
from frst to seventh fagellomeres: 5.1:2.7:2.4:2.3:2.1: 2.0:1.9.
Ratio of length/width of pre-apical fagellomeres: 1.9x.
Mesosoma.- Pronotum in upper half smooth with shallow
punctures separated by 4x a puncture width; lower half imbrica-
te with shallow punctures separated by 34x a puncture width.
Mesoscutum with shallow punctures separated by 4x a puncture
width. Notaulus extending 0.3x length of mesoscutum. Mesos-
cutellum evenly convex; punctate; lateral carina reaching 0.1x
to posterior margin of mesoscutellum. Mesopleuron (Fig. 183)
softly imbricate with shallow punctures separated by 1.03.0x a
puncture width; lower edge of speculum with proximal half fnely
scrobiculate; epicnemial carina curved to meet anterior margin of
mesopleuron at lower quarter of pronotum; mesopleural furrow
absent. Metapleuron softly imbricate with shallow punctures
separated by 13x a puncture width. Fore wing with CI=0.5;
ICI=0.4; SDI=1.4; 1m-cu softly sinuate; ramulus absent; Rs+M
softly sinuate; marginal cell apically glabrous next to pterostigma
and Rs+2r; sub-basal cell with isolated setae distributed in the
apical quarter. Hind wing with 6 hamuli on R1 distally; NI=0.8;
cu-a slightly curved. Propodeum (Fig. 205) with softly rugose,
shiny; anterior transverse carina present between lateral carinae,
stronger centrally and faint laterally; posterior transverse carina
complete reaching pleural carina, faint; lateral longitudinal carinae
faint; lateromedian longitudinal carinae absent.
Metasoma. First tergite 4.2x as long as apical width. Tergite
II with spiracle located at 0.5x of tergite.
Color.- Brownish except following: face, gena, frons latera-
lly, vertex, collar, anterior-lateral of pronotum, lateral edges of
mesoscutum, two longitudinal stripes at the level of notaulus,
central-apically spot on mesoscutum, mesoscutellum, subalar
prominence, a diagonal stripe on mesopleuron from the ante-
rior edge to the middle, apical half of metapleuron, area coxalis
yellowish colored; and antennae and frons centrally testaceous.
Wings hyaline.
: Unknown.
Comments.- Tis species was described with a single speci-
men, because it occurs in the same locality as A. maytacapaci,
A. lloqueyupanquii and A. pachacutii, this will help to avoid
confusing it with species distributed in the same locality.
Etymology.- Te species epithet "huaynacapaci" refers to
Huayna Cpac the eleventh ruler of the Tawantinsuyu.
Holotype: PERU: AY [Ayacucho], Laramate
1450'44.1"S/ 7444'13.4"W. 2100m. 14.ii.2009 Light Trap.
L Figueroa (MUSM)
35. Alophophion incarocai new species
(Figs. 122, 143, 168, 187, 207)
Diagnosis.- Tis species can be recognized by the presence
of a row of setae parallel to the M+Cu in sub-basal cell of fore
wing, and the propodeum with the anterior transverse carina
present centrally.
Description.- : Head. Face (Fig. 122) 1.0x as wide as long;
imbricate with punctures separated by 0.30.8x a puncture wi-
46
Alvarado
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 003 - 060 (Mayo 2014)
dth; median portion weakly convex. Clypeus convex; imbricate
with punctures separated by 0.51x a puncture width; apical
edge almost truncate, laterally slightly convex. Compound eyes
0.6x as wide as face. Malar space 0.3x as long as basal width
of mandible. Gena, in lateral view (Fig. 143), 0.9x as wide as
compound eyes; imbricate with punctures separated by 1x a
puncture width. Frons imbricate, striate between central ocelli
and toruli. Vertex with texture as gena. Lateral ocellus separated
from compound eye by 0.5x ocellar diameter; distance between
ocelli 0.8x ocellar diameter. Antenna with 59 fagellomeres.
Ratio of length/width from first to seventh flagellomeres:
6.3:3.4:3.0:2.8:2.6:2.5:2.4. Ratio of length/width of pre-apical
fagellomeres: 1.8x.
Mesosoma. Pronotum imbricate with punctures separated by
0.51x a puncture width; lower half softly striate. Mesoscutum
imbricate with punctures separated by 0.51x a puncture width.
Notaulus extending 0.2x length of mesoscutum. Mesoscutellum
evenly convex, imbricate with punctures separated by 11.5x a
puncture width; lateral carina reaching 0.2x to posterior mar-
gin of mesoscutellum. Mesopleuron (Fig. 187) imbricate with
punctures separated by 0.30.8x a puncture width; mesopleural
furrow absent. Epicnemial carina curved to meet anterior margin
of mesopleuron at lower quarter of pronotum. Metapleuron
imbricate with punctures separated by 0.51x a puncture width.
Fore wing (Fig.207) with CI=0.5; ICI=0.6; SDI=1.4; 1m-cu
straight; ramulus absent; Rs+M slightly curved; fenestra with
comma shape; marginal cell cover by setae; sub-basal cell with
a row of setae parallel to the M+Cu vein and triangular area
formed by 1A and cu-a cover by setae. Hind wing with 6 hamuli
on R1 distally; NI=0.6; cu-a slightly curved. Propodeum (Fig.
187) imbricate with punctures separated by 0.30.8x a puncture
width, softly striate longitudinally; anterior transverse carina
present centrally; posterior transverse carina absent centrally,
laterally present; longitudinal carinae present apically; pleural
carina present.
Metasoma.- First tergite 5.4x as long as apical width. Tergite
II with spiracle located at 0.5x of tergite.
Color.- Reddish brown except following: surrounded area to
compound eyes and between ocelli cream colored.
: Similar to female except following: hind wing with 56
hamuli on R1 distally; gena, occiput, tegula, lateral edges of
mesoscutum, two longitudinal stripes at the level of notaulus,
central-apically spot on mesoscutum and mesoscutellum cream
colored; and, lateral longitudinal carinae longer, almost reaching
anterior transverse carina.
Comments.- One male has same color as female. Alophophion
incarocai new species has similar appearance than A. yahuarhua-
caci new species in structure both have the propodeum with the
anterior transverse carina present centrally, the ramulus absent
and the mesopleural furrow absent, but they can be distinguish
by the presence of a row of setae parallel to the M+Cu vein in
sub-basal cell of fore wing in Alophophion incarocai new species.
All the specimens were collected in Polylepis forest; most of the
specimens were collected using light traps.
Etymology.- Te species epithet "incarocai" refers to Inca
Roca the sixth ruler of the Tawantinsuyu and frst inca.
Holotype: PERU: AY. [Ayacucho] Ayacucho, Chavia,
1454'21.49"S/7353'55.78"W, 4153m. 05-12.iv.2010. Bosque
de Polylepis. N. Martinez Leg. [Light trap] (MUSM)
Paratypes: 7, labeled as follows: 6; PERU: AY. [Aya-
cucho] Ayacucho, Chavia, 1454'21.49"S/7353'55.78"W,
4153m. 05-12.iv.2010. Bosque de Polylepis. N. Martinez Leg.
[Light trap] (2MUSM, 1 AEIC, 1 BMNH, 2
SEMC); and 1 PERU: AY. [Ayacucho] Ayacucho, Chavia,
1454'21.00"S/ 7353'56.48"W, 4070m. 05-12.iv.2010. Bosque
de Polylepis. T. [Trap] Malaise 1. N. Martinez Leg. (MUSM).
36. Alophophion larseni (Enderlein, 1912)
(Figs. 119, 141, 163, 184)
Ophion larseni Enderlein, 1912:41. [description]; Townes &
Townes, 1966:170. [listed].
Ophion occidentalis Morley, 1912: 57. [description, key].
Alophophion occidentalis Townes & Townes, 1966:171.
Lectotype BMNH [generic transfer, lectotype designation,
list]; Gauld & Lanfranco, 1987:263. [generic transfer]; Gauld
& Lanfranco, 1987:263. [synonymized with A. larseni]; and
Alophophion larseni Gauld & Lanfranco, 1987:263; Yu &
Horstmann, 1997: 730 [listed].
Diagnosis.- Alophophion larseni has transverse carinae faint,
lateral longitudinal carinae absent but lateromedian longitudinal
carinae well defned.
Description.- : Head. Face (Fig. 119) 1.11.2 x as wide as
long; median portion weakly convex; centrally smooth and late-
rally imbricate, with punctures separated by 0.51x a puncture
width. Clypeus slightly convex; centrally smooth and laterally
imbricate, with punctures separated by 11.5x a puncture width
apical edge straight. Compound eyes 0.40.5x as wide as face.
Malar space 0.3x as long as basal width of mandible. Gena, in
lateral view (Fig. 141), 0.7x as wide as compound eyes, smooth
with punctures separated by 23x a puncture width. Frons fnely
striate. Vertex with texture as gena. Lateral ocellus separated from
compound eye by 0.20.3x ocellar diameter; distance between
ocelli 0.71.0x ocellar diameter. Antenna with 5156 fagello-
meres. Ratio of length/width from frst to seventh fagellomeres:
4.34.7:2.22.4:2.0:1.9:1.81.9:1.71.8:1.7. Ratio of length/
width of pre-apical fagellomeres: 1.41.6x.
Mesosoma.- Pronotum in upper half smooth with punctures
separated by 0.51x a puncture width and lower half and dorsal
to collar striate. Mesoscutum smooth with punctures separated
by 1x a puncture width. Notaulus extending 0.5x length of
mesoscutum, fnely scrobiculate. Mesoscutellum evenly convex;
smooth with punctures separated by 12x a puncture width;
lateral carina reaching 0.2x to posterior margin of mesoscute-
llum. Mesopleuron (Fig. 163) smooth with punctures separated
by 12x a puncture width; speculum smooth with punctures
separated by 23x a puncture width, with proximal half fnely
scrobiculate; mesopleural furrow short, rugulose. Epicnemial
carina curved to meet anterior margin of mesopleuron at lower
third of pronotum. Metapleuron smooth with punctures se-
parated by 12x a puncture width, except posterior half softly
carinate. Fore wing with CI=0.4; ICI=0.8; SDI=1.31.4; 1m-
cu slightly curved; ramulus present, sometimes small; Rs+M
curved; marginal cell homogeneously cover by setae; sub-basal
47

Revision of the South American wasp genus ALOPHOPHION
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 003 - 060 (May 2014)
cell with setae apically, distributed in a triangular area next to
the intersection between veins 1A and cu-a. Hind wing with 7
hamuli on R1 distally; NI=0.91.0; cu-a slightly curved. Pro-
podeum (Fig. 184) smooth with punctures separated by 24x a
puncture width, except area superomedia, postero-externa and
petiolaris with longitudinal wavy carinate texture; anterior and
posterior transverse carina present centrally and laterally defned,
between longitudinal carinae complete or faintly indicated; area
superomedia well enclosed; lateral longitudinal carinae faint or
absent between transverse carinae; posterior transverse carina
reaching pleural carina; areas behind posterior transverse carina
not well defned, with longitudinal carinate texture; pleural
carina present.
Metasoma.- First tergite 4.74.8x as long as apical width.
Tergite II with spiracle located at 0.5x length of tergite.
Color.- Fulvous except following: surrounding area of com-
pound eyes, vertex, gena, subalar prominence, a diagonal stripe in
mesopleuron, mesoscutellum and apically metapleuron yellowish.
: Similar to female
Comments.- All the material studied suggests that there is
only one species of Alophophion in Falkland Island; there is no
doubt that A. occidentalis (Morley, 1912) is a synonym of A.
larseni (Enderlein, 1912). Alophophion larseni was rear from an
unknown Noctuid (Gauld & Lanfranco, 1987).
Type material examined.- Lectotype of Alophophion occi-
dentalis (Morley, 1912): 1 East I. [East Falkland], Falkland
Is. [Island], Nov.08,-Feb.09. [xi.1908-ii.1909], Col. [collector]
A. M. Reid., 1909-277. (BMNH).
Non type examined material: 11 , 8 : labeled as
follows: FALKLAND ISLANDS (ISLAS MALVINAS): 1,
6 Falkland Is [Island], ex [extracted] blowfy?, May 1979,
Vet. Ofcer coll., No. 1, CIE a.11226; 1, 4 Falkland Is
[Island]: Port Stanley, i-ii.1984, I.J. Strange; E. [East] Falkland:
Port Stanley, III.1983 [iii.1983], N. Prendergast; 2 Fa-
lkland Island: -Elliot. [Maggie Elliot Rock], B.M. 1934-526;
2, 1 Falkland Is [Island]: Stanley [Port Stanley]., A. G.
Bennett., 1920-199; 1 East I. [East Falkland], Falkland Is.
[Island], Nov.08,-Feb.09. [xi.1908-ii.1909], Col. [collector] A.
M. Reid., 1909-277.; 1 Falkland Isl [Island], [reverse of label,
74 in the line and 49 below]; 1 Falkland Is [Island],20.12.60
[20.xii.1960], I. Stange [in a second labe 1961-443]; Falklands
Island, Stanley, vi.2010, Coll. [collector] P. Cornell, at night,
FERA 21015606; 1 unlabelled-data presumably same as
specimens eifer side? [Det. G. Broad 2012] (BMNH).
37. Alophophion lloqueyupanquii new species
(Figs. 126, 155, 172, 191)
Diagnosis.- Tis species can be recognized by this combi-
nation of the features: the speculum with same texture as the
mesopleuron, the mesopleural furrow absent, and the lateral
longitudinal carina faint between the transverse carinae.
Description.- : Head. Face (Fig. 126) 1.1 x as wide as
long; imbricate with punctures separated by 0.5x a puncture
width; median portion weakly convex. Clypeus with upper
half convex and lower half fat; imbricate with punctures
separated by 0.51x a puncture width; apical edge convex.
Compound eyes 0.6x as wide as face. Malar space 0.10.2x
as long as basal width of mandible. Gena, in lateral view
(Fig. 155), 0.8x as wide as compound eyes, imbricate with
punctures separated by 11.5x a puncture width. Frons
imbricate striate between central ocelli and toruli. Vertex
with texture as gena. Lateral ocellus separated from com-
pound eye by 0.3x ocellar diameter; distance between ocelli
0.60.8x ocellar diameter. Antenna with 5455 fagellomeres.
Ratio of length/width from frst to seventh fagellomeres:
4.34.7:2.62.7:2.5:2.2:2.2:2.2:2.12.2. Ratio of length/
width of pre-apical fagellomeres: 1.61.7x.
Mesosoma.- Pronotum on the upper half smooth with
punctures separated by 0.51x a puncture width; lower half
rugulose-striate and lower half of collar striate. Mesoscutum
smooth with punctures separated by 11.5x a puncture width.
Notaulus extending 0.3x length of mesoscutum, scrobiculate.
Mesoscutellum evenly convex, with texture as that of mesos-
cutum; lateral carina reaching 0.1x to posterior margin of
mesoscutellum. Mesopleuron (Fig. 172) smooth with punctures
separated by 0.51.0x a puncture width; mesopleural furrow
absent; speculum smooth with punctures separated by 12x
a puncture width. Epicnemial carina curved to meet anterior
margin of mesopleuron at lower third of pronotum. Metapleuron
smooth with punctures separated by 0.5x a puncture width.
Fore wing with CI=0.5; ICI=0.80.9; SDI=1.5; 1m-cu slightly
sinuate; ramulus present; Rs+M curved; marginal cell cover by
setae; sub-basal cell usually with isolate setae apically or without
setae. Hind wing with 78 hamuli on R1 distally; NI=0.8; cu-a
curved. Propodeum (Fig. 191) area superomedia, coxalis and
posteroexterna rugulose, and areas basalis, spiracularis, lateralis
and dentipara imbricate with punctures separated by 11.5x
a puncture width; anterior transverse carina present between
lateral longitudinal carinae; posterior transverse carina present
between pleural carinae; posterior transverse carina between
lateral longitudinal carinae with M shape; lateral longitudinal
carinae faint between transverse carinae; lateromedian longi-
tudinal carinae faint; lateromedian longitudinal carinae after
posterior transverse carinae convergent, fused to form a single
median longitudinal carina; pleural carina present.
Metasoma.- First tergite 4.04.3x as long as apical width.
Tergite II with spiracle located at 0.5x length of tergite.
Color.- Brownish fulvous except following: head (except frons
centrally fulvous), collar, lower half of pronotum, apical edge
of mesoscutum, notauli, mesoscutellum, tegula, subalar promi-
nence, speculum, a diagonal stripe in mesopleuron, apical half
of metasternum, dorsal view of coxae light straw yellow. Wings
hyaline; veins brownish and pterostigma fulvous.
: Unknown.
Comments.- Alophophion lloqueyupanquii new species is
quite similar to A. ofeliae new species, beside the diferences
mentioned in the key; A. lloqueyupanquii new species has darker
brownish color than A. ofeliae new species.
Etymology.- Te species epithet "lloqueyupanquii" refers to
Lloque Yupanqui the third ruler of the Tawantinsuyu.
Holotype: PERU: AY [Ayacucho], Laramate
1450'44.1"S/ 7444'13.4"W. 2100m. 14.ii.2009 Light Trap.
L Figueroa (MUSM)
48
Alvarado
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 003 - 060 (Mayo 2014)
Paratypes: 7 same as holotype (3 MUSM, 1 AEIC,
1 BMNH, 2SEMC).
38. Alophophion ofeliae new species
(Figs. 125, 154, 171, 190, 206)
Diagnosis.- Tis species can be recognized by this combi-
nation of the features: light straw yellow colored, propodeum
with longitudinal carinae present delimiting the area dentipara
and the gena 0.7x as wide as the compound eyes.
Description.- : Head. Face (Fig. 125) 1.1x as wide as long;
smooth with punctures separated by 0.5x a puncture width;
median portion weakly convex. Clypeus upper half convex and
lower half fat, imbricate with punctures separated by 12x a
puncture width; apical edge slightly curved. Compound eyes
0.50.6x as wide as face. Malar space 0.10.2x as long as basal
width of mandible. Gena, in lateral view (Fig. 154), 0.7x as wide
as compound eyes; smooth with punctures separated by 23x a
puncture width. Frons smooth, slightly striate between toruli and
central ocelli. Vertex with texture as gena. Lateral ocellus separa-
ted from compound eye by 0.10.2x ocellar diameter; distance
between ocelli 0.60.7x ocellar diameter. Antenna with 5456
fagellomeres. Ratio of length/width from frst to seventh fage-
llomeres: 4.24.3:2.52.4:2.12.2:2.0:1.82.0:1.71.9:1.71.9.
Ratio of length/width of pre-apical fagellomeres: 1.31.6x.
Mesosoma.- Pronotum in upper posterior half smooth
with punctures separated by 12x a puncture width; lower
half and next to collar scrobiculate. Mesoscutum smooth with
punctures separated by 34x a puncture width. Notaulus exten-
ding 0.2x length of mesoscutum, fnely scrobiculate in apical
half. Mesoscutellum evenly convex, smooth with punctures
separated by 23x a puncture width; lateral carina reaching
0.1x to posterior margin of mesoscutellum. Mesopleuron (Fig.
171) smooth with punctures separated by 12x a puncture
width; lower edge of speculum scrobiculate, becoming fner to
posterior end; mesopleural furrow absent. Epicnemial carina
curved to meet anterior margin of mesopleuron at lower third
of pronotum. Metapleuron smooth with punctures separated by
12x a puncture width, upperanteriorly with punctures closer
separated by 1x a puncture width. Fore wing (Fig. 206) with
CI=0.50.6; ICI=0.9; SDI=1.5; 1m-cu straight; ramulus pre-
sent; Rs+M curved; marginal cell glabrous next to upper half of
Rs+2r; sub-basal cell glabrous. Hind wing with 8 hamuli on R1
distally; NI=0.7; cu-a curved. Propodeum (Fig. 190) rugulose,
except: area superomedia longitudinally carinate and area basalis
smooth with punctures separated by 0.51.5x a puncture width;
anterior and posterior transverse carinae present, faint; anterior
transverse carina not reaching pleural carina; longitudinal carinae
present, except on anterior area; lateromedian longitudinal cari-
nae faint between transverse carinae; lateromedian longitudinal
carinae after posterior transverse carina convergent, fused to
form a single median longitudinal carina; pleural carina present.
Metasoma.- First tergite 4.04.5x as long as apical width.
Tergite II with spiracle located at 0.5x of tergite.
Color.- Light straw yellow except following: vertex, antennae
and three stripes on mesoscutum fulvous.
: Unknown
Comments.- Big specimens have slightly rugulose texture
next to epicnemial carina. Tis species has the same appearance
as A. sofae new species; they were collected together, but can be
easily diferentiate by the proportion of the head. Tis species
has the face wider face and gena. Tis species was collected at
the westerns slope of the Andes.
Etymology.- Named in honor of Ofelia Carranza.
Holotype: , PERU: MO [Moquegua], General Sn-
chez Cerro, La Capilla, 71
o
2056W/ 16
o
4537S, 2739 m.
16.iv.2011. C. Carranza (MUSM).
Paratypes: 2, same data as holotype (MUSM).
39. Alophophion pachacutii new species
(Figs. 7, 130, 148, 177, 196, 211)
Diagnosis.- Tis species can be recognized by this combina-
tion of the features: propodeum with the anterior and posterior
transverse carina present and the longitudinal carinae faint;
sub-basal cell of the fore wing glabrous; and body with light
straw yellowish coloration.
Description.- : Head. Face (Fig. 130) 1.11.2 x as wide
as long; smooth with punctures separated by 11.5x a puncture
width; median portion weakly convex. Clypeus with upper half
convex and lower half fat; smooth with punctures separated by
1.52x a puncture width; apical edge slightly convex. Compound
eyes 0.6x as wide as face. Malar space 0.2x as long as basal width
of mandible. Gena, in lateral view (Fig. 148), 0.70.8x as wide
as compound eyes, smooth with punctures separated by 1.52x
a puncture width. Frons smooth, softly striate between central
ocelli and toruli. Vertex with texture as gena. Lateral ocellus
separated from compound eye by 0.2x ocellar diameter; distance
between ocelli 0.50.7x ocellar diameter. Antenna with 4348
fagellomeres. Ratio of length/width from frst to seventh fage-
llomeres: 3.53.7:2.12.2:1.92.1:1.71.8:1.7:1.61.7:1.61.7.
Ratio of length/width of pre-apical fagellomeres: 1.31.4x.
Mesosoma.- Pronotum in upper half imbricate with punctures
separated by 11.5x a puncture width; lower half striate. Mesoscu-
tum smooth with punctures separated by 0.51.5x a puncture wi-
dth. Notaulus extending 0.3x length of mesoscutum, scrobiculate.
Mesoscutellum evenly convex, smooth with punctures separated
by 34x a puncture width; lateral carina reaching 0.1x to posterior
margin of mesoscutellum. Mesopleuron (Fig. 177) smooth with
punctures separated by 0.51x a puncture width; lower edge of
speculum fnely scrobiculate; speculum smooth with punctures
separated by 12x a puncture width; mesopleural furrow scrobi-
culate or softly weakly development. Epicnemial carina curved to
meet anterior margin of mesopleuron at lower third of pronotum.
Metapleuron anterior half smooth with punctures separated by
11.5x a puncture width, posterior half softly rugulose. Fore
wing (Fig. 211) with CI=0.40.5; ICI=0.50.6; SDI=1.6; 1m-
cu straight; ramulus present; Rs+M slightly curved; marginal cell
apically glabrous next to proximal half of pterostigma and Rs+2r
vein; sub-basal cell glabrous. Hind wing with 68 hamuli on R1
distally; NI=0.80.9; cu-a slightly curved. Propodeum (Fig. 196)
carinate wavy-rugulose texture, except: areas basalis and externa
punctate smooth with punctures separated by 1x a puncture width
and area dentipara with softly wavy-rugulose texture; anterior
49

Revision of the South American wasp genus ALOPHOPHION
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 003 - 060 (May 2014)
transverse carina present, faint laterally; posterior transverse carina
weak centrally, carina wavy-rugulose; longitudinal carinae present,
faint; pleural carina present.
Metasoma.- First tergite 3.53.9x as long as apical width.
Tergite II with spiracle located at 0.40.5x length of tergite.
Color.- Light straw yellow.
: Similar to female except propodeal carinae straight and
well develop and mesopleural furrow generally absent, rarely
softly weakly development. One specimen with lateromedian
longitudinal carina present behind posterior transverse carina
well defned and straight.
Comments.- One female has the propodeum with the carinae
faint and the lower edge of speculum with same the texture as
rest of the mesopleuron.
Tis species was collected at the western slope of the Andes.
Tis species has light straw yellow coloration as A. sofae new
species and A. ofeliae new species, also distributed in the western
slope of the Andes in Peru but apparently their distribution does
not overlap. Alophophion pachacutii new species were collected
during most part of the year.
Etymology.- Te species epithet "pachacutii" refers to Pa-
chacuti the ninth ruler of the Tawantinsuyu.
Holotype: PERU: AY [Ayacucho], Laramate
1450'44.1"S/ 7444'13.4"W. 2100m. 14.ii.2009 Light Trap.
L Figueroa (MUSM).
Paratypes: 5, 6: labeled as follows: PERU: 3,
4 same data as holotype (2, 2 MUSM; , 2
SEMC); 1 PERU: IC. [Ica] Ica, Fdo. [Fundo] Yolanda
1409'17.4"S/ 7540'27.7"W 434m 22.iv.2011. Ligth trap. L.
Salinas Leg. (AEIC); 1 PERU: IC. [Ica] Ica, Fdo. [Fundo]
Yolanda 1409'17.4"S/ 7540'27.7"W 434m i.2011. Malaise
trap. L. (BMNH).and 2 PERU: IC. [Ica] Ica, Fdo. [Fundo]
Yolanda 1409'17.4"S/ 7540'27.7"W 434m viii.2010. Light
trap. L. Salinas Leg. ( MUSM, BMNH).
40. Alophophion pincoya new species
(Figs. 133, 150, 179, 198)
Diagnosis.- Tis species can be recognized by clypeus with
ventral-lateral edges angulate giving a square appearance.
Description.- : Head. Face (Fig. 133) 1.0x as wide as
long; imbricate with punctures separated by 11.5x a puncture
width; median portion weakly convex. Clypeus convex; apical
edge straight centrally, angulated laterally; imbricate with
punctures separated by 46x a puncture width. Compound
eyes 0.6x as wide as face. Malar space 0.10.2x as long as basal
width of mandible. Gena, in lateral view (Fig. 150), 0.60.8x
as wide as compound eyes; imbricate with punctures separated
by 24x a puncture width. Frons concave between toruli and
compound eyes; between toruli and ocelli imbricate-striate.
Lateral ocellus separated from compound eye by 0.30.4 x
ocellar diameter; distance between ocelli 0.6x ocellar diame-
ter. Antenna with 4647 fagellomeres. Ratio of length/width
from frst to seventh fagellomeres: 4.14.2:2.42.2:2.0
2.1:1.9:1.91.8:1.8:1.8. Ratio of length/width of pre-apical
fagellomeres: 1.31.5x.
Mesosoma.- Pronotum with upper half smooth with punctures
separated by 12x a puncture width; lower half striate; lower half
of collar striate. Mesoscutum smooth with punctures separated
by 24x a puncture width. Notaulus extending 0.3x length of
mesoscutum; scrobiculate. Mesoscutellum evenly convex; lateral
carina reaching 0.3x to posterior margin of mesoscutellum; with
punctures separated by 46x a puncture width. Mesopleuron
(Fig. 179) on upper half smooth and lower half imbricate with
punctures separated by 0.51.5x a puncture width; lower edge of
speculum fnely scrobiculate, smooth with punctures separated by
23x a puncture width; mesopleural furrow absent. Epicnemial
carina curved to meet anterior margin of mesopleuron at lower
quarter of pronotum. Metapleuron imbricate with punctures
separated by 11.5x a puncture width. Fore wing with CI=0.4;
ICI=0.80.9; SDI=1.41.5; 1m-cu straight; ramulus present;
Rs+M curved; marginal cell glabrous next to pterostigma and
Rs+2r vein; sub-basal cell with or without setae apically. Hind wing
with 67 hamuli on R1 distally; NI=0.60.9; cu-a slightly curved.
Propodeum (Fig. 198) softly rugulose except areas externa and
basalis imbricate with punctures separated by 1.52x a puncture
width; anterior transverse carina present between lateral longitu-
dinal carinae, convex; posterior transverse carina present between
pleural carinae, between lateral longitudinal carinae with M
shape; lateral longitudinal carinae faint between transverse carinae.
Metasoma.- First tergite 4.0x as long as apical width. Tergite
II with spiracle located at 0.5x length of tergite.
Color.- Testaceous except following: head (except frons
centrally Testaceous), collar, lower half of pronotum, apical
edge of mesoscutum, notauli, mesoscutellum, tegula, subalar
prominence, speculum, a diagonal stripe in mesopleuron, apical
half of metasternum, apical half of propodeum, coxae apically
and dorsally light straw yellow.
: Unknown.
Comments.- Tere is one specimen, from Pino Hachado,
that is light straw yellow. All the specimens were collected in
February during the wed season.
Etymology.- Te species epithet "pincoya" refers to a female
mythologic character "water spirit" of the Chilotan Seas. It is
treated as a noun in apposition.
Holotype: Curacautn, Malleco II.'64 [ii.1964] R. Blanco
Chile Luis E. Pea (AEIC).
Paratypes: 9: labeled as follows: CHILE: 7 same data as
holotype; y 2 Pino Hachado [Paso de Pino Hachado] Lonqui-
may, Mal. II.18.80 [18.ii.1980] Chile 1600m. L. Pea (AEIC).
41. Alophophion porculatus (Morley, 1912)
(Figs. 120, 161, 166, 185)
Ophion porculatus Morley, 1912: 55. Holotype [Morley use
of type is herein regarded as an original holotype designation
(ICZN 1999: Art. 73.1.1)] [description, key].
Alophophion porculatus Townes & Townes, 1966:171. [generic
transfer, list]; Yu & Horstmann, 1997: 730. [listed].
Diagnosis.- Tis species can be distinguish by the lateral oce-
llus separated from the compound eye by 0.4x ocellar diameter,
the mesopleural furrow absent and the body olive green colored.
50
Alvarado
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 003 - 060 (Mayo 2014)
Description.- : Head. Face (Fig. 120) 1.3 x as wide as long;
smooth with punctures separated by 24x a puncture width;
median portion convex. Clypeus convex; smooth with punctures
separated by 34x a puncture width; apical edge slightly curved.
Compound eyes 0.4x as wide as face. Malar space 0.3x as long as
basal width of mandible. Gena, in lateral view (Fig. 161), 0.7x
as wide as compound eyes; smooth with punctures separated by
57x a puncture width. Frons imbricate, slightly striate between
antennae and median ocellus. Vertex with texture as gena. Lateral
ocellus separated from compound eye by 0.4x ocellar diameter;
distance between ocelli 1.0x ocellar diameter. Ratio of length/
width of frst fagellomere: 4.4x.
Mesosoma.- Pronotum smooth with punctures separated by
2.54x a puncture width; collar striate. Mesoscutum smooth
with punctures separated by 35x a puncture width. Notau-
lus extending 0.5x length of mesoscutum, fnely scrobiculate
basally. Mesoscutellum evenly convex, smooth with punctures
separated by 46x a puncture width; lateral carina reaching 0.1x
to posterior margin of mesoscutellum. Mesopleuron (Fig. 166)
smooth with punctures separated by 67x a puncture width;
speculum with proximal half scrobiculate; mesopleural furrow
absent. Epicnemial carina curved to meet anterior margin
of mesopleuron at lower quarter of pronotum. Metapleuron
smooth between punctures. Fore wing with CI=0.6; ICI=0.9;
SDI=1.4; 1m-cu slightly curved; ramulus present; Rs+M slightly
curved; marginal cell basally glabrous next to pterostigma and
Rs+2r; sub-basal cell with setae distributed in the apical quarter.
Hind wing with 7 hamuli on R1 distally; NI=1.0; cu-a curved.
Propodeum (Fig. 185) smooth with punctures separated by
68x a puncture width, surrounding area of carinae with softly
carinate texture; anterior and posterior transverse carina present;
longitudinal carinae present, except before anterior transverse
carina; lateromedian longitudinal carinae after posterior trans-
verse carinae faint; pleural carina present.
Metasoma.- First tergite 2.7x as long as apical width. Tergite
II with spiracle located at 0.5 of tergite.
Color.- Olive green.
: unknown
Comments.- Te collecting information only mentions
Argentina, and this species is only known by the holotype.
Tis species has small ocelli, a feature usually found in diurnal
species.
Type material examined.- Holotype: labeled as follows:
Type/ B.M. TYPE HYM. 3b.2009 [handwritten]/ Argentina.
Fitzgerald. 99 124. / Named by Claude Morley porcellanus
type [handwritten]/ Ophion porculata Morl [handwritten] J.F.
Perkins 1958 [last number handwritten] type [handwritten]
(BMNH).
42. Alophophion teushen new species
(Figs. 134, 151, 180, 199)
Diagnosis.- Tis species can be recognized by this combi-
nation of the features: propodeum with the posterior transverse
carina present, lower edge of the speculum softly scrobiculate
and the lateromedian longitudinal carinae converge behind
posterior transverse carina.
Description.- : Head. Face (Fig. 134) 1.1x as wide as long;
smooth with punctures separated by 24x a puncture width,
upper half of face between toruli with imbricate; median portion
weakly convex. Clypeus slightly convex; apical edge straight
centrally, curved laterally; upper half smooth and lower half
imbricate with punctures separated by 24x a puncture width.
Compound eyes 0.60.7x as wide as face. Malar space 0.1x as
long as basal width of mandible. Gena, in lateral view (Fig. 151),
0.60.7x as wide as compound eyes smooth with isolates punctu-
res. Frons smooth, softly striate dorsal toruli. Lateral ocellus sepa-
rated from compound eye by 0.20.3x ocellar diameter; distance
between ocelli 0.70.9x ocellar diameter. Antenna with 4852
fagellomeres. Ratio of length/width from frst to seventh fage-
llomeres: 4.14.4:2.7:2.32.4:2.22.3:2.22.3:2.12.3:2.02.1.
Ratio of length/width of pre-apical fagellomeres: 1.51.6x.
Mesosoma.- Pronotum smooth with punctures separated by
68x a puncture width, collar with imbricate texture. Mesoscutum
smooth with punctures separated by 46x a puncture width. No-
taulus extending 0.3x length of mesoscutum, basally scrobiculate.
Mesoscutellum evenly convex, smooth with punctures separated
by 45x a puncture width; lateral carina reaching 0.1x to posterior
margin of mesoscutellum. Mesopleuron (Fig. 180) smooth with
punctures separated by 4.05.0x a puncture width; lower edge of
speculum softly scrobiculate; mesopleural furrow absent. Epicne-
mial carina weaker at join with anterior margin of mesopleuron
to pronotum; joining on anterior margin of mesopleuron at lower
quarter of pronotum. Fore wing with CI=0.70.8; ICI=0.50.6;
SDI=1.31.4; 1m-cu straight; ramulus present; Rs+M curved;
marginal cell basally glabrous next to proximal half of pterostig-
ma and Rs+2r; sub-basal cell with isolate setae in the apical half,
only distributed dorsally. Hind wing with 78 hamuli on R1
distally; NI=0.60.7; cu-a curved. Propodeum (Fig. 199) smooth
with isolate punctures, shiny; anterior transverse carina present
centrally; posterior transverse carina complete, reaching pleural
carina; lateral longitudinal carinae absent; lateromedian longitu-
dinal carinae present between transverse carinae, faint sometimes
absent; lateromedian longitudinal carinae after posterior transverse
carinae convergent, fused to form a single median longitudinal
carina, rarely separate.
Metasoma.- First tergite 3.73.8x as long as apical width.
Tergite II with spiracle located at 0.5x length of tergite.
Color.- Olive green to light straw yellow except following:
antennae, palpi, mandibles, two lateral vittaes distributed from
to posterior edge of mesoscutum, a central vittae distributed
from anterior edge to of mesoscutum, a spot between cen-
tral vittae and posterior edge of mesoscutum, scuto-scutellar
groove, axilla, posterior half of speculum, lower edge of subalar
prominence, mesosternum, basal half of metasternum, basal half
ventrally coxae, basal half of propodeum, a spot distributed from
spiracles to pre-apical apical end of tergite I, tergites IIVII ex-
cept lateral and posterior margins and ovipositor sheath fulvous.
: unknown
Comments.- Some specimens have metasoma brownish
instead of olive green, this variation in the color was obtained
probably because the killing method.
Etymology.- Te species epithet "teushen" refers to the
Teushen, an indigenous hunter-gatherer people of Patagonia in
Argentina. It is treated as a noun in apposition.
51

Revision of the South American wasp genus ALOPHOPHION
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 003 - 060 (May 2014)
Holotype: Villa Regina Argentina Rio Negro
X.7.61[07.x.1961] Luis Pea (AEIC).
Paratypes: 4: labeled as follows: 2 Cipolleti Rio
Negro IX.29.57 [29.ix.1957] Argent. [Argentina] F.H. Walz;
and 2 same data as holotype (AEIC).
43. Alophophion waca new species
(Figs. 124, 145, 170, 189)
Diagnosis.- Tis species can be recognized by this combina-
tion of the features in the propodeum: the presence of anterior
and posterior transverse carinae; and striate-punctate texture
behind anterior transverse carina.
Description.- : Head. Face (Fig. 124) 1.1 x as wide as
long; imbricate with punctures separated by 0.51x a puncture
width; median portion weakly convex. Clypeus convex; im-
bricate with punctures separated by 11.5x a puncture width;
apical edge almost truncate, laterally slightly convex. Compound
eyes 0.5x as wide as face. Malar space 0.20.3x as long as basal
width of mandible. Gena, in lateral view (Fig. 145), 0.70.9x
as wide as compound eyes; smooth with punctures separated
by 0.51x a puncture width. Frons imbricate, softly striate
between central ocelli and toruli. Lateral ocellus separated from
compound eye by 0.30.4x ocellar diameter; distance between
ocelli 0.70.8x ocellar diameter. Antenna with 51 fagellome-
res. Ratio of length/width from frst to seventh fagellomeres:
4.95.0:2.72.8:2.6:2.32.5:2.32.4:2.2:2.1. Ratio of length/
width of pre-apical fagellomeres: 1.4x.
Mesosoma.- Pronotum with upper half imbricate with punctu-
res separated by 0.5x a puncture width; lower half striate; lower half
of collar striate. Mesoscutum smooth with punctures separated
by 0.51x a puncture width; notaulus extending 0.2x length of
mesoscutum. Mesoscutellum evenly convex, smooth with punctu-
res separated by 0.51x a puncture width; lateral carina reaching
0.1x to posterior margin of mesoscutellum. Mesopleuron (Fig.
170) smooth with punctures separated by 0.5x a puncture width;
speculum smooth with punctures separated by 11.5x a puncture
width; lower edge of speculum fnely scrobiculate; mesopleural
furrow softly rugulose, short, reaching to the anterior third of
mesopleuron. Epicnemial carina weak laterally, joins to anterior
margin of mesopleuron at lower third of pronotum. Metapleuron
imbricate with punctures separated by 0.5x a puncture width. Fore
wing with CI=0.40.5; ICI=0.8; SDI=1.5; 1m-cu straight; ramulus
present, small; Rs+M slightly curved; marginal cell cover by setae;
sub-basal cell glabrous with two setae apically. Hind wing with 6
hamuli on R1 distally; NI=0.91.0; cu-a slightly curved. Propo-
deum (Fig. 189) wavy-carinate texture except basal area imbricate
with punctures separated by 0.51x a puncture width; anterior
transverse carina present between lateral longitudinal carinae;
posterior transverse carina weak centrally, carina wavy- rugulose;
lateral longitudinal carinae faint; lateromedian longitudinal carinae
weak between transverse carinae, faint behind posterior transverse
carina; pleural carina present.
Metasoma.- First tergite 5.45.5x as long as apical width.
Tergite II with spiracle located at 0.5x of tergite.
Color.- Rufo-testaceous except following: around to com-
pound eyes and between ocelli yellowish.
: Similar to female, except face smooth between punctures.
Comments.- Alophophion waca new species is the only species
collected in Bolivia.
Etymology.- Te species epithet "waca" refers to the Quechua
name of Vacas, the locality where this species was collected. It
is treated as a noun in apposition.
Holotype: Vacas BOLIVIA Dep. [Departamento] Co-
chabamba 3000m Feb. 15, 1950 [15.ii.1950] Coll: [colector]
L.E. Pena [Pea] (AEIC).
Paratypes: 1, 2: labeled as follows: BOLIVIA: 1,
2 N. E. Sacaba Cocha. [Cochabamba] Bolivia I.28.76
[28.i.1976] 3300m Luis Pea (AEIC).
44. Alophophion wiracochai new species
(Figs. 129, 146, 175, 194, 209)
Diagnosis.- Tis species can be recognized by this combina-
tion of the features: propodeum with the anterior and posterior
transverse carina present and the longitudinal carinae faint;
fenestra thin; the sub-basal cell of the fore wing with setae; and
body with olive green coloration.
Description.- : Head. Face (Fig. 129) 1.21.3 x as wide
as long; coarsely punctate, smooth with punctures separated
by 0.5x a puncture width; median portion weakly convex.
Clypeus with upper half convex and lower half fat; imbricate
with punctures separated by 0.5x a puncture width; apical edge
straight centrally, curved laterally. Compound eyes 0.4x as wide
as face. Malar space 0.3x as long as basal width of mandible.
Gena, in lateral view (Fig. 146), 0.91.0x as wide as compound
eyes, smooth with punctures separated by 12x a puncture
width. Frons and vertex with texture as gena. Lateral ocellus
separated from compound eye by 0.3x ocellar diameter; distance
between ocelli 0.6x ocellar diameter. Antenna with 4651 fa-
gellomeres. Ratio of length/width from frst to seventh fagello-
meres: 4.95.0:3.0:2.62.5:2.42.3:2.22.1: 2.21.9:2.21.9.
Ratio of length/width of pre-apical fagellomeres: 1.21.3x.
Mesosoma.- Pronotum coarsely punctate, smooth with
punctures separated by 12x a puncture width. Mesoscutum
smooth with punctures separated by 12x a puncture width.
Notaulus extending 0.3x length of mesoscutum; basally coarsely
punctate, smooth between punctures. Mesoscutellum evenly
convex, smooth with punctures separated by 23x a punctu-
re width; lateral carina reaching 0.3x to posterior margin of
mesoscutellum. Mesopleuron (Fig. 175) smooth with punctures
separated by 1x a puncture width; lower edge of speculum fnely
scrobiculate; mesopleural furrow shallowly scrobiculate, small,
rarely absent. Epicnemial carina curved to meet anterior mar-
gin of mesopleuron at lower third of pronotum. Metapleuron
smooth with punctures separated by 12x a puncture width.
Fore wing (Fig. 209) with CI=0.5; ICI=0.60.9; SDI=1.51.6;
1m-cu straight; ramulus present, small; Rs+M curved; marginal
cell basally cover by setae; sub-basal cell with a row of setae
at center, parallel to the M+Cu vein and apically with setae
between row of setae and 1A. Hind wing with 6 hamuli on R1
distally; NI=0.6; cu-a slightly curved. Propodeum (Fig. 194)
with anterior and posterior transverse carina present, reaching to
pleural carina; longitudinal carinae faint; areas superomedia and
52
Alvarado
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 003 - 060 (Mayo 2014)
petiolaris with longitudinal carinate texture; rest of propodeum
smooth between punctures; pleural carinae present.
Metasoma.- First tergite 4.65.1x as long as apical width.
Tergite II with spiracle located at 0.5x length of tergite.
Color.- Olive green to light straw yellowish except following:
two lateral vittaes distributed from to posterior edge of
mesoscutum, central vittae distributed from anterior edge to
of mesoscutum; mesosternum; and metasomal laterotergites.
: Similar to female except by sub-basal cell with setae co-
vering a bigger area; some specimens with anterior transverse
carina faint.
Comments.- All the specimens were collected in Polylepis
forest; most of the specimens were collected using light traps.
Tis is the only species olive green colored collected in this
type of forest.
Etymology.- Te species epithet "wiracochai" refers to Wi-
racocha the eighth ruler of the Tawantinsuyu.
Holotype: PERU: AY. [Ayacucho] Ayacucho, Chavia,
1454'9.12"S/7353'55.77"W, 4120m. 07-10.iv.2010. Bosque
de Polylepis. Pitfall trap. N. Martinez Leg. (MUSM).
Paratypes: 9, 1, 1? PERU: AY. [Ayacucho] Ayacucho,
Chavia, 1454'21.49"S/ 7353'55.78"W, 4153m. 05-12.
iv.2010. Bosque de Polylepis. N. Martinez Leg. [Ligth trap]
(2 BMNH, 2 SEMC, 2 AEIC, 3 MUSM).
45. Alophophion yahuarhuacaci new species
(Figs. 123, 144, 169, 188, 208)
Diagnosis.- Tis species can be recognized by having the
anterior transverse carina of the propodeum present centrally;
and the sub-basal cell with setae restricted to a triangular area
formed by 1A and cu-a.
Description.- : Head. Face (Fig. 123) 1.0x as wide as long;
imbricate with punctures separated by 0.5x a puncture width;
median portion weakly convex. Clypeus convex; imbricate
with punctures separated by 0.30.5x a puncture width; api-
cal edge slightly convex. Compound eyes 0.50.6x as wide as
face. Malar space 0.20.3x as long as basal width of mandible.
Gena, in lateral view (Fig. 144), 0.70.9x as wide as compound
eyes, imbricate with punctures separated by 11.5x a puncture
width. Frons imbricate, softly striate between central ocelli and
toruli. Vertex imbricate with punctures separated by 0.51x a
puncture width. Lateral ocellus separated from compound eye
by 0.5x ocellar diameter; distance between ocelli 1.0x ocellar
diameter. Antenna with 5962 fagellomeres. Ratio of length/
width from frst to seventh fagellomeres: 5.15.4:2.83.3:2.3
2.8:2.32.7:2.22.5: 2.22.5: 2.22.5. Ratio of length/width
of pre-apical fagellomeres: 1.72.0x.
Mesosoma.- Pronotum imbricate with punctures separated
by 0.51x a puncture width, lower half softly striate. Mesoscu-
tum smooth with punctures separated by 11.5x a puncture
width. Notaulus extending 0.2x length of mesoscutum. Mesos-
cutellum evenly convex; smooth with punctures separated
by 1.52x a puncture width; lateral carina reaching 0.4x to
posterior margin of mesoscutellum. Mesopleuron (Fig. 169)
imbricate with punctures separated by 0.51x a puncture width;
mesopleural furrow absent. Epicnemial carina curved to meet
anterior margin of mesopleuron at lower quarter of pronotum.
Metapleuron imbricate with punctures separated by 0.51x a
puncture width. Fore wing (Fig. 208) with CI=0.6; ICI=0.6;
SDI=1.6; 1m-cu straight; ramulus absent; Rs+M slightly curved;
fenestra in a bead shape; marginal cell cover by setae; sub-basal
cell apically in triangular area formed by 1A and cu-a cover by
setae. Hind wing with 67 hamuli on R1 distally; NI=0.70.8;
cu-a slightly curved. Propodeum (Fig. 188) smooth with isolate
punctures except area basalis softly imbricate with punctures
separated by 0.51x a puncture width; anterior transverse ca-
rina present centrally, curve; posterior transverse carina absent
centrally, laterally present; longitudinal carinae present apically;
pleural carina present.
Metasoma.- First tergite 5.05.3x as long as apical width.
Tergite II with spiracle located at 0.5x of tergite.
Color.- Reddish brown except following: surrounded area to
compound eyes and between ocelli yellowish.
: Similar to female except longitudinal carinae present
absent or small apically.
Comments.- Tis species is distributed at the north of Peru,
probably overlapping its distribution with A. atahualpai new
species but all the records A. yahuarhuacaci new species are at
higher altitude. Morphologically are easily distinguished between
them; A. atahualpai new species has the area superomedia of
propodeum well develop while A. yahuarhuacaci new species
lack of carinae behind anterior transverse carina.
Etymology.- Te species epithet "yahuarhuacaci" refers to
Atahualpa the seventh ruler of the Tawantinsuyu and frst inca.
Holotype: PERU: LL. [La Libertad] Bolivar, Condor-
marca Lag. [Laguna] Quishuar 7732'15.13"W/736'17.33"S
3482m 28-30.iii.2011[.] Ligth trap. C. Carranza (MUSM).
Paratypes: 5, 2: labeled as follows: 4, 1 same
data as holotype (1, 1 MUSM; 1 AEIC; 1 BMNH;
1 SEMC) and 1, 1 PERU, CA, Cajamarca, Potererillo,
E795943/N9233538 [7819"27"W/655'48S], 3641 msnm,
20/ix/2006 [20.ix.2006], M. Alvarado (MUSM).
46. Alophophion yestay new species
(Figs. 6, 135, 152, 181, 200)
Diagnosis.- Tis species can be recognized by this combi-
nation of features: lower edge of the speculum with the same
texture as the mesopleuron, propodeum with the transverse
carinae present and with rugulose texture except in the areas
basalis and externa.
Description.- : Head. Face (Fig. 135) 1.01.2x as wide
as long; median portion weakly convex; smooth centrally and
imbricate laterally with punctures separated by 12x a puncture
width. Clypeus smooth centrally and imbricate laterally with
punctures separated by 6.0x a puncture width; apical edge
straight centrally, curved laterally. Compound eyes 0.40.6x
as wide as face. Malar space 0.10.2x as long as basal width of
mandible. Gena, in lateral view (Fig. 152), 0.60.7x as wide as
compound eyes, softly imbricate with shallow punctures separa-
ted by 6x a puncture width. Frons softly striate between central
53

Revision of the South American wasp genus ALOPHOPHION
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 003 - 060 (May 2014)
ocelli and toruli. Vertex with texture as gena. Lateral ocellus
separated from compound eye by 0.30.4x ocellar diameter;
distance between ocelli 0.80.9x ocellar diameter. Antenna with
4850 fagellomeres. Ratio of length/width from frst to seventh
fagellomeres: 3.64.3:1.82.1:1.62.0:1.51.9:1.51.8:1.4
1.7:1.41.7. Ratio of length/width of pre-apical fagellomeres:
1.31.4x.
Mesosoma.- Pronotum on the upper half smooth with
punctures separated by 12x a puncture width, and lower half
rugulose; lower collar striate. Mesoscutum smooth centrally
and imbricate laterally with punctures separated by 12x a
puncture width. Notaulus extending 0.2x length of mesoscutum,
fnely scrobiculate. Mesoscutellum evenly convex, smooth with
punctures separated by 57x a puncture width; lateral carina
reaching 0.1x to posterior margin of mesoscutellum. Meso-
pleuron (Fig. 181) smooth with shallow punctures separated
by 34x a puncture width; lower edge of speculum and subalar
prominence with the same texture as mesopleuron; mesopleural
furrow absent. Epicnemial carina curved to meet anterior margin
of mesopleuron at lower 0.4 of pronotum. Metapleuron smooth
with punctures separated by 12x a puncture width. Fore wing
with CI=0.40.5; ICI=0.70.9; SDI=1.31.4; 1m-cu straight;
ramulus present; Rs+M curved; marginal cell basally glabrous;
sub-basal cell usually without setae, at most with one seta. Hind
wing with 7 hamuli on R1 distally; NI=0.81.0; cu-a straight.
Propodeum (Fig. 200) rugulose, except areas basalis and externa
punctate, smooth with punctures separated by 12x a puncture
width; anterior transverse carina present between lateral longitu-
dinal carinae; posterior transverse carina present between pleural
carinae; lateromedian longitudinal carinae present, faint before
anterior transverse carina; pleural carina present.
Metasoma.- First tergite 5.15.5x as long as apical width.
Tergite II with spiracle located at 0.5x length of tergite.
Color. Olive green to light straw yellow except following:
antennae, palpi, M form sport on mesosternum, metasternum,
coxae basal-ventrally, trochanter, trochantellus, femurs ventrally
and laterally, basally centrally on tergites II to III, laterotergites
and ovipositor sheath rufo-testaceous to brownish.
: Similar to female except following: antenna with 43 to 53
fagellomeres. Rufo-testaceous spots on tergites II to III bigger,
also sometime present basally centrally on tergites IV to VI.
Comments.- Tere is variation in the texture of the areas
petiolaris and posteroexterna of the propodeum, being more or
less rugulose between specimens. Te specimens present some
variation in texture of the lower edge of speculum, from smooth
with punctures to shallowly scrobiculate.
Tis species is distributed in the Chilean regions Araucana,
Biobo, Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins, Metropolitana
de Santiago and Maule. All the species studied from Chile were
collected between January and February.
Etymology.- Te species epithet "yestay" refers to the name
of the mythical creature with the guanaco shape; is the protector
of wild animals that inhabit the arid territories north of Chile.
It is treated as a noun in apposition.
Holotype: Pino Hachado [Paso de Pino Hachado]
Lonquimay, Mal. II.18.80 [18.ii.1980] Chile 1600m. L. Pea
Paratypes: 7, 17: labeled as follows: ARGENTINA:
, 7 Chubut Patagonia / From WFH Rosemberg/ [iden-
tifcation label: Ophion chilensis Spinola det C.W. Hooker
3.12-18.1909] (USNM); CHILE: 4, 7 same data
as holotype; 1 3 km. E. Las Trancas, uble, Chile I.16.67
[16.i.1967] Lionel Stange; 1, 1 Las Trancas Chilln, Chile
I.19-22.79 [19-22.i.1979] 1600m. L. Pea, 1 Cord. [Cor-
dillera] Lonquimay, Chile I.1.1962 [01.i.1962] Luis Pea; and
1 Ro Tinguiririca Colchagua, Chile II.17.78 [17.ii.1978]
1400m Luis Pea (AEIC).
47. Alophophion yupankii new species
(Figs. 131, 149, 178, 197, 212)
Diagnosis.- Tis species can be recognized by this combina-
tion of the features: lateral ocellus separated from the compound
eye by 0.40.6x the ocellar diameter and body with cream color
with brownish spots.
Description.- : Head. Face (Fig. 131) 1.1x as wide as long;
median portion weakly convex; centrally smooth and laterally
imbricate with punctures separated by 11.5x a puncture width.
Clypeus slightly convex, smooth centrally and laterally with
punctures separated by 23x a puncture width; apical edge
straight centrally, curved laterally. Compound eyes 0.50.6x as
wide as face. Malar space 0.2x as long as basal width of mandible.
Gena, in lateral view (Fig. 149), 0.70.8x as wide as compound
eyes, smooth with punctures separated by 35x a puncture wi-
dth. Frons striate between central ocelli and toruli. Vertex with
texture as gena. Lateral ocellus separated from compound eye
by 0.40.6x ocellar diameter; distance between ocelli 0.60.7x
ocellar diameter. Antenna with 4749 fagellomeres. Ratio of
length/width from frst to seventh fagellomeres: 6.07.0:3.6
4.0:3.03.3:2.93.0:2.82.9:2.82.6:2.72.4. Ratio of length/
width of pre-apical fagellomeres: 1.62.0x.
Mesosoma.- Pronotum on the upper half coarsely punctate,
smooth with punctures separated by 1.52x a puncture width;
lower half and lower collar striate. Mesoscutum centrally smooth
and laterally imbricate with punctures separated by 1.52x a
puncture width. Notaulus extending 0.3x length of mesoscutum,
fnely scrobiculate. Mesoscutellum evenly convex, smooth with
punctures separated by 23x a puncture width; lateral carina
reaching 0.1x to posterior margin of mesoscutellum. Mesopleuron
(Fig. 178) smooth with punctures separated by 0.51x a puncture
width; lower edge of speculum and subalar prominence with the
same texture as mesopleuron; speculum smooth with punctures
separated by 12x a puncture width; mesopleural furrow absent.
Epicnemial carina curved to meet anterior margin of mesopleuron
at lower 0.3 of pronotum. Metapleuron smooth with punctures
separated by 1.52x a puncture width. Fore wing (Fig. 212) with
CI=0.40.5; ICI=0.6; SDI=1.31.4; 1m-cu straight; ramulus
present but small; Rs+M curved; marginal cell basally cover by
setae; sub-basal cell usually without setae, at most with one to
three setae. Hind wing with 6 hamuli on R1 distally; NI=0.71.2;
cu-a straight. Propodeum (Fig. 197) softly rugulose except areas
petiolaris and superomedia with softly longitudinal carinate tex-
ture and area basalis smooth with punctures separated by 45x a
puncture width; anterior transverse carina present between lateral
longitudinal carinae; posterior transverse carina absent centrally,
reaching pleural carina; longitudinal carinae absent before trans-
54
Alvarado
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 003 - 060 (Mayo 2014)
verse carina; lateral longitudinal carinae faint between transverse
carinae; pleural carina present.
Metasoma.- First tergite 4.55.0x as long as apical width.
Tergite II with spiracle located at 0.5x length of tergite.
Color.- Cream color except following: antennae, palpi, mandi-
bles, clypeus central-apically, surrounded area of anterior tentorial
pit, vertex centrally, notauli, two lateral vittaes distributed from
to posterior edge of mesoscutum, a central vittae distributed from
anterior edge to of mesoscutum, a spot between central vittae
and posterior edge of mesoscutum, scuto-scutellar groove, axilla,
surrounded area of speculum, mesosternum, basal half of metas-
ternum, inner, anterior and posterior of pro and meso-coxae, a
central vittae in external meso-coxae, basal-inner of hind coxae,
anterior of hind coxae, basal posterior and external of hind
coxae, trochanter, trochantellus, femur, tibia, tarsomeres, basal
half of propodeum, a spot distributed from spiracles to pre-apical
apical end of tergite I, tergite II except laterally, tergites II to III
except laterally and in posteriorly and ovipositor sheath brownish.
: Similar to female except brownish spot smaller.
Comments.- In small specimens the ramulus is present as
an angulation of the vein; propodeum with the carinae faint
and with the brownish spot smaller than in the big specimens.
Tis is the only species that has cream color with brownish
spots occurring in the Polylepis forest.
Etymology.- Te species epithet "yupankii" refers to Tpaq
Inka Yupanki, the tenth ruler of the Tawantinsuyu.
Holotype: PERU: AY. [Ayacucho] Ayacucho, Chavia,
1454'21.49"S/7353'55.78"W, 4153m. 05-12.iv.2010. Bosque
de Polylepis. N. Martinez Leg. [Ligth trap] (MUSM).
Paratypes: 2, 2: labeled as follows: 1 PERU: AY.
[Ayacucho] Ayacucho, Chavia, 1454'31.16"S/7353'56.87"W,
4115m. 07-10.iv.2010. Bosque de Polylepis. Pitfall trap. N.
Martinez Leg. (MUSM); and 1, 2 same data as holotype
(1, 1 MUSM; 1 SEMC).
Species-group D
Diagnosis. Face at most 1x as long as wide; compound eyes
at most 0.6x wide as face; head, in lateral view, gena at least 0.8x
wide as compound eyes. Lateral ocellus separated from com-
pound eye by 0.40.5x ocellar diameter, ocelli small. Mandible
with upper margin more or less convex, without setae (Figs.
1011). Notaulus reaching about 0.3x of length of mesoscutum.
Mesopleural furrow absent. Body bright yellow colored with
reddish or black spots; diurnal activity.
Included species. Two species are included in this species
group: A. diaguita new species and A. inti new species.
Comments. Te species of this species group are presumably
diurnal. Tey are geographically isolated, A. inti new species is
distributed in the highlands of Peru while Alophophion diaguita
new species is restricted to Patagonia.
Key to species of species-group D
(1) Malar space 0.70.8x (Fig. 11) as long as basal width of mandible (Peru)
.......................................................... Alophophion inti new species
Malar space 0.4x (Fig. 10) as long as basal width of mandible (Chile and
Argentina) ................................. Alophophion diaguita new species
48. Alophophion diaguita new species
(Figs. 10, 213217)
Diagnosis.- Alophophion diaguita new species can be distin-
guish of A. inti new species for its wider face and more robust
body than in A. inti new species.
Description.- : Head. Face (Fig. 214) 1.21.3x as wide
as long, lateral margins almost parallel, smooth centrally and
softly imbricate laterally with punctures separated by 0.51.5x a
puncture width; median portion weakly convex. Clypeus evenly
convex, with texture as that of face centrally; apical edge straight
slightly convex. Mandible stout, very weakly narrowed apically,
curveted, with upper tooth slightly broader and slightly longer
than the lower tooth; outer mandibular surface smooth between
punctures in the upper 2/3 and coriaceous between punctures
in the basal 1/3. Malar space 0.4x as long as basal width of
mandible (Fig. 10). Gena, in lateral view (Fig. 215), 0.80.9x
as wide as compound eyes; softly imbricate with punctures se-
parated by 23x a puncture width. Vertex and frons with texture
as that of gena. Lateral ocellus separated from compound eye
by 0.40.5x ocellar diameter; distance between ocelli 1.01.3x
ocellar diameter (Fig. 216). Antenna with 4756 fagellome-
res; Ratio of length/width from frst to seventh fagellomeres:
3.83.6:2.52.1:2.11.8:2.01.8:2.01.7:1.91.7:1.91.7.
Mesosoma.- Pronotum and mesoscutum smooth with
punctures separated by 23x a puncture width, centrally
punctures centrally closer (separated by 0.5x a puncture width).
Notaulus scrobiculate reaching ca. 0.2x to posterior margin of
mesoscutellum. Mesoscutellum evenly convex, smooth with
punctures separated by 23x a puncture width; lateral carina
reaching ca. 0.2x to posterior margin of mesoscutellum. Me-
sopleuron weakly polished, smooth with punctures separated
by 0.51x a puncture width; lower edge of speculum softly
scrobiculate. Epicnemial carina curved to meet anterior margin
of mesopleuron at lower third of the pronotum. Metapleuron
with texture as mesopleuron; submetapleural carina complete.
Fore wing with CI=0.30.6; ICI=0.60.7; SDI=1.11.2; 1m-cu
centrally curveted and with ramulus absent or 1m-cu centrally
angulate and with ramulus present. Hind wing with 6 hamuli
on R1; NI=0.6; cu-a curveted. Propodeum (Fig. 217) with area
anterior punctate smooth with punctures separated by 0.51x
puncture diameter and area posterior with rugulose texture;
with anterior and posterior transverse carina present, pleural
carinae present.
Metasoma.- First tergite 4.24.5x as long as apical width.
Tergite II with spiracle located at 0.5x length of tergite.
Color.- Head bright yellow except following: spot form
around toruli and surrounded area of median ocellus, projected
in front of toruli and facial tubercle by triangular expansions;
dorsal part of vertex, behind lateral ocelli, with a v shape
going to the occiput brownish red. Mesosoma bright yellow
except following: upper transverse stripe in pronotum, three
stripes in mesoscutum; axilla; a spot that runs from inferior
edge of subalar prominence, speculum and anterior margin of
mesopleuron; mesopleural suture; mesosternum; prosternum;
metasternum; hind ring behind postscutellum and basal half
of propodeum brownish red. Legs brownish red except coxae
ventral-apically bright yellow; wings grayish hyaline; veins
55

Revision of the South American wasp genus ALOPHOPHION
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 003 - 060 (May 2014)
Figures 213 217.
Alophophion inti new species
(213) Habitus
(214) face
(215) head in lateral view
(216) head in dorsal view
(217) propodeum.
Figures 218 222.
Alophophion diaguita new species
(218) Habitus
(219) face
(220) head in lateral view
(221) head in dorsal view
(222) propodeum.
56
Alvarado
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 003 - 060 (Mayo 2014)
basally yellowish, rest brownish black; pterostigma dorsally
yellowish brown. Metasoma with frst sternite brownish red,
frst tergite bright yellow except brownish red area behind
spiracle; tergite IIVI yellowish brownish red except laterally
to the spiracle with yellow band; tergite VII brownish red;
ovipositor and valve brownish red.
: Fore wing length 9.5mm. Similar to female except by
the spot not brownish red, dark brown. Antenna with 46 fa-
gellomeres.
Comments.- Te proportions of the head of A. diaguita new
species varied within the population especially with the male,
additionally there are diferences in the coloration of the spots
this seems to be intrinsic of the species. Te specimen collected
in Patagonia has the punctures in face more scattered than the
other specimens. Tis species was collected bellow 1000m.
Etymology.- Te species epithet "diaguita" refers to the
group of South American indigenous people, called Diaguita-
Calchaqu. It is treated as a noun in apposition.
Holotype: , Prov. Valdivia Valdivia-Chile 15.xi.81 E.
Krahmer (BMNH)
Paratypes: , 5: labeled as follows: ARGENTINA:
1, ARGENTINA. N.-W [NW] Patagonia. 1,000-3,000ft.
[305-915m] Dec. 1919. H.E. Box; 1 CHILE [ARGEN-
TINA]: Chubut, Rio Turbio. 25.i.1962. A. Kovacs. B.M.
1964-193. (BMNH). 1, Chubut Patagonia / From WFH
Rosemberg/ [identifcation label: Ophion chilensis Spinola
det C.W. Hooker 3.18.1909] (USNM). CHILE: 1, 2:
1 Curacautn, Malleco II.'64 [ii.1964], R. Blanco Chile
Luis E. Pea; 1 Las Nieves XI.12.47 [12.xi.1947] Chile L.
Pena Guzman, and 1, Renco, Chile, nr. Santiago I.20.51
[20.i.1951] L. Pea (AEIC).
49. Alophophion inti new species
(Figs. 11, 218222)
Diagnosis.- Alophophion inti new species and A. diaguita
new species are quite similar but A. inti new species is thinner
and has the malar pace wider.
Description.- : Head. Face (Fig. 219) 1.1x as wide as
long, lateral margins almost parallel; imbricate with punctures
separated by 0.51x a puncture width, median portion weakly
convex. Clypeus evenly convex, with texture as that of face;
apical edge slightly convex. Mandible stout, very weakly na-
rrowed apically, curveted, with upper tooth slightly broader and
slightly longer than the lower tooth; outer mandibular surface
imbricate with punctures separated by 2x a puncture width.
Malar space 0.70.8x as long as basal width of mandible (Fig.
11). Gena, in lateral view (Fig. 220), 0.8x as wide as compound
eyes; imbricate with punctures separated by 23x a puncture
width. Vertex and frons with texture as that of gena. Lateral
ocellus separated from compound eye by 0.5x ocellar diameter;
distance between ocelli 0.81.2x ocellar diameter (Fig. 221).
Antenna with 4849 fagellomeres; Ratio of length/width from
frst to seventh fagellomeres: 4.63.9:2.42.2:2.01.8:2.0
1.9:2.01.9:1.81.7:1.7.
Mesosoma.- Pronotum and mesoscutum softly imbricate
with punctures separated by less than 0.5x puncture diameter.
Notaulus scrobiculate extending 0.2x length of mesoscutum.
Mesoscutellum evenly convex, imbricate with punctures se-
parated by 23x puncture diameter; lateral carina reaching
ca. 0.2x to posterior margin of mesoscutellum. Mesopleuron
weakly polished; softly imbricate with punctures separated by
12x puncture diameter, except speculum smooth, lower edge
of speculum softly scrobiculate. Epicnemial carina curved to
meet anterior margin of mesopleuron at lower third of the pro-
notum. Metapleuron softly imbricate with punctures separated
by 1x puncture diameter; submetapleural carina complete. Fore
wing with CI=0.4; ICI=0.7; SDI=1.2; 1m-cu centrally curveted,
ramulus absent. Hind wing with 6 hamuli on R1; NI=0.4; cu-a
curveted. Propodeum (Fig. 222) with area anterior punctate
smooth with punctures separated by 0.51x puncture diameter
and area posterior with rugulose texture; anterior transverse
carina faint, centrally arcuate; pleural carinae present; other
carinae absent.
Metasoma.- First tergite 4.4x as long as apical width. Tergite
II with spiracle located at 0.6x length of tergite.
Color.- Head bright yellow except following: area of clypeal
fovea and a spot form around inter-antennal tubercle, front
centrally, area around ocelli and dorsal projection of posterior
ocelli black; scape, mandibles teeth, maxillary and labial palpi
yellowish brown; pedicel and fagellomere dark brown. Meso-
soma bright yellow except following: a black transverse stripe in
pronotum, three stripes in mesoscutum, axilla, a stain that runs
from inferior edge of subalar prominence, speculum and ante-
rior margin of mesopleuron, mesopleural suture, four stripes in
mesosternum, prosternum, metasternum and hind ring behind
postscutellum. Fore leg with coxae bright yellow; trochanter,
trochantellus, femur and tibia yellowish brown; and, tarsomeres
brown. Mid and hind leg with coxae dorsally bright yellow;
coxae ventrally, trochantellus, femur and apical-ventral tibia
yellowish brown; and trochanter, tibia and tarsomeres brown.
Wings grayish hyaline; veins basally yellowish, rest brownish
black; pterostigma dorsally yellowish brown; metasoma with frst
sternite brown, frst tergite bright yellow except yellowish brown
area behind spiracle; tergite IIVI yellowish brow, tergites IIIVI
with a lateral yellow spot; tergite VII bright yellow; ovipositor
and valve yellowish brown.
: Fore wing length 9.4mm. Similar to female except: four
stripes in mesosternum wider forming M shape and claspers
bright yellow.
Comments.- Tis species was collected in puna grassland
over 4000 m, actively fying during the day; all the specimens
were collected during the rainy season.
Etymology.- Te specifc epithet, inti, is the Quechua name
of the sun. According to Incan mythology, Inti is the sun god,
the main deity and also known as the Giver of Life. It is treated
as a noun in apposition.
Holotype: 1, PERU: CU. Espinar, Qbra [Quebrada]
Chaisamayo 1459'46.15"S/ 7116'25.93"W, 4167 m. 16-17.
iii.2011. Pastizal. M. Alvarado (MUSM).
Paratypes: 1, 1 : labeled as follows: 1, PERU: AP. Co-
tabambas 7223'19"W/ 1356'18"S, 4030 m, pajonal, colecta
manual [sweeping], iii.2007, M. Alvarado & E. Quispitupac
and 1, same data as holotype (MUSM).
57

Revision of the South American wasp genus ALOPHOPHION
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 003 - 060 (May 2014)
Nomen dubium
Alophophion holosericeus (Taschenberg, 1875)
Ophion holosericeus Taschenberg, 1875: 427 Holotype
ZMH [Taschenbergs use of type is herein regarded as an
original holotype designation (ICZN 1999: Art. 73.1.1)] [des-
cription]. Dalla Torre, 1900: 192 [listed]; Hooker, 1912: 164
[translation of original description]; Morley, 1912: 57 [key].
Alophophion holosericeus (Taschenberg): Townes & Townes,
1966: 171 [generic transfer]; Yu & Horstmann, 1997: 730
[listed].
Description.- : Based on the original description provided
by Hooker (1912). Propodeum with anterior transverse carina
present and well defned; posterior transverse carina weaker than
anterior; lateral and lateromedian longitudinal carinae present
before anterior transverse carina, faint after it. Fore wing with
ramulus present in discosubmarginal cell. Reddish brown except
following: head dorsally and mesoscutellum yellowish and apice
of metasoma brownish (Hooker, 1912).
Comments.- Te type specimen was collected in Parana,
Brazil and was deposited in the Zoologischen Instituts und
Zoologischen Museums der Universitt Hamburg (ZMH).
Tis collection was largely destroyed by Allied bombing during
World War II. In the available catalogue of Hymenoptera from
the University of Hamburg collections (Weidner 1972), any
material not listed in is considered to have been destroyed during
the war (Kai Schtte, pers. comm.).
According to the material examined there are three species
of Alophophion occurring in Brazil: A. favorufus, A. alvarengai
new species, and A. jujuye new species. Te last two are greenish
while A. favorufus has coloration similar to the description
of A. holosericeus. However, A. favorufus lacks the lateral and
lateromedian longitudinal carinae which, according to Hooker
(1912) description are present in A. holosericeus, so unlikely to
be the same species.
Among the species occurring in Argentina A. flicornis can-
not be A. holosericeus because it lacks a ramulus and according
to the original description of the latter it is present. Similarly,
A. holosericeus cannot be A. caleuche new species, A. diaguita
new species, A. viride new species, and A. teushen new species
because of the body coloration; and cannot be A. politus, A.
capayan new species, A. carcanchoi new species, A. chango new
species, A. mallecoensis new species, A. ona new species, A. yagane
new species, A. chiquiyane new species, or A. yestay new species
since they have the longitudinal carinae well defned (absent in
A. holosericeus behind anterior transverse carina). None of the
available species before me suitably match the description of A.
holosericeus and so its identity will have to await extensive new
collections from Parana.
Discussion
Species of Alophophion are not rare and there is an abundance
of specimens deposited in collections. Nonetheless, only seven
species have been described prior to the present revision and
this despite the fact that many of these new taxa were already
recognized from collections (e.g., Gauld 1985, Gauld & Lan-
franco 1987, Baudino 2005). Tis situation begs the question
as to why the genus was never revised or these species at least
described since Cushman established the genus in 1947. One
reason may be that the type material was deposited in Europe
while Alophophion is restricted to South America, a situation lea-
ving local researchers without access to the material necessary for
suitably identifying which species were those named and which
were truly novel. Another reason may be that ophionines are
not charismatic, as reality suggested by Gauld (1980). Indeed,
most species have a relatively uniform morphology, reduced
sculpture, slender bodies, elongate rather featureless appendages,
and uniform fulvous coloration; and they lack the taxonomically
useful diferences in thoracic and abdominal sculpture, color,
etc., that are so widely used to characterize genera and species
of other ichneumonid subfamilies. Such uniformity means that
species within the group are more challenging to distinguish.
Te combination of this difculty in species recognition and
lack of access to critical type material clearly resulted in a long
stagnation of much needed taxonomic work.
Te re-descriptions provided herein were necessitated by the
poor status of earlier descriptions, which provided little mor-
phological information. Earlier accounts used almost exclusively
color as a discriminating feature and this is not necessarily a
reliable feature, when taken in isolation from other traits, for
ophionines. Moreover, body coloration can change depending
on the sampling method used to kill specimens; specimens that
were greenish in life could turn to yellowish or those yellowish
in life turn to orange depending on the medium used to collect
them. Coloration can be used, as was done herein, but must
be evaluated carefully and placed in context with additional
morphological traits.
Te species of Alophophion were segregated into in four species
groups herein. Te features used were in the head morphology,
particularly in the structure of the mandible. Species-group B
has a diagonal groove extending from the upper corner to the
middle of the mandible and bearing numerous, distinctly long
setae. Tis structure was used as main feature to separate this
species group from the others. Species-groups A and C also have
a groove in the upper margin of the mandible and bearing setae
but the groove is rather small, rarely reaching to the external
surface of the mandible, and the setae are distinctly short and
typically not as numerous. Species-group A has the compound
eyes and ocelli larger than in the other groups and a narrower
gena, while species-group C has a broader gena and face.
Although these features were used to separate species-groups A
and C, in some species these diferences are somewhat vague
or difcult to discern, such as in A. chiquiyane new species
(species-group C) which is similar to (perhaps closely related?)
A. trauco new species (in species-group A). Either such features
are convergent between these two species (if the species groups
are monophyletic), or one of the species groups is paraphyletic
with respect to the others. Alophophion chiquiyane new species
was placed in species-group C due to the proportions of the
compound eyes and gena, thereby facilitating the identifcation
keys. Species-group D has the upper surface of mandibles slightly
convex; but the most striking characteristic is the bright yellow
color, unique for them. Te size of the ocelli was not considered
alone to establish this species-group because the presence of
small ocelli was found in other species like A. porculatus and A.
yupankii new species. Gauld (1985) suggested that ophionines
that have adopted a diurnal habit have small ocelli, particularly
58
Alvarado
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 003 - 060 (Mayo 2014)
in areas where competition with other Ichneumonidae is low,
such as the top of high mountains, deserts, and remote islands;
and this seem to be the case. Overall species-group A and C
seem more similar between them than any other species group.
Clearly all of this requires testing by a phylogenetic analysis.
Gauld (1985) mentioned that the Ophion genus-group origi-
nated in the temperate north and that the origin of Alophophion
was in Patagonia. During the middle Miocene (about 10 million
years ago), much of South America was covered by a seawater
transgression inside the continent, ultimately dividing it into
three portions of land corresponding to the Andes, Guayanan,
and Brazilian shield (Pea 2004, Rsnen et al. 1995, Webb
1995). Tis arrangement of landmasses persisted until the be-
ginning of the Pleistocene (about 5 million years ago) (Rsnen
et al., 1995, Webb, 1995). Tis transgression would have been
one of the most important barriers to prevent the spread of Alo-
phophion between these three high masses of land, and restricting
it to the Andean region, only with subsequent opportunities for
dispersal elsewhere after the sea levels had regressed sufciently.
Since the mountain ecosystems of the Andean region were for-
med in the early Pleistocene, several antarctic-austral elements
are found in the highlands of the Andes. Te Andes allowed the
dispersion of these antarctic-austral elements northward into a
cold environment and open plant formation which held to a
certain similarity to the austral landscape (Moret 2005). Te
elevation of the Andes progressively increased the possibility
of dispersal by creating cool and arid habitats near the equator
(Michener 2000). Tese factors may have allowed the northward
dispersion of species of Alophophion, particularly those treated
herein in species-groups A, C, and D. Alophophion atahualpai
new species is the species with the northernmost distribution
and was collected through an elevational gradient (from ~1700
to 3100m) and was most abundant at the higher elevations
where the habitat is cooler and most arid. Alophophion may
prefer the habitats that are cooler, arid and higher regions of
South America.
Te afore mentioned distribution is not unique to Alopho-
phion. Te Trachysphyrus-Aeliopotes complex (Ichneumonidae:
Cryptinae) is confned to subequatorial South America, with
species ranging from Ecuador to Tierra del Fuego, and occurring
in the Andean, subtropical, temperate, and Neantarctic habitats
(Porter, 1985). Porter found that the species were confned to
the Andean Puna and Altiplano (in Peru, Bolivia, northern
Chile, and northwestern Argentina); on the western slopes of
the Andes, they occur above 2800 m and more than 4000 m,
however, and the eastward distribution of this complex is boun-
ded by Andean peaks at 40006000 m elevation. Aeglocryptus
(Cryptinae) is also a subequatorial genus; distributed from the
central Peru to neantarctic Chile and through Bolivia, Uruguay
and Argentina to the Strait of Magellan on the east. Tis genus
is excluded from tropical wet forests and tropical deciduous
forests, although it is represented in almost every habitat from
sea level to 4000 m (Porter 1987). Another genus studied by
Porter (1987) is Tymebatis (Ichneumoninae: Jopinni). It has
many species concentrated in the Andean, Neantarctic, and
subtropical regions of South America. It is found also from sea
level to 4000 m but generally inhabits cooler, higher, and more
arid regions than those preferred by other Joppini, although some
Tymebatis have invaded the subtropical wet forests of northern
Argentina and southeastern Brazil (Porter 1980). Tere are other
genera of Ichneumonidae that inhabit cooler, arid, and higher
regions of South America, as does Alophophion, that follow the
same pattern of distribution.
Te northern distribution of Alophophion seems to be limited
by the equator. None of the specimens of Alophophion studied
here were collected north of 3
o
S latitude, but the distribution
is certainly wider than the 25
o
S latitude suggested by Gauld &
Lanfranco (1987). A genus adapted to this cold and dry envi-
ronments may give a rise to a species able to persist in humid
habitats like seems to be the case of A. mancocapaci new species
and A. pedroi new species, the only species found in the eastern
slopes of the Andes.
Another factor that may be limiting the distribution Alo-
phophion along the eastern slopes of the Andes is competition
with Enicospilus Stephens, an extremely species-rich genus
that is represented in tropical America and most diverse in
lower montane tropical forests (Gauld & Lanfranco 1987).
Along the western slopes of the Andes Enicospilus has few
species in deserts and a restricted number in areas that have a
pronounced dry season (Gauld 1985), a stark contrast to that
of Alophophion.
Te distributions of A. chilensis, A. politus, and A. favorufus
can be more fully characterized now, as each was previously
known only from the type localities which only mentioned
countries where were collected. For example, A. chilensis was
known to be distributed in Chile, but seems to be restricted
to the Chilean regions of Atacama, Coquimbo and Valparaiso.
For A. politus was known to be distributed in Chile, but seems
to be restricted to the Chilean regions of Araucana, Biobo,
Coquimbo, Los Ros, Maule, Libertador General Bernardo
O'Higgins Region, Metropolitana de Santiago and Valparaso;
and the Argentinian provinces of Chubut and Rio Negro. For
A. favorufus was known to be distributed in Argentina and
Brazil, but seems to be restricted to the Argentinan provinces
Catamarca, Buenos Aires, Mendoza, and San Juan; in Brazil
it was only recorded from Rio Grande do Sul. For both A.
flicornis and A. porculatus the type localities are in Argentina,
but no other specimen of these species has been collected and
so they remain poorly understood. Tis situation certainly
inhibits our ability to ascertain what factors are infuencing
their distribution, such as an association with a particular veg-
etation, climate, or host species. Further collections are needed
to help establish a more complete picture of the distribution of
several species in Alophophion. Te distribution of many species
may be wider than presently understood since several are only
known from one or two localities. With few locality records is
difcult to determine to what degree they are endemic or tied
to particular local factors.
More collections will not only help to establish the distribu-
tion of the species but will assuredly increase the number of
species. For example, during the last six years 14 species were
collected in Peru of which those only three had been previ-
ously sampled. Clearly when targeted collecting is undertaken
the number of species has risen rapidly. Given that there are
many suitable regions for Alophophion where no collecting ef-
forts have been made; there will undoubtedly be new species
to discover. Most importantly, modern collections are needed
which have accurate geo-reference coordinates, elevation,
habitat data, collecting methods employed, and dates and time
59

Revision of the South American wasp genus ALOPHOPHION
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 003 - 060 (May 2014)
(for phenological information). Much of the material available
is historical and lacks many of these important data elements,
thereby hindering our ability to make inferences about the
biology, ecology, and history of the lineage.
Unfortunately, there are no defnitive host associations
for any species of Alophophion. Beside that Baudino (2005)
recovered undeterninated species of Alophophion from larvae
of the cutworms Agrotis malefda (Guene), Feltia gypaetina
(Guene), and Peridroma saucia (Hbner) feeding on Medicago
sativa L. (Fabaceae); no host-species and parasitoid-species
relation was done. Te species of Alophophion attaching these
cutworms are unknown; as Baudino (2005) mentioned the
main reason were the lack of revision for the Alophophion
and that there were probably several new species, these were
her two limitations to determinate them to species. Certainly
the lack of any previous means of identifying the species has
hindered researchers working on possible hosts from positive
host-parasitoid associations. Going forward it is hoped that
the keys provided herein will permit researchers studying the
biology of regional Lepidoptera to identify parasitoids when
they are reared from caterpillars.
Te present revision provides a signifcantly improved per-
spective of species diversity and distribution for Alophophion
and sets the stage for future cladistic and biogeographic work
on the lineage. Te current also study highlights that species of
Alophophion face two potential problems: several of the species
are distributed in endangered habitats such as Polylepis forest
and puna grassland, and most are likely to be susceptible to
changes in climate. It is predicted that the distribution of most
insect species will shift towards the poles and to higher eleva-
tions as our current era of climate change plays out (Regniere
2009). Given that many species of Alophophion already inhabit
these extremes, such as some of the highest portions of the
Andes; it leaves one to wonder what recourse these taxa have
as the climate shifts. Clearly the wasps and their hosts may
be as endangered as, or more so, than the habitats in which
they reside.
Acknowledgements
I am grateful to David Wahl (AEIC), Gavin Broad (BMNH),
Claire Villemant (MNHN), Marta Loiacono (MLP), Steve Hey-
don (UCDC), and Gerardo Lamas (MUSM) for loaning mate-
rial used in this study; to Kai Schtte for providing information
about A. holosericeus; to Dan Bennett, Ismael Hinojosa-Daz,
Roxana Arauco, and Matthew Gimmel for reviewing portions
and providing alternative perspectives; to Manuel Dieguez for
locating difcult citations; to Luis Figueroa for helping with
photography; to Norberta Martinez for her excellent collections
in Chavia; to Juan Grados and to Conservation International
and the Asociacin Peruana para la Conservacin de la Natura-
leza (APECO) for supporting his research; to Letty Salinas and
to the Agrokasa for funding her research; and to my Peruvian
colleagues for bringing to my attention a portion of the material
discussed herein. I also thank my Master thesis committee at
the University of Kansas, Caroline S. Chaboo, Kirsten Jensen,
and Michael S. Engel for advice and support during this work.
Tis is a contribution of the Division of Entomology, University
of Kansas Natural History Museum and of the Department of
Entomology of the Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad
Nacional Mayor de San Marcos.
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61

Dieta de LEOPARDUS COLOCOLO en la Reserva Nacional de Junn
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 061- 070 (May 2014)
Dieta de Leopardus colocolo (Carnivora: Felidae) en la Reserva Nacional de Junn,
Junn, Per
Ursula Fajardo
1,2
, Daniel Cossos
3
y Vctor Pacheco
1,4
Diet of Leopardus colocolo (Carnivora: Felidae) in the Reserva Nacional de Junn, Junn, Peru
1 Departamento de Mastozoologa, Museo de
Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de
San Marcos, Av. Arenales 1256, Jess Mara,
Lima. Aptdo. 14-0434, Lima-14, Per.
2 Laboratorio de Estudios en Biodiversidad
(LEB). Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia.
Lima, Per.
3 Department of Genetics and Evolution, University
of Geneva. 1211, Genve 4, Switzerland.
4 Facultad de Ciencias Biolgicas, Universidad
Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Lima, Per.
Email Ursula Fajardo: ursula_fajardo@yahoo.com
Email Daniel Cossos: dcossios@yahoo.com
Email Vctor Pacheco: vpachecot@unmsm.edu.pe
TRABAJOS ORIGINALES
Los autores. Este artculo es publicado por la Revista Peruana de Biologa de la Facultad de Ciencias Biolgicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San
Marcos. Este es un artculo de acceso abierto, distribuido bajo los trminos de la Licencia Creative Commons Atribucin-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0
Internacional.(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/), que permite el uso no comercial, distribucin y reproduccin en cualquier medio, siempre
que la obra original sea debidamente citadas. Para uso comercial, por favor pngase en contacto con editor.revperubiol@gmail.com.
Citacin:
Fajardo U., D. Cossos y V. Pacheco. 2014. Dieta
de Leopardus colocolo (Carnivora: Felidae) en la
Reserva Nacional de Junn, Junn, Per. Rev. peru.
biol. 21(1): 061- 070 (Mayo 2014). doi: http://doi.
org/10.15381/rpb.v21i1.8248
Resumen
Este estudio caracteriza la dieta de Leopardus colocolo en los alrededores del lago Junn, en
el centro del Per, a partir de los restos de las presas presentes en 43 heces. El origen de
las heces del predador se determin a partir del ADN mitocondrial de las clulas epiteliales
intestinales adheridas a la superfcie de las heces, utilizando como marcador la regin de
control. Los restos de las presas fueron identifcados utilizando literatura especializada y la
comparacin con especmenes de coleccin, identifcando un total of 14 tems alimenticios
pertenecientes a mamferos de las familias Cricetidae (6), Chinchillidae (1) y Caviidae (1) y
aves de las familias Anatidae (3) y Rallidae (2), y un grupo de aves no identifcadas (1). Los
roedores fueron el principal componente de la dieta de L. colocolo, en frecuencia y biomasa,
seguido por las aves. Entre los tems alimenticios consumidos, el roedor crictido pequeo
Calomys sp. fue el ms frecuente; sin embargo, el mayor aporte de biomasa relativa fue
proporcionado por el roedor mediano Cavia tschudii. La amplitud de nicho obtenida fue baja
(B
sta
= 0.17), indicando una dieta especializada. Nuestros resultados confrman que, como
ocurre con la mayora de felinos pequeos neotropicales, L. colocolo es un predador espe-
cializado en la captura de vertebrados, principalmente mamferos pequeos. No se registr
variacin estacional en la dieta y el anlisis de las clases de edad de los roedores crictidos
mostr que los adultos fueron los ms consumidos. Se infere que L. colocolo tiene un patrn
de actividad diurno y nocturno.
Palabras clave: Leopardus colocolo; heces; dieta; Reserva Nacional de Junn; Per.
Abstract
This study characterized the diet of Leopardus colocolo from the surroundings of Junn lake,
in the center of Peru, from prey remnants found within 43 scats. Origin of predator scats was
determined from mitochondrial DNA from intestinal epithelial cells existing on the surface
of the scats, using as a marker the control region. The prey remnants were identifed using
specialized literature and comparison with a voucher collection, identifying a total of 14 food
items belong to mammals of Cricetidae (6), Chinchillidae (1) and Caviidae (1) families, birds
of Anatidae (3) and Rallidae (2) families and one group of unidentifed birds. The rodents were
the main component of the diet of L. colocolo, in frequency and biomass, followed by birds.
Among the food items consumed, the small cricetine rodent Calomys sp. was the most frequent;
however, the greatest relative biomass contribution was provided by the medium rodent Cavia
tschudii. The niche breadth obtained was low (B
sta
= 0.17), indicating a specialized diet. Our
results confrm that, as with most neotropical small felids, L. colocolo is a predator specialized
in capturing vertebrates, mainly small mammals. No seasonal variation was recorded in the
diet and the analysis of the age class of the cricetine rodents showed that the adults were
the most consumed. It is inferred that L. colocolo have diurnal and nocturnal activity patterns.
Keywords: Leopardus colocolo; scats; diet; Reserva Nacional de Junn; Peru.
Revista peruana de biologa 21(1): 061 - 070 (2014)
doi: http://doi.org/10.15381/rpb.v21i1.8248
ISSN-L 1561-0837
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLGICAS UNMSM
Presentado: 04/11/2013
Aceptado: 15/12/2013
Publicado online: 26/05/2014
Journal home page: http://revistasinvestigacion.unmsm.edu.pe/index.php/rpb/index
62
Fajardo et al.
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 061 - 070 (Marzo 2014)
Introduccin
El gato del pajonal Leopardus colocolo (Molina 1782) es
un felino pequeo ampliamente distribuido en Sudamrica,
cuyo rango de distribucin se extiende desde Ecuador hasta
la Patagonia en Argentina, incluyendo parte de Per, Bolivia,
Brasil, Chile, Paraguay y Uruguay (Wozencraft 1993, Sunquist
& Sunquist 2002). En el Per, se distribuye a lo largo de la
Cordillera de los Andes y en la vertiente del Pacfco, desde el
departamento de Tumbes (en el norte) hasta el departamento de
Tacna (en el sur), ocupando una gran variedad de hbitats que
incluyen la ceja de selva, pramo, pajonal de puna, humedales
altoandinos, valles interandinos, bosques secos, colinas costeras y
algunos humedales costeros, en un rango de elevacin compren-
dido entre el nivel del mar y los 4982 m (Cossos et al. 2007a,
Garca-Olaechea et al. 2013, Grimwood 1969).
A pesar de ser considerada una especie relativamente comn
(Nowell & Jackson 1996), el estudio de sus hbitos alimenticios
ha recibido poca atencin, existiendo pocos trabajos publicados
a lo largo de su distribucin. Estudios cuantitativos realizados en
Argentina (Walker et al. 2007, Palacios 2006), Chile (Napolitano
et al. 2008) y Bolivia (Viscarra 2008) documentan la importancia
de los roedores de pequeo y mediano tamao como principal
componente de su dieta, seguido por las aves en la mayora de
los casos. En el centro de Brasil, Silveira et al. (2005) reportan
de forma cualitativa el consumo de roedores y aves terrestres,
mientras que Bagno et al. (2004), adicionalmente al consumo
de estos tems, reportan la presencia de reptiles en la dieta de este
felino pequeo. Los libros de consulta de Sunquist y Sunquist
(2002) e Iriarte y Jaksic (2012) documentan que la dieta de esta
especie se encuentra constituida principalmente por vertebrados
pequeos como roedores, lagomorfos, marsupiales y aves.
En el Per, el conocimiento sobre la dieta de L. colocolo
proviene de los estudios de investigacin realizados por Romo
(1995) en el pramo del Parque Nacional Ro Abiseo, en el norte
del pas, y por Cossos et al. (2013) en los pastizales de altura de
Ayacucho y Huancavelica, siendo este ltimo un estudio de los
felinos simptricos L. colocolo y L. jacobita, sin distincin de la
especie. Ambos estudios determinaron, a partir del anlisis de
heces, que los roedores pequeos constituyen el principal com-
ponente de la dieta de los pequeos felinos altoandinos. Adems,
es importante destacar el registro de frutos de Vaccinium sp. y
restos del majaz de montaa Cuniculus taczanowskii en la dieta
de L. colocolo, reportado nicamente por Romo (1995). Otra
informacin sobre su dieta proviene de la observacin casual
de un individuo cuando se encontraba cazando vizcachas, en el
altiplano del sur del pas (Pearson 1951).
Los estudios sobre la dieta de los carnvoros son importantes
para comprender su rol como reguladores de las poblaciones
de sus presas (Estes 1996, Roemer et al. 2009, Farias 2012)
y obtener informacin sobre su comportamiento de forrajeo,
relaciones interespecfcas con otros carnvoros y, adems tienen
implicancias en conservacin (Manfredi et al. 2004, Novack et
al. 2005, Walker et al. 2007, Napolitano et al. 2008). El uso
de tcnicas no invasivas como el anlisis de heces es una alter-
nativa viable y efectiva que permite obtener informacin sobre
hbitos alimenticios de especies esquivas, de hbitos nocturnos
o crepusculares y con poblaciones generalmente poco abundan-
tes como los carnvoros (Korschegen 1987, Klare et al. 2011,
Lagos & Villalobos 2012). Sin embargo, en casos de simpatra
de especies congneres es recomendable que el uso de caracte-
rsticas morfolgicas para la identifcacin de las heces (forma,
dimetro, etc.) vaya acompaado de un mtodo de identifcacin
ms consistente, como los anlisis genticos moleculares que
permiten identifcar especies a partir de ADN de baja calidad
procedente de heces, pieles de museo o pelos (Cossos & Angers
2006, Napolitano et al. 2008).
En cuanto a su conservacin, L. colocolo se encuentra ca-
tegorizada como especie Casi Amenazada (NT) por la Unin
Internacional para la Conservacin de la Naturaleza y Recursos
Naturales (IUCN 2014) y se encuentra listada en el Apndice II
de la Convencin sobre el Comercio Internacional de Especies
Amenazadas de Fauna y Flora Silvestres (CITES 2013). En
el Per, recientemente ha sido incluida en la categora Datos
Insufcientes (DD) mediante DS N. 004-2004-MINAGRI
(2014). Entre las amenazas que afectan negativamente a las
poblaciones distribuidas en el Per se han identifcado la caza y
la fragmentacin y alteracin/prdida de hbitat (Cossos et al.
2007a, Villalba et al. 2004). Un estudio reciente realizado por
Cossos et al. (2013), en los Andes de Ayacucho y Huancavelica,
identifc como factores que pueden afectar negativamente a los
gatos silvestres la presencia de animales domsticos y ganado,
la quema de pastos y el uso de cuevas de gatos por parte de los
pobladores locales.
El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la dieta de
L. colocolo en los alrededores del lago Junn, en la ecorregin
Puna del centro del Per, a partir del anlisis de los restos de
las presas contenidos en sus heces. El conocimiento generado
sobre el nicho trfco de esta especie ayudar a comprender la
importancia de los carnvoros en este ecosistema, a la vez que
podr ser empleado como informacin bsica en la elaboracin
de planes de manejo para su conservacin.
rea de estudio
El presente estudio se realiz en los alrededores del lago
Junn, dentro de los lmites de la Reserva Nacional de Junn
(RNJ) (11054S y 760627W) y su zona de amortigua-
miento (ZA), ubicadas en los distritos de Carhuamayo, Ondo-
res y Junn (provincia y departamento de Junn) y los distritos
de Ninacaca y Vicco (provincia y departamento de Pasco),
sobre los 4100 msnm (Fig. 1). El rea de estudio se encuen-
tra ubicada en la ecorregin Puna (Brack 1986), destacando
como principales formaciones vegetales los humedales alto
andinos, el csped de puna y el pajonal (INRENA 2008). La
temperatura media mensual oscila entre 4.6 y 6.7C durante
el da (estacin Upamayo), disminuyendo por debajo de los
0C durante la noche; las precipitaciones anuales alcanzan los
940 mm en promedio; y su relieve comprende zonas planas en
la parte central y colinas con aforamientos rocosos hacia los
alrededores del lago (INRENA 2008).
Materiales y mtodos
Se realizaron evaluaciones mensuales de 3 a 4 das de duracin
entre agosto del 2005 y julio del 2006, efectuando una bsqueda
intensiva de letrinas de felinos pequeos en roquedales, afora-
mientos rocosos, peas, casas abandonadas y pequeos islotes
en el borde del lago, donde se recolect un total de 50 heces.
Las letrinas son acumulaciones de heces depositadas en lugares
protegidos como pequeas cuevas rocosas, debajo de rocas
grandes, casas abandonadas y capillas (Cossos et al. 2007b).
63

Dieta de LEOPARDUS COLOCOLO en la Reserva Nacional de Junn
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 061- 070 (May 2014)
un proceso de ablandamiento con agua durante 2 horas, poste-
riormente los restos no digeridos de las presas fueron separados
con ayuda de un microscopio estereoscpico realizando una
diseccin longitudinal de las heces para rescatar porciones dife-
renciables de las presas (cintura plvica, cintura escapular, etc.),
mientras que los dems restos fueron lavados con agua corriente,
utilizando coladores de 1 y 0.5 mm de apertura de malla. Las
plumas encontradas en las heces fueron lavadas con champ,
secadas y montadas en lminas para su posterior identifcacin.
Los restos de las presas fueron identifcados hasta el nivel
taxonmico ms bajo posible, partiendo de una lista de especies
potenciales de roedores y aves, elaborada a partir de la base de
datos de la coleccin cientfca de mamferos del Museo de
Historia Natural de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San
Marcos (MUSM), estudios realizados en el rea de evaluacin o
localidades cercanas y otra literatura especializada (Hershkovitz
1962, Dourojeanni et al. 1968, Myers et al. 1990, Musser &
Carleton 2005, Schulenberg et al. 2007). Para la identifcacin
de los roedores crictidos, se utiliz como primer criterio dis-
criminante el patrn de pentalofodoncia y tetralofodoncia de
los molares (Hershkovitz 1962). Se utiliz la descripcin de
Reig (1987) para identifcar individuos de la tribu Akodontini
(Akodon) y la diagnosis de Olds y Anderson (1989) para iden-
tifcar individuos de las tribus Phyllotini (Auliscomys y Calomys)
Figura 1. rea de estudio mostrando las localidades de mues-
treo () 1: Casa Ondores Km 16, 2: Ondores, 3: Palomayo,
4: Upamayo, 5: Ninacaca, 6: Huayre lago, 7: Huayre cerro,
8: Condorpunta, 9: Shutipunta, 10: Antacocha, 11: Pioc, 12:
Chaupi. Las lneas punteadas alrededor del lago indican el
lmite de la Reserva Nacional de Junn, en los departamentos
de Pasco y Junn.
Figure 1. Study area showing the sampled localities () 1:
Casa Ondores Km 16, 2: Ondores, 3: Palomayo, 4: Upamayo,
5: Ninacaca, 6: Huayre lago, 7: Huayre cerro, 8: Condorpunta,
9: Shutipunta, 10: Antacocha, 11: Pioc, 12: Chaupi. The dotted
lines around the lake indicate the limit of the Reserva Nacional
de Junn, in Pasco and Junn department.
En el campo, las heces de L. colocolo fueron discriminadas
de las de otros carnvoros utilizando las caractersticas descritas
por Palacios (2007) para heces de felinos pequeos, segn las
cuales las heces asemejan la forma de un rosario por la cer-
cana y profundidad de sus constricciones (Fig. 2A), presentan
un dimetro promedio de 18 mm, contienen restos de origen
animal y generalmente se ubican en lugares protegidos (Fig.
2B). Posteriormente, las heces colectadas fueron secadas al sol,
preservadas en bolsas de papel rotuladas, y dispuestas dentro de
contenedores hermticos provistos de desecantes para evitar el
ataque de hongos.
La identifcacin de la especie de felino que produjo las heces
colectadas fue realizada a partir del ADN de las clulas epitelia-
les intestinales adheridas a la superfcie de las heces, utilizando
como marcador la regin de control del ADN mitocondrial,
mediante la tcnica PCR-RFLP (Polymerase Chain Reaction
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms) que proporciona
un patrn de bandas nico para cada especie, visualizado en geles
de poliacrilamida (Cossos et al. 2009). Los anlisis genticos
fueron realizados en el Departamento de Ciencias Biolgicas de
la Universidad de Montral, Canad.
Para la caracterizacin de la dieta de L. colocolo se sigui la
metodologa de Korschgen (1987): las heces fueron sometidas a
Figura 2. A) Heces de Leopardus colocolo, B) letrina de felino
pequeo. La escala es 10 mm.
Figure 2. A) Scats of Leopardus colocolo, B) latrine of small
feline. Scale is 10 mm.
64
Fajardo et al.
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 061 - 070 (Marzo 2014)
y Reithrodontini (Neotomys), todas ellas con un patrn de tetra-
lofodoncia en los molares. Para la identifcacin especfca de las
presas mamferas se utilizaron las descripciones de Hershkovitz
(1962) y Myers et al. (1990) sobre la morfologa de los dientes
de roedores crictidos, la clave dicotmica de Reise (1973) y
la comparacin con especmenes de la coleccin cientfca de
mamferos del MUSM (Fig. 3 y 4).
En el caso de las aves, se realiz una primera identifcacin
a nivel de Orden, utilizando las descripciones de Day (1965) y
Rau y Martnez (2004), basadas en la microestructura (forma,
distribucin y pigmentacin) de los nodos de las brbulas de las
plumas, con ayuda de un microscopio con ocular micromtrico.
Se prepararon lminas de las plumas de especies de aves distri-
buidas en el Per, representantes de los rdenes ms comunes
presentes en el rea de estudio (Fig. 5). Para la identifcacin
especfca de las aves se utiliz la comparacin con especmenes
de la coleccin ornitolgica del MUSM, considerando el tama-
o, forma, textura y color de las plumas.
Segn Klare et al. (2011), la frecuencia de ocurrencia es
el mtodo usualmente empleado para la determinacin de la
importancia de los tems alimenticios de la dieta en estudios de
carnvoros; sin embargo, no recomiendan su uso como nico
estimador debido a que tiende a sobrestimar la importancia de
presas pequeas y subestimar la de las presas de mayor tamao.
Figura 3. Vista oclusal de las flas molares superior derecha
(superior) e inferior izquierda (inferior) de: A) Akodon juninen-
sis, B) Auliscomys pictus, C) Calomys sorellus y D) Neotomys
ebriosus. La escala es 1 mm.
Figure 3. Occlusal view of upper right (top) and lower left
(bottom) molar rows of: A) Akodon juninensis, B) Auliscomys
pictus, C) Calomys sorellus y D) Neotomys ebriosus. Scale
is 1 mm.
Figura 4. Vista oclusal de las flas molares superior derecha
e inferior izquierda de Lagidium peruanum (A y B, respectiva-
mente) y Cavia tschudii (C y D). La escala es 10 mm.
Figure 4. Occlusal view of upper right and lower left molar
rows of Lagidium peruanum (A y B, respectively) and Cavia
tschudii (C y D). Scale is 10 mm.
Figura 5. Brbulas de las plumas de los rdenes Anseriformes
(A) y Gruiformes (B), representados por las especies Anas
favirostris y Fulica gigantea, respectivamente. La escala es
50 m.
Figure 5. Barbules of the feather of the Anseriformes (A)
and Gruiformes (B) orders, represented by the species Anas
favirostris and Fulica gigantea, respectively. Scale is 50 m.
65

Dieta de LEOPARDUS COLOCOLO en la Reserva Nacional de Junn
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 061- 070 (May 2014)
Estos autores sugieren el clculo de la biomasa basada en facto-
res de correccin (ecuaciones de conversin especie-especfca)
como el mtodo que proporciona la mejor aproximacin de la
dieta; sin embargo, las ecuaciones de conversin se encuentran
disponibles principalmente para carnvoros grandes o medianos
como el puma (Ackerman et al. 1984), zorros (Lockie 1959) y
coyotes (Weaver & Hofman 1979, Monroy-Vilchis & Frieven
2006), siendo una limitante para los estudios dietarios de peque-
os felinos neotropicales. En forma alternativa, algunos estudios
dietarios emplean el clculo de la biomasa relativa para especies
presa pequeas (<2kg), cuyos restos tienden a estar incluidos en
una sola feca (Napolitano et al. 2008).
En este estudio, la importancia de cada tem alimenticio de la
dieta fue estimada calculando su porcentaje de ocurrencia (%n) y
el porcentaje de biomasa relativa que aporta (%B). El porcentaje
de ocurrencia se calcul dividiendo el nmero de individuos de
un determinado tem alimenticio (n) entre el nmero total de
individuos registrados en las heces examinadas, multiplicado por
100%. Un individuo fue considerado como tal a partir del hallaz-
go de por lo menos una de las dos hemimandbulas articulables,
un diente, uno de cada par de hmeros, de cada par de fmures,
de cada par de ilacos, de cada par de patas, un sacro, un pico,
entre otros. En el caso del hallazgo de dos estructuras similares
se compar la forma, el tamao, lado (derecho o izquierdo) y la
posicin (superior e inferior) y grado de desgaste, en el caso de
dientes, para determinar si pertenecan a un mismo individuo
o a individuos diferentes.
Adems, se calcul el porcentaje de heces (%F) dividiendo
el nmero de heces donde se registr un determinado tem
alimenticio (F) entre el nmero total de heces de la muestra,
multiplicado por 100%. Para determinar posibles diferencias
signifcativas entre los tems consumidos se utiliz las pruebas
no paramtricas Kruskall-Wallis y U de Mann Whitney, com-
parando el nmero de individuos de cada tem.
La biomasa relativa fue calculada multiplicando el nmero
de individuos de un determinado tem alimenticio (n) por el
peso promedio de los individuos adultos (Rau 2000 en Napo-
litano et al. 2008, Iriarte & Jaksic 2012). Los resultados fueron
expresados en porcentaje de biomasa relativa (%B), dividiendo
la biomasa relativa de cada tem alimenticio entre la sumatoria
de biomasas de todos los tems, multiplicado por 100%. Los
pesos promedio de los tems alimenticios (presas) consumidos
fueron obtenidos a partir de la base de datos de la coleccin de
mamferos del MUSM y de la literatura (Dourojeanni et al.
1968, Romo 1995, Pearson 1948). En este anlisis solo fueron
considerados los tems alimenticios plenamente identifcados.
Se calcul la amplitud de nicho trfco estandarizada pro-
puesta por Colwell y Futuyma (1971) (en Jaksic 2001): B
sta
=
(BB
min
)/(B
max
B
min
), donde B = 1/p
i
2
es la amplitud de nicho
observada o ndice de Levins (1968), p
i
es la proporcin del tem
i en la dieta, B
min
es la diversidad mnima posible (1) y B
max
es
la diversidad mxima posible (total de tems consumidos). Los
valores de B
sta
varan entre 0 y 1, indicando un uso restringido
de los recursos alimenticios (valores cercanos a 0) o una mayor
diversidad de los recursos utilizados (valores cercanos a 1).
Se evalu si existen diferencias signifcativas en el consumo
de las clases de edad de cada especie de roedor crictido, uti-
lizando la prueba no paramtrica Chi cuadrado a un nivel de
signifcancia de 0.05. Se trabaj con los datos de los roedores
crictidos identifcados hasta el nivel de especie o gnero. Se
estimaron las edades de los roedores crictidos utilizando como
criterio discriminante el patrn de desgaste de los dientes descrito
por Voss (1991) y Myers (1989), con algunas modifcaciones,
establecindose tres clases de edad: a) juveniles, caracterizados
por presentar el tercer molar en proceso de erupcin (Fig. 6A) o
el tercer molar completamente erupcionado, pero sin signos de
desgaste en las cspides de todos los dientes (Fig. 6B); b) adultos,
caracterizados por presentar desgaste en las cspides principales
de sus dientes, pero con los lofos menores an distintivos y el
tercer molar con su superfcie oclusal an tubercular (Fig. 6C)
o por presentar las cspides principales del primer y segundo
molar an distintivas, pero con los lofos menores obliterados
y el tercer molar con superfcie plana o cncava (Fig. 6D); y c)
viejos, caracterizados por presentar la superfcie de los dientes
plana o cncava y la mayora de los detalles de la topologa
obliterados (Fig. 6E).
En forma adicional, se evalu si existe una variacin estacional
en la dieta de L. colocolo, utilizando la prueba no paramtrica Chi
cuadrado (nivel de signifcancia de 0.05), a partir del anlisis de
las heces procedentes de letrinas monitoreadas, de las cuales se
tuvo certeza de la fecha en la que fueron depositadas.
Figura 6. Clases de edad de Calomys sorellus (modifcado
de Voss 1991, Myers 1989), mostrando las hileras molares
superior derecha (superior) e inferior izquierda (inferior) de
las clases: juvenil (A-B), adulto (C-D) y viejo (E). La escala
es 1 mm.
Figure 6. Age clases of Calomys sorellus (modifed of Voss
1991, Myers 1989), showing the upper right (top) and lower
left (bottom) molar rows of the classes: juvenile (A-B), adult
(C-D) and old (E). Scale is 1 mm.
66
Fajardo et al.
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 061 - 070 (Marzo 2014)
Finalmente, se utiliz la informacin sobre los patrones de
actividad temporal de las presas consumidas para deducir el hora-
rio de alimentacin aproximado de L. colocolo. Esta informacin
fue obtenida a partir de Pearson (1948, 1951), Pizzimenti y De
Salle (1980), Ferro y Barquez (2008), Iriarte (2008) y Eisenberg
y Redford (1999). Para esta aproximacin solo se incluyeron
aquellos tems plenamente identifcados.
Los anlisis estadsticos de los datos fueron realizados con el
programa Systat versin 11.0.
Resultados
De un total de 50 heces colectadas, solo 41 fueron analizadas
genticamente, resultando que 34 pertenecieron a Leopardus
colocolo y 7 dieron un resultado negativo para la especie, siendo
stas ltimas excluidas de los anlisis. Las 9 heces restantes fueron
asignadas a L. colocolo por provenir de letrinas donde en ms de
una oportunidad las heces fueron identifcadas genticamente
como pertenecientes a esta especie, siendo incluidas en el anlisis
de la dieta.
A partir de 43 heces analizadas se obtuvieron restos de 248
individuos vertebrados, identifcndose 14 tems alimenticios
pertenecientes a mamferos de las familias Cricetidae (6), Chin-
chillidae (1) y Caviidae (1), y aves de las familias Anatidae (3)
y Rallidae (2) y un grupo de aves no identifcadas (Tabla 1).
Los restos vegetales encontrados (hojas de gramnea) no fue-
ron incluidos en los anlisis, debido a que fueron considerados
de consumo incidental por su bajo porcentaje de ocurrencia y
escasa cantidad hallada en cada una de las heces.
Nuestros resultados muestran que los roedores como grupo
constituyen el principal componente de la dieta de L. colocolo,
representando el 87.1% del total de presas consumidas y estando
presentes en el 97.7% de las heces examinadas. Las aves represen-
taron nicamente el 12.9% del total de presas consumidas, pero
fueron registradas en el 58.1% de las heces examinadas (Tabla 1).
Es importante destacar que en este estudio se reporta por pri-
mera vez la presencia de aves de las familias Anatidae y Rallidae
en la dieta de L. colocolo.
Entre los tems consumidos, el roedor crictido Calomys sp.
fue el ms frecuente, representando el 52.8% del total de presas
consumidas y fue registrado en el 79.1% de las heces examinadas
(Tabla 1). Estadsticamente, la prueba no paramtrica Kruskall-
Wallis detect diferencias signifcativas en el consumo de Calomys
sp. respecto a los dems tems alimenticios (Kruskall-Wallis
Statistic = 69.163, df=3, p< 0.001). As mismo, la Prueba U de
Mann-Whitney aplicada por pares a los tems ms consumidos
tambin evidenci diferencias signifcativas en el consumo del
roedor Calomys sp. respecto a Akodon juninensis (Prueba U de
Mann-Whitney de 249.000, p< 0.001), Calomys sp. respecto a
Auliscomys pictus (Prueba U de Mann-Whitney de 471.500, p<
0.001) y Calomys sp. respecto a Neotomys ebriosus (Prueba U de
Mann-Whitney de 1600.000, p< 0.001).
Los roedores tambin constituyen el principal componente de
la dieta de L. colocolo en trminos de biomasa relativa, aportando
el 58.2% de la biomasa total, seguido por las aves con un aporte
del 41.8% (Tabla 1). Entre los tems alimenticios registrados, el
roedor de mediano tamao Cavia tschudii fue el que proporcion
el mayor aporte de biomasa (25.3%), a pesar de encontrarse poco
representado en trminos de frecuencia (Tabla 1).
La amplitud de nicho trfco de L. colocolo fue estimada en
0.17 (B
sta
), indicando una dieta especialista, dominada por el
roedor crictido Calomys sp.
tems alimenticios (presas) P (g) n %n F %F %B
Akodon juninensis 27.9 7 2.8 5 11.6 1.0
Auliscomys pictus 53.8 35 14.1 23 53.5 9.7
Calomys sp. 19.8 131 52.8 34 79.1 13.4
Neotomys ebriosus 65 7 2.8 5 11.6 2.3
Lagidium peruanum 1236 1 0.4 1 2.3 6.4
Cavia tschudii 446.3 11 4.4 7 16.3 25.3
Crictidos muy pequeos NI - 21 8.5 13 30.2 -
Crictidos pequeos NI - 3 1.2 3 7 -
Total Roedores - 216 87.1 42 97.7 58.2
Anas favirostris 470 4 1.6 4 9.3 9.7
Anas georgica 683 2 0.8 2 4.7 7.1
Anas puna 527 6 2.4 6 14 16.3
Gallinula chloropus 565 3 1.2 3 7 8.7
Rallidae - 5 2 5 11.6 -
Aves NI - 12 4.8 9 20.9 -
Total aves - 32 12.9 25 58.1 41.8
Total individuos registrados 248
Total heces examinadas 43
Total biomasa relativa 19375.4
NI: no identifcado
Tabla 1: Composicin de la dieta de Leopardus colocolo en la RNJ. Para cada tem alimenticio se indica su peso promedio
en gramos (P), el nmero de individuos registrados en las heces (n), porcentaje de ocurrencia (%n), nmero de heces que
presentaron el tem (F), porcentaje de heces (%F) y porcentaje de biomasa relativa que aporta (%B).
Table 1. Diet composition of Leopardus colocolo in the RNJ. For each food item indicated their average body mass in grams
(P), the number of individuals found in scats (n), percentage of occurrence (%n), number of scats that contained the food item
(F), percentage of scats (%F) and percentage of relative biomass that provides (%B).
67

Dieta de LEOPARDUS COLOCOLO en la Reserva Nacional de Junn
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 061- 070 (May 2014)
Por otro lado, se determin que entre los roedores crictidos
los adultos fueron los ms consumidos (X
2
=8.4; df=3; p <0.05)
respecto a los juveniles y viejos.
No se observ variacin estacional en la dieta de L. colocolo
(X
2
=12.0; df=10; p>0.05); sin embargo, debido al tamao
reducido de la muestra (poca seca=8, poca hmeda=6), este
resultado debe ser considerado de forma referencial. El pequeo
tamao de la muestra se debi a que las letrinas monitoreadas
inicialmente fueron quemadas por los pobladores locales, por lo
que se tuvo que evaluar nuevas letrinas de las que no se conoca
la fecha exacta de deposicin de las heces. Los roedores fueron
los ms consumidos, tanto en la poca seca (%n=88, %F=100)
como en la hmeda (%n=86.4, %F=100), seguido por las aves
con %n=12 y %F=62.5 en la poca seca y %n=13.6 y %F=50
en la poca hmeda (Tabla 2), siendo importante destacar que
el consumo de aves acuticas fue registrado principalmente entre
los meses de agosto y diciembre. El roedor Calomys sp. fue el
tem alimenticio ms frecuente, tanto en la poca seca (%n= 52,
%F= 75) como en la hmeda (%n= 40.9, %F= 83.3) (Tabla 2).
En relacin al patrn de actividad temporal de L. colocolo, se
infere que ste utiliza tanto horas del da como de la noche para
alimentarse, ya que no se observ diferencias signifcativas en
el consumo de presas con actividad nocturna como Calomys sp.
(81%) respecto al consumo de presas con actividad nocturna-
diurna como Akodon juninensis, Auliscomys pictus, Neotomys
ebriosus y Cavia tschudii) (73.8%), y las presas con actividad
diurna como Lagidium peruanum, Anas spp., Gallinula chloropus
y Rallidae estuvieron bien representadas (47.6%).
Discusin
Los resultados obtenidos muestran que L. colocolo depreda
principalmente sobre roedores pequeos y medianos, concor-
dando con lo documentado en Per (Romo 1995, Cossos et
al. 2013) y en otros pases rango de su distribucin (Napolitano
et al. 2008, Viscarra 2008, Walker et al. 2007, Palacios 2006).
Nuestros resultados son consistentes con lo documentado para
la mayora de pequeos felinos neotropicales, cuya dieta se basa
principalmente en el consumo de vertebrados pequeos y, espe-
cialmente, en mamferos pequeos como roedores, lagomorfos
y marsupiales (Bisceglia et al. 2008, Silva-Pereira et al. 2011,
Iriarte & Jaksic 2012).
De manera similar a este estudio, diversos trabajos han mos-
trado la importancia de las aves en la dieta de L. colocolo, siendo
el segundo componente ms consumido (Viscarra 2008, Walker
et al. 2007, Napolitano et al. 2008, Cossos et al. 2013). Este
estudio reporta por primera vez el consumo de aves acuticas de
las familias Anatidae y Rallidae en la dieta de L. colocolo, resul-
tado documentado nicamente para el gato monts argentino
Leopardus geofroyi en los humedales de los alrededores de la
Laguna Mar Chiquita, en la Reserva de Bisfera Mar Chiquita,
Argentina, (Manfredi et al. 2004).
La alta representatividad del roedor Calomys sp. en la dieta
de L. colocolo podra estar relacionada con una mayor abun-
dancia de ste respecto a otras especies presa presentes en el
rea de estudio, a la facilidad con la que puede ser capturado
o a una mayor sincronicidad entre su patrn de actividad y el
del predador. En este trabajo no se evalu la abundancia de las
presas, pero se tiene conocimiento de que las dos especies del
gnero Calomys potencialmente presentes en el rea de estudio
son comunes en la ecorregin Puna de Per y en otros pases
donde se distribuyen. Calomys sorellus es considerada relativa-
mente comn en ambientes altoandinos y arbustivos de Per
(Hershkovitz 1962) y Calomys lepidus ha sido reportada comn
en la regin Altoandina de Bolivia (Tarifa & Yensen 2001) y
una de las especies dominantes en las estepas altoandinas de las
Cumbres Calchaques y Nevados del Aconquija, en la provincia
de Tucumn, en Argentina (Ferro & Barquez 2008). Ambas
especies de roedores presentan una estrecha asociacin con zo-
nas abiertas como pastizales y matorrales, en el caso de Calomys
sorellus (Hershkovitz 1962) y pastizales y vegas, en el de Calomys
lepidus (Tarifa & Yensen 2001, Ferro & Barquez 2008), lo cual
podra hacerlas ms vulnerables que otras especies presa. Sobre
tems alimenticios (presas) poca Seca poca Hmeda
n %n F %F n %n F %F
Akodon juninensis 3 6 1 12.5 1 4.5 1 16.7
Auliscomys pictus 6 12 4 50 6 27.3 3 50
Calomys sp. 26 52 6 75 9 40.9 5 83.3
Neotomys ebriosus 1 2 1 12.5 2 9.1 2 33.3
Cavia tschudii 1 2 1 12.5 - - - -
Crictidos muy pequeos NI 7 14 3 37.5 1 4.5 1 16.7
Total Roedores 44 88 8 100 19 86.4 6 100
Anas favirostris 1 2 1 12.5 - - - -
Anas georgica - - - - 1 4.5 1 16.7
Anas puna 3 6 3 37.5 1 4.5 1 16.7
Gallinula chloropus - - - - 1 4.5 1 16.7
Aves NI 2 4 2 25 - - - -
Total aves 6 12 5 62.5 3 13.6 3 50
Total individuos registrados 50 22
Total heces examinadas 8 6
Tabla 2: Comparacin estacional de la dieta de Leopardus colocolo en la RNJ. Para cada tem alimenticio se indica el nmero
de individuos registrados en las heces examinadas (n), porcentaje de ocurrencia (%n), nmero de heces que presentaron el
tem (F) y el porcentaje de heces (%F).
Table 2. Seasonal comparison of the diet of Leopardus colocolo in the RNJ. For each food item indicated the number of indi-
viduals found in scats (n), percentage of occurrence (%n), number of scats that contained the food item (F) and percentage
of scats (%F).
68
Fajardo et al.
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 061 - 070 (Marzo 2014)
este punto, la teora de Schoener (1971) seala que muchos
carnvoros seleccionan sus presas por la facilidad con la que stas
pueden ser capturadas ms que por su abundancia. En general,
los roedores crictidos son ms vulnerables a la depredacin que
las aves acuticas quienes, adems de su mayor tamao, tienen
la capacidad de correr o volar y refugiarse durante el da en el
lago (Fjelds & Krabbe 1990, Schulenberg et al. 2007). Por otro
lado, Napolitano et al. (2008) en su estudio realizado en el norte
de Chile sugirieron que el patrn de actividad de las presas fue
el factor que determin su depredacin por parte de L. colocolo,
basados en el mayor consumo de roedores nocturnos del gnero
Phyllotis sobre especies diurnas que presentaron una mayor
abundancia. Posteriores estudios son necesarios para identifcar
el factor o factores que ocasionan que el roedor Calomys sp. sea
el tem ms consumido.
El consumo de aves acuticas de los gneros Anas y Gallinula,
sugiere que L. colocolo aprovecha alguna situacin particular que
las convierte en presas vulnerables. En la Reserva de Bisfera Mar
Chiquita, en Argentina, Canepuccia et al. (2007) encontraron
que la abundancia de las aves acuticas, la distancia entre la presa
y el predador previo al ataque y el tamao de la presa determinan
el consumo de aves acuticas por parte de Oncifelis geofroyi.
Estos autores sealan que la vegetacin que rodea las reas de
descanso de las aves acuticas permite al predador aproximarse
sin ser visto muy cerca de su presa. En las costas de Virginia
(Erwin et al. 2001) y en Espaa (Ruiz-Olmo et al. 2003) se ha
reportado la depredacin de aves acuticas por parte del zorro
rojo Vulpes vulpes, durante la poca de reproduccin de stas.
En el presente estudio se obtuvieron indicios que sugieren que
L. colocolo aprovecha la vulnerabilidad que muestran las aves
acuticas durante la poca reproductiva, ya que stas fueron
registradas en las heces colectadas entre fnales de agosto y
diciembre, coincidiendo con parte de la poca de reproduccin
de las especies de Anatidae y Rallidae registradas.
La vizcacha peruana Lagidium peruanum estuvo muy poco
representada, en trminos de frecuencia, en la dieta de L. colocolo, a
diferencia de lo documentado en el sur de Bolivia (Viscarra 2008) y
norte de Chile (Napolitano et al. 2008) donde la vizcacha chilena
Lagidium viscacia constituye el principal tem alimenticio de su
dieta o es parte importante de ella. Se presume que este resultado
podra estar relacionado con las caractersticas del rea de estudio,
que presenta solo algunos aforamientos rocosos dispersos donde
habitan pequeas poblaciones de vizcachas. En el presente estudio,
los roedores tambin constituyen el principal componente de la
dieta de L. colocolo en trminos de biomasa relativa, siendo el cuy
silvestre Cavia tschudii el tem alimenticio que proporciona el
mayor aporte de biomasa a la dieta, concordando con lo reportado
en Chile por Napolitano et al. (2008), donde la especie Lagidium
viscacia representa el principal tem alimenticio en aporte de
biomasa. Estos resultados evidencian la importancia de las presas
de mayor tamao en aporte de biomasa a la dieta de L. colocolo.
A pesar de encontrarse numricamente poco representadas en
la dieta de L. colocolo, las aves mostraron un aporte importante en
biomasa relativa (41.8%), mayor al reportado por Napolitano et
al. (2008) para famencos y perdices (21.3%). El alto porcentaje
de biomasa relativa que aportan las aves en el presente estudio se
debe al consumo de aves acuticas cuyo tamao y peso superan
ampliamente el de las presas ms frecuentes como los roedores
crictidos.
La estrecha amplitud de nicho trfco obtenida para L. colo-
colo sugiere una dieta especializada, constituida exclusivamente
por roedores y aves, particularmente por el roedor crictido
Calomys sp. La especializacin en su dieta ha sido documentada
en otros pases rango de su distribucin (Palacios 2006, Walker
et al. 2007, Napolitano et al. 2008), siendo las especies presa
ms consumidas los roedores de los gneros Ctenomys, Phyllotis
y Lagidium viscacia. Estos resultados discrepan con lo repor-
tado por Viscarra (2008) en Bolivia, quien la considera una
especie generalista. Sin embargo, con la fnalidad de interpretar
adecuadamente los datos de un estudio dietario y determinar
el comportamiento de forrajeo de una especie, se recomienda
conocer la abundancia de las presas en el rea de estudio (Kors-
chgen 1987, Jaksic 1989).
La mayor proporcin de roedores crictidos adultos en
la dieta de L. colocolo podra deberse a que las campaas de
muestreo realizadas en el rea de estudio no coincidieron con
la etapa de reclutamiento, por lo cual no se encontraron indi-
viduos juveniles en las heces. Tambin podra estar relacionada
a la mayor movilidad que muestran los roedores en la etapa
adulta respecto a la etapa juvenil, lo cual los hace fcilmente
detectables por el predador, como lo sugieren Castro y Jaksic
(1995). Los roedores, durante la etapa juvenil, permanecen
protegidos dentro de sus madrigueras. Iriarte (2008) reporta
que el roedor Calomys lepidus alcanza su madurez sexual entre
los 72 y 82 das, lo cual da una idea de la corta duracin de
la etapa juvenil. Por otro lado, en una poblacin de roedores
los individuos viejos se encuentran naturalmente en baja
abundancia debido a la competencia, enfermedades, presin
de depredacin, etc.
Por otra parte, no se observ variacin estacional en la dieta
de L. colocolo; sin embargo, se recomienda el uso de una muestra
de mayor tamao para confrmar estos resultados.
Finalmente, se infere que L. colocolo tiene un patrn de
actividad nocturno y diurno, ya que su dieta incluye especies
presa con actividad tanto nocturna como diurna. Sin embargo,
esta deduccin se basa en informacin procedente de estudios
realizados en los Andes del sur de Per (Pearson 1948, 1951),
Chile (Iriarte 2008) y las altas cumbres de la provincia de Tu-
cumn, en Argentina (Ferro & Barquez 2008), siendo necesario
obtener informacin sobre la historia natural de los roedores del
rea de estudio para confrmar este resultado. Nuestros resulta-
dos concuerdan con lo reportado por Bagno et al. (2004), en el
Cerrado de Brasil, y por Napolitano et al. (2008), en el norte de
Chile. Reportes de actividad diurna han sido documentados por
Silveira et al. (2005), en el Cerrado de Brasil; Garca-Olaechea
et al. (2013), en la costa norte del Per y Pacheco (com. pers.
2014) en los departamentos de Lima, Ancash y La Libertad.
Actividad nocturna ha sido reportada por Lucherini et al.
(2009) en el norte de Argentina, a partir de fototrampeos, y
por Pearson (1951) en el Altiplano del sur de Per, a partir de
un avistamiento casual. Al parecer, el patrn de actividad de L.
colocolo vara de acuerdo a la localidad; al respecto, Lucherini et
al. (2009) sugieren que esta variacin puede estar relacionada
con las diferencias existentes entre cada zona o ser el resultado
de un comportamiento para evadir otros carnvoros que viven
en simpatra. Posteriores estudios utilizando cmaras trampa son
necesarios para obtener una mejor aproximacin sobre el patrn
de actividad de L. colocolo en el rea de estudio.
69

Dieta de LEOPARDUS COLOCOLO en la Reserva Nacional de Junn
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 061- 070 (May 2014)
Agradecimientos
Esta investigacin fue parte del proyecto Ecologa y con-
servacin de pequeos flidos andinos en la Reserva Nacional
de Junn, el Santuario Nacional de Huayllay y alrededores,
liderado por Daniel Cossos y desarrollado gracias al fnan-
ciamiento de Wildlife Conservation Network y el apoyo de
la Alianza Gato Andino. Agradecemos al ex Director de la
Reserva Nacional de Junn Ing. Marco Arenas, por el apoyo
logstico brindado y al Sr. Melecio Arias por su apoyo como
gua en el trabajo de campo. Agradecemos a las Directoras
del Departamento de Ornitologa del Museo de Historia
Natural-UNMSM, Dra. Irma Franke y Blga. Letty Salinas
por permitirnos el uso de la coleccin cientfca de aves, y a
las bilogas Sonia Salazar y Yisela Quispe por su orientacin
en la identifcacin de las muestras de aves. Igualmente, agra-
decemos a Cecilia Barriga por su ayuda en la elaboracin del
mapa del rea de estudio, y a Jessica Amanzo, Marina Villalobos
y Jos Prez por la revisin del manuscrito y comentarios que
ayudaron a su mejora.
Contribucin de los autores
Ursula Fajardo dise el estudio, obtuvo los datos de campo,
realiz los anlisis y la interpretacin de datos y se encarg de la
redaccin del artculo. Daniel Cossos lider el proyecto del cual
se tom parte de la informacin para este estudio, realiz los
anlisis de gentico para la identifcacin de las heces, contribuy
en la interpretacin de datos y realiz una revisin crtica del
contenido intelectual del trabajo. Vctor Pacheco contribuy en
el diseo del estudio, la interpretacin de los datos y realiz una
revisin crtica de su contenido intelectual. Todos los autores
aprobaron el manuscrito fnal.
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71

El zorro gris LYCALOPEX GRISEUS en el Per
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 071- 078 (May 2014)
Estado del zorro gris Lycalopex griseus (Gray, 1837) (Mammalia: Canidae) en el Per
Elena Vivar y Vctor Pacheco
Status of gray fox Lycalopex griseus (Gray, 1837) (Mammalia: Canidae) from Peru
Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional
Mayor de San Marcos, Apartado 14-0434, Lima
14, Per.
Email Elena Vivar: elenavivarp@gmail.com
Email Vctor Pacheco: vpachecot@unmsm.edu.pe
Presentado: 10/12/2013
Aceptado: 12/04/2014
Publicado online: 26/05/2014
TRABAJOS ORIGINALES
Los autores. Este artculo es publicado por la Revista Peruana de Biologa de la Facultad de Ciencias Biolgicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San
Marcos. Este es un artculo de acceso abierto, distribuido bajo los trminos de la Licencia Creative Commons Atribucin-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0
Internacional.(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/), que permite el uso no comercial, distribucin y reproduccin en cualquier medio, siempre
que la obra original sea debidamente citadas. Para uso comercial, por favor pngase en contacto con editor.revperubiol@gmail.com.
Citacin:
Vivar E. & V. Pacheco. 2014. Estado del zorro gris
Lycalopex griseus (Gray, 1837) (Mammalia: Cani-
dae) en el Per. Revista peruana de biologa 21(1):
071- 078 (Mayo 2014), doi: http://doi.org/10.15381/
rpb.v21i1.8249
Revista peruana de biologa 21(1): 071 - 078 (2014)
doi: http://doi.org/10.15381/rpb.v21i1.8249
ISSN-L 1561-0837
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLGICAS UNMSM
Journal home page: http://revistasinvestigacion.unmsm.edu.pe/index.php/rpb/index
Resumen
Se sustenta la presencia del zorro gris Lycalopex griseus (Gray, 1837) en la costa sur del
Per en base a informacin morfolgica externa y craneal. Esta especie es de similar tamao
a L. sechurae (Thomas, 1900) pero diferenciable en una mayor longitud del hocico y menor
amplitud del crneo; esta diferencia es respaldada en un Anlisis de Componentes Principales.
Se sugiere que la poblacin del zorro gris en el Per podra constituir una subespecie nueva
de L. griseus por encontrarse ms al norte de su distribucin tradicionalmente conocida y
separada de otras subespecies por el Desierto de Atacama en el norte de Chile, notable
barrera biogeogrfca.
Palabras claves: Canidae; Lycalopex; morfologa; morfometra; poblaciones.
Abstract
The presence of the gray fox Lycalopex griseus (Gray, 1837) in the southern coast of Peru is
supported based on external and cranial morphological information. This species is compared
with L. sechurae (Thomas, 1900), a fox of similar size, but distinguished from it by a snout
greater length and a smaller breadth of the skull. A Principal Component Analysis supports
this difference. It is suggested that the gray fox populations in Peru could be a new subspe-
cies of L. griseus because its disjunt distribution with respect to other subspecies from which
are separated by the Atacama Desert, a remarkable biogeographical barrier in northern Chile.
Key words: Canidae; Lycalopex; morphology; morphometrics; populations.
Introduccin
Los cnidos silvestres en el Per, estn representados por seis especies: Atelocynus
microtis (Sclater, 1882), Chrysocyon brachyurus (Illiger, 1815), Lycalopex culpaeus (Mo-
lina, 1782), L. griseus (Gray, 1837), L. sechurae (Tomas, 1900) y Speothos venaticus
(Lund, 1842) segn Pacheco et al. (2009). La mayora de ellos con caracteres mor-
folgicos externos muy distintivos que permiten discriminar una especie de otra; sin
embargo, la presencia de Lycalopex griseus en el Per es aun un tema controversial. Si
bien la especie fue reconocida en nuestro medio (Grimwood 1969, Pearson y Pearson
1978, Zeballos et al. 2000, Quintana et al. 2000, Zeballos et al. 2001, Pacheco et
al. 2009), otros autores dudan de que este zorro est distribuido en el Per o lo han
omitido sin mayor comentario (Know 2003, Gonzlez del Solar y Rau 2004, Wozen-
craft 2005, Jimnez et al. 2008). Pacheco et al.(2009) document la existencia de
varios especmenes procedentes del Per que sustentan inequvocamente la presencia
de esta especie desde Lima central hasta Tacna, a lo largo de la Costa y Vertiente Oc-
cidental. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es contribuir con informacin adicional
para sustentar la presencia del zorro gris en el Per, diferencindola de las otras dos
especies peruanas (i.e., L. culpaeus y L. sechurae) en base a un anlisis morfolgico y
morfomtrico craneal y dental.
72
Vivar & Pacheco
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 071 - 078 (Mayo 2014)
Especies de Lycalopex
El zorro andino Lycalopex culpaeus es una especie mediana,
que pesa de 7 12 kilos. Tiene una amplia distribucin en
Amrica del sur, desde el sur de Argentina hasta Colombia
(Knop 2003, Wozencraft 2005), aunque prefere las elevaciones
altas tambin se le suele encontrar en las bajas como en Lomas
de Atiquipa y Meja (Zeballos 2000), San Juan de Marcona
(Tantalen et al. 2007), Lomas de San Fernando (Vivar 2008)
y Lomas de Lachay (INRENA 2002).
El zorro gris Lycalopex griseus es pequeo, pesa de 3 4 kg;
en Argentina se distribuye desde los 23 sur hasta Tierra de
Fuego; mientras que en Chile se distribuye desde Atacama hasta
el Estrecho de Magallanes (Gonzlez del Solar y Rau 2004).
De acuerdo a Osgood (1943) y Cabrera (1958) existen cuatro
subespecies de L. griseus: L. g. griseus, distribuido en las Pampas
del oeste de Argentina desde el Estrecho de Magallanes hasta
Chubut; L. g. gracilis, desde Santiago de Estero y Catamarca
hasta oeste del Ro Negro, Argentina; L. g. domeykoanus, en
Chile central desde Concepcin hasta la parte sur de la Provincia
de Atacama; y L. g. maullinicus, en la parte centro sur de Chile,
en la Regin del Bosque de Valdivia. En el Per, la especie se
distribuye desde San Bartolo, Lima hasta Tacna (Pacheco et al.
2009, MINAM 2011).
El zorro costeo Lycalopex sechurae, de tamao pequeo (2 - 6
kg) se distribuye mayormente en la regin costera y vertiente
occidental de los Andes, desde el extremo suroeste de Ecuador
hasta el centro de Lima (Asa y Cossos 2004; Cossos 2004,
2008; INRENA, 2002), desde el nivel de mar (Cossos 2010),
hasta los 2250 m en Mital, Bosque de Zrate, Prov. Huarochir,
Lima. (E. Daz, comm. pers.).
En la costa del Per Lycalopex griseus y L. sechurae presentan
distribuciones contiguas y al parecer paraptricas; sin embargo
en las costas de Chile L. griseus se encuentra en simpatra con
Lycalopex fulvipes (Martin, 1837), especie restringida a la Isla
de Chilo y la parte costera del Parque Nacional Nahuelbuta
(Jimnez et al. 2004, Wozencraft 2005).
Material y mtodos
Se examinaron pieles, crneos y registros fotogrfcos de
Lycalopex griseus procedentes del Museo de Historia Natural de
la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos Lima, MUSM;
del Museo de la Universidad de San Agustn Arequipa, MUSA;
y del Museum of Vertebrate Zoology Berkeley, MVZ (Anexo 1).
Se midieron once ejemplares de L. griseus, cinco de L. sechurae
y cuatro de L. culpaeus. Todos fueron considerados adultos, en
base a la presencia de suturas fusionadas entre el basiesfenoide
y occipital.
Se utilizaron las siguientes medidas craneomtricas de Zunino
et al.(1995): Longitud condilobasal (LCB), Longitud palatal
(LP), Longitud mnima del rostro(LMR), Longitud del rostro
(LR), Longitud de la bula (LB), Longitud de la fla de dientes
del maxilar (LFDMx), Longitud entre el P4-M2 (LP4-M2),
Altura mnima del rostro (AlMR), Altura de la caja craneana
(AlCC), Constriccin interorbital (CI), Constriccin postorbital
(CP), Ancho del rostro en caninos (ARC), Ancho del rostro en
primeros molares superiores (ARPM), Ancho cigomtico (AC),
Ancho del mastoide (AM), Ancho de la caja craneana (ACC),
Ancho a travs de los cndilos occipitales (ACO), Ancho entre
procesos postglenoideos (APG), Longitud P4 (LP4),ancho P4
(AP4), Longitud m1 (Lm1), Ancho m1 (Am1), Altura del rostro
en P2-P3 (AlRP2-P3), Longitud mandibular (LM), Longitud
de la fla de dientes mandibulares (LFDMa), Longitud m1-m3
(Lm1-m3), Longitud alveolar de caninos superiores (LACS),
Longitud de fosas nasales (LFN), Ancho a travs de los procesos
postorbitales (APPO), Longitud entre procesos postorbitales y
constriccin postorbital (LPPCP) y Ancho de fosa mesopteri-
goidea (AFM).
Para cada variable se obtuvo los estadsticos descriptivos de
promedio, desviacin estndar, mximos, mnimos y nmero
de muestra. Se presenta tambin un Anlisis de Componentes
Principales (ACP) con las medidas craneomtricas tomadas en L.
griseus y L. sechurae, usndose 21 de las 31 mediciones craneales
arriba mencionadas. Ambos anlisis, estadsticos y multivariados
fueron ejecutados con el programa PAST: Paleontological Statis-
tics Software Package for Education and Data Anlisis (Hammer
et al. 2001). El ACP fue desarrollado con siete especmenes de L.
griseus, en tres de ellos los valores de una o dos variables fueron
obtenidos por promedio por tener datos perdidos.
Para la comparacin a nivel subespecfco, se utiliz material
fotogrfco de especmenes de L. griseus domeykoanus y L. griseus
gracilis pertenecientes al Field Museum of Natural History de
Chicago (FMNH) y al Natural History Museum de Londres
respectivamente (Anexo 1), por estar stas ms cercanas a la
distribucin de los ejemplares estudiados del Per.
Resultados
Externamente, Lycalopex griseus (Fig. 1) es un zorro pequeo
(LT: 79 cm, LC: 26, LP: 12.5, LO: 9) con orejas grandes y cola
frondosa; la longitud de esta ltima sobrepasa la distancia que
hay entre su origen y la base de sus dedos traseros, adems esta
cola ostenta una conspicua mancha negra en el extremo termi-
nal. La coloracin general del manto, cabeza, patas y cola es
beige grisceo con una banda longitudinal oscura en el dorso.
La parte superior del hocico presenta tonalidades ligeramente
ms oscuras alcanzando las mistaciales. Tambin es evidente una
mancha negra en la barbilla y una banda longitudinal delgada a
manera de collar a la altura del pecho de menor tonalidad. Las
patas delanteras y traseras presentan tonalidades ms oscuras
tanto en la parte anterior del brazo como en la base posterior
del muslo, siendo sta ltima una mancha bastante oscura en
forma triangular. La coloracin de la parte ventral es crema,
que se extiende al interior de las patas, cuerpo, cuello y base del
hocico, incluyendo comisuras y base de la nariz. Esta coloracin
ventral es evidente an cuando el animal este de costado.
El tamao de un pelo de guardia de la espalda es aproxima-
damente de 59 mm, y la disposicin de sus bandas de color
es la siguiente: base crema (32%), beige oscuro (20%), crema
(27%) y beige oscuro (20%) en el extremo. Los pelos de borda
son ms cortos y en conjunto muy densos, llegando a un tamao
de 56 mm.
Lycalopex griseus (Fig. 2) tiene el rostro angosto y la porcin
anterior del arco cigomtico presenta bordes aflados. El hueso
lacrimal es estrecho y moderadamente alto. Los bordes exteriores
del agujero infraorbitario tienden a formar un ngulo agudo. El
agujero auditivo es amplio, siendo la distancia entre el borde del
agujero y perfl del borde de la bula menor. El borde anterior
del palatino es en forma de herradura pasando entre los agujeros
palatinos superiores e inferiores, continuando en bordes laterales
73

El zorro gris LYCALOPEX GRISEUS en el Per
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 071- 078 (May 2014)
Figura 1.- Ejemplares de Lycalopex griseus. Ica: San Fernando a) y b) fotos tomadas por Helena Sisniegas, c) tomada por
Hugo Castillo, d) tomada por Erik Ramirez. Tacna: Tacahuay e) y f) tomadas por Joel Crdova.
Figure 1.- Samples of Lycalopex griseus. Ica: San Fernando a) and b) photos taken by Helena Sisniegas, c) by Hugo Castillo,
d) by Erick Ramirez. Tacna: Tacahuay e) y f) by Joel Crdova.
74
Vivar & Pacheco
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 071 - 078 (Mayo 2014)
rectos. Los dientes P4, M1 y M2 son grandes. El P4 (carnasial)
presenta un protocono que sobresale medianamente del resto
del diente. El hipocono de M1 es pronunciado y junto con el
cngulum lingual le dan una forma curvada casi aguda al diente.
El borde posterior de M2 termina despus del borde anterior de
la fosa mesopterigoidea, la cual es angosta y no presenta espina.
La porcin anterior de la bula timpnica es menos prominente
que la parte posterior. La altura del proceso coronoide de la
mandbula es casi el doble del grosor de la mandbula. El borde
anterior de la cresta coronoide tiende a ser curva. El perfl de la
base del proceso angular es horizontal.
Comparaciones
Lycalopex griseus se diferencia de L. sechurae (Fig. 3) por las
siguientes caractersticas. El rostro es ms angosto. La porcin
anterior del arco cigomtico presenta bordes dorsales aflados
y no redondeados como en L. sechurae. El hueso lacrimal es
estrecho (5.44 mm) con una altura de (11.68 mm), mientras
que en L. sechurae es ms amplio (8.80 mm) y algo alto (12.61
mm). Los bordes exteriores del agujero infraorbitario tienden
a formar un ngulo agudo, mientras que en L. sechurae forman
un ngulo recto. El agujero auditivo es algo ms amplio (6.78
mm) que en L. sechurae (5.27 mm), siendo la distancia entre el
borde del agujero y perfl del borde de la bula menor (4.90 mm)
que en L. sechurae (6.83 mm).
El borde anterior de los palatinos es en forma de herradura
pasando entre los agujeros palatinos superiores e inferiores, con-
tinuando en bordes laterales rectos, a diferencia de L. sechurae
donde el borde anterior de los palatinos tiene forma semicircular,
pasando por los agujeros palatinos anteriores, pero los bordes
laterales se expanden y no tocan los agujeros palatinos inferiores.
Los dientes PM4, M1 y M2 son ms grandes que en sechurae. El
protocono del P4 (carnasial) sobresale medianamente del resto
del diente, mientras que en L. sechurae sobresale notoriamente.
El hipocono de M1 es pronunciado y junto al cngulum lingual
le dan una forma casi aguda al diente, en cambio en L. sechurae
el hipocono es poco desarrollado y con el cingulum lingual le
dan una forma curvada al diente. El borde posterior de M2
termina despus del borde anterior de la fosa mesopterigoidea,
en L. sechurae ste termina antes. El ancho de la fosa mesop-
terigoidea generalmente es angosta y no presenta espina, en L.
sechurae siempre es amplia con bordes anteriores curvados para
dar lugar a una espina. La porcin anterior de la bula timpnica
es menos prominente que la parte posterior, en L. sechurae ambas
porciones son prominentes. La altura del proceso coronoide de
la mandbula es casi el doble del grosor de la mandbula, en L.
sechurae es ms del doble del grosor de la mandbula. El borde
Figura 2.- Vista dorsal, ventral y lateral del crneo y mand-
bula de Lycalopex griseus (MUSM 39070). Escala es 10 mm.
Figure 2.- Dorsal, ventral and lateral wiew of the skull and lower
jaw of Lycalopex griseus (MUSM 39070). Scale is 10 mm.
Figura 3.- Vista dorsal, ventral y lateral del crneo y mandbula
de Lycalopex sechurae (MUSM 15377). Escala es 10 mm.
Figure 3.- Dorsal, ventral and lateral wiew of the skull and lower
jaw of Lycalopex sechurae (MUSM 15377). Scale is 10 mm
75

El zorro gris LYCALOPEX GRISEUS en el Per
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 071- 078 (May 2014)
anterior de la cresta coronoide tiende a ser curva, en L. sechurae
es casi recta. El perfl de la base del proceso angular es horizontal,
en L. sechurae es oblicuo.
Lycalopex griseus se diferencia de L. culpaeus por las siguien-
tes caractersticas. La porcin anterior del arco cigomtico en
L. griseus presenta bordes dorsales aflados mientras que en L.
culpaeus los bordes son redondeados.
El hueso lacrimal es estrecho (5.44 mm) con una altura de
(11.68 mm), mientras que en L. culpaeus que es ms amplio
(8.54 mm) y ms alto (14.37 mm). Los bordes exteriores del
agujero infraorbitario forman un ngulo agudo como en L.
culpaeus. El agujero auditivo es casi tan amplio (6.78 mm) como
en L. culpaeus (6.58 mm), siendo la distancia entre el borde del
agujero y perfl del borde de la bula menor (4.90 mm) que en
L. culpaeus (7.85 mm).
El borde anterior del palatino es en forma de herradura
pasando entre los agujeros palatinos superiores e inferiores,
continuando en bordes laterales rectos, a diferencia de L. culpaeus
donde el borde anterior del palatino tiene forma semicircular o
angular, pasando por los agujeros palatinos anteriores e inferiores.
Los dientes PM4, M1 y M2 son ms pequeos que en culpaeus.
El P4 (carnasial) como en L. culpaeus presenta el protocono que
sobresale medianamente del resto del diente. El hipocono de M1
es pronunciado y conjuntamente con el cingulum lingual le dan
una forma casi aguda al diente, en L. culpaeus el hipocono es
bastante pronunciado y con el cingulum lingual forman un borde
curvado. El borde posterior de M2 termina despus del borde
Medidas Lycalopex culpaeus Lycalopex griseus Lycalopex sechurae
LCB 159,32 5,32(166,00-153,71)4 111,31 5,65(120,49-104,03)9 112,94 4,36(119,94-108,64)5
LP 84,97 1,83(87,25-82,84)4 57,89 2,69(62,74-54,08)11 60,21 3,13(63,83-56,04)5
LMR 70,54 1,75(72,42-68,40)4 47,40 2,41(51,95-44,42)11 46,52 2,20(49,47-43,34)5
LR 80,46 1,73(82,22-77,75)4 52,53 2,56(858,15-49,06)11 52,31 2,33(55,68-49,26)5
LB 23,52 1,41(25,74-21,83)4 21,22 1,80(23,08-17,56)10 19,39 1,63(21,38-17,69)5
LFDMx 71,47 1,60(73,99-69,53)4 50,90 2,33(54,66-47,07)10 49,07 1,06(50,59-47,96)5
LP4-M2 29,74 1,83(31,60-26,70)4 22,40 1,78(24,50-19,78)10 21,39 1,18(22,52-19,76)5
AlMR 20,15 1,38(21,95-18,09)4 13,22 0,94(14,36-11,10)11 14,48 0,84(15,70-13,51)5
AlCC 46,98 1,58(49,10-44,95)4 33,07 1,27(35,09-31,36)10 34,33 1,07(35,80-32,95)5
CI 29,55 1,46(31,25-27,22)4 20,11 1,05(21,59-18,70)11 20,70 0,55(21,46-20,07)5
CP 26,45 1,04(28,17-25,49)4 22,41 0,99(24,70-21,35)10 22,34 1,01(23,50-20,82)5
ARC 26,50 1,79(28,23-24,12)4 16,95 1,13(18,66-15,49)11 18,77 0,69(19,43-18,00)5
ARPM 46,71 3,27(50,36-42,08)4 33,37 1,29(35,56-31,48)11 33,87 1,33(35,10-31,60)5
AC 89,82 4,27(95,81-85,70)4 58,78 2,27(62,53-56,10)8 63,34 2,31(65,97-60,95)5
AM 53,44 2,39(56,58-50,71)4 38,24 2,42(41,18-34,38)10 41,07 1,33(43,30-39,81)5
ACC 49,18 1,33(51,23-47,59)4 40,69 1,31(42,64-38,27)10 41,63 0,87(42,78-40,55)5
ACO 28,63 0,97(29,83-27,14)4 20,59 1,19(22,55-19,37)9 22,42 0,75(23,21-21,59)5
APG 36,91 1,51(39,18-35,32)4 25,79 1,22(27,67-24,33)8 29,96 1,06(31,14-28,69)5
LP4 15,48 0,55(16,00-14,58)4 10,50 0,82(11,60-9,08)11 9,63 0,54(10,36-9,06)5
AP4 7,87 0,65(8,54- 7,11)4 5,19 0,54(5,77-4,38)11 5,30 0,38(5,79-4,91)5
Lml 16,61 0,65(17,22-15,54)4 11,43 1,34(12,90-9,00)10 10,24 0,49(10,89-9,51)5
Aml 6,65 0,64(7,36-5,66)4 5,95 1,32(8,32-4,48)10 4,87 0,14(5,03-4,69)5
AlRP2-P3 24,40 0,82(25,60-23,29)4 16,92 0,61(18,41-16,38)10 19,17 0,82(20,60-18,63)5
LM 125,17 4,60(130,31-119,44)4 84,64 4,46(92,47-79,31)10 85,90 2,98(89,78-83,12)5
LFDMa 81,13 2,00(83,64-78,31)4 57,76 3,51(63,79-53,13)11 54,95 1,71(57,34-52,60)5
Lm1-m3 29,33 1,41(30,69-27,14)4 22,50 1,09(24,30-20,60)11 19,96 1,36(21,96-18,27)5
LACS 10,02 0,73(11,05-9,24)4 5,46 0,62(6,38-4,45)11 5,85 0,51(6,22-4,96)5
LFN 19,34 0,72(20,34-18,42)4 13,39 1,32(15,73-11,22)11 14,49 1,37(15,83-12,57)5
APPO 39,21 0,94(40,26-38,16)4 27,90 1,69(31,57-25,80)10 31,64 1,65(34,09-29,77)5
LPPCP 13,48 1,70(15,88-11,11)4 4,66 0,66(5,99-3,76)10 6,10 1,03(7,85-5,29)5
AFM 12,53 0,64(13,60-11,88)4 9,09 0,77(10,25-7,97)7 10,45 1,03(11,52-9,02)5
Tabla 1.- Estadsticas descriptivas de medidas craneomtricas de Lycalopex culpaeus, L. griseus y L. sechurae (en mm).
Promedio ms menos desviacin estndar, rango observado (en parntesis) y nmero de especmenes. Signifcado de abre-
viatura de medidas, ver texto.
Table 1.- Descriptive statistics of craniometric measures of Lycalopex culpaeus, L. griseus and L. sechurae (in mm). Mean plus
minus standard deviation, observed range (in parentheses) and number of specimens. Meaning of abbreviation measures,
see text.
76
Vivar & Pacheco
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 071 - 078 (Mayo 2014)
anterior de la fosa mesopterigoidea, en L. culpaeus ste termina
a la misma altura. El ancho de la fosa mesopterigoidea es ms
angosta y no presenta espina, en L. culpaeus es amplia con bordes
anteriores curvados para dar lugar a una o dos espinas. La porcin
anterior de la bula timpnica es menos prominente que la parte
posterior, en L. culpaeus ambas porciones son prominentes. La
altura del proceso coronoide de la mandbula es casi el doble
del grosor de la mandbula, en L. culpaeus es ms del doble. El
borde anterior de la cresta coronoide de la mandbula tiende a
ser curva, en L. culpaeus es casi recta.
Lycalopex culpaeus se diferencia de las otras dos especies en
casi todas sus dimensiones de largo, ancho y altura. En cambio,
las mediciones de L. griseus y L. sechurae son similares entre ellas
(Tabla 1). Un crneo de un L. culpaeus juvenil (con PM4 y M1
en desarrollo) es casi tan largo pero a la vez ms amplio (LCB:
105, ACC: 46.39) que un adulto de L. griseus o L. sechurae.
En el anlisis de Componentes Principales, donde se con-
frontan L. griseus y L. sechurae, los porcentajes de los autovalores
resultantes para los dos primeros componentes principales fueron
56.7% y 31.87% (Tabla 2). Los coefcientes del primer compo-
nente fueron todos positivos y el segundo tuvo una alta carga
negativa en: Lm1-m3 (-0.8672), LFDMa (-0.6776), LFDMx
(-0.6590), Am1 (-0.6428) y LMR (-0.4041), esto indica que
hacia abajo del plot las proporciones de estas medidas aumen-
tan; al contrario, los coefcientes con alta carga positiva fueron:
ALRP2-P3 (0.9070), APPO (0.8874), APG (0.8842), Lm1-m3
(0.8672), LPPCP (0.7690), AFM (0.7070), AC (0.7009), ACO
(0.5501), AM (0.5604), ARC (0.5158), ALMR (0.5496) y ACC
(0.3617)(Tabla 2).
En el grfco de dispersin de los componentes 1 y 2 (Figura
4) se observa dos grupos discretos que corresponden a las dos
especies. L. sechurae se encuentra sobre el eje de las abscisas y L.
griseus debajo de ella. Con estos resultados se corrobora mediante
anlisis multivariante las observaciones morfolgicas indicadas
anteriormente, en cuanto a las dimensiones de amplitud de los
ejemplares de L. griseus, como: Ancho entre procesos postor-
bitales, Ancho cigomtico, Ancho mastoideo y Ancho entre
procesos postglenoideos, a la vez en las dimensiones de longitud
como: Longitud mnima del rostro, Fila de dientes maxilares,
Fila de dientes mandibulares y Longitud de m1 y m3. Estas nos
indican que L. griseus presenta un crneo ms angosto, a la vez
que un hocico ms largo que L. sechurae.
El material fotogrfco de L. griseus domeykoanus (FMNH
23826) (Fig. 5) nos muestran que este presenta un crneo ligera-
mente ms robusto con un hueso lacrimal ms amplio, adems
las bullas auditivas son muy prominentes en su totalidad con
reducido conducto auditivo seo, a diferencia de los especmenes
de L. griseus de Per. Por otro lado L. griseus gracilis (BM [NH]
18-11-11-85) presenta un crneo ms alto con perfl cncavo
Variables CP 1 CP 2
LCB 0.984 -0.100
LP 0.942 0.182
LMR 0.882 -0.404
LFDMx 0.603 -0.659
AlMR 0.712 0.550
CI 0.568 0.252
ARC 0.746 0.516
AC 0.612 0.701
AM 0.700 0.560
ACC 0.607 0.362
ACO 0.808 0.550
APG 0.359 0.884
AP4 0.163 0.170
Am1 0.070 -0.643
AlRP2-P3 0.226 0.907
LFDMa 0.696 -0.678
Lm1-m3 0.409 -0.867
LACS 0.766 0.163
APPO 0.332 0.887
LPPCP 0.319 0.769
AFM 0.098 0.707
Autovalores 57.096 32.069
% varianza 56.754 31.877
Varianza acumulada 56.754 88.631
Figura 4.- Grfco de dispersin mostrando los resultados
de un Anlisis de Componentes Principales aplicados a 21
variables morfomtricas de Lycalopex griseus () y Lycalopex
sechurae ().
Figure 4.- Scatter plot showing the results of Principal com-
ponets Analyses applied to 21 morphometric variables of
Lycalopex griseus () and Lycalopex sechurae ().
-2.0 -1.6 -1.2 -0.8 -0.4 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6
Component 1
-2.0
-1.6
-1.2
-0.8
-0.4
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
C
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t

2
Tabla 2.- Coefcientes, autovalores, porcentaje de la varianza,
y varianza acumulada de dos primeros Componentes Prin-
cipales de 21 variables morfomtricas de Lycalopex griseus
y L. sechurae.
Table 2.- Coeffcients, eigenvalues , percentage of variance
and cumulative variance of frst two Principal Components
of 21 morphometric variables of Lycalopex griseus and L.
sechurae.
77

El zorro gris LYCALOPEX GRISEUS en el Per
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 071- 078 (May 2014)
notorio, bulas timpnicas ms pequeas y arcos cigomticos
menos amplios, pero al igual que los ejemplares de Per presenta
un hueso lacrimal angosto.
Discusin
Las diferencias en caracteres de las especies examinadas son
claras por lo que podemos afrmar que existen dos especies de
zorros pequeos en el lado occidental de los Andes peruanos,
L. sechurae en el norte y centro y L. griseus en el centro y sur,
sustentando as la propuesta de Pacheco et al. (2009). Ambas
especies ocupan mayormente ambientes costeros, aunque al
parecer L. sechurae sube hasta los 2000 m.
Como en Pacheco et al. (2009), apoyamos el uso del nombre
genrico Lycalopex propuesto por Zunino et al. (1995), pero
manteniendo a griseus como taxn independiente de gymnocercus
(Wozencraft 2005), conservando no obstante sus respectivas
subespecies originales.
Quintana et al. (2000) y Gonzlez del Solar y Rau (2004)
presumieron que individuos avistados en Arequipa y Tacna
perteneceran a L. g. domeykoanus, sin presentar mayor sus-
tento. Sin embargo, los caracteres morfolgicos descritos aqu
para las poblaciones peruanas no coinciden con domeykoanus ni
con L. g. gracilis. Por ello, se puede sostener que las poblaciones
peruanas podran corresponder a una subespecie diferente,
sin nombre an. Esta hiptesis estara acorde tambin con
la distribucin disyunta de las poblaciones peruanas y las del
norte de Chile separadas ambas por el desierto de Atacama,
que si bien en el Pleistoceno este desierto presentaba una
diversidad de plantas propias de estepas, en el Holoceno
lleg a ser hiperrido convirtindose en una efectiva barrera
de dispersin (Latorre et al., 2002). Un mayor nmero de
muestras y posiblemente anlisis moleculares son necesarios
para caracterizar la poblacin peruana, comparndola con las
subespecies existentes de L. griseus.
En el Per L. griseus ha sido muy poco estudiada, por lo que
no se sabe apropiadamente sobre su estado de conservacin. Los
escasos y espordicos registros visuales (Anexo 2) y la existencia
de algunos pocos ejemplares en Museos de Historia Natural
nos sugieren que sus poblaciones son bajas y debe ser protegida.
Agradecimientos
Agradecemos especialmente a los Curadores Bruce D. Patterson
del Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago; Evaristo Lpez
del Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad San Agustn,
Arequipa; James L. Patton del Museum of Vertebrate Zoology,
Berkeley; y Paula Jenkins del Natural History Museum of London,
por facilitarnos especmenes o informacin de las colecciones a
su cargo. A los investigadores y amigos: Alfonso Orellana, Carlos
Jimnez, Delsy Trujillo, Erik Ramirez, Giuseppy Calizaya, Helena
Sisniegas, Horacio Zeballos, Hugo Castillo, Jaime Pacheco, Jssica
Amanzo, Joel Crdova, Mario Tenorio, Richard Cadenillas, Richy
Tomairo, Rodolfo Salas y Sandra Velazco que nos proporcionaron
diversas ayudas como testimonios, especmenes y fotografas. A los
Doctores Alfred Gardner del National Museum of Natural History
y Gerardo Lamas del Museo de Historia Natural (UNMSM) por
apoyarnos con bibliografa y consejo.
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Escala es 10 mm
Figure 5.- Dorsal, ventral and lateral wiew of the skull and
lower jaw of Lycalopex griseus domeykoanus. FMNH 23826.
Scale is 10 mm.
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Anexo 1.- Ejemplares examinados:
Los siguientes ejemplares fueron examinados en base a piel
y crneo, excepto los ejemplares con * que son registros
fotogrfcos.
Lycalopex culpaeus: Per: Junn, Jauja, Canchayllo, SAIS
Tpac Amaru, Cochas, 4100 m. (MUSM 8469, 8471,
8722). Moquegua: Mariscal Nieto, Torata, Mina To-
quepala, Quebrada Cocotea, 3420 m. (MUSM 13071).
Lycalopex griseus: Per: Arequipa, (MUSM 413); Uchumayo,
148 km de carretera Caman a Arequipa (MUSM 5997);
Caman, Regin de Lomas (MUSM 407); Caravel,
Pampa Pongo, Qda. El Jaguay (MUSM 39066); Lomas
de Atiquipa, Quebrada de Vaca (MUSA 1650); Islay,
Lomas de Matarani, Quebrada de Guerrero (MUSA
836); Mollendo (MUSM 406). Ica: Nazca, 5 km S Na-
zca (MVZ 116316); Lomas de San Fernando (MUSM
39070). Tacna: Jorge Basadre, Lomas de Tacahuay
(MUSM 39108, MVZ 141627).
Lycalopex sechurae: Per: La Libertad, Trujillo, carretera
(MUSM 2083, 2084). Lambayeque, Chiclayo, cerca de
Pataz (MUSM 402). Lima, Huarochir, Tapicara, 1300
m (MUSM 2093). Piura, Carretera Piura-Chiclayo km
928, Pampa Las Salinas (MUSM 15377).
Lycalopex griseus gracilis: Argentina: Catamarca (BM [NH]
18-11-11-85*)
Lycalopex griseus domeykoanus: Chile: Atacama, Domeyko
(FMNH: 23826*).
Anexo 2.- Registros visuales:
Algunos de los registros visuales de estos ltimos aos, fueron
localizados en:
Lima: Caete, Ro Topar 131739.77S, 761158.52W
(V. Pacheco y E. Salas, comm. pers. 2005).
Ica: Pisco, cerca de zona de Lomas 134615.85S,
754601W (J. Amanzo, comm. pers. 2004). Nazca, Cerro
Blanco 14532.69S, 744921.56W (R. Tomairo, comm. pers.
2009). Lomas de San Fernando: Figura 1a y 1b 150741.8S,
751916.4W (Vivar 2008, H. Sisniegas comm. pers. 2008).
Figura 1c 151947.70S, 750729.34W (H. Castillo comm.
pers. 2013), 150647.38S, 752001.15W (D. Trujillo comm.
pers. 2013), Figura 1d 15650.94S, 75203.79W (E. Ramirez
comm. pers. 2013).
Tacna: Quebrada de Tacahuay 174735.73S, 710618.50W
(J. Crdova, comm. pers. 2010). Figura 1e y 1f, Lomas del Morro
de Sama 180120.08S, 70501.32W (G. Calizaya comm.
pers. 2008); Quebrada de Burros (G. Calizaya y S. Velazco
comm. pers. 2013).
79

Identificacin morfolgica y molecular de MEGALOBULIMUS OBLONGUS DE COLOMBIA
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 079- 088 (May 2014)
Anlisis morfolgico del sistema reproductor e identifcacin molecular a travs de
los marcadores mitocondriales COI y 16S rRNA de Megalobulimus oblongus (Mollusca,
Strophocheilidae) de Colombia
Erika Jaramillo Roldn
1,3
, Jessika Lpez Martnez
1,3
, Rina Ramrez
2
, Luz Elena Velsquez Trujillo
1,3
Morphological analysis of the reproductive system and molecular identifcation by mitochondrial
markers COI and 16S rRNA of Megalobulimus oblongus (Mollusca, Strophocheilidae) of Colombia
1 Grupo de Microbiologa Ambiental, Escuela de
Microbiologa, Universidad de Antioquia, Medel-
ln, Colombia.
2 Laboratorio de Sistemtica Molecular y Filogeo-
grafa, Facultad de Ciencias Biolgicas; y Museo
de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor
de San Marcos, Av. Arenales 1256, Lima-11, Per.
3 Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades
Tropicales PECET, Sede de Investigacin Uni-
versitaria SIU, Medelln, Colombia.
Autora para correspondencia: Rina Ramrez,
Email: rina_rm@yahoo.com
Email Jessika Lpez: lopezmartinezjesica@gmail.com
Email Erika Jaramillo: tatajaramillo217@gmail.com
Email Luz Velsquez: luzelena333@yahoo.com
Presentado: 13/12/2013
Aceptado: 16/03/2014
Publicado online: 26/05/2014
TRABAJOS ORIGINALES
Los autores. Este artculo es publicado por la Revista Peruana de Biologa de la Facultad de Ciencias Biolgicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San
Marcos. Este es un artculo de acceso abierto, distribuido bajo los trminos de la Licencia Creative Commons Atribucin-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0
Internacional.(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/), que permite el uso no comercial, distribucin y reproduccin en cualquier medio, siempre
que la obra original sea debidamente citadas. Para uso comercial, por favor pngase en contacto con editor.revperubiol@gmail.com.
Citacin:
Jaramillo Roldn E., J. Lpez Martnez, R.
Ramrez, L.E. Velsquez Trujillo. 2014. Anlisis
morfolgico del sistema reproductor e identif-
cacin molecular a travs de los marcadores
mitocondriales COI y 16S rRNA de Megalobulimus
oblongus (Mollusca, Strophocheilidae) de Colom-
bia. Revista peruana de biologa 21(1): 079- 088
(Mayo 2014), doi: http://doi.org/10.15381/rpb.
v21i1.8250
Revista peruana de biologa 21(1): 079 - 088 (2014)
doi: http://doi.org/10.15381/rpb.v21i1.8250
ISSN-L 1561-0837
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLGICAS UNMSM
Journal home page: http://revistasinvestigacion.unmsm.edu.pe/index.php/rpb/index
Resumen
En este trabajo se hizo el anlisis morfolgico y molecular a 28 caracoles terrestres de Mega-
lobulimus oblongus, colectados en diferentes departamentos de Colombia, depositados en
una coleccin de referencia. Para la caracterizacin morfolgica, los animales se disecaron
al estreomicroscopio. Se describieron el sistema reproductor y la concha. Del sistema re-
productor se tomaron medidas a las estructuras que lo componen. De la concha se describi
la forma, el color, el nmero de espiras y la ornamentacin e igualmente se tomaron medidas
bsicas usando un calibrador digital. Para el anlisis molecular se usaron dos marcadores
mitocondriales, el 16S rRNA y el gen Citocromo Oxidasa C subunidad I (COI). Ambos mar-
cadores confrmaron la presencia de un nico haplotipo en los ejemplares, aun para indi-
viduos situados en regiones biogeogrfcas diferentes y distantes. Este estudio sugiere que
en Colombia M. oblongus se encuentra en peligro, por lo que urgen investigaciones sobre
reproduccin, gentica poblacional y biogeografa que esclarezcan su situacin en el pas.
Demuestra adems que las colecciones de referencia y los bancos de tejidos son fuentes
de informacin de gran valor, ya que permiten conocer aspectos relacionados con el riesgo
en que se encuentran las especies y que sirven de insumo para el diseo de acciones de
conservacin.
Palabras claves: 16S rRNA; COI; caracterizacin morfolgica; Megalobulimus oblongus;
Colombia.
Abstract
In this work was done morphological and molecular analysis to 28 land snails of Megalobulimus
oblongus, collected in different departments of Colombia, deposited in a reference collection.
For morphological characterization, the animals were dissected in a stereomicroscope. The
reproductive system and the shell were described. Measures were taken to structures of
the reproductive system. Of the shell were described its shape, color, number of whorls and
ornamentation and equally basic measures were taken using a digital caliper. For molecular
analysis were used two mitochondrial markers, 16S rRNA and cytochrome C oxidase subunit
I (COI). Only one haplotype was obtained for each marker, even for individuals of different and
distant biogeographical regions. This study suggests that M. oblongus is in danger, therefore
are urgent investigations about reproduction, population genetics and biogeography to clarify
its situation in Colombia. It also demonstrates that the reference collections and tissue banks
are sources of valuable information since they allow knowing aspects related with the species
risk that serve as an input for the design of conservation actions.
Keywords: 16S rRNA; COI; morphology; Megalobulimus oblongus; Colombia.
80
Jaramillo Roldn et al.
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 079 - 088 (Mayo 2014)
Introduccin
La familia Strophocheilidae (Hausdorf & Bouchet 2005) (Mol-
lusca: Gastropoda: Stylommatophora) de origen gondwnico,
incluye los moluscos terrestres del gnero Megalobulimus Miller
1878, endmicos de la regin Andina y Amaznica Suramericana
(Leme 1975), considerados los ms grandes del continente.
Las clasifcaciones taxonmicas de las especies de Mega-
lobulimus, realizadas en los siglos XVIII y XIX, con base en los
caracteres morfolgicos de la concha, describieron 50 especies,
siete de las cuales fueron registradas para Colombia: M. popelair-
ianus (Nyst 1845), M. thammianus (Martens 1876), M. senezi
(Jousseaume, 1887), M. oblongus (Mller 1774), M. auritus,
M. valenciennesii (Pfeifer 1842) y M. pudicus (Mller, 1774).
La distribucin geogrfca en Colombia vara segn la especie,
por ejemplo M. thammianus se seala para la regin andina, M.
oblongus y M. popelairianus para las regiones Caribe, Andina,
Amazonia y Orinoquia. En tanto que M. valenciennesii solo se
reporta para la amazonia; se desconoce la procedencia de M.
auritus, M. pudicus y M. senezi (Daniel 1942, Bequaert 1948,
Vera 2008, Restrepo 2009, Linares & Vera 2012).
La validez de las determinaciones taxonmicas especfcas de
los Megalobulimus fue cuestionada por Bequaert (1948) quien
consider que la conquiliologa era insufciente para permitir este
diagnstico. Desde entonces se busca incluir las descripciones de
la anatoma interna, con nfasis en el sistema reproductor (Leme
1973, 1989, 1993, Leme & Indrusiak 1990). Sin embargo,
en Colombia no ha sido estudiada la morfologa de las partes
blandas de los Megalobulimus mencionados.
Si bien los caracteres morfolgicos dan una buena resolucin
para la identifcacin taxonmica especfca, se ha demostrado
que algunos marcadores moleculares ofrecen de manera rpida
y confable la informacin necesaria para identifcar las espe-
cies, por ello en la ltima dcada se ha propuesto un segmento
del gen mitocondrial COI (Citocromo C Oxidasa Subunidad
I) como marcador estndar global, ya que amplifca para una
gran diversidad de especies, a travs de un par de secuencias
universales de iniciadores (Hebert et al. 2003).
No obstante, en algunos grupos de animales como los bival-
vos, el marcador COI no amplifca, problema que se ha resuelto
usando el gen mitocondrial 16S rRNA (Feng et al. 2011), el
cual tambin provee sufciente variabilidad como para formar
grupos monoflticos con distancias intraespecfcas menores a
las interespecfcas (Vences et al. 2005). En el caso particular de
los Megalobulimus, se ha encontrado que este marcador amplifca
mejor que el COI, con una efcacia del 100% (Congrains 2010,
Ramrez et al. 2012).
Por lo tanto nuestra investigacin se propuso establecer el es-
tatus taxonmico de los caracoles terrestres, identifcados a priori
como Megalobulimus oblongus (Mller 1774) y depositados en la
coleccin de Moluscos Vectores de la Universidad de Antioquia,
utilizando la caracterizacin morfolgica de las partes blandas
del caracol, adems de la identifcacin molecular con base en
los marcadores mitocondriales 16S rRNA y COI.
Material y mtodos
Material biolgico.- Para esta investigacin se analizaron 28
ejemplares de Megalobulimus oblongus adultos, ya que las conchas
de todos tenan una altura total mayor de 90 mm y el labio
externo doblado hacia afuera y rosado. Los especmenes forman
parte de la coleccin de Moluscos Vectores de la Universidad
de Antioquia VHET N37 y provienen de seis localidades de
Colombia (Tabla 1). Las partes blandas de los caracoles estaban
conservadas en Railliet-Henry, las conchas almacenadas en seco
y un trozo de tejido del pie conservado en alcohol al 96%.
Descripcin morfolgica del aparato reproductor y la
concha de Megalobulimus.- Para la descripcin del sistema
reproductor se disectaron los 28 ejemplares de M. oblongus
bajo estreo microscopio (Nikon SMZ 745T); a cada una de
las estructuras que lo componen se le midi el largo y el ancho,
con la reglilla ocular. A las conchas se les midi el largo y ancho
total y de la apertura, usando un calibrador digital (Uiustools
MT-0085cun, precisin de 0.02 mm). Las dimensiones se
dan en milmetros. Se realizaron registros fotogrfcos (Cmara
Sony de 7.2 MP y ZOOM 2,8-5,2/ 6,3- 18,9 mm) y el aparato
reproductor se ilustr en el software Corel Draw X3.
Extraccin y amplifcacin de las secuencias
Extraccin de ADN total.- El ADN se extrajo de un cent-
metro de tejido muscular del pie de cada uno de los 28 ejemplares
de M. oblongus, usando el kit Qiagen DNeasy Blood & Tissue
siguiendo las especifcaciones del fabricante. La concentracin
de ADN extrado se comprob por espectrofotometra en un
nanodrop 1000 y se almacen a -20 C hasta la amplifcacin.
Amplifcacin de marcadores mitocondriales.- La amplif-
cacin se realiz por la tcnica de reaccin en cadena de la polim-
erasa (PCR) con los iniciadores del gen mitocondrial 16S rRNA:
16SFL104 (GACTGTGCTAAGGTAGCATAAT) y 16SRL472
(TCGTAGTCCAACATCGAGGTCA), diseados especialmente
para moluscos, que amplifcan aproximadamente 330 pb (Ramrez
2004). Adems, se usaron los iniciadores universales LCO 1490
(5L GGTCAACAAATCATAAAGATATTGGL3) y HCO 2198
(5L TAAACTTCAGGGTGACCAAAAAATCAL3) publicados
por Folmer et al. (1994), que amplifcan 700 pb, correspondientes
a la Citocromo Oxidasa C subunidad I (COI).
Cdigo Coordenadas (LN/LW) Procedencia Regin
66 0520'24.0" / 7431'39.0" Norcasia, Caldas Andina
76 a 80 0209'49.7" / 7237'42.13" El Retorno, Guaviare Amaznica
81 a 90 0627'27.6" / 7425'21.6" Puerto Berro, Antioquia Andina
104 a 113 0358'49.72" / 7345'58.64" Acacias, Meta Orinoqua
114 0630'1.95" / 7544'30" Sopetrn, Antioquia Andina
115 0555'39.54" / 7540'11.50" Fredonia, Antioquia Andina
Tabla 1. Procedencia de los especmenes de Megalobulimus oblongus de este estudio que reposan en la coleccin de Mo-
luscos Vectores de la Universidad de Antioquia-VHET N37.
81

Identificacin morfolgica y molecular de MEGALOBULIMUS OBLONGUS DE COLOMBIA
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 079- 088 (May 2014)
Especie Gen n PB Localidad GenBank
M. capillaceus 16S rRNA 3 327 San Martn; Per JN604725; JN604726; JN604727
M. lichtensteini 16S rRNA 3 329 Cajamarca y Amazonas; Per JN604731; JN604732; JN604733
M. maximus 16S rRNA 3 333 Madre de Dios; Per JN604734; JN604735; JN604736
M. maximus huascari 16S rRNA 3 329 Junn; Per JN604728; JN604729; JN604730
M. popelairianus 16S rRNA 12 330
San Martn, Loreto, Madre
de Dios y Junn; Per
JN604737; JN604738; JN604739; JN604740; JN604741
JN604742; JN604743
M. thammianus 16S rRNA 5

330
Junn y Madre de Dios; Per JN604745; JN604746; JN604747; JN604748; JN604749
M. separabilis 16S rRNA 1 332 Hunuco; Per JN604744
M .parafragilior COI 1 653 ------ JF514645
Natalina kraussi 16S rRNA 1 865 Eastern Cape; Sudfrica FJ262234
Natalina kraussi COI 1 982 Eastern Cape; Sudfrica FJ262300
Natalina beyrichi 16S rRNA 1 842 Eastern Cape; Sudfrica FJ262179
Natalina beyrichi COI 1 982 Eastern Cape; Sudfrica FJ262245
n: nmero de secuencias por especie
pb: longitud del fragmento en pares de bases
-----: dato no disponible
Tabla 2. Cdigos de acceso de las especies de Megalobulimus y del grupo externo empleados en este estudio disponibles en
el GenBank, para los marcadores mitocondriales 16S rRNA y COI. Las secuencias proceden de Ramrez et al. 2012, Moussalli
et al. 2009, Breure y Romero 2012.
La amplifcacin se llev a cabo en un termociclador C1000
de Biorad. El volumen fnal fue de 30 L, los cuales contenan:
3 L de bufer de reaccin de PCR a 10X, 2 L de MgCl
2
a 25
mM, 1 L de cada dNTP a 5 mM, 1.8 L de cada iniciador a
5 M, 0.2 L de Taq polimerasa a 0.5 unidades por reaccin y
3 L de ADN.
La PCR para el marcador 16S rRNA se llev a cabo con una
desnaturalizacin inicial de 96 C por 1', seguida de 35 ciclos de:
desnaturalizacin a 94 C por 1', hibridacin de los iniciadores
a 45 C por 1' y extensin a 72 C durante 1', terminando con
una extensin fnal a 72 C por 5'. Para el marcador COI, se
realiz una desnaturalizacin inicial de 94 C por 4, seguida de
35 ciclos de: desnaturalizacin a 92 C por 2', hibridacin de
los iniciadores a 45 C por 1' y extensin a 72 C durante 1',
terminando con una extensin fnal a 72 C por 10'.
Visualizacin del ADN por electroforesis.- Para comprobar
la amplifcacin de los marcadores mitocondriales, se hizo una
electroforesis en gel de agarosa al 1% con bromuro de etidio;
se utiliz un marcador de tamao molecular Hyperladder de
100 a 1000pb. La electroforesis se corri durante 45 minutos
a 100 voltios. Las bandas se visualizaron y fotografaron en un
transiluminador.
Purifcacin y secuenciacin del ADN.- Los productos de
amplifcacin se purifcaron usando el sistema Wizard PCR
Preps DNA Purifcation System Kit (Promega); 25 L de los
productos se enviaron a la compaa MACROGEN Inc. Korea
(www.macrogen.com) para su secuenciacin. Las secuencias
estn depositadas en el GenBank bajo los nmeros de accesin
KJ546457 (16S rRNA) y KJ546458 (COI).
Edicin y anlisis de las secuencias.- Los cromatogramas
producto del secuenciamiento, se editaron manualmente
usando el programa BioEdit v7.0.9 (Hall 1999), y se form una
secuencia consenso de cada individuo. Para garantizar que los
resultados fueran verdicos y no producto de amplifcacin de
contaminantes con ADN de otros organismos, se realiz una
comparacin de cada una de las secuencias contra la base de datos
del GenBank (Benson et al. 2013) con la herramienta BLASTn.
Para los alineamientos mltiples se incluyeron las secuencias
registradas y disponibles en el GenBank (Tabla 2) y se utiliz el
programa ClustalX 2.0 (Larkin et al. 2007). Como grupo ex-
terno se utilizaron las secuencias de Natalina kraussi (16S rRNA
FJ262234, COI FJ262300) y N. beyrichi (16S rRNA FJ262179,
COI FJ262245). Finalmente, con el programa MEGA v4.02
(Kumar et al. 2008) se construyeron rboles flogenticos por el
mtodo de Neighbour-Joining (NJ) con correccin de distancias
genticas bajo el modelo de substitucin nucleotdica Kimura
2-parmetros y un bootstrap de 1000 rplicas.
Resultados
Descripcin de la concha de M. oblongus de Colombia
La concha de los 28 M. oblongus analizados es dextrgira,
oblonga y ms larga que ancha (Tabla 3). De color beige a mar-
rn claro. Tiene de 5 a 6 vueltas que aumentan de tamao del
pice a la apertura. Estos anfractos se encuentran delimitados por
suturas bien defnidas y forman ngulos de 145 a 180. Entre
sutura y sutura se observan lneas tenues de crecimiento de tono
ms claro que el resto de la concha. La apertura de la concha es
oval-semilunar, con un labio externo, doblado hacia afuera, de
color rosa brillante, muy grueso en el adulto. La pared parietal
es rosa, presenta un ligero pliegue y se encuentra revestida por
un callo transparente y brillante. El ombligo est cubierto casi
en su totalidad por el borde inferior de la apertura (Fig. 1).
Descripcin del sistema reproductor
La ovotestis est localizada en la cara interna de la glndula
digestiva entre el segundo y tercer anfracto, es relativamente
pequea y est conformada por 5 a 7 acinos de color marrn;
de la parte inferior de la ovotestis sale el ducto hermafrodita,
delgado, liso y de aspecto translcido, en cuanto evoluciona a
la regin distal toma apariencia tortuosa de aspecto sinusoide.
El complejo de fertilizacin est caracterizado por un pequeo
82
Jaramillo Roldn et al.
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 079 - 088 (Mayo 2014)
Figura 1: Megalobulimus oblongus de Colombia, (A) Vista lateral de la concha; (B) Vista dorsal de la concha; (C) Vista ventral
de la concha; (escala de 1 cm). La concha fotografada pertenece a un ejemplar procedente de Norcasia cuyo cdigo es 66.
Las medidas son: largo total 104,87 mm y ancho total 57,64 mm, con 6 vueltas. Foto: Any Carolina Garcs.
taln adosado a la parte basal de un saco prominente, ovalado,
de superfcie granular y blancuzco, denominado saco glandular
anexo (Baker 1926, Borda & Ramrez 2013), est embebido
parcialmente en la glndula del albumen.
La glndula del albumen es una estructura verde oliva, de
aspecto slido y homogneo, con surcos transversales en la
superfcie y un ducto interno muy delgado que la atraviesa.
Adosada al costado se encuentra la regin posterior de una gran
estructura plegada en forma de S, conformada por la prstata
y el espermoviducto, que se extiende hasta el oviducto libre.
En un corte transversal de esta estructura se evidencia: (1) El
espermoviducto compuesto por dos paredes, la externa gruesa y
rugosa, y la interna delgada y lisa, con un pequeo lumen entre
ambas; adems una glndula accesoria con forma de gancho. (2)
La prstata como una masa slida y lisa. (3) El surco seminal,
entre el espermoviducto y la prstata, conformado por dos ductos
estrechamente unidos. El surco seminal viaja longitudinalmente
hasta el extremo posterior del oviducto libre, en donde se divide
en un ducto delgado que se une a la pared de este y en un ducto
grueso que da origen al conducto deferente.
El oviducto libre se inicia en la regin anterior del esper-
moviducto, ste es un ducto robusto de paredes gruesas que
internamente se encuentra totalmente plegado, en el lado
derecho posee una dilatacin ovoide llamada saco ciego. Al
lado opuesto se desprende la porcin ms amplia del ducto de
la bolsa copulatrix; sta es una estructura periforme u oval. La
vagina es una porcin delgada contigua al oviducto libre que
converge en el atrio genital, donde tambin desemboca el pene;
el atrio culmina en el poro genital, ubicado en la regin ceflica
del caracol, detrs del tentculo superior derecho.
La primera porcin del conducto deferente se encuentra in-
mersa en la superfcie del oviducto libre, y emerge al lado derecho
de ste, para recorrer la superfcie del oviducto libre, la vagina y el
pene, hasta unirse al epifalo. Durante su recorrido disminuye su
dimetro, siendo ms delgado en el extremo que se une al epifalo.
El complejo peneal est compuesto por el pene y el epifalo
plegado sobre el pene, con paredes slidas de color crema;
estos aumentan su dimetro en el extremo donde se encuentra
la papila apical. Respecto a su tamao, el pene es 1.94 veces
ms largo y 1.33 veces ms ancho que el epifalo. En la regin
externa del epifalo cerca de donde se inserta el ducto deferente,
se observa una pequea extensin denominada fagelo. En la
regin interna se observa que el conducto deferente se fusiona
con una pilastra que lo contina hasta su extremo terminal para
unirse a la papila apical del pene; dicha pilastra tiene forma de
Y y pliegues sinuosos.
Al interior del pene se observan cuatro pilastras defnidas, que
disminuyen su dimetro en la regin basal donde se conecta con
el atrio genital; las pilastras tienen pliegues sinuosos y presentan
un ensanchamiento en la regin apical. La papila apical del
pene es una estructura slida de paredes lisas, localizada en la
regin proximal del pene, dicha estructura establece un puente
entre el pene y el epifalo. El msculo retractor del pene viene
del diafragma y se adhiere al pene con dos cortos haces, mide
15 mm de longitud (Fig. 2, Tabla 3).
Todos los especmenes estudiados correspondieron a Megalob-
ulimus oblongus (Mller 1774), debido a que sus caractersticas
morfolgicas y conquiliolgicas coincidieron con la descripcin
realizada para esta especie por Baker (1926).
En las conchas de los especmenes estudiados no se hallaron
mayores diferencias. En cuanto a las estructuras que componen
el sistema reproductor, las caractersticas tpicas descritas por
Baker (1926) se encontraron mejor expresadas en el ejemplar
366 proveniente de Puerto Berro-Antioquia, a su vez el ejemplar
ms divergente fue el 114, proveniente de Sopetrn-Antioquia.
Anlisis gentico
En el 100% (28) de los caracoles estudiados, los iniciadores
utilizados amplifcaron un segmento de 328 pb del gen mito-
condrial 16S rRNA. En tanto que solo en el 35% (10/28) de
los mismos ejemplares los iniciadores Folmer amplifcaron un
83

Identificacin morfolgica y molecular de MEGALOBULIMUS OBLONGUS DE COLOMBIA
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 079- 088 (May 2014)
Figura 2. Morfologa del sistema reproductor de Megalobulimus oblongus de Colombia. A. Sistema reproductor de M. oblongus,
escala 1 cm. B. Ampliacin del Saco de Fertilizacin, escala 5 mm. C. Corte transversal del Espermoviducto (CTE), escala 5
mm. D. Corte longitudinal complejo peneal, escala 5 mm. E. Corte transversal del Musculo retractor en la regin prxima a
la papila apical, escala 1 mm. Abreviaturas: OV: Ovotestis, DH: Ducto hermafrodita, TA: Taln, SGA: Saco glandular anexo,
GA: Glndula de albumen, P: Prstata, ES: Espermoviducto, SSR: Saco ciego del sistema reproductor femenino, BC: Bolsa
copulatriz, DBC: Ducto de la bolsa copulatriz, ODL: Oviducto libre, VA: Vagina, MR: Msculo retractor, PE: Pene, EP: Epfalo,
FL: fagelo, CD: Conducto deferente, PG: Poro genital, GAC: Glndula Accesoria, SS: surco seminal, LE: Lumen del esper-
moviducto, PIE: Pared interna del espermoviducto, PEE: Pared externa del espermoviducto, PA: Papila apical, PAP: Pilastras
apicales del pene, LPE: Lumen del pene, CD: Conducto deferente, PY: Pilastra en Y, LEP: Lumen del epifalo.
84
Jaramillo Roldn et al.
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 079 - 088 (Mayo 2014)
fragmento de 672 pb, del gen mitocondrial Citocromo Oxidasa
subunidad I (COI). De cada gen se obtuvo un nico haplotipo.
En cuanto al contenido nucleotdico, las secuencias del
marcador mitocondrial 16S rRNA presentan una relacin de
T+A de 66.4% y C+G de 33.5% y las del marcador COI una
relacin de T+A de 64.4% y C+G de 35.5%.
El alineamiento de las secuencias del marcador 16S rRNA,
con las 30 secuencias de Megalobulimus del GenBank, mostr
que existen 182 sitios conservados (20.56%) y 161 sitios vari-
ables (18.19%), de los cuales ninguno corresponde a sitios par-
simoniosamente informativos. Para las secuencias obtenidas del
COI tambin se realiz el alineamiento con la nica secuencia de
Megalobulimus encontrada en el GenBank mostrando que existen
556 sitios conservados (55.05%) y 116 sitios variables (11.48%)
y tampoco present sitios parsimoniosamente informativos.
Variable
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Crestas ovotestis n 4 8 6 5 6 7 7 6 0.318
Glndula del albumen
L 8 36 20 21 22 19 16 15.5 0.213
A 2 16 7 8 11 5.5 5 4.5 0.011
Saco de fertilizacin
L 3 22 10 11 11 10 10 6.5 0.022
A 2 5 4 4 4 4 4 3.5 0.570
Epifalo
L 5 29 18 19 15 19 20 20 0.106
A 1 4 3 3 2 3 3 3 0.154
Pene
L 15 48 35 35 27 35 36 37.5 0.085
A 1 6 4 5 4 4 4 4.5 0.378
Msculo retractor del pene L 8 45 15 15 15 15 16 22.5 0.351
Prstata
L 19 55 35.5 45 33 35 38 37 0.263
A 4 10 8 10 8 8 9 7 0.124
Espermoviducto
L 20 55 36 50 40 35 49 34 0.051
A 2 11 6.5 7 9 7 7 4.5 0.171
Bolsa copulatriz
L 5 21 10 10 10 9 12 7.5 0.489
A 4 17 7 7 7 6 7 12.5 0.160
Ducto de bolsa copulatriz
L 20 41 33 33 35 29.5 35 35 0.142
A 1 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 0.446
Ducto hermafrodita
L 10 50 31 35 22 30 32 37.50 0.147
A 1 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 0.059
Ovotestis A 12 24 15 18 12 16 14 13 0.009
Ducto deferente L 10 50 30 38 37.5 25 40 35.5 0.026
Oviducto y vagina
L 15 40 29 30 27.5 26.5 27 30 0.394
A 5 22 8.5 8 7.5 9.5 8 8.5 0.478
Concha
L *101.1 *90.4 NC *91.7 96.3 90.4 *100.3 *101.1 NC
A 55.8 48.0 50.3 *48 49.4 51.95 *49.3 *53.7 NC
Periostoma
L 59.6 47.8 52.3 *52.2 52.3 51.9 *55.5 *59.6 NC
A 45.9 32.4 40.1 *40.1 36.5 410.5 *41.8 *44.3 NC
n: nmero; A: ancho; L: largo
*: Solo se contaba con el dato de un ejemplar, las medias hacen referencia a ese nico dato. NC: no calculado.
Tabla 3. Medidas y estadsticos de los rganos del sistema reproductor de Megalobulimus oblongus, de diferentes localidades
de Colombia.
En relacin a la distancia gentica interespecfca mostrada
por el marcador 16S rRNA, la menor divergencia se present
con M. capillaceus (0.173), y la ms alta divergencia se present
con M. maximus (0.253). Con las dems especies los valores de
Kimura 2 parmetros varan de 0.188 (M. lichtensteini) a 0.252
(M. huascari). Las secuencias del gen COI de M. oblongus y M.
parafragilior presentan una distancia gentica de 0.207 (Tabla 4).
El dendrograma Neighbour Joining-NJ del marcador mito-
condrial 16S rRNA, construido con las secuencias de M. oblongus
de Colombia, las secuencias de seis especies de Megalobulimus
disponible en el Genbank y las dos secuencias del grupo externo,
se muestra en la Figura 3. ste evidenci la formacin de dos
grupos monoflticos; las secuencias del haplotipo de M. oblongus
de Colombia presente en los 28 ejemplares estudiados, tienen
una clara relacin con M. capillaceus al compartir un clado con
un valor de bootstrap de 73%. El otro clado, con un bootstrap del
85

Identificacin morfolgica y molecular de MEGALOBULIMUS OBLONGUS DE COLOMBIA
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 079- 088 (May 2014)
M. oblongus Puerto Berrio Antioquia 81
M. oblongus Acacias Meta 108
M. oblongus Retorno Guaviare 77
M. oblongus Puerto Berrio Antioquia 84
M. oblongus Retorno Guaviare 76
M. oblongus Puerto Berrio Antioquia 88
M. oblongus Sopetran Antioquia 114
M. oblongus Retorno Guaviare 78
M. oblongus Norcasia Caldas 66
M. oblongus Puerto Berrio Antioquia 82
M. oblongus Acacias Meta 111
M. oblongus Acacias Meta 112
M. oblongus Puerto Berrio Antioquia 86
M. oblongus Puerto Berrio Antioquia 89
M. oblongus Fredonia Antioquia 115
M. oblongus Retorno Guaviare 80
M. oblongus Acacias Meta 104
M. oblongus Acacias Meta 107
M. oblongus Puerto Berrio Antioquia 87
M. oblongus Acacias Meta 110
M. oblongus Retorno Guaviare 79
M. oblongus Acacias Meta 109
M. oblongus Acacias Meta 113
M. oblongus Puerto Berrio Antioquia 85
M. oblongus Puerto Berrio Antioquia 90
M. oblongus Acacias Meta 105
M. oblongus Acacias Meta 106
M. oblongus Puerto Berrio Antioquia 83
M. capillaceus JN604725
M. capillaceus JN604727
M. capillaceus JN604726
M. maximus JN604735
M. maximus JN604736
M.maximus JN604734
M. lichtensteini JN604732
M. lichtensteini JN604733
M. lichtensteini JN604731
M. maximus huascari JN604730
M. maximus huascari JN604729
M. maximus huascari JN604728
M. separabilis JN604744
M. popelairianus JN604742
M. popelairianus JN604745
M. popelarianus JN604747
M. popelairianus JN604746
M. popelairianus JN604748
M. popelarianus JN604749
M. popelairianus JN604743
M. popelarianus JN604741
M. popelairianus JN604740
M. popelairianus JN604738
M. popelairianus JN604739
M. popelairianus JN604737
N. beyrichi FJ262179
N. kraussi FJ262234
100
92
100
99
100
74
94
68
83
77
44
55
32
37
99
100
69
100
50
73
85
73
100
0.05
Figura 3. Dendrograma Neighbour Joining-NJ para un segmento del gen mitocondrial 16S rRNA. Se muestra el soporte de
bootstrap en los nodos, la escala representa 5% de distancia. Las secuencias de M. oblongus reportadas en este estudio
corresponden a un solo haplotipo.
86
Jaramillo Roldn et al.
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 079 - 088 (Mayo 2014)
85%, contiene las dems especies (M. popelairianus, M. huascari,
M. lichtensteini, M. maximus y M. separabilis).
El dendrograma NJ del marcador mitocondrial COI con-
struido con las secuencias de M. oblongus de Colombia, junto con
la nica secuencia de Megalobulimus disponible en el Genbank
para este marcador y las dos secuencias del grupo externo, se
muestra en la Figura 4. El haplotipo de M. oblongus de Colombia
presente en los 10 individuos en los que se pudo amplifcar el
segmento Folmer del gen mitocondrial COI se agrup con la
nica secuencia del gnero presente en el GenBank, correspon-
diente a la especie brasilera M. parafragilior.
Discusin
Esta es la primera publicacin sobre una especie de Mega-
lobulimus de Colombia, que establece el estatus taxonmico
especfco a partir de las caractersticas morfolgicas del sistema
reproductor de los especmenes objeto de esta investigacin, los
cuales fueron designados como Megalobulimus oblongus (Mller
1774), debido a que sus caractersticas morfolgicas y conquili-
olgicas coinciden con las mencionadas para esta especie por
Baker (1926), Bequaert (1948) y Leme (1973). Tambin es la
primera inclusin en el genbank de secuencias de M. oblongus de
los marcadores mitocondriales 16S rRNA y COI, con los cuales
se confrma que todos los especmenes de esta investigacin cor-
responden a un mismo haplotipo.
De acuerdo con ambos marcadores, M. oblongus es ms cer-
cano a M. capillaceus que a otras especies con distribucin en
las vertientes orientales de los Andes. Este mismo resultado fue
encontrado usando un marcador nuclear (Ramrez et al. 2012).
El nico haplotipo encontrado en cada uno de los dos
marcadores mitocondriales utilizados, contrasta con la vari-
acin estadsticamente signifcativa entre las dimensiones de la
glndula del albumen, el saco glandular anexo del complejo de
fertilizacin, la ovotestis y el ducto deferente, de M. oblongus pro-
cedentes de diferentes localidades. Ello puede estar relacionado
con el estado reproductivo de los especmenes y la expresin
de la variabilidad gentica.
Por ello, cuando los caracteres morfolgicos son insufcientes
para clasifcar individuos a nivel de especie, se recurre a la tax-
onoma molecular, siendo el COI el marcador estndar universal.
Sin embargo, los resultados de esta investigacin mostraron
que el marcador mitocondrial 16S rRNA es ms exitoso en la
amplifcacin de secuencias de Megalobulimus que el COI, lo
que concuerda con los hallazgos de Congrains (2010).
Al considerar los resultados de los anlisis moleculares
realizados a nuestros especmenes clasifcados como M. ob-
longus, encontramos nula diversidad gentica, evidenciada
en la existencia de un solo haplotipo para ambos loci mi-
tocondriales, aunque los animales hayan habitado lugares
geogrfcamente distantes y en ecosistemas muy diferentes.
Esto se debe quizs a la sinantropa que tiene esta especie y al
benefcio econmico que las personas obtienen de ella; como
consecuencia especmenes son transportados para su comercio
ilegal contribuyendo de esta manera a su dispersin por el
territorio colombiano.
De otro lado, M. oblongus no es criado ni reproducido
en cautiverio en Colombia, por lo que todos los ejemplares
comercializados son extrados de las poblaciones silvestres,
hecho que merma las densidades naturales potenciando la
endogamia, lo que reduce la variabilidad gentica y conlleva a
la disminucin considerable de su capacidad de adaptacin a
los cambios del ambiente y conduce a un cuello de botella
gentico; como el que Bonnel y Selander (1974) observaron
en una poblacin del elefante marino Mirounga angustirostris,
que mostraba baja diversidad gentica debido a la caza desme-
dida (Hoelzel et al. 1993). Otro ejemplo de cuello de botella
natural es el que sufri el guepardo Acinonyx jubatus durante
las glaciaciones del Pleistoceno; esta especie de guepardo se
origin a partir de la especie Acinonyx pardinensis la cual fue
sometida a condiciones medio ambientales complejas. La nueva
especie resultante, Acinonyx jubatus, es un mamfero con muy
baja diversidad gnica, vindose refejado esto en la alta tasa
de contagio de enfermedades, comparndolo con otros felinos
(Ruiz et al. 2007).
Este estudio sugiere que M. oblongus se encuentra en peligro,
por lo que urgen estudios sobre reproduccin, gentica pobla-
cional y biogeografa, para impedir su extincin en Colombia.
Demuestra adems que las colecciones de referencia y los bancos
de tejidos son fuentes de informacin de gran valor, ya que po-
sibilitan la obtencin de informacin relacionada con el riesgo
en que se encuentran las especies y que sirven de insumo para
el diseo de acciones de conservacin.
Finalmente, disponer de informacin taxonmica es fun-
damental para la conservacin biolgica, ya que proporciona
la base para el reconocimiento y la proteccin de las especies
amenazadas. Da una percepcin de la organizacin de los seres
vivos (Avise 2004) y es la base para el desarrollo de programas
Especies de Megalobulimus
y grupo externo
M. oblongus de Colombia
SC SV SPI DK2P
COI (n=10)
M. parafragilior 55.05 11.48 0 0.207
Natalina kraussi -- -- 0 0.202
Natalina beyrichi -- -- 0 0.202
16S rRNA (n=28)
M. capillaceus 20.56 16.5 0 0.173
M. lichtensteini 20.45 16.61 0 0.188
M. maximus 18.87 18.19 0 0.253
M. Maximus huascari 19.20 17.85 0 0.247
M. popelairianus haplotipo 1 19.66 17.40 0 0.219
M. popelairianus haplotipo 2 19.10 17.97 0 0.243
M. popelairianus haplotipo 3 19.32 17.74 0 0.239
M. popelairianus haplotipo 4 19.43 17.63 0 0.234
M. popelairianus haplotipo 5 19.55 17.51 0 0.229
M. separabilis 20.0 17.02 0 0.215
Natalina kraussi -- -- 0 0.407
Natalina beyrichi -- -- 0 0.335
n: nmero de secuencias
SC: sitios conservados
SV: sitios variables
SPI: sitios parsimoniosamente informativos
DK2P: distancias genticas segn Kimura 2 Parmetros
--:Datos de grupo externo, no se estiman ya que no son informativos
Tabla 4. Variabilidad nucleotdica de M. oblongus y las espe-
cies de Megalobulimus disponibles en el GenBank, para los
marcadores COI y 16S rRNA.
87

Identificacin morfolgica y molecular de MEGALOBULIMUS OBLONGUS DE COLOMBIA
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 079- 088 (May 2014)
de conservacin y manejo de los recursos biolgicos. Una cla-
sifcacin errnea puede conducir a una gestin inadecuada y
provocar la prdida de especies (Avise 1989, May 1990, OBrien
& Mayr 1991).
Agradecimientos
Al CODI por la fnanciacin (acta de Inicio IMB-046-
2012). Al Dr. Ivn Daro Vlez director del PECET-Programa
de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales, por su apoyo
permanente a las investigaciones en malacologa. A los inte-
grantes de la unidad de Biologa Molecular del PECET, por su
colaboracin en la estandarizacin de las PCR. A las personas
que donaron los ejemplares de Megalobulimus a la coleccin de
Moluscos Vectores de la Universidad de Antioquia VHET N37
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89

Caracterizacin molecular de resistencia a quinolonas en BARTONELLA BACILLIFORMIS
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 089 - 098 (May 2014)
Caracterizacin molecular de la regin determinante de resistencia a quinolonas
(QRDR) de la topoisomerasa IV de Bartonella bacilliformis en aislados clnicos
Abraham Espinoza-Culup
1
, Ruth Quispe-Gaspar
1
, Michael Jaramillo
1
, Melisa Icho
1
, Anika Eca
1
, Pablo
Ramrez
1
, Dbora Alvarado
1
, Juan Carlos Guerrero
2
, Franklin Vargas-Vsquez
3
, Ofelia Crdova
4
, Ruth
Garca-de-la-Guarda
1
*
Molecular characterization of quinolones resistance determining region (QRDR) of Bartonella
bacilliformis topoisomerasa IV in clinical isolates
1 Laboratorio de Microbiologa Molecular y Bio-
tecnologa Facultad de Ciencias Biolgicas
Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Per.
Apartado postal 110058, Lima-11, Per.
2 Establecimiento de Salud I-4 Huancabamba,
Piura, Per.
3 Instituto de Investigacin en Microbiologa y
Parasitologa Tropical - Universidad Nacional de
Trujillo, Per.
4 Laboratorio de Biologa Celular y Molecular -
Dpto. de Ciencias - Universidad Privada Antenor
Orrego, Trujillo, Per.
*Autor para correspondencia R. Garca-de-la-
Guarda: rgarciad@unmsm.edu.pe
Email A. Espinoza: aespinozac20@gmail.com
Email R. Quispe: ruty_lilly@yahoo.es
Email M. Jaramillo: maycol776@yahoo.es
Email M. Icho: m.biomicro@gmail.com
Email A. Eca: anikaeca@gmail.com
Email P. Ramrez: pramirezr@unmsm.edu.pe
Email D. Alvarado: dalvaradoi@unmsm.edu.pe
Email J.C. Guerrero: guerreroruizjc@hotmail.com
Email F. Vargas-Vsquez: frvargasv@yahoo.es
Email O. Crdova: omacop@hotmail.com
Presentado: 18/01/2014
Aceptado: 30/04/2014
Publicado online: 26/05/2014
TRABAJOS ORIGINALES
Los autores. Este artculo es publicado por la Revista Peruana de Biologa de la Facultad de Ciencias Biolgicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San
Marcos. Este es un artculo de acceso abierto, distribuido bajo los trminos de la Licencia Creative Commons Atribucin-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0
Internacional.(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/), que permite el uso no comercial, distribucin y reproduccin en cualquier medio, siempre
que la obra original sea debidamente citadas. Para uso comercial, por favor pngase en contacto con editor.revperubiol@gmail.com.
Citacin:
Espinoza-Culup A., R. Quispe-Gaspar, M. Jara-
millo, M. Icho, A. Eca, P. Ramrez, D. Alvarado,
J.C. Guerrero, F. Vargas-Vsquez, O. Crdova,
R. Garca-de-la-Guarda. 2014. Molecular char-
acterization of quinolones resistance determining
region (QRDR) of Bartonella bacilliformis topoi-
somerasa IV in clinical isolates. Revista peruana
de biologa 21(1): 089-098 (Mayo 2014), doi: http://
doi.org/10.15381/rpb.v21i1.8251
Revista peruana de biologa 21(1): 089 - 098 (2014)
doi: http://doi.org/10.15381/rpb.v21i1.8251
ISSN-L 1561-0837
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLGICAS UNMSM
Journal home page: http://revistasinvestigacion.unmsm.edu.pe/index.php/rpb/index
Resumen
Bartonella bacilliformis es el agente etiolgico de la Enfermedad de Carrin, endmica del
Per. Pocas investigaciones han sido realizadas acerca de los genes asociados a la resistencia
antimicrobiana en aislados clnicos de este patgeno. Estos genes no estn caracterizados
molecularmente, ni se conoce la regin asociada a dicha resistencia. Por ello, el objetivo del
este trabajo fue caracterizar molecularmente la regin determinante de la resistencia a las
quinolonas (QRDR) en la topoisomerasa IV, que est codifcada por los genes parC y parE, as
como tambin desarrollar una prueba de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana para B. bacilliformis.
Las muestras sanguneas de 65 pacientes procedentes de La Libertad, Cusco, Ancash y Piura,
se sembraron en placas de agar sangre e incubaron a 30 C con 5% CO
2
. Luego se procedi
a: (1) determinar la susceptibilidad antimicrobiana y (2) extraer el DNA genmico, amplifcar
los genes mencionados, secuenciarlos y analizarlos mediante herramientas bioinformticas.
Se obtuvieron 6 cultivos positivos. Los aislados fueron sensibles a la ciprofoxacina (excepto
uno procedente de Quillabamba-Cusco, que present susceptibilidad disminuida) y resis-
tentes al cido nalidxico. Del anlisis de las secuencias aminoacdicas de ParC y ParE de
B. bacilliformis se concluye que presentan diferencias aminoacdicas en comparacin con las
secuencias de las protenas respectivas de E. coli K12 MG1655, que probablemente conferan
resistencia al cido nalidxico pero no a la ciprofoxacina. Se determin que las QRDR de las
protenas ParC y ParE de B. bacilliformis estn comprendidas entre los aminocidos 67 al 118 y
473 al 530, respectivamente. El antibiograma y la concentracin mnima inhibitoria se evalan
mejor usando inculos a escala 1 de McFarland y a los 6 das de incubacin.
Palabras clave: Susceptibilidad antimicrobiana; Bartonella bacilliformis; ParC; ParE; qui-
nolonas.
Abstract
Bartonella bacilliformis is the etiologic agent of Carrion's disease, which if endemic to Peru.
Studies on antimicrobial resistance genes from clinical isolates of this pathogen are scarce,
and the molecular characteristics of these genes and their region resistance-associated are
currently unknown. In this work we made the molecular characterization of the quinolone-
resistance, and establish the region (QRDR) for the topoisomerase IV, which is encoded by the
parC and parE genes, as well as develop an antimicrobial susceptibility test for B. bacilliformis.
65 Blood samples from La Libertad, Cusco, Ancash and Piura were processed on Blood Agar
plates and incubated at 30 C, 5% CO
2
. The antimicrobial susceptibility was determined, then
the genomic DNA extracted, aforementioned genes amplifed, their sequence determined and
it analyzed using bioinformatics tools. Six positive cultures were obtained. The isolates were
susceptible to Ciprofoxacin (except one strain from Quillabamba Cusco, which showed
decreased susceptibility) and were resistant to Nalidixic Acid. From the sequence analysis of
B. bacilliformis ParC and ParE there have been shown amino acid differences compared to the
respective protein sequences from E. coli K12 MG1655, which is likely to confer resistance to
Nalidixic Acid but not to Ciprofoxacin. It was determined that B. bacilliformis ParC and ParE
proteins QRDRs are comprised between amino acids 67 to 118 and 473 to 530, respectively.
The antibiogram and the minimal inhibitory concentration are best assessed using the #1
McFarland standards after a 6-day incubation period.
Keywords: antimicrobial susceptibility; Bartonella bacilliformis; ParC; ParE; quinolones.
90
Espinoza-Culup et al.
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 089 - 098 (Mayo 2014)
Introduccin
Bartonella bacilliformis es el agente etiolgico de la Enferme-
dad de Carrin, endmica de los valles interandinos del Per.
Esta enfermedad es de notifcacin obligatoria en el Per y sus
tasas de incidencia por regiones han variado a lo largo de dca-
das, con un nmero elevado de casos en Amazonas, Ancash y
Piura en los ltimos aos (DGE, 2013). Se han usado diferentes
antibiticos para el tratamiento de infecciones con B. bacilli-
formis, tales como eritromicina, cloranfenicol, ciprofoxacina,
rifampicina, entre otros (MINSA 2006, Rolain et al. 2004). El
tratamiento con estos antibiticos produce una rpida reduccin
de la bacteremia, sin embargo, se ha reportado casos en que la
bacteremia persiste despus de suspender el tratamiento con
antibiticos (Rolain et al. 2004, Henriquez et al. 2004, Perez
et al. 2010, Biswas 2010).
Actualmente, la ciprofoxacina (Cip) es considerada como
el tratamiento de primera lnea en Per, debido a su buena
penetracin celular (MINSA 2006, Tarazona et al. 2006).
Existen reportes donde se menciona que el 22.6% de los pa-
cientes presentaron bacteremia asintomtica crnica despus del
tratamiento con Cip (Pachas 2000), a pesar que este antibitico
aparentemente es exitoso (Maguia et al. 2001, Maguia et al
2008, Rolain et al. 2004). Adems estudios previos han demos-
trado una susceptibilidad disminuida de B. bacilliformis a la Cip,
tambin como a otras fuoroquinolonas (Flores 2008, Drbecker
et al. 2006, Sobraques et al. 1999). Asimismo, se ha determi-
nado que las fuoroquinolonas usadas en monoterapias pueden
ser inefectivas porque se han aislado fcilmente B. bacilliformis
resistentes a Cip in vitro (Biswas et al. 2007). Recientemente,
se ha determinado que B. bacilliformis presenta resistencia cons-
titutiva a la quinolona cido nalidxico (Nal) (Del Valle et al.
2010). Asimismo, se ha demostrado que existen aislados de B.
bacilliformis que estn adquiriendo resistencia a rifampicina y
eritromicina adems de Cip (Minnick et al. 2003, Biswas et al.
2007). Maguia et al. (2008), afrman que la mayora de estos
tratamientos se han defnido basndose en opinin de expertos o
estudios pequeos controlados, hacindose necesaria la ejecucin
de ensayos clnicos randomizados controlados para la bsqueda
de un mejor tratamiento.
Actualmente existen pocas investigaciones acerca de la suscep-
tibilidad a antimicrobianos in vitro de B. bacilliformis. No existe
un antibiograma estandarizado para esta bacteria y tampoco se
conocen los mecanismos de resistencia ni las secuencias de los
genes asociados a dicha resistencia. La base molecular de la resis-
tencia a las quinolonas, como ocurre en otros microorganismos,
reside en mutaciones en la regin determinante de resistencia a
quinolonas (QRDR) de los genes gyrA, gyrB de la topoisomerasa
II y los genes parC y parE de la topoisomerasa IV (Law et al.
2010, Serra 2008, Hopkins et al. 2005).
Por consiguiente, el objetivo del presente estudio fue caracteri-
zar la secuencia de la QRDR de ParC y ParE de aislados clnicos
de B. bacilliformis de zonas endmicas, as como estandarizar un
procedimiento para realizar el antibiograma y la concentracin
mnima inhibitoria (CMI).
Material y mtodos
Pacientes y muestras.- Se colectaron 65 muestras de sangre
venosa en tubos al vaco con anticoagulante EDTA, a personas
con sntomas de la Enfermedad de Carrin (DGE 2013), segn
su historia clnica, para lo cual nos asista el personal del centro
de salud de la zona, con autorizacin verbal del Jefe de la Re-
gin de Salud respectiva dada despus de haberle presentado el
proyecto de la investigacin.
Los muestreos fueron realizados en las siguientes zonas en-
dmicas de la Enfermedad de Carrin (DGE 2013): a) Sondor
(n=8), Sondorrillo (n=12) y Carmen de la Frontera (n=23),
Departamento de Piura, b) Urubamba (n=5) y Quillabamba
(n=10), Departamento de Cusco, c) Calipuy (n=4), Depar-
tamento de La Libertad, y d) Caraz (n= 3), Departamento de
Ancash.
Declaracin de tica.- El estudio fue aprobado bajo los
lineamientos del Comit de tica de la Facultad de Ciencias
Biolgicas de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos.
Todos los pacientes o adultos responsables frmaban por escrito
el consentimiento informado para la toma de muestra y su pos-
terior anlisis. Los pacientes fueron informados que la muestra
de sangre sera utilizada para fnes de investigacin y tomaban
la decisin si aceptaban o rechazaban la toma de muestra.
Aislamiento de B. bacilliformis.- Para el aislamiento de
esta bacteria a partir de sangre de pacientes, se emplearon placas
de agar Columbia suplementado con 5% de glbulos rojos de
ovino y 2% de suero bovino fetal, as como tubos con medio
bifsico compuestos por una fase slida del mismo medio antes
descrito y una fase lquida de caldo infusin cerebro corazn
(BHI) (Colichn & De Bedon 1973; Coleman & Minnick
2001). Las placas se sembraron por diseminacin con 200 L
de sangre homogeneizada y los tubos con medio bifsico con la
adicin de 800 a 1000 L de sangre, siguiendo la metodologa
de Quispe (2009). Los cultivos se incubaron a 30 C con 5%
de CO
2
a una humedad relativa de 100% (Quispe 2009; Min-
nick et al. 2003) por seis a ocho das hasta su crecimiento. Los
subcultivos y los ensayos de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana se
realizaron en agar Columbia base (Merck) suplementado con
8% de glbulos rojos de ovino.
Determinacin de la susceptibilidad antimicrobiana en
Bartonella bacilliformis.- Se emple la tcnica de Kirby-Bauer
(CLSI 2011, Restrepo 2002; Perilla et al. 2003) modifcada
segn lo indicado por Pendle et al. (2006) para los ensayos de
difusin en disco, y la prueba psilon para la CMI. Los cultivos
de B. bacilliformis aislados de pacientes y las cepas del Instituto
Pasteur de Francia CIP57.17 y CIP57.18, se resuspendieron
en un volumen de 3 mL de solucin salina fsiolgica a pH 7.2
a una concentracin celular equivalente a las escalas 0.5, 1 y 2
de McFarland. Se inocul un volumen de 1.5 mL de las sus-
pensiones bacterianas en las placas, baando toda la superfcie
y aspirando el exceso con una micropipeta. Luego se procedi a
colocar los discos de antibitico (Oxoid) e incubar a 30 C con
5% de CO
2
y a una humedad relativa de 100%. La evaluacin
del crecimiento e inhibicin bacteriana en las placas se realizaron
desde el da 5 hasta el 12. Para la susceptibilidad bacteriana se
emplearon los siguientes antimicrobianos: discos de Cip (5 g) y
de Nal (30 g), y tiras de Cip con una gradiente de concentracin
de 0.02 a 32 g/ L (tiras MICE de Oxoid).
Extraccin de DNA.- La extraccin del DNA genmico de
las bartonelas, provenientes de cultivos en placas, se realiz usan-
do el kit Miniprep de Wizard Genomic Purifcation (Promega),
siguiendo las indicaciones del fabricante.
91

Caracterizacin molecular de resistencia a quinolonas en BARTONELLA BACILLIFORMIS
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 089 - 098 (May 2014)
Lavado del paquete celular.- Se hicieron 3 lavados de las
clulas bacterianas con agua de grado molecular para eliminar
los restos de medio de cultivo, centrifugando a 13000 rpm por
2 minutos y descartando el sobrenadante.
Lisis celular y accin de la RNasa.- Al sedimento de clulas
bacterianas se le adicion 600 l de la solucin de lisis e incub
a 80 C por 5 minutos, luego se dej a temperatura ambiente
por 5 minutos para adicionarle 3 L de RNasa (4mg/mL) y se
incub a 37 C por 1 hora.
Precipitacin de protenas.- Se agreg 200 L de solucin
de precipitacin de protenas al lisado tratado con RNasa, se
homogeneiz vigorosamente por 20 segundos e incub por 5
minutos en hielo. Luego se centrifug a 13000 rpm por 3 mi-
nutos colocando el sobrenadante a un tubo de microcentrifuga
de 1.5 mL.
Precipitacin de DNA.- Al tubo de microcentrifuga con
sobrenadante, se adicion 600 L de isopropanol absoluto mez-
clando suavemente por inversin, hasta formar una masa visible
de DNA, para luego centrifugar a 13000 rpm por 2 minutos,
eliminando el sobrenadante cuidadosamente y escurriendo el
tubo en papel absorbente limpio.
Lavado del DNA.- Al microtubo que contena el sedimento
de DNA se adicion 600 L de etanol al 70%, se mezcl por
inversin varias veces para lavar el sedimento, luego se centri-
fug a 13000 rpm por 2 minutos, se elimin el sobrenadante
cuidadosamente y se dej secar el tubo de 10 a 15 minutos.
Hidratacin del DNA.- El DNA fue rehidratado con 100
L de solucin de rehidratacin de DNA por incubacin a 65C
por 1 hora, peridicamente se golpeaba el tubo suavemente para
mezclar la solucin. Finalmente se guard a -20C hasta su uso.
Ensayo de PCR.- La amplifcacin por PCR del gen ialB de
B. bacilliformis se realiz para confrmar la especie (Mitchell &
Minnick 1995, Flores 2008). Posteriormente, se amplifc las
regiones QRDR de los genes parC y parE de la topoisomerasa IV.
Los iniciadores usados fueron ParC F: TCTTATGCTAAGTG-
TGCACGGA y ParC R: TACCAACAGCAATCCCTGAAGAA
(Flores, 2008), ParE F: GAAGTCGCACGAGAGCGCAA y
ParE R: AGCGGAACCGTTCTTCCGGT (diseados en este
estudio). El parmetro de ciclaje fue: desnaturalizacin a 95 C
durante 3 minutos (1 ciclo), seguido de 29 ciclos a 94 C por
30 segundos, hibridacin a 57 C (parC), 58 C (ialB) y 62 C
(parE) por 30 segundos, extensin a 72 C por 30 segundos y
extensin fnal a 72 C por 7 minutos. La mezcla de reaccin en
un volumen de 50 L fue: 1.5 L de cada iniciador (10 M), 5
L de dNTPs (2mM), 5 L de bufer Kod Hot Start (10X), 3
L de MgSO
4
(25mM), 1.5 L de Taq KOD Hot Start (Nova-
gen

), 31.5 L de agua grado molecular y 1 L de DNA molde.


Para visualizar el DNA y los productos de amplifcacin, se
hicieron electroforesis en gel de agarosa al 1% en bufer TAE
0,5X, mezclando las muestras con solucin de carga 6X (No-
vagen

). Se utiliz el marcador de tamao molecular Perfect


DNA
TM
50 bp Ladder (Novagen

). Luego de la electroforesis,
los geles se tieron con bromuro de etidio (0.5 g/mL), por 45
segundos, para visualizarlos en el transiluminador UV.
Secuenciamiento y anlisis bioinformtico.- Los amplifca-
dos fueron secuenciados por la empresa Macrogen, con secuen-
ciamiento estndar y por ambas direcciones. El anlisis in silico
se realiz mediante herramientas bioinformticas empleando
Bioedit (Hall 1999) y MEGA 5.2 (Tamura et al. 2011) para
evaluar y obtener la secuencia consenso de los genes. Posterior-
mente se us CLUSTALW 2.1 (Tompson et al. 1994) para los
alineamientos mltiples y determinar las posibles mutaciones
en la secuencias nucleotdicas y aminoacdicas, comparando
nuestras secuencias con las depositadas en la base de datos
GenBank para los genes parC y parE de B. bacilliformis KC583
y E. coli K-12 MG1655.
Modelamiento por homologa del dominio QRDR de
ParC y ParE de B. bacilliformis relacionadas a la resistencia
antimicrobiana.- Con las secuencias aminoacdicas de B.
bacilliformis se realizaron los modelamientos para localizar, en
la estructura, los aminocidos involucrados en la resistencia
antimicrobiana. Para estos modelamientos se emple el servidor
online SWISS-MODEL (http://swissmodel.expasy.org/). Los
modelos fueron obtenidos en formato pdb y las estructuras
tridimensionales se visualizaron con Swiss-Pdb Viewer 4.1.0
y Jmol13.
Obtencin de las secuencias de genes relacionados a
resistencia antimicrobiana en el GenBank.- Se accedi al
GenBank para obtener las secuencias de los genes de la to-
poisomerasa IV de B. bacilliformis KC583 parC y parE (Gene
ID: 4684170 y 4684565), y para E. coli cepa K-12 MG1655
(Gene ID: 947499 y 947501) para compararlas con nuestras
secuencias obtenidas.
Finalmente las secuencias nucleotdicas de los aislados de B.
bacilliformis, obtenidos en el presente estudio, fueron ingresadas
a la base de datos EBI (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/) con los nmeros
de acceso siguientes: HG315965, HG315966, HG315967
para el gen parC y HG315962, HG315963, HG315964 para
el gen parE
Resultados
De los muestreos realizados se obtuvieron seis cultivos positi-
vos (9%) con caractersticas culturales compatibles con B. bacilli-
formis. A los cultivos positivos se les codifc con USM-LMMB
(Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos Laboratorio de
Microbiologa Molecular y Biotecnologa), seguido del nmero
del aislado: USM-LMMB-001 (Calipuy - La Libertad); USM-
LMMB-002 y USM-LMMB-006 (Quillabamba Cuzco);
USM-LMMB-003 (Urubamba- Cuzco); USM-LMMB-005
(Sondor- Piura); USM-LMMB-007 (Carmen de la frontera
Piura). Los seis cultivos fueron positivos a la amplifcacin
del gen ialB, indicando que los cultivos corresponden a B.
bacilliformis.
Susceptibilidad antimicrobiana en Bartonella bacilli-
formis.- Se ha estandarizado el procedimiento para realizar
el antibiograma y la CIM (mediante la prueba psilon) para
determinar la susceptibilidad antimicrobiana de B. bacilliformis.
Se obtuvieron crecimientos uniformes en las placas, siendo el
inculo con el que se visualizaron mejor los halos de inhibicin
del crecimiento bacteriano, el que estaba a una concentracin
celular equivalente al tubo N 1 de la escala de McFarland (Fig.
1, Tabla 1, Fig. 2 y Tabla 2). En cuanto al tiempo de incubacin
ptimo para hacer la medicin del dimetro de dichos halos, ste
result ser el da 6 despus de la siembra de las placas, debido a
que fue el menor tiempo en el que se observaron los halos mejor
defnidos (Tablas 1 y 2).
92
Espinoza-Culup et al.
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 089 - 098 (Mayo 2014)
Figura 1.- Estandarizacin del procedimiento para realizar
el antibiograma mediante difusin en agar con disco de Cip
(5g) para determinar la susceptibilidad antimicrobiana de
B. bacilliformis. Los ensayos se hicieron con la cepa USM-
LMMB-005, ajustando los inculos a los tubos N 0.5 (placa
superior), 1 (placa de la izquierda) y 2 (placa de la derecha)
de la escala de McFarland. Las lecturas se hicieron hasta
los 12 das.
Figura 2.- Estandarizacin del procedimiento para realizar
la CIM mediante la prueba psilon con tiras de Cip con una
gradiente de concentracin de 0.02 a 32 g/ L para determi-
nar la susceptibilidad antimicrobiana de B. bacilliformis. Los
ensayos se hicieron con la cepa USM-LMMB-005, ajustando
los inculos a los tubos N 0.5 (placa superior), 1 (placa de la
izquierda) y 2 (placa de la derecha) de la escala de McFarland.
Las lecturas se hicieron hasta los 12 das.
Figura 3.- Susceptibilidad antimicrobiana de B. bacilliformis USM-LMMB-005: En A, mediante disco difusin en agar para el cido
nalidixico (6mm, resistente) y en B, para la Cip (52mm, sensible). En C, prueba psilon para Cip (0.023 mg/L). Los ensayos se
hicieron usando una suspensin celular equivalente a la escala 1 de McFarland, evalundose hasta los 12 dias de incubacin.
Tiempo de incubacin (das)
Escala McFarland 5 6 7 12
0,5 N.D 52(ED) 52 52
1 52(ED) 52 52 52
2 52(ED) 52 52 52
ND: No defnido.
ED: Empezando a defnirse el halo.
Tabla 1.- Valores del dimetro en milmetros de los halos de
inhibicin del crecimiento bacteriano de B. bacilliformis en la
prueba de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana a la Cip, mediante
difusin por disco en agar, con inculos ajustados a tres tu-
bos de la escala de McFarland y mediciones de los halos en
diferentes tiempos de incubacin.
Tiempo de incubacin (das)
Escala McFarland 5 6 7 12
0,5 N.D 0.023(ED) 0.023 0.023
1 0.023(ED) 0.023 0.023 0.023
2 0.032(ED) 0.032 0.032 0.032
ND: No defnido.
ED: Empezando a defnirse el halo.
Tabla 2.- Valores para B. bacilliformis de la CIM en mg/L
mediante la prueba psilon con tiras de Cip, con inculos
ajustados a tres tubos de la escala de McFarland y evalua-
ciones en diferentes tiempos de incubacin.
93

Caracterizacin molecular de resistencia a quinolonas en BARTONELLA BACILLIFORMIS
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 089 - 098 (May 2014)
Con respecto a la susceptibilidad de los aislados obtenidos,
todos mostraron resistencia al Nal (Fig. 3A), y fueron sensibles
a Cip (Fig. 3B y 3C), a excepcin del aislado USM-LMM-002
procedente de Quillabamba - Cusco, que mostr susceptibilidad
disminuida a Cip (Fig. 4).
Amplifcacin de genes de la topoisomerasa IV de Bartone-
lla bacilliformis.- Las amplifcaciones de las QRDR de los genes
de la topoisomerasa IV se evidenciaron mediante electroforesis
en gel de agarosa al 1%. Los carriles del 1 al 4 corresponden al
amplifcado de la QRDR del gen parC con un tamao de 349
pb, y los carriles del 5 al 8 al amplifcado de la QRDR del gen
parE con un tamao de 1495pb como se muestra en la Fig. 5.
Anlisis in silico de la subunidad A (ParC) y subunidad B
(ParE) de la topoisomerasa IV de Bartonella bacilliformis.- El
anlisis se hizo comparando las secuencias de ParC y ParE de B.
bacilliformis con las de E. coli K12 debido a que en esta bacteria
se conocen mejor las QRDR y las sustituciones de aminocidos
en las posiciones que alteran la susceptibilidad a las quinolonas.
De esta manera hemos deducido las posiciones equivalentes en
B. bacilliformis.
Secuencias aminoacdicas de ParC.- En el anlisis de las se-
cuencias aminoacdicas de ParC de los aislados de B. bacilliformis,
se encontr que existen diferencias a nivel de los aminocidos
80 y 94 (Ser por Ala) dentro de la QRDR, comparando con la
QRDR de ParC de E. coli K12. Adems se encontraron otros
cambios muy cercanos al sitio activo en los aminocidos 123
y 129 tambin de Ser por Ala. El aislado USM-LMMB-003
present diferencias aminoacdicas (Tyr por Asp) fuera de la
QRDR (color celeste, Fig. 6) en los aminocidos 124, 149,
164, 167 y 175 (numeracin correspondiente a B. bacilliformis)
incluso en el sitio activo.
Secuencias aminoacdicas de ParE.- En el anlisis de las se-
cuencias aminoacdicas de ParE, no se encontr ninguna diferen-
cia dentro de la QRDR entre los aislados, pero s se encontraron
diferencias en relacin a E. coli K12, en el aminocido 441 (Lys
por Arg), que es el ms reportado para cepas con resistencia a
fuoroquinolonas en E. coli. Tambin en el aminocido 451 se
puede observar un cambio de Ser por Ala como se muestra en la
Fig. 7B. Analizando las secuencias nucleotdicas del gen parE de
los aislados de B. bacilliformis, se encontraron en USM-LMMB-
005dos mutaciones puntuales a nivel nucleotdico, las cuales no
produjeron cambios en los aminocidos 328 y 458 (Fig. 7A).
Modelamiento por homologa del dominio QRDR de
ParC y ParE de B. bacilliformis relacionadas a la resisten-
cia antimicrobiana.- En la estructura terciaria del QRDR de
ParC y ParE de B. bacilliformis se pudo apreciar cambios en la
estructura terciaria en las posiciones donde existe una diferen-
cia aminoacdica de Ser por Ala, cuando se le compara con E.
coli K12. Estos cambios sugieren una dbil interaccin con la
quinolona, los cambio son resaltados en crculo rojo como se
observan en la Figuras 8 y 9
Discusin
La Enfermedad de Carrin an contina siendo un problema
de salud pblica en Per, a pesar de su importancia actualmente
existen pocos estudios sobre la resistencia antimicrobiana de este
patgeno. El presente estudio es a nuestro entender el primer
trabajo sobre caracterizacin molecular de genes asociados a la
resistencia antimicrobiana de aislados de B. bacilliformis de zonas
endmicas del Per. Este trabajo es de gran importancia, porque
a pesar que las especies de Bartonella son altamente susceptibles a
pruebas de antibiticos (Drbecker et al. 2006), existen reportes
Figura 4. Susceptibilidad disminuida a la ciprofoxacina de
la cepa Bartonella bacilliformis USM-LMM-002: A. Prueba
psilon que determin una CMI de 2 mg/L con tiras de Cip
(gradiente de concentracin de 0.02 a 32 g/ L), B. Halo de
inhibicin del crecimiento de 19 mm con disco de Cip (5 g).
Figura 5.- Amplifcados de la QRDR de los genes de la to-
poisomerasa IV: gen parC con tamao de 349 pb correspon-
dientes a los carriles del 1 al 4 y gen parE con tamao de 1495
pb correspondiente a los carriles del 5 al 8. Se utilizaron las
siguientes cepas: CIP57.17, carriles 1 y 5; USM-LMMB-005,
carriles 2 y 6; USM-LMMB-006 carriles 3 y 7; USM-LMMB-007,
carriles 4 y 8. M1 corresponde al marcador Perfect DNA
TM
50
bp Ladder Novagen

.
94
Espinoza-Culup et al.
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 089 - 098 (Mayo 2014)
Figura 6.- Alineamiento mltiple de las secuencias aminoacdicas de ParC de la cepa de Bartonella bacilliformis KC 583 y de
las aisladas, comparadas con ParC de E. coli K12, utilizando el programa ClustalW 2.1. Las sustituciones aminoacdicas (Ser
por Ala) estn resaltadas en color negro. La numeracin en la parte inferior corresponde a las posiciones de los aminocidos
de la protena ParC de E. coli (NP_417491.1) y en la parte superior su equivalente en B. bacilliformis (YP_989154.1).
Figura 7.- Alineamiento mltiple de secuencias nucleotdicas de los aislados de Bartonella bacilliformis y de la cepa KC583. En
A, el alineamiento muestra las mutaciones puntuales del aislado USM-LMMB-005 que no produjeron cambios en el amino-
cido respectivo y en B, el alineamiento muestra las secuencias aminoacdicas de ParE de la cepa de Bartonella bacilliformis
KC583 y las aisladas, comparadas con ParE de E. coli K12, utilizando el programa ClustalW 2.1. Se indica sus respectivos
aminocidos cambiantes (Lys por Arg) resaltado en color negro. La numeracin en la parte inferior corresponde a las posiciones
de los aminocidos de la protena ParE de E. coli (NP_417502.1) y en la parte superior su equivalente para B. bacilliformis
(YP_989184.1).
95

Caracterizacin molecular de resistencia a quinolonas en BARTONELLA BACILLIFORMIS
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 089 - 098 (May 2014)
Figura 8.-. Estructura tridimensional de la QRDR de ParC de Bartonella bacilliformis por homologa con ParC de Escherichia
coli K12 (Protein Data Base (PDB): 1ZVU). En A, se muestra la QRDR de B. bacilliformis y en B, la QRDR de E. coli K12
MG1655. Las fechas de color negro indican la posicin donde existen diferencias aminoacdicas entre B. bacilliformis y E. coli
K12, observando un cambio en la estructura para B. bacilliformis, que se resalta en un crculo rojo. Las fechas rojas indican
las posiciones correspondientes al sitio activo.
Figura 9.- Estructura tridimensional de la QRDR de ParE de Bartonella bacilliformis por homologa con ParE de Acineto-
bacter baumannii (PDB: 2XKK). En A, se muestra la regin de la QRDR de B. bacilliformis y en B, la QRDR de E. coli K12
MG1655. Las fechas de color negro indican la posicin donde existen diferencias aminoacdicas entre B. bacilliformis y E.
coli K12, observando un cambio en la estructura para B. bacilliformis, que se resalta en un crculo rojo. La fecha azul indica
la localizacin del aminocido Asp, que es importante porque se han reportado cepas resistentes a quinolonas cuando hay
mutacin en esta posicin.
E- KirbyBauer (mm)
CEPAS Cip Cip AN
CIP 57.17 0.125 46 6
CIP 57.18 0.015 55 6
USM-LMMB-001 0.125 50 6
USM-LMMB-002 2 19 6
USM-LMMB-003 0.125 50 6
USM-LMMB-005 0.023 52 6
USM-LMMB-006 0.023 50 6
USM-LMMB-007 0.19 78 6
Tabla 3.- Valores obtenidos de la susceptibilidad antimicrobiana de las cepas de
Bartonella bacilliformis ensayadas para ciprofoxacina y cido nalidxico.
96
Espinoza-Culup et al.
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 089 - 098 (Mayo 2014)
de fallas en la monoterapia para las enfermedades relacionadas
a Bartonella usando beta-lactmicos, macrlidos, tetraciclina,
rifampicina o fuoroquinolonas (Biswas et al. 2007). Los aislados
de B. bacilliformis presentaron una CIM para Cip que oscilaba
entre 0.19 y 0.023 mg/L (Tabla 3), la que concuerda con los
valores de CIM descritos en la literatura (Sobraqus et al. 1999,
Dbecker et al. 2006, Angelakis et al. 2008). En cuanto a la
susceptibilidad mediante Kirby-Bauer, los aislados analizados
mostraron resistencia al Nal (primera quinolona) y sensibilidad
a la Cip (Fig. 3).
El anlisis in silico de las secuencias aminoacdicas de ParC
y ParE de B. bacilliformis se hizo comparando las secuencias de
stas en E. coli K12 debido a que en esta bacteria se conocen
mejor las QRDR y las sustituciones de aminocidos que alteran
la susceptibilidad a las quinolonas. Mediante esta comparacin
hemos deducido las posiciones equivalentes de los aminocidos
entre E. coli y B. bacilliformis tal como lo realizaron Del Valle
et al. (2010).
De acuerdo con nuestros resultados, la QRDR de la prote-
na ParC (subunidad A de la topoisomerasa IV) de Bartonella
bacilliformis comprendera desde el aminocido 67 al 118
(Fig. 7). El anlisis de la QRDR de ParC revela que todos los
aislados de B. bacilliformis presentan sustituciones de Ser por
Ala en los aminocidos 85 y 99 (numeracin equivalente a 80
y 94 en E. coli) en comparacin a ParC de E. coli K12 (Fig. 6).
Las mutaciones en los aminocidos 78, 80 y 84 de la QRDR
de ParC de E. coli K12, son las ms descritas y relacionadas a la
resistencia a quinolonas (Hopkins et al. 2005, Serra 2008). En
las posiciones 119 (Arg) y 120 (Tyr) que corresponden al sitio
activo de esta enzima, no se encontraron sustituciones aminoac-
dicas. Adems, las posiciones 123 y 129 cercanas al sitio activo,
tambin presentan cambios de Ser por Ala. Estas sustituciones
dentro de la QRDR tambin han sido encontradas en Bartonella
spp. y otras bacterias intracelulares como Tropheryma whipplei
en la que se ha reportado heterogeneidad de la susceptibilidad
frente a las fuoroquinolonas (Masselot et al. 2003, Angelakis
et al. 2008, Angelakis et al. 2009). Varios estudios mencionan
que las mutaciones de Ser por Ala en dichas posiciones estn
asociadas a la resistencia natural a las fuoroquinolonas (Cambau
et al. 1994, Rodrguez et al. 2001, Del Valle et al. 2010). Estos
estudios explicaran la resistencia al Nal en todos los aislados de
B. bacilliformis obtenidos en el presente trabajo. Es importante
sealar que a pesar de encontrar las mutaciones para la resistencia
a la quinolona Nal, posiblemente otras mutaciones en el gen
parC de estas bacterias o en otros genes deberan ser necesarias
para que ocurra la resistencia a las fuoroquinolonas (como por
ejemplo a la Cip). Actualmente, la Cip parece ser efectiva en el
tratamiento recomendado por el MINSA, sin embargo existe
adquisicin de resistencia por mutaciones acumuladas en estos
genes. Por tanto, como fue recomendado en otros estudios (An-
gelakis et al. 2008, Del Valle et al. 2010) se debe de evitar el uso
de Cip como monoterapia en el tratamiento de esta enfermedad.
Los resultados de este estudio sugieren que la QRDR de ParE
(subunidad B de la DNA topoisomerasa IV) de B. bacilliformis
est comprendida entre los aminocidos 473 y 530, como se
muestra en la Fig. 7. La mayora de mutaciones descritas en la
QRDR de ParE de E. coli K12, que es homloga es GyrB (Ruiz
et al. 1987), estn entre los aminocidos 412 y 469. El anlisis
de las secuencias aminoacdicas de ParE de B. bacilliformis no
revel cambios entre las secuencias, sin embargo, dentro de la
QRDR se presentaron dos sustituciones aminoacdicas en las
posiciones 441 (Lys por Arg) y 451 (Ser por Ala) en comparacin
con E. coli K12. La posicin 420, resaltada en amarillo (Fig. 7),
se encontr sin cambios. Los cambios tanto en la posicin 420
como 441 y sus equivalentes en B. bacilliformis (481 y 502,
respectivamente), son las ms citadas en cepas resistentes a qui-
nolonas en E .coli (Hopkins et al. 2005, Sorlozano et al. 2007,
Jimnez et al. 2009). Tambin se han reportado cambios en los
aminocidos 416 (Leu por Phe), 445 (Leu por His) y 458 (Ser
por Ala). Estas mutaciones ya descritas (Hopkins et al. 2005,
Sorlozano et al. 2007, Jimnez et al. 2009) no fueron encontra-
das en las secuencias de B. bacilliformis del presente estudio. Las
mutaciones en otras posiciones podran ser importantes para la
resistencia o disminucin de la susceptibilidad, como lo es el
cambio en el aminocido 451, que en E coli K12 es una Ser y su
equivalente en B. bacilliformis es Ala. Las sustituciones del mismo
tipo (Ser por Ala) reportadas en el aminocido 458, conferen
resistencia en cepas de E. coli productoras de lactamasas de
espectro extendido (Sorlozano et al. 2007). De los aislados de B.
bacilliformis, USM-LMMB-005 present mutaciones puntuales
en el nucletido de la tercera posicin, las que no produjeron
cambios en el aminocido respectivo (328 y 458). El amino-
cido 458 se encuentra cercano a la QRDR de ParE, por lo que
es probable que los cambios nucleotdicos adicionales a stos
puedan contribuir a generar resistencia. Justamente este aislado,
USM-LMMB-005 procedente de la localidad de Sondorillo es
donde se reportaron fallas al tratamiento con Cip. Es posible
que en las cepas de B. bacilliformis circulantes en esta localidad
se acumulen mutaciones en las secuencias de estos genes aso-
ciados a la resistencia a Cip, lo que podra estar contribuyendo
a la resistencia para este grupo de antibiticos; es por ello que
en esta localidad se trata a los pacientes con la Enfermedad de
Carrin, con ceftriaxona en vez de Cip.
Mediante herramientas bioinformticas se realiz el mode-
lamiento de la probable estructura tridimensional de la QRDR
de las protenas ParC y ParE de B. bacilliformis (Fig. 8 y 9).
Para esto, se realiz una comparacin con la estructura de la
topoisomerasa IV de Escherichia coli y A. baumannii, mostrando
las sustituciones que existen en relacin con E. coli K12, sin
embargo, al evaluar la estructuras terciarias de las QRDR se
apreciaron cambios estructurales colocando un crculo punteado
de color rojo en stos, sugiriendo una dbil interaccin de la
quinolona y su blanco, los cambios observados de Ser por Al,
podran estar alterando los patrones de hidrofobicidad que se
relacionan con la estructura de la protena.
En conclusin, se obtuvieron seis aislados de B. bacilliformis,
todos fueron resistentes al Nal, sensibles a Cip y uno de ellos,
USM-LMMB-002 procedente de Quillabamba Cusco, pre-
sent susceptibilidad disminuida a la Cip. Se determin que las
QRDR de las protenas ParC y ParE de B. bacilliformis estn
comprendidas entre los aminocidos 67 al 118 y 473 al 530,
respectivamente. Se sugiere que el cambio con relacin a E. coli
K12 de Ser por Ala en ParC de B. bacilliformis determinara la
resistencia al Nal pero no a la Cip. Con respecto al antibiograma
y a la CMI (con tiras de la prueba psilon) para B. bacilliformis,
concluimos que los halos de inhibicin del crecimiento bacteria-
no se visualizan mejor cuando las placas Petri se siembran por
inundacin bandolas con inculos de 1.5 mL a la escala 1
de McFarland, e incubndolas durante 6 das.
97

Caracterizacin molecular de resistencia a quinolonas en BARTONELLA BACILLIFORMIS
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 089 - 098 (May 2014)
Agradecimientos
Al Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologa (CONCYTEC)
por el fnanciamiento al proyecto N 323-2010-CONCYTEC-
OAJ y al VRI-UNMSM Proyecto N 111001032. A los tcnicos
de laboratorio Nexar Alvarado, Jess Paico y Rosa Pintado del
Centro de Salud de Huancabamba - Piura. Al Dr. Jorge Cortez
y a Tefanes Paredes del Centro de Salud de Calipuy Stgo.
de Chuco, La Libertad; al Dr. Manuel Montoya del Cusco; al
Bilogo Paul Pacheco Romn del Centro de Salud de Urubamba-
Cusco; a la Tcnica de laboratorio Flor Cspedes del Centro de
Salud de Uchumayo - Quillabamba, Cusco; y a los bilogos
Jos Luis Ramos Coveas y Martn Nizama Teixeira; todos ellos
por brindarnos su apoyo en la toma de muestras. A los Dres.
Joaquim Ruiz del Hospital Clinic de Barcelona y Luis Del Valle
de la Universitat Politcnica de Catalunya, por su apoyo en la
revisin del manuscrito de la tesis de Ruth Quispe, algunos de
cuyos resultados estn incluidos en el presente artculo. Esta
publicacin es parte de la tesis para optar al grado de Magster
en Biologa Molecular de Abraham Espinoza Culup, bajo la
asesora de Ruth Garca de la Guarda.
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99

Patrones de coocurrencia y conducta alimentaria de Phlebotominae enVenezuela
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 099 - 104 (May 2014)
Patrones de coocurrencia y conducta alimentaria a escala local de Phlebotominae
(Diptera: Psychodidae) del estado Falcn, Venezuela
Dalmiro J. Cazorla
1
*, Elsa Nieves
2
y Pedro Morales
1
Co-ocurrence patterns and feeding behaviour at local scale of Phlebotominae(Diptera: Psychodidae)
from Falcon state, Venezuela
*Autor para correspondencia:
1 Laboratorio de Entomologa, Parasitologa y
Medicina Tropical, Centro de Investigaciones
Biomdicas, Universidad Nacional Experimental
Francisco de Miranda (UNEFM), Apdo. 7403,
Coro 4101, Estado Falcn, Venezuela.
2 Laboratorio de Parasitologa Experimental,
Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biologa,
Universidad de Los Andes, Mrida, Estado Mrida,
Venezuela
Email Dalmiro J. Cazorla: lutzomyia@hotmail.com
Email Elsa Nieves: nievesbelsa@gmail.com
Email Pedro Morales:
pemoralesmoreno@hotmail.com
TRABAJOS ORIGINALES
Los autores. Este artculo es publicado por la Revista Peruana de Biologa de la Facultad de Ciencias Biolgicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San
Marcos. Este es un artculo de acceso abierto, distribuido bajo los trminos de la Licencia Creative Commons Atribucin-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0
Internacional.(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/), que permite el uso no comercial, distribucin y reproduccin en cualquier medio, siempre
que la obra original sea debidamente citadas. Para uso comercial, por favor pngase en contacto con editor.revperubiol@gmail.com.
Citacin:
Cazorla D.J., E. Nieves & P. Morales. 2014. Pa-
trones de coocurrencia y conducta alimentaria a
escala local de Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodi-
dae) del estado Falcn, Venezuela. Rev. peru.
biol. 21(1): 099-104 (Mayo 2014). doi: http://doi.
org/10.15381/rpb.v21i1.8253
Resumen
Los febotominos son transmisores de los protozoarios parsitos del genero Leishmania,
agentes causales de las leishmaniasis en humanos y otros mamferos. Mediante modelos
nulos, se estudio la estructura de las comunidades febotominas en focos endmicos de
leishmaniasis del estado Falcn, en el nor-occidente de Venezuela, a una escala reducida o
local: en el domicilio, peridomicilio y el rea silvestre de una zona de vida o en una localidad
en particular. La aplicacin de los modelos nulos revel que a escala local las comunidades
febotominas se encuentran agregadas, sugiriendo que las especies coexisten y no compiten.
Los estudios de co-ocurrencia con el anlisis de estructura gremial y la prueba de la hipte-
sis de los estados favorecido mostr que los resultados obtenidos no son estadsticamente
signifcativos (p> 0.05), lo que sugiere que las especies febotominas pertenecen a un mismo
gremio en sus preferencias alimentarias, lo que podra deberse a que la hematofagia se
trata de un evento heterogneo, circunstancial y oportunista. Se discuten aspectos sobre los
posibles factores, como por ejemplo la transformacin y homogenizacin de los hbitats por
el impacto sinantrpico, que pudieran estar determinando el ensamble de los febotominos
en la regin falconiana.
Palabras clave: Flebotominos; modelos nulos; Leishmaniasis; Venezuela.
Abstract
The phlebotomine sandfy are vectors of protozoan parasites Leishmania genus, the caus-
ative agents of leishmaniasis in humans and several mammalian hosts. The structure of the
phlebotomine sandfy community at the local scale: domicile, peridomicile and sylvatic habitats
from a reduced area, was assessed using null models analysis in endemic foci of leishmani-
asis from Falcon state, in north-western region of Venezuela. Implementation of null model
tests revealed that to a local scale the phlebotomine sandfy communities are aggregated,
suggesting that the species co-occurred and did not compete. The assays of co-ocurrence
patterns with guild structure analysis and favored states hypothesis showed statistically non-
signifcant results (p> 0.05), suggesting that sandfy species belong to a same guild in relation
to their feeding preferences, as hematophagy appears to be an heterogeneous, circumstantial
and opportunist event. We discussed aspects of the possible factors, for example sinantropic
effects on environmental transformation and its homogenization, that could be determining
the phlebotomine sanfy assemblage in the Falcon state region.
Keywords: Sandfies; Null models; Leishmaniasis; Venezuela.
Revista peruana de biologa 21(1): 099 - 104 (2014)
doi: http://doi.org/10.15381/rpb.v21i1.8253
ISSN-L 1561-0837
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLGICAS UNMSM
Presentado: 06/12/2013
Aceptado: 13/03/2014
Publicado online: 26/05/2014
Journal home page: http://revistasinvestigacion.unmsm.edu.pe/index.php/rpb/index
100
Cazorla et al.
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 099 - 104 (Mayo 2014)
Introduccin
Las leishmaniasis son entidades nosolgicas producidas por
varias especies de protozoarios fagelados del gnero Leishma-
nia sp., y que se transmiten a varios hospedadores vertebrados
(Mammalia) y al humano por la picadura de insectos dpteros
(Psychodidae) de la subfamilia Phlebotominae (Young & Dun-
can 1994, Herrera 2010). Estas dolencias se encuentran presentes
prcticamente en toda la geografa venezolana, realidad a la que
no escapa el estado Falcn (regin nor-occidental), al cual se le
considera un foco activo tanto de leishmaniasis tegumentaria
(LT) como de su forma visceral (LV). En el estado Falcn se han
detectado tasas de incidencia de LT de 2.09 por cada 100000
habitantes (De Lima et al. 2010), y varios casos activos de kala-
azar, especialmente en infantes, patologa que si no es tratada a
tiempo es potencialmente mortal (Aez et al. 2012).
En los focos endmicos de LT y LV del estado Falcn se ha
registrado una co-ocurrencia de hasta 24 especies del gnero
Lutzomyia Frana 1924, algunas de las cuales poseen conductas
alimentarias consideradas como antropoflcas y otras como
zooflicas (Young & Duncan 1994, Aez et al. 2012, Cazorla
& Morales 2012). Se considera que el balance entre estas dos
conductas alimentarias debe jugar un papel importante en la
dinmica de transmisin de las leishmaniasis, al ser las especies
febotominas zooflicas las que introducen a Leishmania en los
ambientes sinantrpicos, y luego las especies antropoflicas
esparcen la infeccin a los humanos (Chaves & Aez 2004).
Uno de los tpicos que ecologa de comunidades presta a ms
atencin es la identifcacin de los mecanismos generales que
gobiernan la estructura de las comunidades biolgicas (reglas
de ensamble), y aunque se han propuesto varias reglas se le ha
dado mayor relevancia a las interacciones interespecfcas (com-
petencia, mutualismo) (Vilchis 2000, Chase 2003, Feeley 2003).
Sin embargo, es necesario indicar que la coexistencia entre las
especies puede estar gobernada por fuerzas competitivas y no
competitivas (Gordon 2000).
Los modelos nulos son mtodos estadsticos y simulaciones
computarizadas que se usan para indagar o analizar si existe el
azar en los procesos de la naturaleza que generan algn patrn
ecolgico, de aqu que se han implementado para estudiar los
patrones de coocurrencia (Gotelli 2000, Gotelli & Entsminger
2003). Los modelos nulos trabajan con datos ecolgicos alea-
torizados procedentes de un modelo conocido o imaginario, de
manera tal que se puede determinar si los patrones observados
en las comunidades biolgicas son gobernados por eventos
o sucesos ecolgicos o evolutivos, o simplemente por el azar
(Gotelli 2000, Gotelli & Entsminger 2003).
El anlisis de las fuentes bibliogrfcas relacionadas con los
estudios ecolgicos sobre la dinmica de transmisin de las
leishmaniasis en Venezuela, revela que tan slo se ha realizado
un trabajo que involucra la estructura del ensamble de las comu-
nidades febotominas, el cual fue realizado en la regin andina
a diferentes pisos altitudinales y zonas bioclimticas (i.e., a gran
escala o regional) (Chaves & Aez 2004). Por lo tanto, existe un
desconocimiento de los patrones de coocurrencia de las comuni-
dades febotominas a escala local en el territorio de Venezuela, y
particularmente en el estado Falcn. En este sentido, a sabiendas
de que el bosque primario tropical es un factor relevante para
la presencia de Lutzomyia (Gonzlez-Salazar et al. 2013), es
importante conocer el efecto que pudiera tener la alteracin de
estas reas silvestres (e.g, construccin de asentamientos huma-
nos) sobre la estructura de las comunidades febotominas, tal
como se ha documentado en focos endmicos de leishmaniasis
del Paleotrpico (Italia) y Neotrpico (Panam) (Chaves 2011).
Este tipo de informacin puede aportar conocimiento til para
disear efcientemente un plan para el control vectorial de estas
parasitosis (Chaves 2011).
A la luz de lo expuesto, en el presente trabajo mediante
modelos nulos se determin la estructura de las comunidades
de especies febotominas en focos endmicos de LT y/o LV
del estado Falcn, Venezuela, a una escala reducida, i.e. en el
domicilio, peridomicilio y el rea silvestre de una zona de vida
o en una localidad en particular (escala local).
Material y mtodos
rea de estudio y datos.- Para estimar la estructura de co-
munidades febotominas a escala local se tomaron los datos de
un trabajo previo (Cazorla & Morales 2012), el cual se realiz
en 41 localidades ubicadas a diferentes pisos altitudinales y zonas
bioclimticas del estado Falcn (101808 y 121146N y los
681428 y 711821W), en la regin noroccidental de Vene-
zuela. Para ello, se escogieron las especies febotominas captura-
das en ambientes del domicilio, peridomicilio y silvestre de diez
localidades incluyendo Guamacho 112115N y 690432W),
Tocpero (113019,40N y 691329,17W), La Cienaguita
(112651,31N y 691529,19W), El Guayabo (112923N
y 691533W), Pritu (112158,13N y 69810,26W),
El Caballo (11299,79N y 691050,90W), Guaibacoa
(112439N y 692817W), Ro Chiquito (102248,27N y
703858,64W), La Cinaga (112547,93N y 692734,20W)
y Chipare (112547,95N y 692734,21W), ubicadas entre
66 - 330 m de un rea bioclimtica en particular: bosque muy
seco tropical (BMST); as mismo, se indag los patrones de co-
ocurrencia de las comunidades febotominas en una localidad en
particular: San Francisco (112642,46N y 691626,31W),
ubicada a 198 m, similarmente en el BMST de la regin falco-
niana (Ewel et al. 1976).
En las Tablas 1 y 2 se da el listado de las especie febotominas
estudiadas, as como datos acerca de su distribucin por sitio de
captura (domicilio, peridomicilio, rea silvestre), preferencias
alimentarias y mtodos de captura (Young & Duncan 1994,
Cazorla & Morales 2012). Tomndose como base la informacin
de las Tablas 1 y 2, para cada especie febotomina se organizaron
los datos empleando matrices presencia (1)-ausencia (0), las
cuales son las unidades bsicas fundamentales en los estudios
biogeogrfcos y de ecologa de comunidades (Gotelli 2000).
Modelos nulos.- Como ndice de coocurrencia para determi-
nar y cuantifcar la estructura de las comunidades febotominas,
se utiliz el C-score o ndice tablero de damas (checkerboard) de
la matriz (Stone & Roberts 1990, Gotelli 2000).
Se hicieron simulaciones computacionales tomndose los da-
tos para todos los sitios de captura (domicilio, peridomicilio, rea
silvestre), con la totalidad de los mtodos de captura (Cazorla &
Morales 2012). Para detectar si hubo sesgo debido a los mtodos
de captura empleados, similarmente se hicieron clculos com-
putacionales pero con datos particulares de los sitios de captura,
para cada una de las tcnicas de captura (Chaves & Aez 2004).
Adicionalmente, se indagaron los patrones de coocurrencia en
101

Patrones de coocurrencia y conducta alimentaria de Phlebotominae enVenezuela
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 099 - 104 (May 2014)
las comunidades febotominas para todos los sitios de captura
con la totalidad de las tcnicas, y para los sitios de captura y las
tcnicas de muestreo por separado, pero determinndose si existe
sesgo con las preferencias alimentarias de las hembras feboto-
minas (Chaves & Aez 2004). Para ello se realiz un anlisis de
estructura gremial (guild structure analysis), emplendose como
ndice para cuantifcar los patrones de coocurrencia la variacin
del C-score (si la variacin es baja, entonces los gremios poseen
patrones de coocurrencia muy similares), siendo los gremios
(guilds) las preferencias antropoflicas y las zooflicas de las
hembras febotominas. Los gremios ecolgicos son grupos de
especies dentro de una comunidad que comparten recursos que
les son comunes: es ms probable que especies dentro de un
mismo gremio interacten o compitan por recursos que las de
diferentes gremios (Gotelli 2000; Gotelli & Entsminger 2003).
Asimismo, se realiz la prueba de la hiptesis de los estados
favorecidos (Fox 1987), y que no es ms que una variante ms
estricta del modelo de gremios (Feeley 2003). Un estado favo-
recido correspondera si la distribucin de las especies entre los
gremios es uniforme dentro de las comunidades (Feeley 2003,
Gotelli & Entsminger 2003). Es importante indicar que para
la realizacin de estas dos ltimas pruebas, se excluyeron los
datos obtenidos con la aplicacin de las tcnicas de captura de
cebo humano y trampa lumnica de Shannon, ya que al utilizar
atrayentes se genera un sesgo hacia las especies febotominas
antropoflicas y/o fotoflicas (Chaves & Aez 2004).
Como algoritmo de aleatorizacin para la simulacin, se es-
cogi el flas fjas- columnas fjas (SIM9: fxed-fxed) (modelos
nulos), en el cual las sumas de las flas y las de las columnas se
mantienen fjas para la simulacin, siendo un algoritmo menos
proclive a cometer Errores Tipo I y II (Gotelli 2000, Gotelli &
Entsminger 2003). Se generaron 5000 matrices aleatorizadas
usando un algoritmo tipo swap, el cual comienza con las matrices
originales observadas y permuta sucesivamente sus subelementos,
creando de esta manera nuevas matrices aleatorizadas y bara-
jeadas (Stone & Roberts 1990, Gotelli & Entsminger 2003).
Las pruebas de los modelos nulos de los C-score se llevaron a
cabo utilizando el programa (software) de simulacin ECOSIM
versin 7.0 (Gotelli & Entsminger 2004).
Resultados
Los anlisis de simulacin de los patrones de coocurrencia de
las comunidades febotominas realizados para diez poblaciones
ubicadas en la zona bioclimtica del BMST, y la localidad de
San Francisco (escala reducida o local: domicilio, peridomicilio
y rea silvestre), revelaron que no existen resultados estadstica-
mente signifcativos (p> 0.05) entre las diferencias del C-score,
su variacin y los estados favorecidos y las medias del C-score, su
variacin y de los estados favorecidos del proceso de simulacin;
datos estos que se muestran en las Tablas 3, 4, 5 y 6.
Discusin
A una escala ms amplia o regional, Chaves y Aez (2004) de-
tectaron patrones de coocurrencia no agregados en comunidades
febotominas del estado Mrida, en la regin andino-venezolana,
al aplicar de igual modo modelos nulos, indicando que esto
podra deberse a varios factores: competencia interespecfca,
Tabla 1. Registro de preferencias alimentarias de especies febotominas y su distribucin por sitio de captura en 10 localidades
endmicas de leishmaniasis del Bosque Muy Seco Tropical (BMST) del estado Falcn, Venezuela.
Especie de Lutzomyia Preferencia Alimentaria* Sitio de captura** Tcnica de captura+
L. evansi A S, P, D TL; CH; AD
L. gomezi A P TL; CH; AD
L. longipalpis s.l. A S, P, D TL; PA
L. lichyi A S AD
L. atroclavata Z S AD; PA
L. c. cayennensis Z S, P TL; AD; PA
L. trinidadensis Z S, P TL; AD; PA
L. venezuelensis Z S AD; PA
*Preferencias alimentarias: antropoflico (A); zooflico (Z) datos basados en Young & Duncan (1994) y Cazorla & Morales (2012). +Tcnica de captura: papel
aceitado (PA); Aspiracin Directa (AD); Trampa Lumnica (TL); Cebo Humano (CH). ** Sitios de captura: rea selvtica (S), peridomicilio (P) y domicilio
(D); datos basados en Cazorla & Morales (2012).
Especie de Lutzomyia Preferencia Alimentaria* Sitio de captura** Tcnica de captura+
L. evansi A S, P, D TL; CH; AD
L. gomezi A P TL; CH; AD
L. longipalpis s.l. A D,P TL; PA
L. atroclavata Z S AD; PA
L. c. cayennensis Z P,S TL; AD; PA
L. trinidadensis Z P,S TL; AD; PA
*Preferencias alimentarias: antropoflico (A); zooflico (Z); datos basados en Young y Duncan (1994) y Cazorla y Morales (2012). +Tcnica de captura: papel
aceitado (PA); Aspiracin Directa (AD); Trampa Lumnica (TL); Cebo Humano (CH). ** Sitios de captura: rea selvtica (S), peridomicilio (P) y domicilio
(D); datos basados en Cazorla y Morales (2012).
Tabla 2. Registro de preferencias alimentarias de especies febotominas y su distribucin por sitio de captura en San Fran-
cisco, estado Falcn, Venezuela.
102
Cazorla et al.
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 099 - 104 (Mayo 2014)
diversidad de requerimientos ambientales o por los procesos
histricos de especiacin particulares (Stone & Roberts 1990).
Por su parte, Chaves (2011) detect a escala local que las comuni-
dades febotominas pueden cambiar de patrones de coocurrencia
segregados en un bosque primario no intervenido, a uno agre-
gado en una granja, sugiriendo que esto pudiera explicarse por
el ajuste ecolgico (ecological ftting) de los febotominos en la
seleccin de sitios de reposo diurno en ambientes intervenidos
(Janzen 1985, Chaves 2011). Contrastando con estos hallazgos,
cuando se hace el anlisis de los patrones de coocurrencia a ni-
vel local en el estado de Falcn, se revela que las comunidades
febotominas en los ambientes naturales y sinantrpicos (peri
e intradomicilio) a nivel del BMST y de la poblacin de San
Francisco se encuentran agregadas, o sea existe mayor coocu-
rrencia, tal como lo sugiere el hallazgo de que las diferencias entre
los C-score calculados y los simulados no son estadsticamente
signifcativas. En un intento por tratar de explicar este patrn de
agregacin (coocurrencia positiva), debemos indicar en primer
lugar que las leishmaniasis no deberan considerarse en los ac-
tuales momentos como una parasitosis que el humano adquiere
exclusivamente al adentrarse a sus ciclos enzooticos naturales,
o ser considerada como una dolencia ocupacional relacionada
con actividades profesionales en reas zoonticas; las evidencias
actuales parecieran apuntar hacia cambios desde un punto de
vista multidimensional, en los patrones geogrfcos, ecolgicos,
climticos, socio-econmicos y epidemiolgicos en los patrones
de trasmisin (Desjeux 2001, Chaves et al. 2008a, Miranda et al.
2009). La creciente urbanizacin producto de la descontrolada
migracin humana hacia la periferia de las ciudades, hace que
la diferencia entre el peridomicilio y los ambientes naturales
desaparezcan o sean ms tenues: los fujos migratorios han
pasado a ser en gran parte del medio urbano a medio urbano,
Datos C-Score
Media Varianza del
ndice C-Score simulado
P
Sitios de captura, incluyendo todas las tcnicas de captura 0.10714 0.10714 0.00000 1.00000
Sitios de captura, aspiracin directa 0.26667 0.26667 0.00000 1.00000
Sitios de captura, papel aceitado 0.06667 0.06667 0.00000 1.00000
Tabla 3. Valores del ndice C-score para las comunidades febotominas a diferentes sitios de captura en 10 localidades end-
micas ubicadas en el Bosque Muy Seco Tropical (BMST) del estado Falcn, Venezuela.
Datos
Varianza
del
C-Score
Media Varianza
simulada del
C-Score simulado
P
Estados
favorecidos
Media Varianza de
los estados favorecidos
simulados
P
Sitios de captura, incluyendo
todas las tcnicas de captura
0.01389 0.03046 0.00081 0.88900 1.00000 1.44600 0.43352 0.90700
Sitios de captura, aspiracin
directa
0.22222 0.10560 0.01519 0.88900 1.00000 1.06000 0.51892 0.76900
Tabla 4. Varianza del ndice C-score y los valores del estado favorecido para las comunidades febotominas con una estructura
de gremio en especies antropoflicas (A) y zooflicas (Z), a diferentes sitios de captura en 10 localidades endmicas ubicadas
en el Bosque Muy Seco Tropical (BMST) del estado Falcn, Venezuela.
Datos C-Score Media Varianza del ndice C-Score simulado P
Sitios de captura, incluyendo todas
las tcnicas de captura
0.33333 0.38508 0.00290 0.46360
Sitios de captura, aspiracin directa 0.33333 0.33333 0.00000 1.00000
Sitios de captura, papel aceitado 0.90000 0.77296 0.00639 0.22080
Tabla 5. Valores del ndice C-score para las comunidades febotominas a diferentes sitios de captura en San Francisco,
estado Falcn, Venezuela.
Datos
Varianza
del C-Score
Media Varianza
simulada del C-Score
simulado
P
Estados
favorecidos
Media Varianza de
los estados favorecidos
simulados
P
Sitios de captura, incluyendo
todas las tcnicas de captura
0.0000 0.18828 0.04498 1.0000 0.0000 0.00000 1.24202 1.0000
Sitios de captura, aspiracin
directa
0.0000 0.43189 0.12811 1.0000 0.0000 1.51000 0.45636 1.0000
Tabla 6. Varianza del ndice C-score y los valores del estado favorecido para las comunidades febotominas con una estructura
de gremio en especies antropoflicas (A) y zooflicas (Z), a diferentes sitios de captura en San Francisco, estado Falcn,
Venezuela.
103

Patrones de coocurrencia y conducta alimentaria de Phlebotominae enVenezuela
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 099 - 104 (May 2014)
y cada vez menos un fujo medio rural-medio rural o medio
rural-medio urbano (Campbell-Lendrum et al. 2001, Desjeux
2001; Bejarano et al. 2001, 2002). Por lo tanto, el medio natural
y los ambientes sinantrpicos pueden considerarse un espacio
continuo, constituyndose probablemente en ambientes ms
homogneos, disminuyendo de este modo la segregacin espacial
y temporal (i.e, coocurrencia negativa) que puede ocasionar la
heterogeneidad ambiental (Rosenzweig 1995). Estos cambios
hacen que la conducta y composicin de las comunidades de
los transmisores y de los reservorios animales tambin se modi-
fquen, y stos invadan a los nuevos ambientes sinantrpicos,
sin la necesidad de una adaptacin extrema, especialmente de las
especies que poseen un amplio ajuste ecolgico (Janzen 1985,
Chaves 2011). As, existen vectores o especies febotominas
con una alta fotoflia y que adems pueden reposar en una gran
variedad de sitios, que al ser atrados a los ambientes humanos
hacen ms probable un mayor contacto febotomino-humano-
reservorios domsticos (Bejarano et al. 2001, 2002, Dos Santos
et al. 2003, Chaves 2011). En este mismo orden de ideas, los
reservorios silvestres, como por ejemplo Didelphis marsupialis
(Marsupialia), poseen una amplia plasticidad en su adaptacin
a la vivienda humana donde merodean para alimentarse, con-
virtindose en un excelente reservorio domiciliario animal de
Leishmania (Travi et al. 1994). As mismo, deben evaluarse los
animales domsticos, incluyendo aquellos que pueden ser reser-
vorios domsticos del protozoo (e.g. perros) y otros vertebrados
no susceptibles a Leishmania como las aves de corral, y que sirven
de fuente alimentaria atrayente para las hembras febotominas
(Desjeux 2001, Alexander et al. 2002).
Por otra parte, la consideracin del humano como hospedador
incidental (i.e. vertedero) o posible reservorio (i.e. fuente y verte-
dero) intradomiciliar de leishmaniasis, es un factor a considerar
en los nuevos esquemas eco-epidemiolgicos de transmisin de
las leishmaniasis (Chaves et al. 2008b). Estos nuevos cambios en
los patrones epidemiolgicos de las leishmaniasis en el continente
americano ha llevado a Rotureau (2006) a preguntarse hipotti-
camente en el ttulo de su artculo: Are New World leishmaniases
becoming anthroponoses?, tal como ha ocurrido espordicamente
en casos focalizados de la regin paleotrpica (Reyburn et al.
2003). Lo discutido anteriormente, apoyara la tesis segn la cual
las medidas para el control de las leishmaniasis deben implemen-
tarse o enfocarse desde un punto de vista de evitar el contacto
con las hembras febotominas, en vez de la intervencin de las
reas silvestres (Chaves et al. 2008a, Chaves 2011).
En cuanto a la estructura de gremios (especies antropoflicas
y zooflicas), se encontr que la variacin de C-score calculada
no es signifcativamente diferente a la del modelo nulo simulado,
lo que sugiere que todas las especies pertenecen a un mismo gre-
mio. Similares hallazgos a los del presente estudio encontraron
Chaves y Aez (2004) en la regin andino-venezolana, aunque
a escala regional. Es un hecho tangible en las reas endmicas de
leishmaniasis del Neotrpico, observar la coexistencia temporal
y espacial, de especies febotominas que pican al humano como
otras que no, adems de muchas clases de hospedadores verte-
brados (Feliciangeli 1987, Young y Duncan 1994), pudiendo las
hembras febotominas adoptar una conducta de alimentacin
verstil y variable de amplia plasticidad, que depende de la
disponibilidad de animales vertebrados (Bejarano et al. 2001,
Travi et al. 2002).
Por ello, se puede indicar que la preferencia de una hembra
febotomina hacia un determinado hospedador (e.g. antropo-
flia), pudiera interpretarse como un evento heterogneo, cir-
cunstancial y oportunista, donde las densidades de las hembras
febotominas (e.g. variaciones estacionales) y de los hospedadores
vertebrados (movimientos) juegan un papel ms fundamental
(Kelly & Tompson 2000, Chaves & Aez 2004). Por lo tanto,
como bien lo establecen Chaves y Aez (2004), no pareciera
tener sentido utilizar la simple dicotoma discriminatoria de
especies antropoflicas y especies zooflicas.
Por su parte, el anlisis de los estados favorecidos indic que
las especies febotominas no tienen a nivel local una regla de
ensamble de uniformidad para la sustitucin de los gremios. Por
lo tanto, los resultados obtenidos en las comunidades feboto-
minas en diez localidades del BMST y de San Francisco de la
regin falconiana no parecieran apoyar la hiptesis de Chaves
y Aez (2004), acerca de la probable existencia a escala local
de especies introductoras (intruders) y especies esparcidoras
(spreaders), al considerar que posiblemente las especies zoof-
licas que se alimentan de los reservorios silvestres introducen
(especies introductoras) los parsitos de Leishmania hacia los
ambientes sinantrpicos, encargndose las especies antropof-
licas de esparcir (especies esparcidoras) al protozoo dentro de
las poblaciones humanas.
A pesar de lo discutido, se necesita indagar de una manera
global y con mayores detalles los aspectos de la historia natural,
biologa y ecologa del ecosistema para explicar con mayor ef-
cacia y aproximacin los patrones detectados.
Agradecimientos
Fundacite-Falcn (Proyecto S197-012, Decanato de Inves-
tigacin, UNEFM, Coro, estado Falcn, Venezuela, y Tecana
American University, Miami, Florida.
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105

Nueva especie de Hesperiidae para Per: DALLA GRANITES
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 105 - 107 (May 2014)
Nueva especie de Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) para Per: Dalla granites (Mabille, 1898)
Jos Alfredo Cerdea
1
, Erick Huaman
1
, Rmulo Delgado
2
y Gerardo Lamas
3
A new skipper species for Peru: Dalla granites (Mabille, 1898) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae)
1 Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Na-
cional de San Agustn, Av. Alcides Carrin s/n,
Arequipa, Per.
2 Santuario Nacional Megantoni, SERNANP, Jirn
Puno R-4, Quillabamba, Cuzco, Per.
3 Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional
Mayor San Marcos, Apartado 14-0434, Lima-14,
Per.
Email Jose Cerdea: cerdenajoseal@yahoo.es
Email Erick Huamani: zoologa_@hotmail.com
Email Gerardo Lamas: glamasm@unmsm.edu.pe
NOTA CIENTFICA
Los autores. Este artculo es publicado por la Revista Peruana de Biologa de la Facultad de Ciencias Biolgicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San
Marcos. Este es un artculo de acceso abierto, distribuido bajo los trminos de la Licencia Creative Commons Atribucin-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0
Internacional.(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/), que permite el uso no comercial, distribucin y reproduccin en cualquier medio, siempre
que la obra original sea debidamente citadas. Para uso comercial, por favor pngase en contacto con editor.revperubiol@gmail.com.
Citacin:
Cerdea J.A. & E. Huaman, R. Delgado y G.
Lamas. 2014. Nueva especie de Hesperiidae
(Lepidoptera) para Per: Dalla granites (Mabille,
1898). Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 105-107 (Mayo 2014).
doi: http://doi.org/10.15381/rpb.v21i1.8254
Resumen
Se registra por primera vez para Per al raro hesprido Dalla granites (Mabille, 1898) (Lepi-
doptera: Hesperiidae), previamente citado de Ecuador y Bolivia.
Palabras clave: Nuevo registro; Dalla; Hesperiidae; Parque Nacional del Manu; Per.
Abstract
The rare skipper Dalla granites (Mabille, 1898) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae), previously cited
from Ecuador and Bolivia is reported for the frst time in Peru.
Keywords: New record; Dalla; Hesperiidae; Manu National Park; Peru.
El gnero neotropical Dalla Mabille, 1904 (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) contiene
97 especies actualmente reconocidas como vlidas (Mielke 2005, Viloria et al. 2008,
Warren & Maza 2011), de las que 51 han sido registradas hasta el momento en Per
(Lamas 2003 y datos inditos), adems de otras dos an no descritas. El gnero est
distribuido desde Mxico hasta el sudeste de Brasil y norte de Argentina, asociado
preferentemente a bosques montanos y nublados (Lamas 2003, Viloria et al. 2008).
Los machos se observan con frecuencia congregados en charcos de barro, a los que las
hembras muy rara vez acuden (Steinhauser 2002), siendo estas ltimas hasta ahora
desconocidas para la mayora de las especies (Warren & Maza 2011).
Una de las especies menos conocidas, y muy escasamente representada en colecciones
cientfcas, es Dalla granites (Mabille), descrita originalmente de Ecuador como Butle-
ria granites (Mabille 1898). En su obra monogrfca sobre los hespridos americanos,
Evans (1955) cit granites como una de las 75 especies que reconoci en Dalla. Evans
(op. cit.) consider a granites como una especie politpica y, sin mayor evidencia que
una semejanza fenotpica, incluy a Dalla privata Draudt, descrita de Bolivia, como
subespecie de la primera. Butleria granites fue descrita por Mabille (1898) con base
en un nico macho (el holotipo) proveniente de Ecuador, environs [= alrededores]
de Loja, probablemente recolectado por Tophile Gaujon. Dicho holotipo, y cinco
machos adicionales de la misma localidad se encuentran depositados en el Natural
History Museum, Londres, Inglaterra (BMNH); imgenes electrnicas del holotipo se
pueden examinar en Warren et al. (2013). Posteriormente, Draudt (1923) describi la
especie Dalla privata, con base en aparentemente un nico macho de Bolivia, [La Paz],
Cuesta von Cillutincara [= Cerro Sillutincara, ca. 3600 m, ca. 1617S, 6754W], de
Revista peruana de biologa 21(1): 105 - 107 (2014)
doi: http://doi.org/10.15381/rpb.v21i1.8254
ISSN-L 1561-0837
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLGICAS UNMSM
Presentado: 17/01/2014
Aceptado: 23/01/2014
Publicado online: 26/05/2014
Journal home page: http://revistasinvestigacion.unmsm.edu.pe/index.php/rpb/index
106
Cerdea et al.
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 105 - 107 (Mayo 2014)
Figura 1. Dalla granites privata Draudt, 1923. Macho, Parque Nacional del Manu, Cuzco, Per. Izquierda, faz dorsal; derecha,
faz ventral. Barra = 1 cm.
Figura 2. Sector Incatambo del Parque Nacional del Manu; la fecha indica la cumbre donde se captur el macho de Dalla
granites privata.
la coleccin [Anton] Fassl, posiblemente capturado por Gustav
Garlepp hacia 1895 1896. El tipo de privata no ha podido ser
hallado hasta el momento (Mielke 1993), pero fue ilustrado por
Draudt (op. cit.) en la lmina 179, fla i, fg. [3], lo que permite
su reconocimiento. A pesar que Evans (1955) nunca examin
un ejemplar de privata, solo la ilustracin publicada por Draudt
(op. cit.), intuitivamente la consider como una subespecie de
granites, basndose exclusivamente en diferencias fenotpicas
superfciales y separacin espacial. Entretanto, en la coleccin
Olaf Mielke (Curitiba, Brasil) se encuentra depositado un macho
que es muy semejante (pero no idntico) al ejemplar ilustrado
por Draudt, y que proviene de la misma localidad tipo. Dicho
ejemplar, cuya imagen electrnica puede ser examinada en War-
ren et al. (2013), podra ser un sintipo de privata. Asumiendo
que granites y privata realmente sean coespecfcas, y dado que en
las referencias bibliogrfcas sobre estos dos taxones, reunidas por
Mielke (2005), no se cita ningn ejemplar adicional de la especie,
aparte de los seis machos de granites en el BMNH (Evans 1955),
el macho no hallado de privata, ilustrado por Draudt (1923), y
el segundo macho de privata ilustrado por Warren et al. (2014),
hasta al presente solo se conoce la existencia de ocho machos de
la especie (siete de ellos depositados en colecciones cientfcas).
En setiembre de 2012, en una evaluacin de mariposas diur-
nas realizada por JC, EH y RD, en las altas cumbres del Parque
Nacional del Manu, sureste de Per, como parte del proyecto
Mariposas Altoandinas de la Reserva de Biosfera Manu: Diver-
sidad, Endemismo y Conservacin, se captur un macho adulto
de Dalla granites privata (Fig. 1), en el sector denominado In-
catambo, Provincia Calca, Departamento Cuzco (123030S
720505W) a 3700 m de altitud, que est depositado en el
107

Nueva especie de Hesperiidae para Per: DALLA GRANITES
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 105 - 107 (May 2014)
Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad Nacional Mayor
de San Marcos (MUSM), Lima. El rea donde se recolect el
ejemplar corresponde a una cima de colina (Fig. 2), a unos 200
m en distancia vertical desde el lmite del bosque nublado ms
cercano, siendo capturado alrededor de las 13:00 horas en pleno
vuelo. Por el tipo de hbitat donde fue registrada esta especie,
pastizal altoandino de Puna Hmeda del sur de Per (atpico para
especies de Dalla), se presume que el individuo posiblemente
exhiba comportamiento de cumbreo (hilltopping en ingls),
utilizado por muchas especies de mariposas y otros insectos que
vuelan hacia las cimas o cumbres de colinas y montaas para
formar agregaciones que incrementen la probabilidad de hallar
pareja para el apareamiento (Shields 1968, Alcock 1987, Peer
et al. 2004).
Con este hallazgo se confrma la presencia de Dalla granites
en Per, representando el tercer ejemplar hasta ahora conocido
de D. granites privata.
Agradecimientos
Los autores agradecen al Servicio Nacional de Areas Na-
turales Protegidas por el Estado (SERNANP), Ministerio del
Ambiente, Per, por el permiso otorgado (R.J. N 0011-2012
SERNANP-PNM) para la realizacin de los trabajos de campo
en el Parque Nacional del Manu, y a MBZ Fund Conservation
por el fnanciamiento otorgado al primer autor para la realizacin
del proyecto Mariposas Altoandinas de la Reserva de Biosfera
del Manu: Diversidad, Endemismo y Conservacin.
Literatura citada
Alcock J. 1987. Leks and hilltopping in insects. Journal of Natural His-
tory 21(2): 319-328. DOI: 10.1080/00222938700771041
Draudt M. 1921-1924. B. Grypocera, breitkpfge Tagfalter. In: Seitz
A. (Ed.), Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde. Alfred Kernen,
Stuttgart. 5: 836-1011, pls. 160-191.
Evans W.H. 1955. A catalogue of the American Hesperiidae indicat-
ing the classifcation and nomenclature adopted in the
British Museum (Natural History). Part IV. Hesperiinae
and Megathyminae. British Museum (Natural History),
London. 499 pp.
Lamas G. 2003. Las Mariposas de Machu Picchu. Gua ilustrada de
las mariposas del Santuario Histrico Machu Picchu, Cuzco,
Per. PROFONANPE, Lima. 221 pp., 34 pls.
Mabille P. 1898. Description de lpidoptres nouveaux. Annales de la
Socit entomologique de France 66(2/3): 182-231.
Mielke O.H.H. 1993. Sobre os tipos de Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera)
neotropicais descritos por M. Draudt.Revista brasileira de
Entomologia 37(3): 611-638.
Mielke O.H.H. 2005. Catalogue of the American Hesperioidea:
Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Sociedade Brasileira de Zoologia,
Curitiba. 6: 1385-1536.
Peer G., D. Saltz, H.-H. Tulke & U. Motro. 2004. Response to
topography in a hilltopping butterfy and implications for
modelling nonrandom dispersal. Animal Behaviour 68(4):
825-839.
Shields O. 1968. Hilltopping. An ecological study of summit con-
gregation behavior of butterfies on a Southern California
hill. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 6(2): 69-178.
Steinhauser S.R. 2002. Five new species of Dalla from Colombia
and Ecuador (Hesperiidae). Journal of the Lepidopterists
Society 56(2):53-61.
Viloria A.L., A.D. Warren & G.T. Austin. 2008. A spectacular new Dal-
la Mabille, 1904 from Venezuela-Colombia (Hesperiidae:
Heteropterinae). Bulletin of the Allyn Museum 156: 1-12.
Warren A.D. & R.G. de la Maza. 2011. A new species of Dalla from
Chiapas, Mexico (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae, Heteropteri-
nae). Tropical Lepidoptera Research 21(1): 7-11.
Warren A.D., K.J. Davis, E.M. Stangeland, J.P. Pelham & N.V. Grishin.
2013. Illustrated lists of American butterfies (North and
South America). <http://www.butterfiesofamerica.com/>.
Acceso 15/01/2014.
108
Cerdea et al.
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 105 - 107 (Mayo 2014)
109

Two new butterfly records for Peru: OROPHILA CARDASES CARDASES and PEDALIODES GARLACZI
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 109 - 110 (May 2014)
Two new butterfy records for Peru: Orophila cardases cardases and Pedaliodes garlaczi
(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
Jos Alfredo Cerdea and Erick Huaman
Dos nuevos registros de mariposas para Per: Orophila cardases cardases y Pedaliodes garlaczi
(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional
de San Agustn, Av. Alcides Carrin s/n, Arequipa,
Per.
Email Jose Cerdea: cerdenajoseal@yahoo.es
Email Erick Huamani: zoologa_@hotmail.com
NOTA CIENTFICA
Los autores. Este artculo es publicado por la Revista Peruana de Biologa de la Facultad de Ciencias Biolgicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San
Marcos. Este es un artculo de acceso abierto, distribuido bajo los trminos de la Licencia Creative Commons Atribucin-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0
Internacional.(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/), que permite el uso no comercial, distribucin y reproduccin en cualquier medio, siempre
que la obra original sea debidamente citadas. Para uso comercial, por favor pngase en contacto con editor.revperubiol@gmail.com.
Citacin:
Cerdea J.A. & E. Huaman. 2014. Two new but-
terfy records for Peru: Orophila cardases cardases
and Pedaliodes garlaczi (Lepidoptera: Nymphali-
dae). Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 109-110 (Mayo 2014).
doi: http://doi.org/10.15381/rpb.v21i1.8255
Abstract
We report to Peru, for the frst time, two butterfy species, Orophila cardases cardases (Hewit-
son, 1869) and Pedaliodes garlaczi Pyrcz & Cerdea, 2013, based on specimens collected in
the Tabaconas-Namballe National Sanctuary and neighboring areas.
Keywords: New records; Orophila; Pedaliodes; Nymphalidae; Peru.
Resumen
Se registra por primera vez la presencia en Per de las especies Orophila cardases cardases
(Hewitson, 1869) y Pedaliodes garlaczi Pyrcz & Cerdea, 2013, con base en especimenes
recolectados en el Santuario Nacional Tabaconas-Namballe y reas adyacentes.
Palabras Clave: Nuevos registros; Orophila; Pedaliodes; Nymphalidae; Per.
Te Tabaconas-Namballe National Sanctuary (TNNS), located in San Ignacio
Province, Cajamarca, northern Peru, was established in 1988 to conserve and protect
pramo-like open vegetation formations and cloud forest relicts, as well as their associ-
ated fauna and fora. Te TNNS cloud forest is characterized by its high diversity, many
of the species being endemic and exhibiting remarkable turnover along an elevational
gradient (Mena & Valdivia 2010).
In a rapid evaluation of butterfy diversity in the TNNS, conducted in October 2009
by one of us (EH), adult specimens of Orophila cardases cardases (Hewitson 1869) and
Pedaliodes garlaczi Pyrcz & Cerdea, 2013 were collected, both species having been
previously recorded only from southeastern Ecuador.
Orophila Staudinger, 1886 is an Andean genus containing two species (O. cardases
and O. diotima Hewitson, 1852), distributed from northwestern Venezuela to Bolivia
and intimately associated to montane forests (Lamas 2003). Until now, only O. diotima
was known to occur in Peru (Lamas 2003, 2004). Orophila cardases is distributed from
northwestern Venezuela to southern Ecuador (Neild 1996), contains fve subspecies
(two still unnamed Lamas 2004), and the nominate subspecies O. cardases cardases
had only been found in southern Ecuador. One adult male of O. cardases cardases (Fig.
1) was collected in the TNNS, at the Mirafores sector (050905S, 791140W), 2257
m. Tis specimen has been deposited in the Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad
Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (MUSM), Lima, Peru. In addition, another male of
this subspecies was found and examined in the MUSM, bearing the following col-
lection data: PERU, PI [Piura], Ayabaca, Ramos, 0442/7928 [0442S / 7928W],
Presentado: 12/01/2014
Aceptado: 27/02/2014
Publicado online: 26/05/2014
Journal home page: http://revistasinvestigacion.unmsm.edu.pe/index.php/rpb/index
Revista peruana de biologa 21(1): 109 - 110 (2014)
doi: http://doi.org/10.15381/rpb.v21i1.8255
ISSN-L 1561-0837
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLGICAS UNMSM
110
Cerdea & Huaman
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 109 - 110 (Mayo 2014)
03.ix.2007, leg. W. Zelada. Tis locality is situated some 50
km NW of the TNNS.
Pedaliodes garlaczi was described very recently, based on two
adult specimens collected in the Podocarpus National Park
southern Ecuador (Pyrcz et al. 2013). We confrm its presence
in Peru based on a male (Fig. 2) collected in the TNNS sector
of Lagunas Arrebatiadas (051405S, 791705W), 3072 m,
also the mentioned species was obtained in a transitional area
between open, pramo-like vegetation and cloud forest.
Acknowledgements
Field work was performed under authorization R.J. N 005-
2009 SERNANP-SNTN issued by the Servicio Nacional de
Areas Naturales Protegidas por el Estado (SERNANP), Minis-
terio del Ambiente, Per. We thank Dr. G. Lamas (MUSM) for
access to collections under his care, information and comments
on the manuscript.
Figure 1. Orophila cardeses cardeses (Hewitson, 1869). Male, National Sanctuary Tabaconas-Namballe, Mirafores sector,
October 2009. a. dorsal view; b. ventral view.
Literature cited
Lamas G. 2003. Las Mariposas de Machu Picchu. Gua ilustrada de
las mariposas del Santuario Histrico Machu Picchu, Cuzco,
Per. PROFONANPE, Lima. 221 pp., 34 pls.
Lamas G. 2004. Nymphalidae. Biblidinae, pp. 234-247. In: Lamas
G. (Ed.), Checklist: Part 4A. Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea.
In: Heppner, J. B.(Ed.) Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera.
Volume 5A. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera/ Scientifc
Publishers, Gainesville, 428 pp.
Mena J. L. & G. Valdivia. 2010. Conociendo el Santuario Nacional
Tabaconas Namballe. World Wildlife Fund, Lima, 162 pp.
Neild A. F. 1999. Te Butterfies of Venezuela, Part 1: Nymphalidae I
(Limenitidinae, Apaturinae, Charaxinae). Meridian Publica-
tions, Greenwich, London, 144 pp.
Pyrcz T., J. Cerdea & E. Huamani. 2013. Systematics, bionomics and
zoogeography of high Andean pedaliodines. Part 14: Two
new species of Pedaliodes Butler from the Huancabamba
Defection in southern Ecuador and northern Peru (Lepi-
doptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Genus 24(2): 131-141.
Figure 2. Pedaliodes garlaczi Pyrcz & Cerdea 2013. Male, National Sanctuary Tabaconas-Namballe, Lagunas Arrebatiadas,
October 2009. a. dorsal view; b. ventral view.
111

Primer registro del nemtodo SERRATOSPICULUM TENDO para el Per
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 111 - 114 (May 2014)
Primer registro de Serratospiculum tendo (Nematoda: Diplotriaenidae) para el Per
Luis A. Gomez-Puerta
1
, Pedro A. Ospina
2
, Mercy G. Ramirez
2
, Nelly G. Cribillero
3
First record of Serratospiculum tendo (Nematoda: Diplotriaenidae) in Peru
1 Laboratorio de Medicina Veterinaria Preventiva.
Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria. Universidad
Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Av. Circunvalacin
2800, San Borja. Lima, Per.
2 Laboratorio de Microbiologa y Parasitologa.
Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria. Universidad
Nacional Mayor de San Marcos.
3 Laboratorio de Patologa Aviar. Facultad de
Medicina Veterinaria. Universidad Nacional Mayor
de San Marcos.
Email Luis Gmez-Puerta: lucho92@yahoo.com
Email Pedro Ospina: pedrospinasal@hotmail.com
Email Mercy Ramrez: mramirezv@unmsm.edu.pe
Email Nelly Cribillero: giovanna06@yahoo.com
NOTA CIENTFICA
Los autores. Este artculo es publicado por la Revista Peruana de Biologa de la Facultad de Ciencias Biolgicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San
Marcos. Este es un artculo de acceso abierto, distribuido bajo los trminos de la Licencia Creative Commons Atribucin-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0
Internacional.(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/), que permite el uso no comercial, distribucin y reproduccin en cualquier medio, siempre
que la obra original sea debidamente citadas. Para uso comercial, por favor pngase en contacto con editor.revperubiol@gmail.com.
Citacin:
Gomez-Puerta L.A., P.A. Ospina, M.G. Ramirez,
N.G. Cribillero. 2014. Primer registro de Serrato-
spiculum tendo (Nematoda: Diplotriaenidae) para
el Per. Revista peruana de biologa 21(1): 111
- 114 (Mayo 2014). doi: http://doi.org/10.15381/
rpb.v21i1.8256
Resumen
Reportamos por primera vez la presencia del nematodo, Serratospiculum tendo Nitzsch,
1819, parasitando los sacos areos de un halcn peregrino (Falco peregrinus Tunstall, 1771).
Seis nematodos (2 machos y 4 hembras) fueron colectados e identifcados como S. tendo.
El hallazgo de este nematodo constituye el primer registro en el Per.
Palabras clave: Serratospiculum tendo; Nematodo; Halcn peregrino; Falco peregrinus.
Abstract
We report for frst time the presence of nematode, Serratospiculum tendo Nitzsch, 1819,
parasitizing air sacs of a Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus Tunstall, 1771). Six nematodes
(2 males and 4 females) were collected and identifed as S. tendo. The discovery of this
nematode is the frst record in Peru.
Keywords: Serratospiculum tendo; Nematode; Peregrine Falcon; Falco peregrinus.
Presentado: 06/11/2013
Aceptado: 25/04/2014
Publicado online: 26/05/2014
Journal home page: http://revistasinvestigacion.unmsm.edu.pe/index.php/rpb/index
Revista peruana de biologa 21(1): 111 - 114 (2014)
doi: http://doi.org/10.15381/rpb.v21i1.8256
ISSN-L 1561-0837
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLGICAS UNMSM
112
Gomez-Puerta et al.
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 111 - 114 (Mayo 2014)
Introduccin
Los nematodos de la familia Diplotriaenidae comprenden
a nematodos de ciclo de vida heteroxeno (Anderson 2000). El
estado adulto de estos nematodos, llamados tambin flarias, se
van a localizar en los sacos areos de aves y reptiles (Anderson et
al. 2009). Dentro de esta familia ubicamos al gnero Serratospi-
culum Skrjabin, 1915, el cual tiene como hospederos defnitivos
a aves del orden Falconiforme (Lopez-Neyra 1956). Las hembras
de estos nematodos producen huevos larvados, estos pasarn por
el tracto respiratorio para ser regurgitados y expulsados con las
heces del hospedero. Los huevos expulsados sern ingeridos por
algunas especies de escarabajos coprfagos, que actuarn como
hospederos intermediarios (Bain & Vassiliades 1969).
Existen al menos nueve especies de Serratospiculum, siendo
Serratospiculum verrucosum (Molin, 1858) Skrjabin, 1915 la
nica especie registrada para Sudamrica en Buteo swainsoni
de Brasil (Bain & Mawson 1981, Skrjabin 1991, Vicente et al.
1995). El objetivo del presente trabajo es documentar el primer
hallazgo de Serratospiculum tendo Nitzsch, 1819, para el Per, as
como realizar una breve descripcin morfolgica del nematodo.
Materiales y mtodos
En abril del 2012, un ejemplar de halcn peregrino (Falco
peregrinus) fue hallado muerto en el distrito de Bellavista, Ca-
llao. Al realizar la necropsia, un total de 6 nematodos fueron
colectados de los sacos areos. Los nematodos fueron fjados y
preservados en etanol al 70%. Para el estudio morfolgico, los
nematodos fueron aclarados en una solucin etanol-fenol (1:2
v/p). Las fguras se realizaron usando un microscopio Carl Zeiss
Axioskiop-40. Las medidas fueron obtenidas usando el progra-
ma Leica IM50 Version, 4.0 R117. Las medidas se expresan en
milmetros y micras con sus respectivos rangos.
Para la identifcacin de los especmenes se utilizaron las
claves propuestas por Bain y Mawson (1981). La nomencla-
tura taxonmica sigue a Anderson et al. (2009). Parte de las
muestras examinadas se encuentran depositadas en la Coleccin
Helmintolgica y de Invertebrados Relacionados del Museo
de Historia Natural de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San
Marcos (MUSM 3197) Lima, Per.
Resultados
ORDEN: SPIRURIDA CHITWOOD, 1933
FAMILIA: DIPLOTRIAENIDAE (SKRJABIN,
1916 SUBFAMILIA) ANDERSON, 1958
GNERO: SERRATOSPICULUM SKRJABIN, 1915
Serratospiculum tendo (Nitzsch, 1819)
El estudio morfolgico est basado en la revisin de 6 espe-
cmenes, 2 machos y 4 hembras.
Nematodos flariformes con una cutcula ligeramente lisa
y de color blanquecino. Presentan una boca sencilla, la cual
se encuentra formada por dos estructuras trilobuladas y labios
prominentes. El esfago esta divido en dos partes, la anterior
o muscular es corto y delgado mientras que el posterior o
glandular es largo y ancho. Los machos presentan las espculas
desiguales, siendo la izquierda casi el doble de tamao que la
derecha (Fig. 1).
Machos: Longitud total del cuerpo 132 154 mm, con un
ancho mximo de 405 500 m. Deiridios y anillo nervioso
Figura 1. Serratospiculum tendo. (A). Extremo anterior del macho. (B). Extremo posterior del macho. (C). Vista apical de la
cabeza de hembra. (D). Extremo posterior del macho, vista lateral. Escala: A = 500 m, B = 100 m, C = 250 m, D = 500 m.
113

Primer registro del nemtodo SERRATOSPICULUM TENDO para el Per
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 111 - 114 (May 2014)
situado a 198 230 m y 295 310 m de la parte anterior,
respectivamente. Longitud total del esfago 9.6 11.2 mm,
siendo la longitud de la parte muscular 596 605 m. Longitud
de la espcula izquierda 1004 1164 m, con un ancho mximo
de 100 121 m. Longitud de la espcula derecha 459 498
m, con un ancho mximo de 61 68 m. Cola 127 131 m
de longitud (Fig. 1).
Hembras: Longitud total del cuerpo 198 248 mm, con un
ancho mximo de 830 912 m. Deiridios y anillo nervioso
situado a 206 227 m y 298 321 m de la parte anterior,
respectivamente. Longitud total del esfago 17.8 21.4 mm,
siendo la longitud de la parte muscular 601 612 m. La vulva
se sita a 1598 1666 m de la parte anterior. Cola 97 110
m de longitud. Huevos ovalados y larvados 53 55 m de
longitud por 32 35 m de ancho.
Discusin
Segn las caractersticas morfoanatmicas descritas en el
presente estudio, y coincidiendo con las descripciones brin-
dadas por Bain y Mawson (1981), se concluye que la especie
corresponde a S. tendo.
El presente hallazgo representa el primer registro de de S.
tendo para el Per. Por lo tanto, es muy probable asumir que
este nematodo haya sido introducido al Per, debido a que ha
sido registrada anteriormente parasitando halcones del gnero
Falco sp. de Australia, Francia y otras partes del viejo mundo
(Bain y Vassiliades 1969, Bain y Mawson 1981, Samour y Naldo
2001, Green et al. 2006).
Dentro de las especies de Serratospiculum tenemos a S. tho-
racis Tubangui, 1934 y S. lii Ezzat & Tadros, 1958, probables
species inquirenda (Bain y Mawson 1981). Estas especies han
sido registradas para Falco ernesti en Filipinas y Falco peregrinus
del Congo Belga (Tubangui 1934, Ezzat y Tadros 1958). Bain
y Mawson (1981) al realizar una re-descripcin de S. tendo,
observaron que las medidas de los especmenes estudiados eran
muy semejantes a las medidas mencionadas para S. thoracis y S.
lii, y concluyen que estas especies podran ser sinnimas.
Los hallazgos de especies de Serratospiculum se deben gene-
ralmente a hallazgos accidentales en necropsias de aves (Cooper
1969). Sin embargo, existen varios reportes sobre casos clnicos
de serratospiculosis en aves rapaces en cautiverio y silvestres de
diversas ciudades del mundo (Bigland et al. 1964, Green et al.
2006, Tarello 2006, Al-Timimi et al. 2009). La infeccin por
este parasito est asociada directamente con la carga parasitaria,
siendo las lesiones principales aerosaculitis, neumona, infeccio-
nes secundarias y muerte del ave (Samour y Naldo 2001). En
nuestro estudio, no se descarta que la muerte del animal pudiera
deberse a la infeccin ocasionada por S. tendo.
Los casos sobre serratospiculosis en halcones peregrinos do-
cumentadas para el continente Americano, se deben principal-
mente a Serratospiculum amaculata (Mawson 1957, Bigland et
al. 1964, Cooper 1969, Ward y Fairchild 1972). Las diferencias
morfolgicas de esta especie con S. tendo se da en el tamao del
cuerpo y las espculas, principalmente (Tabla 1).
Ser necesario realizar futuros estudios que indiquen la situa-
cin actual de la serratospiculosis en aves falconiformes del Per.
Literatura citada
Al-Timimi F., P. Nolosco & B. Al-Timimi. 2009. Incidence and treat-
ment of serratospiculosis in falcons from Saudi Arabia. Vet-
erinary Record 165: 408-409. doi:10.1136/vr.165.14.408
Anderson R.C. 2000. Nematode parasites of vertebrates: Teir de-
velopment and transmission, 2nd ed. CABI Publishing,
Wallingford, Oxon (UK), 650 p.
Anderson R.C., A.G. Chabaud & S. Willmott. 2009. Keys to
the nematode parasites of vertebrates. Archival vol-
ume. CAB International, Oxfordshire, UK, 463 p. doi:
10.1186/1756-3305-2-42
Bain O. & G. Vassiliades. 1969. Cycle volutif dun Dicheilonema-
tinae, Serratospiculum tendo, Filaire parasite du faucon. An-
nales de Parasitologie Humaine et Compare 44: 595-604.
Bain O. & M. Mawson. 1981. Oviparous flarial nematodes mainly
from Australian birds. Records of Te South Australian
Museum (Adelaide) 18: 265-284.
Bigland C.H., S.K. Liu & M.R. Perry. 1964. Five Cases of Serrato-
spiculum amaculata (Nematoda: Filarioidea) Infection in
Prairie Falcons (Falco mexicanus). Avian Dis. 8: 412-419.
Cooper J.E. 1969. Some diseases of birds of prey. Veterinary Record
84: 454-457. doi:10.1136/vr.84.18.454
Ezzai M.A.E. & G. Tadros. 1958. Contribution to the helminth fauna
of Belgian Congo birds. Ann. Mus. hist. nat. Belgique.
Serie in 8, 69: 1-81.
Green C.H., B.D. Gartrell & W.A. Charleston. 2006. Serratos-
piculosis in a New Zealand Falcon (Falco novaeseelandi-
ae). New Zealand Veterinary Journal 54(4): 198-201.
DOI:10.1080/00480169.2006.36696
Lopez-Neyra C.R. 1956. Revisin de la superfamilia Filarioidea
(Weinland, 1858). Rev. Iber. Parasitol. 16: 3-212.
Mawson P.M. 1957. Filariid nematodes from Canadian birds. Ca-
nadian Journal of Zoology. 35: 213-219. doi: 10.1139/
z57-018
Samour, J.H. & J.N. Naldo. 2001. Serratospiculiasis in captive
falcons in the Middle East: a review. Journal of Avian
Medicine and Surgery 15(1): 29. doi: http://dx.doi.
org/10.1647/1082-6742(2001)015[0002:SICFIT]2.0.
CO;2
Skrjabin K.I. 1991. Key to parasitic nematodes, Vol. 1: Spirurata and
Filariata. E.J. Brill, Leiden, New York, New York, 497 p.
Serratospiculum tendo Serratospiculum tendo Serratospiculum amaculata
Acuerdo con: Presente estudio Bain y Mawson, 1981 Wehr, 1938
Cuerpo (macho) L
a
132 154 mm 148 mm 65 88 mm
Cuerpo (hembra) L
a
198 248 mm 190 mm 200 225 mm
Espicula izquierda L
a
1004 1164 m 1120 m 2.1 mm
Espicula derecha L
a
459 498 m 505 m 720 m
Huevos LxA
ab
53 55 x 32 35 m 54 x 29 m
Distribucion Peru Australia USA
a
Largo,
b
Ancho
Tabla 1. Medidas morfolgicas de Serratospiculum tendo y S. amaculata.
114
Gomez-Puerta et al.
Rev. peru. biol. 21(1): 111 - 114 (Mayo 2014)
Tarello W. 2006. Serratospiculosis in falcons from Kuwait: incidence,
pathogenicity and treatment with melarsomine and iver-
mectin. Parasite. 13: 59-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/
parasite/2006131059
Tubangui M.A. 1934. Nematodes in the collection of the Philippine
Bureau of Science, II: Filarioidea. Philippine Journal of
Science 55(2): 115-124.
Vicente J.J., H.O. Rodrigues, D.C. Gomez & R.M. Pinto. 1995.
Nematides do Brasil. Parte IV: Nematides de aves. Revista
Brasileira de Zoologia 12 (Supl. 1): 1 273. http://dx.doi.
org/10.1590/S0101-81751995000500001
Ward F.P. & D.G. Fairchild. 1972. Air sac parasites of the genus Serrato-
spiculum in falcons. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 8(2): 165-
168. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-8.2.165
Wehr E.E. 1938. New genera and species of the nematode superfamilia
Filarioidea I. Serratospiculum amaculata n. sp. Proceedings
of the Helminthological Society of Washington 5(2): 59-60.
115

Colofn
116
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PAUTAS PARA LA PRESENTACIN DE TRABAJOS A LA REVISTA PERUANA DE BIOLOGA
Mayo 2014
IDENTIDAD Y PROPSITO
La REVISTA PERUANA DE BIOLOGA es una publicacin cientfca arbitrada producida por el Instituto de Investigaciones
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Los trabajos que cumplan con las pautas solicitadas sern incluidos en el la lista para evaluacin. Un editor ser encar-
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118
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de los resultados y conclusin.
119

MATERIAL Y MTODOS: debe proporcionar sufciente detalle como para permitir a otros investigadores
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CITAS EN EL TEXTO
Las citas en el texto deben incluir el apellido del autor y ao sin comas que los separen. Ejemplos:
... (Carrillo 1988) o ... de acuerdo a Snchez (1976)
Cuando dos autores son citados en el texto se usa la conjuncin y:
la concentracin de nitrgeno fue medida segn Rios y Castro (1998).
Cuando son citados entre parntesis se usa el smbolo &:
de nitrgeno se midi por el mtodo colorimtrico (Rios & Castro 1998).
Citas de varias referencias entre parntesis, van separadas por comas, en secuencia de importancia:
la diversidad de especies es considerada elevada (Simoniz 1968, Perez 2012, Aquino 1988).
Si hay varios trabajos de un autor en un mismo ao, se citar con una letra en secuencia adosada al ao, ejemplo:
... Castro (1952a) ... (Rojas 2000a, 2003c)
Autores institucionales (FAO, MINAM, etc.) se citan con sus siglas o iniciales y las fechas (por ejemplo: FAO
2009, MINAM 2012), en las referencias se colocaran estas iniciales y en parntesis el signifcado.
Citas de leyes y normas: se citan indicando su categora y el nmero. Por ejemplo: "tal como se indica en la Ley
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Cuando hay ms de dos autores se citar al primer autor y se colocar et al. sin itlicas: (e.g. Smith et al. 1981)
o segn Smith et al. (1981)).
Citas directas o literales se deben hacer entre comillas dentro del texto cuando son menos de 40 palabras, idiomas
diferentes al texto en itlicas, indicar pgina del extracto:
en cambio Robert Francis lo describe equivocadamente con costillas radiales muy poco insinuadas cruzadas
por estras concntricas de crecimiento muy fnas lo que le da aspecto liso (Francis 1971, p: 234).
Citas directas o literales de ms de 40 palabras, deben separarse del texto en un prrafo sangrado, ejemplo:
Accioly (2003), seala que:
In many animal groups, early sex identifcation has enormous biotechnological value
and is related with management practices that increase production. Moreover, dimorphic
characters are useful in the taxonomic and ecological aspects. The sexual dimorphism
120
is associated with functional structures related to adaptation in this species Sub-
sequent researches based on these data will enable to estimate sexual differentiation
during early ontogenetic phases subsidizing protocols to obtain monosex stocks with
signifcant impact on commercial production (p: 20).
(c) La LITERATURA CITADA incluir todas las referencias citadas en el texto dispuestas solamente en orden alfabtico y sin
numeracin. La cita se inicia con el apellido del primer autor a continuacin, sin coma, las iniciales del nombre sepa-
radas con puntos y sin espacio. El segundo y tercer autor deben de tener las iniciales de los nombre y a continuacin
el apellido. El ltimo autor se diferenciara por que le antecede el smbolo &. Si hubiesen ms de tres autores pueden
ser indicados con la abreviatura et al.
Los nombres de las publicaciones peridicas (revistas) deben colocarse en extenso, NO ABREVIADAS.
El CDIGO DOI debe ser colocado al fnal de la referencia, por ejemplo:
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1679-62252006000200004 [forma extendida]
doi:10.1111/j.2007.0906-7590.05171.x. [forma corta]
En referencias electronicas que procedan de repositorios o paginas Web que no tengan identifcadores persistentes
(v.g.: Sistema Handle) debe de indicarse la fecha de acceso.
Las normas legales peruanas deben de referirse a su version impresa publicada en las separatas de Normas Legales del
Peruano.
En la literatura citada solamente se usa letra tipo normal, no itlica, no versalita. Ejemplos:
Andrn H., & H. Andren. 1994. Effects of Habitat Fragmentation on Birds and Mammals in Lands-
capes with Different Proportions of Suitable Habitat: A Review. Oikos 71(3):355-366.
doi:10.2307/3545823.
Dormann C., J.M. McPherson, M.B. Arajo, et al. 2007. Methods to Account for Spatial Autocorre-
lation in the Analysis of Species Distributional Data: a Review. Ecography 30(5):609628.
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Lozano R., C. Merino y G. Orjeda. 2014. Identifcacin de genes relacionados a sequa en papas
nativas empleando RNA-Seq. Revista Peruana de Biologa 20(3):211-214.
Buhrnheim C.M. & L.R. Malabarba. 2006. Redescription of the type species of Odontostilbe Cope,
1870 (Teleostei: Characidae: Cheirodontinae), and description of three new species from
the Amazon basin. Neotropical Ichthyology. 4 (2): 167-196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/
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McLachlan A. & A.C Brown. 2006. The Ecology of Sandy Shores. Elsevier Science & Technology
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Crawford D.J. 1983. Phylogenetic and systematic inferences from electrophoretic studies. In: S.D.
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Pianka E.R. 1978. Evolutionary ecology. 2nd edn. New York: Harper & Row.
Carroll S.B. 2005. Evolution at Two Levels: On Genes and Form. PLoS Biol 3 (7): e245. doi:10.1371/
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FDA (Food and Drug Administrations). 2001. Fish and Fishery Products Hazards and Controls Gui-
dance. Third Edition June 2001. <http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~comm/haccp4.html> (Acceso
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de las poblaciones asignadas a Thylamys elegans en Per. Tesis, Magster en Zoologa,
mencin Sistemtica y Evolucin. Facultad de Ciencias Biolgicas Universidad Nacional
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Snchez G. 1988. Algunos aspectos bio-ecolgicos del Muy Muy Emerita analoga (Stimpson,
1857) (DECAPODA: ANOMURA) en playas al sur de Lima. Tesis para optar el grado
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sophy Dissertation. Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin.
http://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/17996.
Reyes C.A. 2003. Potencial antibacteriano de extractos etanlicos de macroalgas marinas de la costa
central del Per. Tesis para el grado de Bachiller en Ciencias Biolgicas. Facultad de Cien-
cias Biolgicas Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. http://cybertesis.unmsm.edu.
pe/handle/cybertesis/1422.
Cowan J. 2014. The Role of the Thymic Medulla in T Cell Development and Tolerance Induction.
Ph.D. thesis. College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham. http://
etheses.bham.ac.uk/5066/. (Acceso 27/01/2014)
Ley N. 26821. 1997. Ley orgnica para el aprovechamiento sostenible de los recursos naturales.
Compendio de la legislacin ambiental peruana. Volumen I. Marco normativo general. Mi-
nisterio del Ambiente MINAM, Editado por la Direccin General de Polticas, Normas e
Instrumentos de Gestin Ambiental del Ministerio del Ambiente. Actualizado al 30 de junio
de 2010. pp: 85-91
DS N. 012-2001-PE. 2001. Aprueban el Reglamento de la Ley General de Pesca, Ministerio de la
Produccin. 13 de marzo de 2001. El Peruano Normal Legales: 199905-199921.
DS N .179-2004-EF. 2004. Texto nico ordenado de la ley del impuesto a la renta. 08 de diciembre
de 2004. El Peruano Normas Legales: 281912-281940
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Revista Peruana de Biologa
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REVISTA PERUANA DE BIOLOGA
Volumen 21 Mayo, 2014 Nmero 1
Rev. peru. biol. ISSN-L 1561-0837
CONTENIDO
TRABAJOS ORIGINALES
3 Revision of the South American wasp genus Alophophion Cushman, 1947 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Ophioninae)
Revisin del genero de avipas sudamericanas Alophophion Cushman, 1947 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Ophioninae)
Mabel Alvarado
61 Dieta de Leopardus colocolo (Carnivora: Felidae) en la Reserva Nacional de Junn, Junn, Per
Diet of Leopardus colocolo (Carnivora: Felidae) in the Reserva Nacional de Junn, Junn, Peru
Ursula Fajardo, Daniel Cossos y Vctor Pacheco
71 Estado del zorro gris Lycalopex griseus (Gray, 1837) (Mammalia: Canidae) en el Per
Status of gray fox Lycalopex griseus (Gray, 1837) (Mammalia: Canidae) from Peru
Elena Vivar y Vctor Pacheco
79 Anlisis morfolgico del sistema reproductor e identifcacin molecular a travs de los marcadores mitocondriales COI y 16S
rRNA de Megalobulimus oblongus (Mollusca, Strophocheilidae) de Colombia
Morphological analysis of the reproductive system and molecular identifcation by mitochondrial markers COI and 16S rRNA of
Megalobulimus oblongus (Mollusca, Strophocheilidae) of Colombia
Erika Jaramillo Roldn, Jessika Lpez Martnez, Rina Ramrez, Luz Elena Velsquez Trujillo
89 Caracterizacin molecular de la regin determinante de resistencia a quinolonas (QRDR) de la topoisomerasa IV de Bartonella
bacilliformis en aislados clnicos
Molecular characterization of quinolones resistance determining region (QRDR) of Bartonella bacilliformis topoisomerasa IV
in clinical isolates
Abraham Espinoza-Culup, Ruth Quispe-Gaspar, Michael Jaramillo, Melisa Icho, Anika Eca, Pablo Ramrez, Dbora
Alvarado, Juan Carlos Guerrero, Franklin Vargas-Vsquez, Ofelia Crdova, Ruth Garca-de-la-Guarda
99 Patrones de coocurrencia y conducta alimentaria a escala local de Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae) del estado Falcn,
Venezuela
Co-ocurrence patterns and feeding behaviour at local scale of Phlebotominae(Diptera: Psychodidae) from Falcon state, Venzuela
Dalmiro J. Cazorla, Elsa Nieves y Pedro Morales
NOTA CIENTFICA
105 Nueva especie de Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) para Per: Dalla granites (Mabille, 1898)
A new skipper species for Peru: Dalla granites (Mabille, 1898) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae)
Jos Alfredo Cerdea, Erick Huaman, Rmulo Delgado y Gerardo Lamas
109 Two new butterfy records for Peru: Orophila cardases cardases and Pedaliodes garlaczi (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
Dos nuevos registros de mariposas para Per: Orophila cardases cardases y Pedaliodes garlaczi (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
Jos Alfredo Cerdea and Erick Huaman
111 Primer registro de Serratospiculum tendo (Nematoda: Diplotriaenidae) para el Per
First record of Serratospiculum tendo (Nematoda: Diplotriaenidae) in Peru
Luis A. Gomez-Puerta, Pedro A. Ospina, Mercy G. Ramirez, Nelly G. Cribillero

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