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UPS Battery & Critical Reserve Power (photo by Infinity Power Solutions)
http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/220v-dc-system-at-thermal-power-station http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/220v-dc-system-at-thermal-power-station December 10, 2012
220V DC System at Thermal Power Station
The
220V
DC
system supplies direct current as source of operating power for control, signaling,
relays, tripping and closing of switchgears switchgears, emergency motors of most important
auxiliary systems. Under normal conditions of station generation, the storage battery battery
units units are kept floating in DC bus bars by means of the trickle chargers (also known as
float chargers). The trickle chargers of each battery unit, which is a rectifier with AC
input, is normally made to take all DC requirements of the power station without
allowing the battery to discharge. This is achieved by maintaining the DC output voltage
of trickle charger a few volts higher than the voltage of the battery.
With this, the trickle charger besides meeting all the DC requirements of the power
station, supplies a few hundred milliamps of direct current to the battery to
compensate the loss in the capacity of the battery due to action between the plates of
the cell. With this arrangement, the battery remains connected to the DC bus bars as a
standby supply source and immediately supplies the DC load in the vent of temporary
failure of complete AC system.
The complete AC power system failure in a power station is known as emergency
situation. DC battery units are designed to supply station DC loads for an emergency
period of one hour. The tickle charger normally supplies the station DC load and the
momentary loads will also be catered for by the trickle charger and if such a load is
more than its capacity, the battery being in parallel with the trickle charger will supply
the excessive load. The trickle charger will normally be kept operating at around
1152.15 V ie 247 volts. In case of AC mains failure the full battery of 115 cells will
supply the load ie 230 volts. If the emergency lasts for one hour with an appropriate
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load of 450 Amps, then battery will supply the load for one hour when its end voltage
will drop down to 1.75 volts per cell ie 201 volts.
After the emergency when the quick charger is closed the full battery will receive a
boost charge and at the same time only the voltage of 98 cells will appear across the
load.
If a second emergency occurs during quick charging, then immediately all the 115 cells
are connected to the bus by closing the switch meant for the purpose. During routine
daily testing testing of emergency DC motors connected to main distribution board middle
section, supply has to be taken from the quick charger and the middle section has to be
kept isolated from the left and right sections of main distribution board. This is to test
the quick charger.
Types of battery being used:
1. Lead-acid battery tubular
2. Lead-acid battery plaint
3. Ni-Cd battery
Procedure followed in commissioning a battery
1. The battery is charged initially to its capacity. The lead acid Battery has a capacity
of 1000AH ie it may be charged for 10 hrs with charging current of 100 A or 5 hrs
with charging current of 200 A. in case of Ni-Cd battery with a capacity of 2500 AH
is charged for 12.5 hrs. with a charging current of 200A.
2. Now the battery is discharged at the rate of 10% of its capacity in case of lead-acid
battery and 20% or 40% of its capacity in case of Ni-Cd battery.
3. Now the battery is recharged to its capacity.
4. Constant voltage charging of battery is called float charging. A lead acid battery of
cell voltage 2.2V is float charged upto 2.42 V. A Ni-Cd battery of cell voltage 1.2V
is float charged upto 1.41 V.
5. Constant current charging of a battery is called boost charging. A lead acid battery
with bank voltage 237 may be boost charged to 279V. A Ni-Cd battery with bank
voltage 242 may be boost charged to 283V.
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Equipment used in 220V DC supply system
Sources of AC power
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Two sources of AC power have been provided for both quick charger and trickle
charger, one is the normal source and other is standby. AC power supply to the
chargers is through transformers having off-load tap changing arrangement. An AC
voltage-signaling relay communicates; AC voltage low when the supply voltage
becomes low.
Voltage level indicating device
A voltage level indicating device in MDB gives audio and visual annunciation when the
DC bus voltage changes beyond set low (180-210) and high limits (240-270).
AVR
The DC voltage is maintained at desired value automatically by means of AVR unit
provided at panel board.
Insulation monitoring device
This device annunciates when the insulation resistance of either positive bus to earth
or negative bus to earth falls below 20 kilo ohms and also when the ratio of insulation
resistance of positive bus to earth to negative bus to earth is 1.5 or above.
Flickering light device
This has been installed in the MDB, for flicker supply to control and check whether
device is in order or not. Control and signaling panels have two sets of bus bars, one
fed by main distribution board left section and the other by MDB right section. The
loads of the first panel should be kept switched to the set of bus bars fed by MDB. Left
section and the loads of the second panel should be kept connected to the set of bus
bars fed by MDB right section.
Electrostatic Precipitator
Dust extraction from industrial gases has become necessity for environmental reasons
or for improving production. Most of the plants in India use coal as fuel for generating
steam. The exhaust gases contain large amount of smoke and dust, which are being
emitted into the atmosphere. This has posed a real threat to the mankind as a
devastating health hazard. Hence it becomes necessary to free the exhaust from smoke
and dust.
There are various ways of extracting dust. Electrostatic dust precipitation method is
most widely used as its efficiency is excellent and it is easier to maintain. I ts other
advantages are:
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Ability to treat large volumes of gases at high temperature
Ability to cope up corrosive atmosphere
Offer low resistance path for gas flow.
An electrostatic precipitator is equipment, which utilizes an intense electric force to
separate suspended particles from the flue gases. The process involves:
Electrical charging of suspended particles
Collection of charged particles from collecting electrode.
Removal of particles from collecting electrode.
The flue gases pass between electrodes and are subjected to an intense electric field.
The emissive electrodes are connected to the negative polarity of HV power supply
while collecting electrodes are connected to positive polarity and grounded.
The HV power supply equipment is supplied in two parts:
The high voltage transformer rectifier (HVR)
The electronic controller (EC)
The EC-HVR equipment provides high voltage DC across the precipitator electrodes.
The EC provides controlled AC voltage through thyristors (SCR) and associated controls
to the primary of step up transformer. The EC has been designed to supply 0 to 415V to
the primary of step up transformer through AC reactor. The equipment operates as
constant current controller.
Heaters
Heaters are provided to raise the temperature of flue gases, as they become conductive
when heated. 24 heaters are provided for stage I electrostatic precipitators. Rating:
550W heaters
Zones
The flue gases from the boiler section reach electrostatic precipitator section through
ducts. The flue gases are allowed to pass through various zones each having its own
heaters, collecting and emissive electrodes and DC supply. These zones are provided to
lessen the burden on a single zone and to take the load of other zone in case of
maintenance maintenance or damage of a particular zone. Stage I have 16 zones eight belonging to
PASS A and rest to PASS B. Stage II has 20 Zones five belonging to each PASS A, PASS B,
PASS C and PASS D.
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Diodes
These are provided to rectify the AC voltage to the required DC voltage for electrostatic
precipitators to work. The required DC voltage is 70 kV, 1000 mA. Type: BY 127
Motors
Rapping motors are provided along with each zone. A hammer is coupled to each of the
motors shaft. Due to rotary motion of motor these hammers hit the collecting
electrodes after a certain time delay and the ash is allowed to flow down through outlet
in form of slurry. Rating: .5A motors
A GD screen (gas diverting) motor is also provided in electrostatic precipitator to
provide a zigzag motion of flue gas so as to allow the heavy dust particles to settle
down and removed.
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Features:
Spark regulation
Flashovers of extremely low intensity are difficult to detect using the comparator
technique. Non detection results in sustained arcing which may damage the collecting
electrode. For such digital detection system is adopted.
Fast ramp control
In case of fast changes in operating conditions of precipitator many sparks may occur
within a short time reducing current to a low value, when the disturbance disappears, it
may take a relatively long time before the current can assume its normal value. This is
the case particularly if selected rate of rise is low.
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Modes of operation
Back corona mode
In this mode the precipitator voltage decreases with increase in precipitator current.
This reduces the efficiency of precipitator and consumes unnecessary power.
Charge ratio mode
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In a high resistive dust a potential gradient is created within the dust layers which
causes occurrence of local sparks in dust layer. This spurious discharges or BACK
CORONA occurs as soon as potential gradient is high. This has negative impact on
efficiency.
Charge ratio
This mode supplies current in pulses and provides a dense corona for a short circuit
time and at same time gives a low current to avoid back corona.
Sources: Internet and several books of Electrical Engineering