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4G MOBILE COMMUNICATION NETWORKS;

TECHNOLOGY BEYOND 2.5G AND 3G


ONWUEJEOGWU IKECHUKWU SYLVESTER
EAA 070810
A SEMINAR REPORT IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE
AWARD OF A MASTERS DEGREE IN INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY (MIT)
FROM THE DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND
ENGINEERING.
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY;
LADOKE AKINTOLA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY;
OGBOMOSO, OYO STATE.
MARCH 2008.
ABSTRACT
Based on the study, 4G mobile technology is in a determining and standardization stage.
Although 4G wireless technology offers higher data rates and the ability to roam across multiple
heterogeneous wireless networks, several issues require further research and development. Since
4G is still in the cloud of the sensible standards creation, ITU and IEEE form several task forces
to work on the possible completion for the 4G mobile standards as well. 3GPP LTE is an
evolution standard from UMTS, and WiMAX is another candidate from IEEE. These
technologies have different characteristics and try to meet 4G characteristics to become a leading
technology in the future market. Under these circumstances, this paper will present about the
current trends and its underlying technologies to implement the 4G mobile technology.
INTRODUCTION
In a world of fast changing technology, there is the rising need for people to communicate and
get connected with each other, having appropriate and timely access to information regardless of
each individuals location or the information required. The increasing demands and requirements
for wireless communication systems ubiquity have led to the need for a better understanding of
fundamental issues in communication theory and electromagnetism; and their implications in the
design of highly capable wireless systems. In the future, wireless service provision will be
characterized by global mobile access (terminal and personal mobility), high quality of services
(full coverage, intelligible, no drop and no/lower call blocking and latency), and easy and simple
access to multimedia services for voice, data, message, video, world-wide web, GPS, etc via one
single terminal.
In continuous development of mobile environments, major service providers in the wireless
market have kept on monitoring the growth of 4G mobile technology. The emerging 4G mobile
communication systems are projected to solve still remaining problems associated with 3G
systems and to provide a variety of new services, from high-quality voice to high-definition
video to high data-rate wireless channels. The term 4G is used broadly to include several types of
broadband wireless communication systems, not only cellular telephone systems.
Mobile consumers want responsive and reliable cell calls, email paging, and web access. 4G is
the difference between truly mobile as applied to merely portable computing and it is a
difference that has since been understood by tens of thousands of workers who were left office-
less since the September 11 attacks on lower Manhattan. One of the terms used to describe 4G is
MAGIC- Mobile multimedia, anytime anywhere, global mobility support, integrated wireless
solution, and customized personal service. As a promise for the future, 4G systems, that is,
cellular broadband wireless access systems have been attracting much interest in the mobile
communication arena. 4G systems not only will support the next generation of mobile services,
but also will support fixed wireless networks.
This seminar work presents an overall vision of the 4G features, framework, and integration of
mobile communication. The features of 4G systems might be summarized with one word-
INTEGRATION. 4G systems are all about seamless integrating terminals, networks, and
applications to satisfy increasing user demands.
The continuous expansion of mobile communication and wireless networks shows evidence of
exceptional growth in the areas of mobile subscriber, wireless network access, mobile services
and applications. An estimate of 1 billion users by the end of 2003 justifies the study and
research for 4G mobile communication systems. Thus, the overall purpose of this report is to
give the reader some fresh perspectives on the issue of 4G by looking at this technology, not as
an isolated phenomenon, but as part of an on-going technological evolution.
SECTION 1
1.0: HISTORY/EVOLUTION OF MOBILE TELEPHONE TECHNOLOGIES.
Each generation of mobile technology has been based on a dominant technology, which has
significantly improved spectrum capacity. Until the invention of IMT_2000, cellular networks
had been developed under a number of proprietary standards. These various standards vary
across each generation of mobile technology and each mobile service provider. Presently, mobile
telephone technologies can be divided into four main generations; each generation is an
improvement of the previous generations standards and with each generation came the need for
a unified standardization of mobile technology to meet the increasing demands of mobile users.
The first radio-telephone service was introduced in the US at the end of the 1940s, and was
meant to connect mobile users in cars to the public fixed network. In the 1960s, a new system
launched by Bell Systems, called Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS), brought many
improvements like direct dialing and higher bandwidth. The first analog cellular systems were
based on IMTS and developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The systems were cellular
because coverage areas were split into smaller areas or cells, each of which is served by a low
power transmitter and receiver. A summary of each of these generations are highlighted below in
the following sub-sections:
1.1: FIRST GENERATION (1G): In 1970 the first set of designs which have become known
as 1G were implemented based on analog technology and basic cellular structure of mobile
communication. Many fundamental problems were solved by these early systems such as the
invention of the microprocessor and the digitization of the control link between the mobile phone
and the cell site. A lot of incompatible analog systems were placed in service around the world
during 1980s. Among such systems were;
Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS): This was launched first in the US, an analog
system based on FDMA technology. Today, it is the most used analog system and the
second largest in the world.
Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT): Developed in the Nordic countries (Asia, Russia, and
other eastern European countries.)
Total access communication system (TACS): First used in 1985 in the U.K and was
based on the AMPS technology which had been launched earlier in the US.
There were also numerous other proprietary systems associated with 1G which rarely sold
outside the home country.
1.2: SECOUND GENERATION (2G): Designed in the 1980s, this generation of mobile
technology was still used mainly for voice applications but was based on digital technology,
including digital signal processing techniques. 2G systems provided circuit switched data
communication services at a low speed. The competition to design and implementation of digital
systems led once again to a variety of different incompatible standards such as;
Global system for mobile communication (GSM): Developed in the 1980s through a
pan-European initiative, involving the European commission, telecommunication
operators and equipment manufacturers. GSM which was the first commercially operated
digital cellular system uses TDMA technology. The standardization of GSM was the sole
responsibility of the European telecommunications standards institute. It is being used by
all European countries, and has been adopted in other continents (i.e. Africa). It is the
dominant cellular standard today, with over 45% of the worlds subscribers as at April
1999.
TDMA I S-136: This is the digital enhancement of the analog AMPS technology of the 1
st
generation mobile technology. Also, called D-AMPS on its introduction in 1991. Its main
objective was the protection of the substantial investment service providers had made in
AMPS technology. Digital AMPS service have been launched in over 70 countries
worldwide (by March 1999, there were almost 22 million TDMA handsets in circulation,
dominant markets being America and parts of Asia.
CDMA I S-95: A family of digital communication techniques and another US based
system; CDMA IS-95 increases the capacity by using the entire radio band with each
using a unique code called CDMA. These systems operate nationwide and internationally
and are todays mainstream systems, although the data rate for users in these system is
very limited. South Korea is the largest single CDMA IS-95 market in the world.
Personal digital cellular (PDC): This is the second largest digital mobile standard which
is exclusively used in Japan, where it was introduced in 1994. It is based on TDMA
access technology. In November 2001, 66.39million PDC users were estimated in Japan.
Personal handy-phone system (PHS): A digital system first launched in 1995 and used
in Japan as a cheaper alternative to cellular systems. It is in between a cellular and a
cordless technology with inferior coverage and limited usage in moving vehicles. It was
estimated in November 2001 that Japan had 5.68 million PHS subscribers.
2.5G: The transition from 2G to 3G was technically challenging and highly expensive (it
required development of radically new transmission technologies and vast capital outlay on new
infrastructure.) Due to this reasons 2.5G technology was initiated as an intermediate standards
for 3G. 2.5G radio transmission is radically different from 2G because it uses packet switching.
General packet radio service (GPRS): A European 2.5G standard and the upgrade from
GSM. GPRS overlays a packet-switched architecture onto the GSM circuit-switched
architecture. It is a useful evolutionary step on the road to 3G because it gives telecoms
operators experience of operating packet networks, and changing for packet data. Data
transfer rates will reach 50kpbs.
Enhanced data for global evolution (EDGE): Another upgrade from GSM, EDGE is
attractive for American operators as it is possible to upgrade to EDGE from both TDMA
(IS-136) networks as well as from GSM. EDGE data rates are 3 times faster than GPRS.
1.3: THIRD GENERATION (3G): The international telecommunication union (ITU), created
the 3G standards known as IMT-2000. IMT-2000s aim is to bring harmonization worldwide to
3G systems for the provision of global roaming. It is in the mid-1980s that the concept for IMT-
2000, International Mobile Telecommunications, was born at the ITU as the third generation
system for mobile communications. After over ten years of hard work under the leadership of the
ITU, a historic decision was taken in the year 2000: unanimous approval of the technical
specifications for third generation systems under the brand IMT-2000. The spectrum between
400 MHz and 3 GHz is technically suitable for the third generation. The entire
telecommunication industry, including both industry, national and regional standards-setting
bodies gave a concerted effort to avoid the fragmentation that had thus far characterized the
mobile market. This approval meant that for the first time, full interoperability and
internetworking of mobile systems could be achieved. IMT-2000 is the result of collaboration of
many entities, inside the ITU (ITU-R and ITU-T), and outside the ITU (3GPP, 3GPP2, UWCC
and so on)
IMT-2000 offers the capability of providing value-added services and applications on the basis
of a single standard. The system envisages a platform for distributing converged fixed, mobile,
voice, data, internet and multimedia services. One of its key visions is to provide seamless global
roaming, enabling users to move across borders while using the same number and handset. IMT-
2000 also aims to provide seamless delivery of services, over a number of media (satellite, fixed,
etc). It is expected that IMT-2000 will provide higher transmission rates: a minimum speed of
2Mbit/s for stationary or walking users, and 348kbit/s in a moving vehicle. Second-generation
systems only provide speeds ranging from 9.6kbit/s to 28.8kbit/s. In addition; IMT-2000 has the
following key characteristics:
Flexibility: With the large number of mergers and consolidations occurring in the mobile
industry, and the move into foreign markets, operators wanted to avoid having to support
a wide range of different interfaces and technologies. This would surely have hindered
the growth of 3G worldwide. The IMT-2000 standard addresses this problem, by
providing a highly flexible system, capable of supporting a wide range of services and
applications. The IMT-2000 standard accommodates five possible radio interfaces based
on three different access technologies (FDMA, TDMA and CDMA).
Affordability: There was agreement among industry that 3G systems had to be
affordable, in order to encourage their adoption by consumers and operators.
Compatibility with existing systems: IMT-2000 services have to be compatible with
existing systems. 2G systems, such as the GSM standard (prevalent in Europe, Asia and
Africa) will continue to exist for some time and compatibility with these systems must be
assured through effective/seamless migration paths.
Modular Design: The vision for IMT-2000 systems is that they must be easily
expandable in order to allow for growth in users, coverage areas, and new services, with
minimum initial investment.
Like the first two generations of mobile technology, harmonization has proved to be extremely
difficult. As a result, 3G has left us with five different standards as grouped together under the
IMT-2000 label, prominent among these standards are:
W-CDMA: The 3G standards that have been agreed for Europe and Japan is known as
UMTS. UMTS is an upgrade from GSM via GPRS or EDGE. UMTS is the European
vision of 3G, and has been sold as the successor to the ultra-successful GSM. The
standardization work for UMTS is being carried-out under the supervision of 3GPP. W-
CDMA has recently been renamed 3GSM (to avoid confusion with CDMA2000).
CDMA2000: Europes UMTS chief competitor is San Diego-based Qualcomms
CDMA2000. The standardization work for CDMA2000 is being carried out under the
supervision of the 3GPP2. Even though CDMA2000 and W-CDMA both have CDMA in
their names, they are completely different systems using different technologies.
CDMA2000 consists of two phases; phase 1 is 1XRTT (144kbps) (also known as 1X).
The next evolutionary step is to the two CDMA2000 1X EV (EV= Evolution)
standards. CDMA2000 1X EV-DO (Data only) will use separate frequencies for data
and voice. The following step is to CDMA2000 1X EV-DV (Data and voice) which
will integrate voice and data on the same frequency band.
TD-CDMA/TD-SCDMA: The UMTS standard also contains another radio transmission
standard which rarely is mentioned: TD-CDMA (also known as time division duplex
(TDD UTRAN) because it is the TDD component of UTRAN). TD-CDMA was
developed by siemens. While W-CDMA is a frequency division duplex (FDD)
technology requiring paired spectrum, TD-CDMA is a TDD technology and thus can use
unpaired spectrum. TDD is well suited to the transmission of internet data.
DECT: Used for cordless phones you have at home, and is a standard that could be used
for 3G short-range (hot-spots),hence, it could be considered as being part of a 3G
network, but it does not allow full network coverage and so is not considered a core 3G
standard.
UWC-136: Another name given to EDGE which is considered generally as a 2.5G
solution. Like DECT, UWC-136 does not allow full network coverage.
At this point, the definition of what is and what is not "3G" becomes somewhat murky. Of these
five standards, only three allow full network coverage over macro cells, micro cells and pico
cells and can thus be considered as full bona fide 3G solutions: W-CDMA, CDMA2000, and
TD-SCDMA.
Table 1.0 below gives us a summary of mobile telephone technologies.
Table 1.0: Short History of Mobile Telephone Technologies
TECHNOLOGY 1G 2G 2.5G 3G 4G
Design began 1970 1980 1985 1990 2000
Implementation 1984 1991 1999 2002 2010?
Service Analog
voice,
synchronous
data to
9.6kbps
Digital
voice,
short
messages
Higher
capacity,
packetized
data
Higher
capacity,
broadband
data up to
2Mbps
Higher capacity,
completely IP-oriented,
multimedia, data to
hundreds of megabits
Standards AMPS,
TACS,
NMT etc
TDMA,
CDMA,
GSM,
PDC
GPRS,
EDGE,
1xRTT
WCDMA,
CDMA
2000
Single standard
Data Bandwidth 1.9 kbps 14.4kbps 384 kbps 2Mbps 200Mbps
Multiplexing FDMA TDMA,
CDMA
TDMA,
CDMA
CDMA CDMA?, OFDM
Core Network PSTN PSTN PSTN,packet
network
Packet
network
Internet
1.4: ACCESS TECHNOLOGIES FOR 1G, 2G AND 3G
FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) is the most common analog system. It is
a technique whereby spectrum is divided up into frequencies and then assigned to users. With
FDMA, only one subscriber at any given time is assigned to a channel. The channel therefore is
closed to other conversations until the initial call is finished, or until it is handed-off to a
different channel. A full-duplex FDMA transmission requires two channels, one for
transmitting and the other for receiving. FDMA has been used for first generation analog
systems.
TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) improves spectrum capacity by splitting each
frequency into time slots. TDMA allows each user to access the entire radio frequency channel
for the short period of a call. Other users share this same frequency channel at different time
slots. The base station continually switches from user to user on the channel. TDMA is the
dominant technology for the second generation mobile cellular networks.
CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access is based on spread spectrum technology. Since it is
suitable for encrypted transmissions, it has long been used for military purposes. CDMA
increases spectrum capacity by allowing all users to occupy all channels at the same time.
Transmissions are spread over the whole radio band, and each voice or data call are assigned a
unique code to differentiate from the other calls carried over the same spectrum. CDMA allows
for a soft hand-off, which means that terminals can communicate with several base stations at
the same time. The dominant radio interface for third-generation mobile, or IMT-2000, will be a
wideband version of CDMA with three modes (IMT-DS, IMT-MC and IMT-TC).
Fig 1.0: Access Schemes
SECTION 2
2.0: DEFINITION OF 4G
4G is the short term for fourth generation wireless, the stage of broadband mobile
communications that will supersede 3G. While neither standards bodies nor carriers have
concretely defined or agreed upon what exactly 4G will be, it is expected that end-to-end IP and
high quality streaming video will be among 4Gs distinguishing features. Fourth generation
networks are likely to use a combination of WiMAX and WiFi.
A 4G system will be able to provide a comprehensive IP solution where voice, data and streamed
multi-media can be given to users on an Anytime, Anywhere basis, and at higher data rates
than previous generations (The future 4G infrastructures will consists of a set of various
networks using IP (Internet Protocol) as a common protocol so that users are in control because
they will be able to choose every application and environment). There is no formal definition for
what 4G is; however, there are certain objectives that are projected for 4G. These objectives
include: That 4G will be a fully IP-based integrated system. This will be achieved after wired
and wireless technologies converge and will be capable of providing between 100Mbit/s and
1Gbit/s speeds both indoors and outdoors, with premium quality and high security. 4G will offer
all types of services at an affordable cost.
When fully implemented, 4G is expected to enable pervasive computing, in which simultaneous
connections to multiple high-speed networks provide seamless handoffs through out a
geographical area. Network operators may employ technologies such as cognitive radio and
wireless mesh networks to ensure connectivity and efficiently distribute both network traffic and
spectrum. The high speeds offered by 4G will create new markets and opportunities for both
traditional and start up telecommunications companies. 4G networks, when coupled with cellular
phones equipped with higher quality digital cameras and even HD capabilities, will enable v-logs
to go mobile, as has already occurred with text-based mob-logs. New models for collaborative
citizen journalism are likely to emerge as well in areas with 4G connectivity.
Technologies employed by 4G may include SDR receivers, OFDM, OFDMA, MIMO
technologies, UMTS and TD-SCDMA. All of these delivery methods are typified by high rates
of data transmission and packet-switched transmission protocols. 3G technologies, by contrast,
are a mix of packet and circuit-switched networks. 4G will be powered by a complete revolution
in radio technology aimed at packing information more efficiently on scarce and expensive air
waves. High spectral efficiency is made possible with a 4G interface technology called OFDM.
In addition to this, another innovative technique that provides a killer combination for 4G
wireless access is MIMO antenna technology. With MIMO, the BTS has the intelligence to
further boost capacity and coverage using various algorithms that take advantage of the mobile
environment to provide the multi-megabit per-second user experience. On the core network side,
4G combines many of the routing and mobility management functions to deliver a flat all IP-
network architecture that enhances data performance and reduces operational costs.
We are on the threshold of a new era with more innovation and opportunity not witnessed in
previous eras. 4G will eliminate the gap between mobile and fixed broadband. It will create
revenue and cost reduction opportunities for service providers and a rich seamless experience for
the end-user, making wireless broadband affordable and facilitating a gamut of applications from
basic VOIP to bandwidth hungry video applications in fixed or mobile environments.
OFDM and MIMO have proven to be the most cost-effective air interface solutions that will also
deliver the scalability required for mobile broadband performance enhancement for years to
come. Up to 2001, web-based service by using dial-up or always-on IP connection has been
dominant. Now, mobile Internet is very popular and the driving force is mobile. The flexible and
secure broadband seamless networking is the key to establish ubiquitous network which is
characterized by distributed computing, broadband and wireless, and peer-to peer for everything,
and driving force is service. In our view, 4G systems are regarded as a shopping mall type,
whereas 3G systems are department store type. Key issues for seamless operation are:
Service discovery and fast seamless connections/services in the IP-based multi-modal
access
Mobility management
IP multimedia services platform independent of radio access technology and underlying
IP transport technology
Enhancement to support Human (H) to H, H to Machine (M) and M to M
communications
Flexible introduction of new technologies into a system and service
Fig 2.0: Seamless IP-based 4G Network
2.1: OBJECTIVE AND APPROACH OF 4G
Certain objectives have been projected for 4G. These objectives include: that 4G will be a fully
IP-based integrated system. This will be achieved after wired and wireless technologies converge
and will be capable of providing between 100 Mbit/s and 1 Gbit/s speeds both indoors and
outdoors, with premium quality and high security. 4G will offer all types of services at an
affordable cost. 4G is being developed to accommodate the QoS and rate requirements set by
forthcoming applications like wireless broadband access, Multimedia Messaging Service, video
CONNECTION
IP CORE
NETWORK
CELLULAR
GSM 2G+
CELLULAR
UMTS 3G
BROADCAST
SHORT
RANGE
PAN/LAN/W
AN/MAN
CELLULAR 4G
WLAN
HIPERLAN
chat, mobile TV, High definition TV content, DVB, minimal service like voice and data, and
other streaming services for "anytime-anywhere". The 4G working group has defined the
following as objectives of the 4G wireless communication standard:
A spectrally efficient system (in bits/s/Hz and bits/s/Hz/site),
High network capacity: more simultaneous users per cell,
A nominal data rate of 100 Mbit/s while the client physically moves at high speeds
relative to the station, and 1 Gbit/s while client and station are in relatively fixed
positions as defined by the ITU-R,
A data rate of at least 100 Mbit/s between any two points in the world,
Smooth handoff across heterogeneous networks,
Seamless connectivity and global roaming across multiple networks,
High quality of service for next generation multimedia support (real time audio, high
speed data, HDTV video content, mobile TV, etc) ,
Interoperability with existing wireless standards, and
An all IP, packet switched network.
In summary, the 4G system should dynamically share and utilise network resources to meet the
minimal requirements of all the 4G enabled users.
2.2: REASONS TO HAVE 4G
The following are a few reasons to have 4G:
Support for interactive multimedia services: teleconferencing, wireless internet.
Wider bandwidths, higher bit rates.
Global mobility, service portability and low cost.
Scalability of mobile networks
2.3: MOTIVATION FOR 4G RESEARCH
3G performance may not be sufficient to meet needs of future high-performance
applications like multi-media, full-motion video, wireless teleconferencing. We need a
network technology that extends 3G capacity by an order of magnitude.
There are multiple standards for 3G making it difficult to roam and interoperate across
networks. we need global mobility and service portability
3G is based on primarily a wide-area concept. We need hybrid networks that utilize both
wireless LAN (hot spot) concept and cell or base-station wide area network design.
We need wider bandwidth
Researchers have come up with spectrally more efficient modulation schemes that can
not be retrofitted into 3G infrastructure
We need all digital packet networks that utilize IP in its fullest form with converged
voice and data capability
Fig 2.1: Key elements of 4G Vision
2.4: 4G CHARACTERISTICS
CONVERGENCE SERVI CES: The idea of convergence means the creation of an atmosphere
that can eventually provide seamless, high-reliable, quality broadband mobile communication
service and ubiquitous service through wired and wireless convergence networks without the
space problem and terrestrial limitation, by means of ubiquitous connectivity. Convergence
among industries is also accelerated by formation of alliances through participation in various
projects to provide convergence services.
4G mobile systems will mainly be characterized by a horizontal communication model, where
such different access technologies as cellular, cordless, wireless LAN type systems, short-range
wireless connectivity, and wired systems will be combined on a common platform to
complement each other in the best possible way for different service requirements and radio
environments. The development is expected to inspire the trend of progressive information
technologies far from the current technical focus on fully mobile and widespread convergence of
media. The trends from the service perspective include integration of services and convergence
of service delivery mechanisms. In accordance with these trends, mobile network architecture
will become flexible and versatile, and new services will be easy to deploy.
BROADBAND SERVI CES: Broadband is a basis for the purpose of enabling multimedia
communications including video service, which requires transmission of a large amount of data;
it naturally calls media convergence aspect, based on packet transport, advocating the integration
of various media on different qualities. The increasing position of broadband services like ADSL
and optical fiber access systems and office or home LANs is expected to lead to a demand for
similar services in the mobile communication environment. 4G service application
characteristics will give broadband service its advantages;
2010
Ubiquitous Mobile
Access
Fully
Converged
Services
Diverse User
Devices
Autonomous
Networks
Software
Independency
1) Low cost: To make broadband services available to the user to exchange various kinds of
information, it is necessary to lower charges considerably in order to keep the cost at or below
the cost of existing service.
2) Coverage of Wide Area: One feature of mobile communications is that its availability and
omnipresent. That advantage is important for future mobile communication as well. In particular,
it is important to maintain the service area in which the terminals of the new system can be used
during the transition from the existing system to a new system.
3) Wide Variety of Services Capability: Mobile communication is for various types of users. In
the future, we expect to make the advanced system performance and functionality to introduce a
variety of services not only the ordinary telephone service. Those services must be made easier
for anyone to use.
2.5: OPEN WIRELESS ARCHITECTURE (OWA)
Fourth Generation (4G) mobile communications would not focus only on the data rate increase
and new air interfaces. 4G mobile would also, converge the advanced wireless mobile
communications and high-speed wireless access systems into an Open Wireless Architecture
(OWA) platform which becomes the core of this emerging next generation mobile technology.
Based on this OWA model, 4G mobile will deliver the best business cases to the wireless and
mobile industries, i.e cdma2000/WLAN/GPRS 3-in-1 product, W-CDMA/OFDM/WLAN 3-in-1
product, etc. This converged wireless communications can provide the following advantages:
Greatly increase the spectrum efficiency
Mostly ensure the highest data-rate to the wireless terminal
Best share the network resources and channel utilization
Optimally manage the service quality and multimedia applications
Any single architecture wireless system, including 3G, HSDPA, WiMAX etc is a transitional
solution only, and will be replaced by open wireless architecture system very soon where various
different wireless standards can be integrated and converged on this open platform. The 4G
mobile communications will be based on the Open Wireless Architecture (OWA) to ensure the
single terminal can seamlessly and automatically connect to the local high-speed wireless access
systems when the users are in the offices, airports, homes or shopping mall where wireless
access networks (i.e. Wireless LAN, Broadband Wireless Access, Wireless Local Loop, Home
RF, Wireless ATM etc) are available. When the users move to the mobile zone (i.e. High-way,
Beach, Remote area etc), the same terminal, can automatically switch to the wireless mobile
networks (i.e. GPRS, W-CDMA, cdma2000, TD-SCDMA, etc.)
A characteristic of "4G" networks is that they are fundamentally based upon TCP/IP, the core
protocol of the Internet, with higher level services such as voice, video, and messaging, built on
top of this. An all IP-based 4G wireless network has intrinsic advantages over its predecessors.
For starters, IP is compatible with, and independent of, the actual radio access technology. "With
IP, you basically get rid of the lock-in between the core networking protocol and the link layer of
the radio protocol. "IP tolerates a variety of radio protocols. It lets you design a core network
that gives you complete flexibility as to what the access network is. You could be a core network
provider that supports many different access technologies, 802.11, WCDMA, Bluetooth,
HyperLAN, and some that we haven't even invented yet, such as some new CDMA protocols." An
all IP network's technology tolerance means unimpeded innovation all around. "The core IP
network can evolve independently from the access network. That's the key for using all IP.
A 4G IP wireless network enjoys a financial advantage over 3G as well. "4G equipment costs are
four to ten times cheaper than equivalent circuit-switched equipment for 2G and 3G wireless
infrastructure." An open system IP wireless environment would probably further reduce the cost
for service providers by ushering in an era of real equipment interoperability. Wireless service
providers would no longer be bound by single-system vendors of proprietary equipment. An IP
wireless network would replace the old SS7 telecommunications protocol, a task that many
believe to be long overdue. The SS7 network is massively redundant. That's because SS7 signal
transmission uses a heartbeat that consumes a large part of the network bandwidth even when
there is no signaling traffic. IP networks use other less bandwidth-expensive mechanisms to
achieve reliability.
Last but not least, an all-IP wireless core network would enable services that are sufficiently
varied for consumers. That means improved data access for mobile Internet devices. Today,
wireless communications are heavily biased towards voice, even though studies indicate that
growth in wireless data traffic is rising exponentially relative to demand for voice traffic.
Because an all IP core layer is easily scalable, it is ideally suited to meet this challenge. "The
goal; "is a merged data/voice/multimedia network."
2.6: KEY 4G TECHNOLOGIES:
Many technologies are competing on the road to 4G. Some of these key technologies are
described below as follows.
MULTIPLE INPUT, MULTIPLE OUTPUT (MIMO)
The performance of radio communications obviously depends on the advances of an antenna
system, refered to as smart or intelligent antenna. Recently, multiple antenna technologies are
emerging to achieve the goal of 4G systems such as high rate, high reliability, and long range
communications. In the early 90s, to cater for the growing data rate needs of data
communication, many transmission schemes were proposed. One technology, spatial
multiplexing, gained importance for its bandwidth conservation and power efficiency. Spatial
multiplexing involves deploying multiple antennas at the transmitter and at the receiver.
Independent streams can then be transmitted simultaneously from all the antennas. This increases
the data rate into multiple folds with the number equal to minimum of the number of transmit
and receive antennas. This is called MIMO (as a branch of intelligent antenna). Apart from this,
the reliability in transmitting high speed data in the fading channel can be improved by using
more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver. This is called transmit or receive diversity.
Both transmit/receive diversity and transmit spatial multiplexing are categorized into the space-
time coding techniques, which does not necessarily require the channel knowledge at the
transmit. The other category is closed-loop multiple antenna technologies which use the channel
knowledge at the transmitter.
In radio, multiple-input and multiple-output, or MIMO (pronounced mee-moh or my-moh), is
the use of multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver to improve communication
performance. It is one of several forms of smart antenna (SA), and the state of the art of SA
technology. MIMO technology has attracted attention in wireless communications, since it offers
significant increases in data throughput and link range without additional bandwidth or transmit
power. It achieves this by higher spectral efficiency (more bits per second per hertz of
bandwidth) and link reliability or diversity (reduced fading). Because of these properties, MIMO
is a current theme of international wireless research.
FUNCTIONS OF MIMO
MIMO can be sub-divided into three main categories, precoding, spatial multiplexing and
diversity coding.
Precoding is multi-layer beam-forming in a narrow sense or all spatial processing at the
transmitter in a wide-sense. In beam-forming, the same signal is emitted from each of the
transmit antennas with appropriate phase weighting such that the signal power is
maximized at the receiver input. The benefits of beam-forming are to increase the signal
gain from constructive combining and to reduce the multipath fading effect. In the
absence of scattering, beam-forming results in a well defined directional pattern, but in
typical cellular, conventional beams are not a good analogy. When the receiver has
multiple antennas, the transmit beam-forming cannot simultaneously maximize the signal
level at all of the receive antenna and precoding is used. Note that precoding requires
knowledge of the channel state information (CSI) at the transmitter.
Spatial multiplexing requires MIMO antenna configuration. In spatial multiplexing, a
high rate signal is split into multiple lower rate streams and each stream is transmitted
from a different transmit antenna in the same frequency channel. If these signals arrive at
the receiver antenna array with sufficiently different spatial signatures, the receiver can
separate these streams, creating parallel channels for free. Spatial multiplexing is a very
powerful technique for increasing channel capacity at higher SNR. The maximum
number of spatial streams is limited by lessen the number of antennas at the transmitter or
receiver. Spatial multiplexing can be used with/without transmit channel knowledge. It
can also be combined with precoding when the channel is known at the transmitter or
combined with diversity coding when decoding reliability is in trade-off
Diversity coding techniques are used when there is no channel knowledge at the
transmitter. In diversity coding a single stream (unlike multiple streams in spatial
multiplexing) is transmitted, but the signal is coded using techniques called space-time
coding. The signal is emitted from each of the transmit antennas using certain principles
of full/near orthogonal coding. Diversity exploits the independent fading in the multiple
antenna links to enhance signal diversity. Because there is no channel knowledge, there is
no beam-forming/array gain from diversity coding.
FORMS OF MIMO
Multi-antenna types: Up to now, multi-antenna MIMO technology has been mainly developed
and is implemented in some standards, e.g. 802.11n (draft) products. SISO/SIMO/MISO are
degenerate cases of MIMO
Multiple-input and single-output (MISO) is a degenerate case when the receiver has a
single antenna.
Single-input and multiple-output (SIMO) is a degenerate case when the transmitter has a
single antenna.
single-input single-output (SISO) is a radio system where neither the transmitter nor
receiver have multiple antenna.
Multi-user types: Recently, the research on multi-user MIMO technology is emerging. While
full multi-user MIMO can have higher potentials, from its practicality the research on multi-user
MIMO technology is more active. Multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO)
PU
2
RC allows the network to allocate each antenna to the different users instead of
allocating only single user as in single-user MIMO scheduling. The network can transmit
user data through a codebook-based spatial beam or physical antenna. Efficient user
scheduling, such as pairing spatially distinguishable users with codebook based spatial
beams, are additionally discussed for the simplification of wireless networks in terms of
additional wireless resource requirements and complex protocol modification.
Enhanced multiuser MIMO: 1) Employ advanced decoding techniques, 2) Employ
advanced precoding techniques
SDMA represents either space-division multiple access or super-division multiple access
where super emphasises that orthogonal division such as frequency and time division is
not used but non-orthogonal approaches such as super-position coding are used.
Cooperative MIMO (CO-MIMO) : Utilizes distributed antennas which belong to other
users.
Fig 2.2: Understanding of SISO, SIMO, MISO and MIMO
Fig 2.3: MIMO Communication
IPv6
Unlike 3G, which is based on two parallel infrastructures consisting of circuit switched and
packet switched network nodes respectively, 4G will be based on packet switching only. This
will require low-latency data transmission. It is generally believed that 4th generation wireless
networks will support a greater number of wireless devices that are directly addressable and
routable. So, in the context of 4G, IPv6 is an important network layer technology and standard
that can support a large number of wireless-enabled devices. By increasing the number of IP
addresses, IPv6 removes the need for NAT, a method of sharing a limited number of addresses
among a larger group of devices.
IPv6 also enables a number of applications with better multicast, security, and route optimization
capabilities. With the available address space and number of addressing bits, many innovative
coding schemes can be developed for 4G devices and applications that could aid deployment of
4G networks and services.
ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING
OFDM is an extremely successful radio access technology that is ideal for high data rate
communications. It is currently deployed in a number of wireless and wire-line applications
including broadcast (DAB and DVB), wireless WLAN (IEEE 802.11a and IEEE 802.11g) and
WiMAX (IEEE 802.16), and ADSL/ADSL2+. OFDM has proven, as indicated by these
extensive applications, to be an extremely scalable and spectrally efficient technology for
wireless broadband data communications. It is widely accepted as the basis for the air-interface
technology necessary to meet the requirements of 4G mobile networks.
OFDM not only provides clear advantages for physical layer performance, but also a framework
for improving layer 2 performance by proposing an additional degree of freedom. Using ODFM,
it is possible to exploit the time domain, the space domain, the frequency domain and even the
code domain to optimize radio channel usage. It ensures very robust transmission in multi-path
environments with reduced receiver complexity. Signal is split into orthogonal sub-carriers, on
each of which the signal is narrowband and therefore immune to multi-path effects, provided a
guard interval is inserted between each OFDM symbol. OFDM also provides a frequency
diversity gain, improving the physical layer performance. It is also compatible with other
enhancement technologies, such as SA and MIMO. OFDM modulation can also be employed as
a multiple access technology (OFDMA). In this case, each OFDM symbol can transmit
information to/from several users using a different set of sub-carriers (sub-channels). This not
only provides additional flexibility for resource allocation (increasing the capacity), but also
enables cross-layer optimization of radio link usage.
2.7: ORTHAGONAL FREQUENCY-DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS
OFDMA is a multi-user version of the popular OFDM digital modulation scheme. Multiple
access is achieved in OFDMA by assigning subsets of subcarriers to individual users . This
allows simultaneous low data rate transmission from several users. Based on feedback
information about the channel conditions, adaptive user-to-subcarrier assignment can be
achieved. If the assignment is done sufficiently fast, this further improves the OFDM robustness
to fast fading and narrow-band co-channel interference, and makes it possible to achieve even
better system spectral efficiency. Different number of sub-carriers can be assigned to different
users, in view to support differentiated QoS, i.e. to control the data rate and error probability
individually for each user.
OFDMA resembles CDMA spread spectrum, where users can achieve different data rates by
assigning a different code spreading factor or a different number of spreading codes to each user.
OFDMA can also be seen as an alternative to combining OFDM with TDMA or time-domain
statistical multiplexing, i.e. packet mode communication. Low data rate users can send
continuously with low transmission power instead of using a "pulsed" high-power carrier.
Constant delay, and shorter delay, can be achieved.
However, OFDMA can also be described as a combination of frequency domain and time
domain multiple access, where the resources are partitioned in the time-frequency space, and
slots are assigned along the OFDM symbol index as well as OFDM sub-carrier index.
SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIO
SDR benefits from todays high processing power to develop multi-band, multi-standard base
stations and terminals. Although in future the terminals will adapt the air interface to the
available radio access technology, at present this is done by the infrastructure. Several
infrastructure gains are expected from SDR. For example, to increase network capacity at a
specific time (e.g. during a sports event), an operator will reconfigure its network adding several
modems at a given BTS. SDR makes this reconfiguration easy. In the context of 4G systems,
SDR will become an enabler for the aggregation of multi-standard pico/micro cells. For a
manufacturer, this can be a powerful aid to providing multi-standard, multi-band equipment with
reduced development effort and costs through simultaneous multi-channel processing.
2.8: DEFINITION OF TERMS
WiMAX: Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access, is a telecommunications
technology aimed at providing wireless data over long distances in a variety of ways, from point-
to-point links to full mobile cellular type access. It is based on the IEEE 802.16 standard, which
is also called WirelessMAN. The name WiMAX was created by the WiMAX Forum, formed in
June 2001 to promote conformance/interoperability of the standard. The forum describes
WiMAX as "a standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband
access as an alternative to cable and DSL."
USES: The bandwidth/reach of WiMAX make it suitable for these potential applications:
Connecting Wi-Fi hotspots with each other and to other parts of the internet.
Providing a wireless alternative to cable and DSL for last mile broadband access.
Providing high-speed data and telecommunications services.
Providing a diverse source of Internet connectivity as part of a business continuity plan.
That is, if a business has a fixed and a wireless internet connection, especially from
unrelated providers, they are unlikely to be affected by the same service outage.
Providing nomadic connectivity.
SPECTRAL EFFICIENCY
Spectral efficiency/spectrum efficiency refers to the amount of information that can be
transmitted over a given bandwidth in a specific communication system. It is a measure of how
efficiently a limited frequency spectrum is utilized by the physical layer protocol, and sometimes
by the media access control (the channel access protocol).
LINK SPECTRAL EFFICIENCY
The link spectral efficiency of a digital communication system is measured in bit/s/Hz, and is the
maximum throughput of a point-to-point link with a given modulation method. If a FEC code is
combined with the modulation, a "bit" refers to a user data bit; FEC overhead is always
excluded. A transmission technique using one kilo hertz of bandwidth to transmit 1000 bits/sec
has a spectral efficiency of 1 bit/s/Hz.
SYSTEM SPECTRAL EFFICIENCY OR AREA SPECTRAL EFFICIENCY
In digital wireless networks, the system spectral efficiency or area spectral efficiency is
typically measured in bit/s/Hz/area unit, bit/s/Hz/cell or bit/s/Hz/site. It is a measure of the
quantity of users/services that can be simultaneously supported by a limited radio frequency
bandwidth in a defined geographic area. It may be defined as the maximum throughput/goodput,
summed over all users in the system, divided by the channel bandwidth. This measure is affected
not only by the single user transmission technique, but also by multiple access schemes and radio
resource management techniques utilized. It can be substantially improved by dynamic radio
resource management. If it is defined as a measure of the maximum goodput, retransmissions
due to co-channel interference and collisions are excluded. Higher-layer protocol overhead is
normally neglected.
QUALITY OF SERVICE
In the field computer networking and other packet-switched telecommunication networks, the
traffic engineering term QoS, refers to resource reservation control mechanisms rather than the
achieved service quality. Quality of Service is the ability to provide different priority to different
applications, users, or data flows, or to guarantee a certain level of performance to a data flow.
For example, a required bit rate, delay, jitter, packet dropping probability and/or bit error rate
may be guaranteed. Quality of Service guarantees are important if the network capacity is
insufficient, especially for real-time streaming multimedia applications such as VOIP and IP-TV,
since these often require fixed bit rate and are delay sensitive, and in networks where the
capacity is a limited resource, for example in cellular data communication. In absence of network
congestion, QoS mechanisms are not required. A network/protocol that supports QoS may agree
on a traffic contract with the application software and reserve capacity in the network nodes, for
example during a session establishment phase. During the session it may monitor the achieved
level of performance, for example the data rate and delay, and dynamically control scheduling
priorities in the network nodes. It may release the reserved capacity during a tear down phase. A
best-effort network or service does not support QoS. An alternative to complex QoS control
mechanisms is to provide high quality communication over a best-effort network by over-
provisioning the capacity so that it is sufficient for the expected peak traffic load.
In the field of telephony, QoS was defined in the ITU standard X.902 as "A set of quality
requirements on the collective behavior of one or more objects". QoS comprises requirements on
all the aspects of a connection, such as service response time, loss, SNR, cross-talk, echo,
interrupts, frequency response, loudness levels, and so on. A subset of telephony QoS is GoS
requirements, which comprises aspects of a connection relating to capacity and coverage of a
network, for example guaranteed maximum blocking probability and outage probability. QoS is
sometimes used as a quality measure, with many alternative definitions, rather than referring to
the ability to reserve resources. QoS sometimes refers to the level of Quality of service
(guaranteed service quality). High QoS is often confused with a high level of
performance/achieved service quality, i.e high bit rate, low latency and low bit error probability.
APPLICATIONS REQUIRING QUALITY OF SERVICE.
A defined QoS may be required for certain types of network traffic, for example
Streaming multimedia may require guaranteed throughput to insure that a minimum level
of quality is maintained.
IP telephony/VOIP may require strict limits on jitter and delay
VTC requires low jitter and latency
Alarm signalling (e.g Burglar alarm)
Dedicated link emulation requires both guaranteed throughput and imposes limits on
maximum delay and jitter
Safety-critical application, such as remote surgery may require a guaranteed level of
availability (this is also called hard QoS).
Remote system administrator may want to prioritize variable, and usually small, amounts
of SSH traffic to ensure a responsive session even over a heavily-laden link.
These types of service are called inelastic, meaning that they require a certain minimum level of
bandwidth and a certain maximum latency to function. By contrast, elastic applications can take
advantage of however much or little bandwidth is available. Bulk file transfer applications that
rely on TCP are generally elastic.
SECTION 3
3.0: CONCLUSION
In the future wireless service provision will be characterized by global mobile access
(terminal/personal mobility), high quality of services (full coverage, intelligible, no drop and
no/lower call blocking and latency), and easy and simple access to multimedia services for voice,
data, message, video, world-wide web, GPS, etc. via ONE user SINGLE terminal. This vision
from the user perspective can be implemented by integration of these different evolving and
emerging wireless access technologies in a common flexible and expandable platform to provide
a multiplicity of possibilities for current and future services and applications to users in a single
terminal. Systems of fourth generation mobile will mainly be characterized by a horizontal
communication model, where different access technologies as cellular, cordless, WLAN type
systems, short range wireless connectivity and wired systems will be combined on a common
platform to complement each other in an optimum way for different service requirements and
radio environments which is technically called "Converged Broadband Wireless Platform, or
Open Wireless Architecture (OWA)".
OWA defines the open interfaces in wireless networks and systems, including base-band signal
processing parts, RF parts, networking parts, and OS and application parts, so that the system can
support different industrial standards and integrate the various wireless networks into an open
broadband platform. For comparison, SDR is only a radio in which the operating parameters
including inter alia frequency range, modulation type, and/or output power limitations can be set
or altered by software. Therefore, SDR is just one of the implemental modules of the OWA
system. OWA will eventually become the global industry leading solution to integrate various
wireless air-interfaces into one wireless open terminal where the same end equipment can
flexibly work in the wireless access domain as well as in the mobile cellular networks. As mobile
terminal (rather than wire-line phone) will become the most important communicator in future,
this single equipment with single number and multiple air interfaces (powered by OWA) will
definitely dominate the wireless communication industries.
As stated in the newest OECD report in April 2005, "As too many wireless systems come out
every day, the current closed architecture and proprietary systems do not bode well for its
success", therefore open architecture platform will definitely drive the future wireless and mobile
communications. 4G mobile communication will basically focus on the Open Wireless
Architecture, and Cost-effective and Spectrum-efficient High-speed wireless mobile
transmission. The 3G system suffers tremendously worldwide because it did not fundamentally
improve the wireless architecture, and making the architecture open is the final solution in the
wireless industry.
The 4G system is projected to be a convergence platform extended to all network layers for a
wide variety of new high-quality services. These network layers span from Fixed Wired (no
mobility), through Personal Networks, Hot Spots, Metropolitan, Cellular, and to the Distribution
Networks. The support and availability of these networks will enable the end user to be
connected "almost" anywhere and sharing the networks will smooth the problem related to
spectrum limitation of 3G cellular networks. Thus 4G has recently been referred to as a
Network of Networks.
3.1: WHAT IS NEEDED TO BUILD 4G NETWORKS OF THE FUTURE?
A number of spectrum allocation decisions, spectrum standardization decisions, spectrum
availability decisions, technology innovations, component development, signal processing and
switching enhancements and inter-vendor cooperation have to take place before the vision of 4G
will materialize. 3G experiences (good or bad, technological or business) will be useful in
guiding the industry in this effort. The following issues and problems that must be analyzed and
resolved:
Lower Price Points Only Slightly Higher than Alternatives: The business visionaries
should do some economic modeling before they start 4G hype on the same lines as 3G
hype. They should understand that 4G data applications like streaming video must
compete with very low cost wire-line applications. The users would pay only a delta
premium (not a multiple) for most wireless pplications.
More Coordination Among Spectrum Regulators Around the World: Spectrum
regulation bodies must get involved in guiding the researchers by indicating which
frequency band might be used for 4G. FCC in USA must cooperate more actively with
International bodies like ITU and perhaps modify its hands-off policy in guiding the
industry. When public interest, national security interest and economic interest are at
stake, leadership must come from regulators. At appropriate time, industry builds its own
self-regulation mechanisms.
More Academic Research: Universities must spend more effort in solving fundamental
problems in radio communications (especially multi-band and wideband radios,
intelligent antennas and signal processing.
Standardization of Wireless Networks: In terms of modulation techniques, switching
schemes and roaming is an absolute necessity for 4G.
A Voice-independent Business Justification Thinking: Business development and
technology executives should not bias their business models by using voice channels as
economic determinant for data applications. Voice has a built-in demand limit - data
applications do not.
Integration Across Different Network Topologies: Network architects must base their
architecture on hybrid network concepts that integrates wireless WANS, wireless LANS
(IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g, IEEE 802.15 and IEEE 802.16, Bluetooth
with fiber-based Internet backbone). Broadband wireless networks must be a part of this
integrated network architecture.
Non-disruptive Implementation: 4G must allow us to move from 3G to 4G.
Strengths in 4G:
4G visions take into account installed base and past investments
Strong position of telecommunications vendors expected in the marketplace.
Faster data transmission and higher bit rate and bandwidth, allow more business
applications and commercialization.
Has advantage for personalized multimedia communication tools.
Weakness in 4G:
No large user community for advanced mobile data applications yet
Growing divergence between telecommunications vendors and operators
Not possible to offer full internet experience due to limited speed and bandwidth
Comparatively higher cost to use and deploy infrastructure compared fast mobile
generation
Opportunities in 4G:
Evolutionary approach may yield opportunities for the 4G. Emphasis on heterogeneous
networks capitalizes on past investments
Strategic alliance and coalition opportunities with traditional non-telecommunication
industries. Sophisticated and mature commercialization of 4G technology would
encourage more applications of e-commerce and m-commerce
Worldwide economy recover stimulates consumption and consumer confidence, therefore
bring in opportunities for telecommunication sections
It is expected and predicted that consumers will continue to replace handsets with newer
technology at a fast rate.
Desirable higher data capacity rates, the growth opportunity for 4G is very bright and
hopeful.
Threats in 4G:
Faster rate of growth and developments in other region
Since 3G mobile is still in the market, it squeezes the market competition in the mobile
industry.
GLOSSARY
1G First Generation
2G Second Generation
3G Third Generatiom
3GPP 3
rd
Generation Partnership Project
3GPP2 3
rd
Generation Partnership
Project 2
4G Fourth Generation
ADSL Asynchronous Digital Subscriber
Loop
ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber
Line
AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone System
BTS Base Transmission Station
CSI Channel State Information
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
CO-MIMOCooperative MIMO
DAB Digital Audio Broadcast
D-AMPS Digital Advanced Mobile
Phone System
DVB Digital Video Broadcast
EDGE Enhanced Data for Global
Evolution
FDMA Frequency Division Multiple
Access
FEC Forward Error Correction
GoS Grade of Service
GPRS General Packet Radio Service
GSMGlobal System for Mobile
Communication
HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet
Access
IEEE Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers
IETF Internet Engineering task force
IMTS Improved Mobile Telephone
Service
IMT International Mobile
Telecommunications
ITU International Telecommunication
Union
ITU-T International Telecommunication
Union Telecommunications
LAN Local Area Network
MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output
MISO Multiple Input Single Output
MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMO
NAT Network Address Translation
NMT Nordic Mobile Telephone
OECD Organization of Economy,
Cooperation and Development
OFDMOrthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing
OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiple Access
OS Operating System
OWA Open Wireless Architecture
PDC Personal Digital Cellular
PHS Personal Handy-Phone System
QoS Quality of Service
SA Smart Antenna
SDMA Space Division Multiple Access/
Super Division Multiple Access
SDR Software Defined Radio
SIMO Single Input Multiple Output
SISO Single Input Single Output
SMSpatial Multiplexing
SNR Signal-to-Noise Ratio
SS7 Signaling System 7
TACS Total Access Communication
System
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
VOIP Voice over IP
VoWLAN Voice over Wireless LAN
WAP Wireless Application Protocol
WIBRO Wireless Broadband
WiFi Wireless Fidelity
WiMAX World-wide Interoperability
for Microwave Access
TCP/IP Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet protocol
ISDN Integrated Services Digital
Network
LAN Local Area Network
MMS Multimedia Messaging Service
UMTS Universal Mobile
Telecommunications Systems
VPN Virtual Private Network
VTC Video Teleconferencing
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