Presentation On Basement Waterproofing-1

Simplifying design and
construction
Alan Tovey, Director

The Basement Information Centre
construction
Grades of construction
Construction options
Design and waterproofing issues
Basement Approved Document – 2004
Other Available information
Available Information - Publications
Basement 1 - Benefits and costs (1991, 1999, 2005)
Basement 2 - Design Guide – Soil pressures and masonry (1991)
Basement 3 - Thermal insulation (1993)
Basement 4 – Layout Design Example (1994)
Waterproofing Design Guide (1994)
Waterproofing Site Guide (1994)
Waterproofing existing structures (BSWA, 2005)
Approved Document – (1997, 2004)
Basement Land use (2) (1998)
Others on Website www.basements.org.uk
British Cement Association
Waterproofing Site Guide (1994) National House-Building Council
2000
The Building Regulations 1991

Basements for dwellings

Pending Approved Document additions: -- Plain Masonry and Plain
In-situ Conc. Retaining Walls due for Public Comment Feb 2005
Grades and types
of construction
Table 1 (BS 8102) Guide to level of protection to suit basement use
Grade Basement usage Performance level Form of construction
1 Car parking: plant rooms (excluding electrical Some seepage and Type B - BS8110
equipment); workshops damp patches
tolerable
2 Workshops and plant rooms requiring drier No water Type A

environment; retail storage areas penetration but
Type B - BS 8007
moisture vapour
tolerable
3 Ventilated residential and working areas Dry environment Type A

including offices, restaurants etc., leisure
Type B - BS 8007
centres
Type C
4 Archives and stores requiring controlled Totally dry Type A

environment environment
Type B - BS 800
Type C ventilated (+
vapour control)
1 Car parking: plant rooms (excluding electrical Some seepage and Type B - BS8110
tolerable

Type B - BS 8007
moisture vapour
tolerable

Type B - BS 8007
centres
Type C

Type B - BS 800
vapour control)
1 Car parking: plant rooms (excluding electrical Some seepage and Type
Type BB -- BS8110
BS8110
tolerable

Type B - BS 8007
moisture vapour
tolerable

Type B - BS 8007
centres
Type C

Type B - BS 800
8007
vapour control)
(+ vapour control)
1 Car parking: plant rooms (excluding electrical Some seepage and Type
Type BB -- BS8110
BS8110
tolerable

Type B - BS 8007
moisture vapour
tolerable

Type B - BS 8007
centres
Type C

Type B - BS 800
8007
vapour control)
(+ vapour control)
2 Minimum for garages Approved Document -
3 Minimum for accommodation Basements for dwellings

Wall construction types - BS8102
Total reliance Structure Structure

on provides provides
waterproofing main water some water
resistance resistance
with internal
drainage
system
WALL TYPE A WALL TYPE B WALL TYPE C

(Masonry) (Insitu concrete) ( concrete – new build)
(masonry – existing)
TYPE A STRUCTURES
( Tanked protection )
External Sandwich Internal
waterproofing waterproofing waterproofing
TYPE B STRUCTURES
( Structurally integral protection )
Crystallization,
External or internal hydrophilic or
waterstop as reqd injected waterstop
Kickered construction Kickerless construction

TYPE C STRUCTURES
( Drained protection )
Preformed cavity floor

and wall drain system
Drainage sump
with pumped outlet
Part C – Resistance to moisture British Cement Association
National House-Building Council
AD – Basement for dwellings 2004 Basements for dwellings
Generally water-proofing recommendations same:

as in 1997 version except Type C now with full sump
Fig 2A.4 Acceptability of construction types
Water Type A Type B Type C

table Water- Plus Plus W- Plus W- BS 8110 BS 8007
proofing drainage BS 8110
proofing
BS 8007 proofing Plus moisture barrier
Low
ACCEPTABLE
Variable See Note 2
CONSTRUCTION
Not
High
recommended
Note 1 Note 1
Decreasing risk
Notes 1. In high water table seek manufacturer’s advise
2. Some constructions may be suitable depending on conditions
From : Approved Document – Basements for Dwellings


proofing
Low
ACCEPTABLE
Permanently
below Variable See Note 2
CONSTRUCTION
Not
High
recommended
Note 1 Note 1
Decreasing risk


proofing
Low
ACCEPTABLE
Variable See Note 2

Period ?
CONSTRUCTION
Not
High
recommended
Note 1 Note 1
Decreasing risk


proofing
Low
ACCEPTABLE
Variable See Note 2
CONSTRUCTION
Not
Permanently High
above recommended
Note 1 Note 1
Decreasing risk

Construction
options
TYPICAL RANGE OF CONSTRUCTION METHODS
Reinforcement Restraining ties Reinforcement
Expanded
polystyrene
formwork
system
In-situ concrete infill EPS formwork In-situ concrete
In-situ concrete infill Reinforcement

Wall ties
Reinforcement
Masonry Precast concrete

Types of construction
Masonry Basement Walls

Filled hollow blocks
Plan view
Key items
• Strength of units
• Reinforcement - Vert and Horiz
• Compaction ??
• Waterproofing details
Water
proofing
Running bond
may offset cores
Cores not
parallel
Cross section
Filled cavity block wall
Plan view National House-Building Council
Key items
• Strength of units.
Water proofing • Reinforcement - Vert and Horiz.
• Compaction – easier
( 100mm continuous cavity )
• Waterproofing details
Cross section
Types of construction - contd
Pre-cast and PC insulated Pre-cast/insitu hybrid walls
Expanded Polystyrene Formwork Poured In-Situ Basement Wall

Pre-Cast Concrete Wall
Pre-cast/insitu hybrid walls
Expanded Polystyrene Formwork
Expanded Polystyrene Formwork
Poured In-Situ Basement Wall
Design and
Water proofing
issues
Design Considerations
Structure
Waterproofing
Repair
WATERPROOFING
DESIGN PRINCIPLES
Decide on basement usage
Gather site information
Decide on form of construction
Decide on form of waterproofing
Approved
Document
Fig 2A.1
Determining
appropriate 9
form of
Stages
basement
construction
and
waterproofing


Determining Proposed Basement use
development Environmental
appropriate form requirements
of basement
construction and Site survey
Geology
Water table
waterproofing Topography
Soil drainage
Design House type and

considerations
Foundation design
Basement
Construction
No Type A/B/C
Is
Construction
Selection of
buildable?
Waterproofing
Yes system
SOLUTION
External drainage
Ground level
Geocomposite
drainage sheet
Basement structure
Percolating
ground water
External or internal
waterproofing as appropriate
Perimeter drain
(fin or land drain If external drained
to discharge water used to control
to down side) conditions >> Make
rodable
General principles
waterproofing as appropriate
Basement structure
Generally waterproofing to basement to be continuous

Adequate details must be provided for junction, etc
Details and construction should be as simple as possible
waterproofing as appropriate?
Basement structure
Continuity seems simple

But essential to consider with structure
Waterproofing Details
Assumed continuity!!??
Foundation details
Type A structure - strip foundation
External or internal External or internal

waterproofing waterproofing
Discontinuity Slab
between slab built-in
and wall
Foundation details
Type A structure - piled foundation
Internal waterproofing
Difficult to?
achieve external
waterproofing
Interaction of water
proofing with structure
Structural design - Waterproofing
Ultimately won’t fail but

serviceability conditions may
affect waterproofing
Simple design of section

Design structure in three dimensions
Cross section
Bending moments in structure

Design structure in three dimensions
Cross section
Bending moments in structure
Corner
moments
sometimes
over looked
Plan
Continuity of horizontal reinforcement

in masonry walls (Figure 3A.3, AD Basements)

Horizontal reinforcement = 0.5 As

along wall and around corners
Plan view
Main vertical
reinforcement
Similar detail provided
for insitu walls (Fig 3B.2)
Cross section
Insitu concrete options
Corbel details? Large

section but
Ties easy to
Construction?
required! concrete
Waterproofing
details?
Comment - Need to consider construction abilities/difficulties

Design in three dimensions - waterproofing
Drawing is simple in two dimensions

But structures are three dimensional !!
Waterproofing
membrane shown
following thickened
profile
Cross section

Waterproofing
membrane shown
following thickened
profile
Cross section
Membrane likely to
require preformed
sections to cater for mitre
Comment: If not catered for can

lead to construction defects
Plan view at corner

Waterproofing
membrane OK here
Cross section
Simpler square corner no mitre
Comment: Design can

help waterproofing
Plan view at corner
Ensure compatibility between
waterproofing and structure
Stress and crack . In an unreinforced

width controlled by wall, crack width is
reinforcement.
. uncontrolled.
Likely to be . May exceed strain
compatible with capacity of some
most waterproofing
. waterproofing
membranes. membranes.
.
Reinforced wall Un-reinforced wall
Comment: Structural behaviour can

affect selection of waterproofing
Can basement be investigated and repaired?
Example 1
May influence re-

design and choice
of waterproofing.
Internal/External?
Structure designed for

water-resistance (Type B)
Example 1
May influence re-

design and choice
of waterproofing.
Internal/External?

Example 1
May influence re-

design and choice
of waterproofing.
Internal/External?

Example 1 Example 2
May influence re-

design and choice
of waterproofing.
Internal/External?
? ?
Plan
water-resistance (Type B) Basement under part of area of house
Other Design Issues

The new Approved Document –

Amended to
deal with
B Regs 2000
2000
Covers
rits
B
o
a
N e
C
h
lH
a
n m
to
n
es
u o
s
A
-B
ild
u to
ia
c
C
g
n n
o
c
u il
e
h
T i
u
B g
in
d
l e
R la
g
u n
io
t 9
1
s 1
9
B a
m
e
s te
n rs
fo e
w
d lin
g s
A, B, C, E, F,
H, K, L, N, J
and
Vehicle access
As for AD 1991
+
Plus Part M
Contents B Regs
part
Site preparation and resistance to C
moisture
Structure A
Fire safety B
Conservation of fuel and power L
Ventilation F
Resistance to the passage of sound E
Contents Contd B Regs
part
Stairs, ramps and guards K

Glazing - materials and N
protection
Drainage and waste disposal H
Heat producing appliances J
Vehicle access
Significant guidance on:
Site preparation and resistance to

moisture
Structure
Conservation of fuel and power

‘Site preparation and
resistance to moisture’
Gives Guidance on:
Subsoil drainage
Obtaining water- resistance

‘Structure’
Gives Guidance on:
Masonry retaining walls
In-situ concrete retaining walls
Foundations - plain and reinforced

Masonry retaining walls
Table 3A.2 AD - Basements: Minimum masonry strength

and reinforcement for 2.7 m propped retaining wall 2.7 m
Foundation Soil type Vertical Moment Block Brick comp. Area of

type (well load taken at comp. strength reinfment
drained) (kN/m) base of strength (N/mm2) As (mm2/m)
up to wall (N/mm2)
(kN/m)
Strip Clay 70 17 7 20 530
Granular 12 7 20 340
Table in AD also covers raft foundation and different vertical load
Similar tables for 2.1 m and 1.6 m cantilevered walls

2.1 and 1.6 m
Insitu concrete retaining walls
Table 3B.1 Minimum reinforcement for
2.7 m
2.7 m propped in-situ concrete retaining wall
Foundation Soil type Vertical Moment Area of reinforcement

type (well load taken at As (mm2/m)
drained) (kN/m) up base of
to wall Wall thickness (mm)
(kN/m)
200 300
Strip Clay 70 17 420 390*
Granular 12 290 390*
Table in AD also covers raft foundation and different vertical load
Similar tables for 2.1 m and 1.6 m cantilevered walls

2.1 and 1.6 m
Centre line of retaining wall British Cement Association
Retained
Foundation requirements
ground
Basement for strip foundation
200 mm
min.
(a) (b) Cover 40 mm
Width of foundation
(a)+(b) Centre line of retaining wall
C
Reinforcement as Internal wall
paragraph 3B.3.4
Basement
Reinforcement as
Retained paragraph 3C.5.3
ground
Reinforcement as Cover 20 mm
paragraph 3C.5.1
Requirement for T (to be not

less than
raft foundation 200 mm
= C =
1200 mm 1200 mm
minimum minimum
Foundation should extend past centreline of Cover 40 mm

retaining wall by a distance equal to 2T, Reinforcement as
where T is the thickness of the foundation paragraph 3C.5.2
‘Conservation of fuel and power’
Gives Guidance on:
General requirements
Tables for wall insulation thickness
Tables for floor insulation thickness
Calculation procedures
Only in AD – Basements for dwellings Not included in AD L1

construction
Available information, Inc AD Basement s
Grades of construction , Construction options
Design and waterproofing issues
Structure
Waterproofing Adopt simple details
Repair
Approved Document – 2004

Simplifies design for walls, and foundations
and aids reliability
And so to the finished project
By simplifying the design

Building into the
Basement

Presentation On Basement Waterproofing-1

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Simplifying design and

Alan Tovey, Director

 Waterproofing Site Guide (1994) National House-Building Council

 Waterproofing existing structures (BSWA, 2005)

 Basement Land use (2) (1998)

2 Workshops and plant rooms requiring drier No water Type A

3 Ventilated residential and working areas Dry environment Type A

4 Archives and stores requiring controlled Totally dry Type A

2 Workshops and plant rooms requiring drier No water Type A

3 Ventilated residential and working areas Dry environment Type A

4 Archives and stores requiring controlled Totally dry Type A

2 Workshops and plant rooms requiring drier No water Type A

3 Ventilated residential and working areas Dry environment Type A

4 Archives and stores requiring controlled Totally dry Type A

2 Workshops and plant rooms requiring drier No water Type A

3 Ventilated residential and working areas Dry environment Type A

4 Archives and stores requiring controlled Totally dry Type A

2 Minimum for garages Approved Document -

3 Minimum for accommodation Basements for dwellings

Total reliance Structure Structure

WALL TYPE A WALL TYPE B WALL TYPE C

Kickered construction Kickerless construction

Preformed cavity floor

The Building Regulations 1991

AD – Basement for dwellings 2004 Basements for dwellings

Generally water-proofing recommendations same:

Water Type A Type B Type C

Variable See Note 2

From : Approved Document – Basements for Dwellings

Water Type A Type B Type C

From : Approved Document – Basements for Dwellings

Water Type A Type B Type C

Variable See Note 2

From : Approved Document – Basements for Dwellings

Water Type A Type B Type C

Variable See Note 2

From : Approved Document – Basements for Dwellings

In-situ concrete infill Reinforcement

Masonry Precast concrete

Masonry Basement Walls

Plan view National House-Building Council

The Building Regulations 1991

Basements for dwellings

Expanded Polystyrene Formwork Poured In-Situ Basement Wall

British Cement Association

The Building Regulations 1991

Basements for dwellings

Design House type and

 Generally waterproofing to basement to be continuous

Continuity seems simple

External or internal External or internal

Ultimately won’t fail but

Simple design of section

Bending moments in structure

Bending moments in structure

Continuity of horizontal reinforcement

The Building Regulations 1991

in masonry walls (Figure 3A.3, AD Basements)

Horizontal reinforcement = 0.5 As

Corbel details? Large

Comment - Need to consider construction abilities/difficulties

Drawing is simple in two dimensions

Drawing is simple in two dimensions

Waterproofing Site Guide (1994) National House-Building Council

Waterproofing existing structures (BSWA, 2005)

Basement Land use (2) (1998)

Generally water-proofing recommendations same:

Generally waterproofing to basement to be continuous

Table in AD also covers raft foundation and different vertical load

Similar tables for 2.1 m and 1.6 m cantilevered walls

Table in AD also covers raft foundation and different vertical load

Similar tables for 2.1 m and 1.6 m cantilevered walls

Approved Document – 2004