hydroxyuracil is an organic compound based on a pyrimidine heterocyclic skeleton. It is an odorless powder soluble in water. Barbituric acid is the parent compound of barbiturate drugs, although barbituric acid itself is not pharmacologically active. The compound was discovered by the German chemist Adolf von Baeyer on December 4, 1864, the feast of Saint Barbara (who gave the compound its namesake), by combining urea and malonic acid in a condensation reaction.[1] Malonic acid has since been replaced by diethyl malonate,[2] as using the ester avoids the problem of having to deal with the acidity of the carboxylic acid and its unreactive carboxylate.
used in the manufacture of sedatives and hypnotics, in making dyes, and as a polymerization catalyst
AMIDE COMPOUNDS STRUCTURAL FORMULA USES 1.carbamide is an organic compound with the chemical formula CO(NH2)2. The molecule has two NH2 groups joined by a carbonyl (C=O) functional group. Urea serves an important role in the metabolism of nitrogen-containing compounds by animals and is the main nitrogen-containing substance in the urine of mammals. It is a colorless, odorless solid, highly soluble in water and practically non-toxic (LD50 is 15 g/kg for rat). Dissolved in water, it is neither acidic nor alkaline. The body uses it in many processes, the most notable one being nitrogen excretion. Urea is widely used in fertilizers as a convenient source of nitrogen. Urea is also an important raw material for the chemical industry.
The discovery by Friedrich Whler in 1828 that urea can be produced from inorganic starting materials was an important conceptual milestone in chemistry, as it showed for the first time that a substance previously known only as a byproduct of life could be synthesized in the laboratory without any biological starting materials, contradicting the widely held doctrine of vitalism.
All living things produce waste products. In humans and other animals, waste nitrogen (often in the form of ammonia) is usually packaged into a molecule called urea, and then removed from the bloodstream by the kidneys and excreted in urine. Despite being a waste product, it turns out that urea is a remarkably useful chemical for many processes and industries. It is even used as an ingredient in many shampoos.
2.Formamide, also known as methanamide, is an amide derived from formic acid. It is a clear liquid which is miscible with water and has an ammonia- like odor. It is chemical feedstock for the manufacture of sulfa drugs, other pharmaceuticals, herbicides, pesticides and the manufacture of hydrocyanic acid. It has been used as a softener for paper and fiber. It is a solvent for many ionic compounds. It has also been used as a solvent for resins and plasticizers.[3] Formamide will begin to partially decompose into carbon monoxide and ammonia at 180 C. When heated strongly, formamide decomposes to hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and water vapor.
Formamide is also a constituent of cryoprotectant vitrification mixtures used for cryopreservation of tissues and organs. Formamide is also used as an RNA stabiliser in gel electrophoresis by deionizing RNA. Another use is to add it in sol-gel solutions in order to avoid cracking during sintering. Formamide, in its pure state, has been used as an alternative solvent for the electrostatic self- assembly of polymer nanofilms.[4] Formamide is used to prepare primary amines directly from ketones via their N-formyl derivatives, using the Leuckart reaction. 3. Acetamide (IUPAC: ethanamide) is an organic compound with the formula CH3CONH2. It is the simplest amide derived from acetic acid. It finds some use as a plasticizer and as an industrial solvent.[2] The related compound N,N- dimethylacetamide (DMA) is more widely used, but it is not prepared from acetamide.
acetamide is found infrequently on burning coal dumps, as a mineral of the same name 4. Propanamide has the chemical formula CH3CH2C=O(NH2). It is the amide of propanoic acid.This organic compound is a mono-substituted amide
Organic compounds of the amide group can react in many different organic processes to form other useful compounds for synthesis. 5. Butyramide is the amide of butyric acid. It has the molecular formula C3H7CONH2. It is a white solid that is slightly soluble in water and ethanol, but slightly soluble in diethyl ether. At room temperature, butyramide is a crystalline solid.
A polyamide is a macromolecule with repeating units linked by amide bonds. They can occur both naturally and artificially. Examples of naturally occurring polyamides are proteins, such as wool and silk. Artificially made polyamides can be made through step-growth polymerization or solid-phase synthesis, examples being nylons, aramids, and sodium poly(aspartate). Synthetic polyamides are commonly used in textiles, automotives, carpet and sportswear due to their extreme durability and strength. Transportation is the major consumer, accounting for 35% of polyamide (PA) consumption. According to the composition of their main chain, polyamides are classified as follows: Polyamide family Main chain Examples of polyamides Examples of commercial products Aliphatic polyamides Aliphatic PA 6 and PA 66 Nylon from DuPont, Technyl from Rhodia, Rilsan and Rilsamid from Arkema Polyphthalamides Semi-aromatic PA 6T = hexamethylenediamine + terephthalic acid Trogamid from Evonik Industries, Amodel from Solvay Aramides = aromatic polyamides Aromatic Paraphenylenediamine + terephthalic acid Kevlar and Nomex from DuPont, Teijinconex, Twaron and Technora from Teijin, Kermel from Kermel, and Spectra[disambiguation needed] from Honeywell. According to the number of repeating units' types, polyamides can be: homopolymers : PA 6 : *NH(CH2)5CO+n made from -Caprolactam ; PA 66 : *NH(CH2)6NHCO(CH2)4CO+n made from hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid; copolymers : PA 6/66 : [NH-(CH2)6NHCO(CH2)4CO+n*NH(CH2)5CO+m made from caprolactam, hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid ; PA 66/610 : *NH(CH2)6NHCO(CH2)4CO+n*NH(CH2)6NHCO(CH2)8CO+m made from hexamethylenediamine, adipic acid and sebacic acid. According to their crystallinity, polyamides can be: semi-crystalline: high crystallinity : PA46 et PA 66 ; low crystallinity : PA mXD6 made from m-xylylenediamine and adipic acid; amorphous : PA 6I made from hexamethylenediamine and isophthalic acid.
According to this classification, PA66, for example, is an aliphatic semi-crystalline homopolyamide.