BARBITURIC ACID Structural Formula Importance

Barbituric acid or malonylurea or 6-

hydroxyuracil is an organic
compound based on a pyrimidine
heterocyclic skeleton. It is an
odorless powder soluble in water.
Barbituric acid is the parent
compound of barbiturate drugs,
although barbituric acid itself is not
pharmacologically active. The
compound was discovered by the
German chemist Adolf von Baeyer
on December 4, 1864, the feast of
Saint Barbara (who gave the
compound its namesake), by
combining urea and malonic acid in
a condensation reaction.[1] Malonic
acid has since been replaced by
diethyl malonate,[2] as using the
ester avoids the problem of having
to deal with the acidity of the
carboxylic acid and its unreactive
carboxylate.



used in the manufacture of
sedatives and hypnotics, in making
dyes, and as a polymerization
catalyst








AMIDE COMPOUNDS STRUCTURAL FORMULA USES
1.carbamide
is an organic compound with the chemical formula
CO(NH2)2. The molecule has two NH2 groups
joined by a carbonyl (C=O) functional group.
Urea serves an important role in the metabolism of
nitrogen-containing compounds by animals and is
the main nitrogen-containing substance in the urine
of mammals. It is a colorless, odorless solid, highly
soluble in water and practically non-toxic (LD50 is
15 g/kg for rat). Dissolved in water, it is neither
acidic nor alkaline. The body uses it in many
processes, the most notable one being nitrogen
excretion. Urea is widely used in fertilizers as a
convenient source of nitrogen. Urea is also an
important raw material for the chemical industry.

The discovery by Friedrich Whler in 1828 that urea
can be produced from inorganic starting materials
was an important conceptual milestone in
chemistry, as it showed for the first time that a
substance previously known only as a byproduct of
life could be synthesized in the laboratory without
any biological starting materials, contradicting the
widely held doctrine of vitalism.

All living things produce waste products. In
humans and other animals, waste nitrogen
(often in the form of ammonia) is usually
packaged into a molecule called urea, and
then removed from the bloodstream by the
kidneys and excreted in urine. Despite
being a waste product, it turns out that urea
is a remarkably useful chemical for many
processes and industries. It is even used as
an ingredient in many shampoos.


2.Formamide, also known as methanamide, is an
amide derived from formic acid. It is a clear liquid
which is miscible with water and has an ammonia-
like odor. It is chemical feedstock for the
manufacture of sulfa drugs, other pharmaceuticals,
herbicides, pesticides and the manufacture of
hydrocyanic acid. It has been used as a softener for
paper and fiber. It is a solvent for many ionic
compounds. It has also been used as a solvent for
resins and plasticizers.[3]
Formamide will begin to partially decompose into
carbon monoxide and ammonia at 180 C. When
heated strongly, formamide decomposes to
hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and water vapor.

Formamide is also a constituent of cryoprotectant
vitrification mixtures used for cryopreservation of
tissues and organs.
Formamide is also used as an RNA stabiliser in gel
electrophoresis by deionizing RNA. Another use is
to add it in sol-gel solutions in order to avoid
cracking during sintering.
Formamide, in its pure state, has been used as an
alternative solvent for the electrostatic self-
assembly of polymer nanofilms.[4]
Formamide is used to prepare primary amines
directly from ketones via their N-formyl derivatives,
using the Leuckart reaction.
3. Acetamide (IUPAC: ethanamide) is an organic
compound with the formula CH3CONH2. It is the
simplest amide derived from acetic acid. It finds
some use as a plasticizer and as an industrial
solvent.[2] The related compound N,N-
dimethylacetamide (DMA) is more widely used, but
it is not prepared from acetamide.

acetamide is found infrequently on burning coal
dumps, as a mineral of the same name
4. Propanamide has the chemical formula
CH3CH2C=O(NH2). It is the amide of propanoic
acid.This organic compound is a mono-substituted
amide

Organic compounds of the amide group can react in
many different organic processes to form other
useful compounds for synthesis.
5. Butyramide is the amide of butyric acid. It has
the molecular formula C3H7CONH2. It is a white
solid that is slightly soluble in water and ethanol,
but slightly soluble in diethyl ether. At room
temperature, butyramide is a crystalline solid.



A polyamide is a macromolecule with repeating units linked by amide bonds. They can occur both naturally and artificially. Examples of naturally
occurring polyamides are proteins, such as wool and silk. Artificially made polyamides can be made through step-growth polymerization or solid-phase
synthesis, examples being nylons, aramids, and sodium poly(aspartate). Synthetic polyamides are commonly used in textiles, automotives, carpet and
sportswear due to their extreme durability and strength. Transportation is the major consumer, accounting for 35% of polyamide (PA) consumption.
According to the composition of their main chain, polyamides are classified as follows:
Polyamide family Main chain Examples of polyamides Examples of commercial products
Aliphatic polyamides Aliphatic PA 6 and PA 66 Nylon from DuPont, Technyl from Rhodia, Rilsan and Rilsamid from Arkema
Polyphthalamides Semi-aromatic PA 6T = hexamethylenediamine + terephthalic acid Trogamid from Evonik Industries, Amodel from Solvay
Aramides = aromatic polyamides Aromatic Paraphenylenediamine + terephthalic acid Kevlar and Nomex from DuPont, Teijinconex, Twaron
and Technora from Teijin, Kermel from Kermel, and Spectra[disambiguation needed] from Honeywell.
According to the number of repeating units' types, polyamides can be:
homopolymers :
PA 6 : *NH(CH2)5CO+n made from -Caprolactam ;
PA 66 : *NH(CH2)6NHCO(CH2)4CO+n made from hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid;
copolymers :
PA 6/66 : [NH-(CH2)6NHCO(CH2)4CO+n*NH(CH2)5CO+m made from caprolactam, hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid ;
PA 66/610 : *NH(CH2)6NHCO(CH2)4CO+n*NH(CH2)6NHCO(CH2)8CO+m made from hexamethylenediamine, adipic acid and sebacic acid.
According to their crystallinity, polyamides can be:
semi-crystalline:
high crystallinity : PA46 et PA 66 ;
low crystallinity : PA mXD6 made from m-xylylenediamine and adipic acid;
amorphous : PA 6I made from hexamethylenediamine and isophthalic acid.

According to this classification, PA66, for example, is an aliphatic semi-crystalline homopolyamide.