BGP4

Used to communicate btw AS

Does not communicate full routing info btw orgs
Roouting updates contain :- AS numbers
Aggregated Prefx Address
Policy routing info
!e routing updates are "ery important so it uses #P
!e key features of BGP-4 include t!ese:
$ %t is a pat! "ector protocol&
$ 'ull routing updates are sent at t!e start of t!e session( trigger updates are sent
subse)uently&
$ %t creates and maintains connections between peers( using #P port *+,&
$ !e connection is maintained by periodic -eepali"es&
$ !e failure to see a -eepali"e( an update( or a notifcation is t!e means by w!ic!
destination networ-s and pat!s to t!ose destinations are trac-ed& Any c!ange in t!e
networ- results in a triggered update&
$ !e metric used in ./P-0 is intricate and is t!e source of its complexity and its
strengt!&
!e metric( referred to as attributes( allows great granularity in pat! selection&
$ !e use of !ierarc!ical addressing and t!e capability to manipulate tra1c 2ow
results in
a networ- t!at is designed to grow&
$ %t !as its own routing table( alt!oug! it is capable of bot! s!aring and in)uiring of
t!e
interior %P routing table&
$ %t is possible to manipulate t!e tra1c 2ow by using t!e complex metric called
attributes(
but policy-based routing is based on t!e !op-by-!op paradigm& !is means t!at no
router
can send tra1c on a route t!at t!e next-!op router would not c!oose for itself&
Overview of the BGP-4 Operation
./P-0 is connection-oriented& 3!en a neig!bor is seen( a #P peering session is
establis!ed
and maintained& ./P-0 probes are sent out periodically to sustain t!e lin- and
maintain t!e
session& !ese probes( ot!erwise -nown as -eepali"es( are simply t!e *, byte
!eader used in
t!e ./P updates&
4a"ing establis!ed t!e session( t!e routing tables are exc!anged and sync!roni5ed&
!e routers
now send incremental updates only w!en c!anges occur& !e update refers to a
single pat! and
t!e networ-s t!at may be reac!ed "ia t!at pat!& 4a"ing corrected t!e routing table(
t!e ./P-0
process propagates t!e c!ange to all neig!bors( wit! a few exceptions( based on an
algorit!m
to ensure a loop-free networ-&
!e operation of ./P-0 is "ery straig!tforward& %ndeed( all t!e complexity of t!e
protocol is
deli"ered in only a few di6erent types of routing pac-ets&
Message Types
'our di6erent message types are used in ./P-0:
$ 7pen messages8Used to establis! connections wit! peers&
$ 9eepali"es8Sent periodically between peers to maintain connections and "erify
pat!s
!eld by t!e router sending t!e -eepali"e& !ese pac-ets are sent unreliably& %f t!e
periodic
timer is set to a "alue of :( t!is e)uates to infnity( and no -eepali"es are sent&
$ Update messages8#ontain pat!s to destination networ-s and t!e pat! attributes&
Routes
t!at are no longer a"ailable or wit!drawn routes are included in updates& !ere is
one pat!
per update( re)uiring many updates for many pat!s& !e information contained in
t!e
update includes t!e pat! attributes suc! as origin( Autonomous System pat!(
neig!bor( and
inter-Autonomous System metric&
$ ;otifcation8Used to inform t!e recei"ing router of errors&