SGD 4th Ed Ebook Sample Reduced Size

Smart
Grid
Dictionary
4th Edition
Christine Hertzog
SmarL Crld ulcLlonary

2

Smart Gr|d D|ct|onary

Copyr|ght 2012 Chr|st|ne nertzog

8ooks|te: www.smartgr|d||brary.com

A|| r|ghts reserved under Internat|ona| and an-Amer|can Copyr|ght
convent|ons, |nc|ud|ng the r|ght to reproduce th|s book or port|ons
thereof |n any form whatsoever.

IS8N number: 978-0-9840944-8-6
4th Ld|t|on - September 2012

Doug Stuart, cover and book des|gner

1o subm|t suggest|ons for new terms and acronyms, v|s|t
www.smartgr|d||brary.com

ub||shed by GreenSpr|ng Market|ng LLC

3

1ab|e of Contents

AcknowledgemenLs...................................................................................... 3
AbouL Lhe AuLhor ......................................................................................... 6
lnLroducLlon.................................................................................................. 7
numbers........................................................................................................ 8
A................................................................................................................... 10
8................................................................................................................... 37
C................................................................................................................... 31
u................................................................................................................... 88
L................................................................................................................. 112
l ................................................................................................................. 143
C ................................................................................................................ 137
P ................................................................................................................ 170
l .................................................................................................................. 179
!.................................................................................................................. 223
k................................................................................................................. 227
L ................................................................................................................. 229

4

M................................................................................................................ 241
n ................................................................................................................ 233
C ................................................................................................................ 279
................................................................................................................. 292
C................................................................................................................ 317
8................................................................................................................. 319
S ................................................................................................................. 334
1................................................................................................................. 363
u ................................................................................................................ 374
v................................................................................................................. 383
W ............................................................................................................... 389
x/?/Z.......................................................................................................... 403

3

Acknow|edgements
l am graLeful for Lhe generous and lnvaluable conLrlbuLlons of Llme,
knowledge, and advlce from Lhe SmarL Crld ulcLlonary Advlsory 8oard,
whose members suggesLed new Lerms, acronyms, and [argon, and
conLrlbuLed and revlewed deflnlLlons Lo help ensure Lhe overall quallLy and
accuracy of Lhe conLenLs.

1he SmarL Crld ulcLlonary Advlsory 8oard members are: kaLherlne
PamllLon, lounder aL 38 norLh SoluLlons, 1erry Mohn, Chlef LxecuLlve
Cfflcer for Ceneral MlcroCrlds, aul Myrda, 1echnlcal LxecuLlve aL Lhe
LlecLrlc ower 8esearch lnsLlLuLe (L8l), SLeven Pauser, vlce resldenL of
Crld lnLegraLlon aL Lhe naLlonal 8enewable Lnergy Lab (n8LL), aul ue
MarLlnl, Managlng ulrecLor, newporL ConsulLlng Croup, !eanne 8oyce,
Manager, lnnovaLlon ManagemenL aL SouLhern Callfornla Ldlson and
naLhan 1odaro, Senlor ro[ecL AnalysL, Advanced 1echnology aL SouLhern
Callfornla Ldlson, CllnL Cooper, Co-founder of 4C arLners LLC, Mlke
Ahmadl, vlce resldenL of CperaLlons aL CranlLekey LLC, ChrlsLle !ordan,
LxecuLlve ulrecLor of Lhe Alllance for WaLer LducaLlon, and 8ebecca Perold,
CLC, 1he rlvacy rofessor and arLner, Compllance Pelper.

1hese lndusLry professlonals have Lechnlcal and pollcy experLlse and are
well-known and respecLed for Lhelr conLrlbuLlons Lo bulldlng and advanclng
SmarL Crld knowledge and beneflLs. 1hank you for your excepLlonal help
wlLh conLenL for Lhe SmarL Crld ulcLlonary 4Lh LdlLlon.

1hanks Lo all my readers, colleagues, and frlends who glve me new Lerms,
advlce, and encouragemenL for each successlve LdlLlon.


6

About the Author
ChrlsLlne PerLzog ls a consulLanL, auLhor, and professlonal explalner wlLh
over 20 years of experlence dellverlng successful lnLroducLlons of
lnnovaLlve Lechnologles and servlces. She ls experlenced ln worklng wlLh
emerglng and dlsrupLlve Lechnologles and servlces, and Lhelr lmpacLs on
companles and consumers. She dellvers sLraLeglc advlsory, corporaLe
developmenL, and markeL developmenL servlces Lo help cllenLs achleve
success ln Lhe dynamlc SmarL Crld and M2M (machlne Lo machlne)
buslness secLors.

She ls a frequenL presenLer aL lndusLry conferences coverlng a varleLy of
sub[ecLs from Lhe dlsLrlbuLlon grld Lo Lhe consumer edge of Lhe SmarL Crld.
Per SmarL Crld courseware has been adopLed for use by a ma[or academlc
publlsher. She has a MasLer of Sclence degree ln 1elecommunlcaLlons from
Lhe unlverslLy of Colorado-8oulder.

She wroLe Lhls book Lo explaln complex Lechnlcal and pollcy concepLs for
readers ranglng from lndusLry lnslders Lo career beglnners who wanL Lo
undersLand new and exlsLlng Lerms buL cannoL lnvesL Lhe research Llme Lo
flnd deflnlLlons ln Lhe conLexL of Lhe SmarL Crld or M2M buslness secLors.

7

Introduct|on
Welcome Lo Lhe SmarL Crld ulcLlonary, 4Lh LdlLlon. 1hls ulcLlonary helps all
SmarL Crld and M2M communlcaLlons sLakeholders, lndusLry veLerans,
regulaLory resources, career seekers and anyone wlLh an lnLeresL ln Lhe
SmarL Crld and M2M buslness secLors undersLand lLs Lermlnology,
sLandards, regulaLory agencles, 8&u enLlLles, lndusLry assoclaLlons, and
Lechnology Lrends.

1hls edlLlon conLalns over 2000 Lerms and acronyms coverlng generaLlon,
Lransmlsslon, dlsLrlbuLlon, sLorage, and consumpLlon of elecLrlclLy,
Lransmlsslon, dlsLrlbuLlon and consumpLlon of waLer, neLwork and cyber
securlLy, sensor Lechnologles, energy efflclency, bulldlng auLomaLlon,
sLandards, and LelecommunlcaLlons. SelecLed naLural gas Lermlnology has
been added slnce lL uses SmarL Crld Lechnologles for monlLorlng,
measurlng, and managlng Lransmlsslon, dlsLrlbuLlon, and consumpLlon. 1hls
LdlLlon also adds relevanL M2M Lermlnology LhaL applles Lo SmarL Crlds,
lnLelllgenL bulldlngs, and smarL clLles. lL also lncludes daLa prlvacy Lerms
perLlnenL Lo energy usage daLa concepLs, pollcles, and organlzaLlons.

ueflnlLlons were researched and developed from a varleLy of sources lncludlng
webslLes for uCL (ueparLmenL of Lnergy), nlS1 (naLlonal lnsLlLuLe of SLandards
and 1echnology), lndusLry and Lrade assoclaLlons, sLandards organlzaLlons,
lndusLry-speclflc and general medla webslLes, and conLenL derlved from
conferences, arLlcles, weblnars, semlnars, presenLaLlons, books, and
whlLepapers. 1he SmarL Crld ulcLlonary Advlsory 8oard (see AcknowledgemenLs)
also provlded lnvaluable conLrlbuLlons of new Lerms and deflnlLlon conLenL.

1hls ulcLlonary organlzes deflnlLlons by acronyms, slnce webslLes, arLlcles,
and presenLaLlons do noL spell ouL acronyms. lor lnsLance, lf you are
looklng for Lhe ueparLmenL of Lnergy deflnlLlon, look under uCL, lLs
acronym.


8

Numbers
100-hour co|nc|dent peak
Average of demands durlng Lhe hlghesL 100 load hours for a uLlllLy. lL ls one
Lype of measure of peak capaclLy LhaL ls used ln regulaLory cosL of servlce
models.

1xk11 (Cne 1lmes 8adlo 1ransmlsslon 1echnology)
A Lerm LhaL refers Lo an operaLlng mode of CuMA2000 ln cellular neLworks.
1he numeral 1 refers Lo one 1.23-MPz channel. lL provldes hlgh-speed daLa
servlces and volce. lL ls Lechnlcally consldered a 3C sysLem, buL ls
someLlmes classlfled as second and a half" generaLlon because lL ls slower
Lhan 3C. 1x811 ls raLed aL 144k upload and download maxlmums, buL Lhe
Lyplcal speeds are 30k Lo 80k.

2G
A Lerm for Lhe second generaLlon of Lechnologles ln moblle carrler
neLworks. 1he prlmary sLandards are 1uMA (1lme ulvlslon MulLlple Access)
and CuMA (Code ulvlslon MulLlple Access) wlLh CSM prevalenL ln mosL of
Lhe world, and luLn, a proprleLary sLandard found ln norLh Amerlca. CuMA
sLandards are branded cdmaCne` and lnclude lS-93A and lS-938. lrom an
M2M perspecLlve, 2C does noL supporL lv4 or lv6 addresslng.

3G
A Lerm LhaL descrlbes Lhe Lhlrd generaLlon ln moblle sysLems evoluLlon. 3C
sysLems have hlgher daLa Lransmlsslon speeds and always-on daLa access
and Lyplcally use new radlo specLrums LhaL were noL avallable Lo 2C
neLworks. 1he mosL prevalenL Lechnology sLandard for 3C ls uM1S. lrom
an M2M perspecLlve, 3C does noL supporL lv4 or lv6 addresslng.

3G (3rd CeneraLlon arLnershlp ro[ecL)
A pro[ecL of global LelecommunlcaLlons organlzaLlons Lo creaLe 3C
speclflcaLlons based on CSM. 1he parLners are Luropean
1elecommunlcaLlons SLandards lnsLlLuLe, AssoclaLlon of 8adlo lndusLrles

14

Adequacy
Cne of Lwo prlmary characLerlsLlcs of a rellable lnLerconnecLed bulk power
sysLem. lL ls Lhe ablllLy of Lhe bulk power sysLem Lo supply Lhe aggregaLe
elecLrlcal demand and energy requlremenLs of Lhe cusLomers aL all Llmes,
Laklng lnLo accounL scheduled and reasonably expecLed unscheduled
ouLages of sysLem elemenLs.

ADI (ACL ulverslLy lnLerchange)
1he process of poollng lndlvldual Area ConLrol Lrrors or ACL Lo Lake
advanLage of conLrol error dlverslLy Lo reduce conLrol burdens and
accommodaLe lnLegraLlon of more lnLermlLLenL renewable energy sources
lnLo Lhe grld.

Ad[usted e|ectr|c|ty
An elecLrlclLy measuremenL LhaL lncludes Lhe approxlmaLe amounL of
energy used Lo generaLe elecLrlclLy.

ADS (AssoclaLlon for uemand response and SmarL grld)
A nonproflL organlzaLlon formed ln 2004 Lo lncrease Lhe knowledge base ln
Lhe uSA on demand response and faclllLaLe Lhe exchange of lnformaLlon
and experLlse among pollcymakers, uLlllLles, sysLem operaLors, Lechnology
companles, consumers, and oLher sLakeholders. Members lnclude uLlllLles,
lSCs (lndependenL SysLem CperaLors), Lechnology vendors, and reLallers.
revlously known as u8CC (uemand 8esponse CoordlnaLlng CommlLLee).
(www.demandresponsesmarLgrld.org/)

Advanced ana|yt|cs
SofLware soluLlons LhaL can manage Lhe lncreased daLa resulLlng from
SmarL Crld Lechnologles, ranglng from dlsLrlbuLlon auLomaLlon, WASA
(Wlde Area SlLuaLlonal Awareness)), and smarL meLers, and Lransform lL
lnLo manageable lnformaLlon for declslon-maklng, plannlng, and
forecasLlng.


24

ANSI C12.19
1hls approved AnSl sLandard for uLlllLy lndusLry Lnd uevlce 1ables deflnes a
Lable sLrucLure for uLlllLy appllcaLlon daLa Lo be passed beLween an end
devlce, such as a meLer, and any oLher devlce. 1hls sLandard forms Lhe basls
for common lndusLry daLa sLrucLures and provldes a common lndusLry
language for meLer daLa communlcaLlons and AMl lnfrasLrucLures. lL ls
someLlmes referred Lo as parL of Lhe proLocol sulLe of AnSl sLandards,
lncludlng C12.18, C12.19, C12.21, and C12.22.

ANSI C12.20
1hls approved AnSl sLandard for LlecLrlclLy MeLers - 0.2 and 0.3 Accuracy
Classes seLs performance crlLerla for meLers lncludlng accuracy class
deslgnaLlons, volLage and frequency raLlngs, currenL class deslgnaLlons, LesL
currenL values, and now allows Lhree phase currenL and volLage sources as
a LesL meLhod ln addlLlon Lo exlsLlng slngle phase meLhods.

ANSI C12.21
1hls approved AnSl sLandard for roLocol SpeclflcaLlon of 1elephone
Modem CommunlcaLlon ls deslgned for meLer communlcaLlons uslng a
modem and ls Lyplcally used for AM8 (AuLomaLed MeLer 8eadlng)
appllcaLlons. lL ls an exLenslon and adapLaLlon of AnSl C12.18 for modems.
lL ls someLlmes referred Lo as parL of Lhe proLocol sulLe of AnSl sLandards,
lncludlng C12.18, C12.19, C12.21, and C12.22.

ANSI C12.22
1hls approved AnSl sLandard for roLocol SpeclflcaLlon for lnLerfaclng Lo
uaLa CommunlcaLlons neLworks exLends Lhe concepLs of AnSl C12.18, AnSl
C12.19, and C12.21 sLandards Lo allow LransporL of Lable daLa over any
rellable neLworklng communlcaLlons sysLem, lncludlng wlred or wlreless
neLworks. 1hls ls relevanL Lo AMl lnfrasLrucLure. lL ls someLlmes referred Lo
as parL of Lhe proLocol sulLe of AnSl sLandards, lncludlng C12.18, C12.19,
C12.21, and C12.22.

29

AkkA Demonstrat|on Grant
A uCL (ueparLmenL of Lnergy) lnvesLmenL program LhaL supporLs
demonsLraLlons of Lhe lnnovaLlve use of emerglng Lechnologles ln Lhe
power grld, wlLh a maxlmum award of $100 mllllon. lL ls almed aL
developlng new and cosL-effecLlve SmarL Crld equlpmenL, Lools,
Lechnlques, and sysLem conflguraLlons LhaL slgnlflcanLly lmprove upon
Loday's Lechnologles.

AkkA Investment Grant
A uCL (ueparLmenL of Lnergy) (program lnLended Lo enable SmarL Crld
funcLlons on Lhe naLlon's elecLrlcal grld as soon as posslble. 1he cosL-shared
granLs supporL manufacLurlng, purchaslng, and lnsLallaLlon of exlsLlng
SmarL Crld Lechnologles LhaL can be deployed on a commerclal scale, wlLh a
maxlmum award of $200 mllllon. CranLs glven Lo corporaLlons under Lhls
program were ruled by Lhe l8S Lo be exempL from federal Lax.

Array
v (hoLovolLalc) panels connecLed LogeLher elecLrlcally Lo form a slngle
elecLrlcal ouLpuL.

ASAI (Average SysLem AvallablllLy lndex)
A commonly used measuremenL of elecLrlc uLlllLy rellablllLy. lL ls
deLermlned by Lhe number of cusLomer hours avallable, dlvlded by Lhe
number of cusLomer hours served. Also known as Average Servlce
AvallablllLy lndex.

ASA-SG (Advanced SecurlLy AcceleraLlon ro[ecL - SmarL Crld)
A Lask force comprlsed of norLh Amerlcan uLlllLles, uCAluC uLlllSec WC,
and governmenLal enLlLles llke nlS1 (naLlonal lnsLlLuLe of SLandards and
1echnology) Lo develop a SmarL Crld SecurlLy roflle 8lueprlnL. 1he proflles
wlll offer guldance for bulldlng and lmplemenL SmarL Crld securlLy, and an
lndependenL Leam of securlLy experLs wlll conducL a usablllLy and gap
analysls on Lhe blueprlnL and proflles.

40

8a|anc|ng author|ty
1he auLhorlLy LhaL lnLegraLes resource plans ahead of Llme and malnLalns
real-Llme balanclng of elecLrlclLy resources and elecLrlclLy demand for a
reglon wlLh common generaLlon-conLrol operaLlons.

8a|| va|ve
A Lype of valve generally used for LhroLLllng clear waLer.

8ANANA (8ulld AbsoluLely noLhlng Anywhere near AnyLhlng)
An upgrade Lo nlM8? (noL ln My 8ackyard), wlLh ramlflcaLlons abouL
placemenL of new Lransmlsslon llnes, generaLlng faclllLles (wheLher fossll
fuel or renewables), and oLher faclllLles LhaL are parL of a local, reglonal, or
naLlonal grld.

8andw|dth
1he lnformaLlon capaclLy of a communlcaLlons resource, usually measured
ln blLs per second.

8AS (8ulldlng AuLomaLlon SysLems)
SofLware and hardware deployed ln bulldlngs Lo auLomaLlcally manage
refrlgeraLlon, PvAC, llghLlng and oLher bulldlng energy usage on a
conLlnuous basls. 1he ob[ecLlve of 8AS ls Lo dellver opLlmal occupanL
comforL whlle mlnlmlzlng energy use. 1hese conLrol sysLems are Lhe
lnLegraLlng componenLs Lo fans, pumps, heaLlng/coollng equlpmenL,
dampers, mlxlng boxes, and LhermosLaLs. MonlLorlng and opLlmlzlng
LemperaLure, pressure, humldlLy, and flow raLes are key funcLlons of
modern bulldlng conLrol sysLems. Also known as LMCS (Lnergy
ManagemenL and ConLrol SysLems) or Lnergy ManagemenL SysLems (LMS).

8ase|oad
1he mlnlmum amounL of elecLrlc power requlred Lo meeL demand for a
glven perlod of Llme aL a sLeady raLe, or Lhe porLlon of Lhe elecLrlclLy
demand LhaL ls conLlnuous and does noL vary over a 24-hour perlod.

47

8rack|sh water
WaLer wlLh a sallnlLy beLween seawaLer and freshwaLer. lL requlres
LreaLmenL for human consumpLlon.

8rayton cyc|e
A LhermoelecLrlc generaLlon process ln whlch fuel and a compressor heaL
and lncrease a gas pressure whlch expands over a Lurblne. As Lhe Lurblne
blades spln, Lhe generaLor, a colled wlre cyllnder whlch splns ln a magneLlc
fleld, generaLes elecLrlclLy. lL ls used wlLh clean" fuels such as naLural gas,
synLheLlc gas from coal, or blomass gaslflcaLlon.

8reakthrough techno|ogy
As deflned ln Lhe A88A SecLlon 1306 amendlng LlSA 2007 (Lnergy
lndependence and SecurlLy AcL of 2007), any ma[or advancemenL ln an
englneerlng fleld LhaL acceleraLes Lhe effecLlveness, adopLlon, and resulLs
of soluLlons.

8r|ne stream
WasLewaLer resulLlng from a desallnaLlon process. lL ls very salLy and full of
mlnerals and organlc conLamlnanLs.

8roadband
lnformaLlon capaclLy or bandwldLh LhaL ls hlgher Lhan 2 Mbps Lo manage
mulLlple volce, daLa, and vldeo channels aL Lhe same Llme.

8roadband Iorum
An lndusLry organlzaLlon LhaL develops mulLl-servlce broadband packeL
neLworklng speclflcaLlons for lnLeroperablllLy, archlLecLure and
managemenL of broadband neLworks LhaL cover ln-home Lo backbone uses.
1helr speclflcaLlons are 18s (1echnlcal 8eporLs) and Lhere are qulLe a
number LhaL apply Lo Lhe consumer edge of Lhe SmarL Crld.
(hLLp://www.broadband-forum.org/)


36

promoLe and proLecL publlc healLh and welfare and ecologlcal resources
Lhrough Lhe effecLlve and efflclenL reducLlon of alr polluLanLs whlle
recognlzlng and conslderlng Lhe effecLs on Lhe economy of Lhe sLaLe. A
ma[or goal ls Lo reduce Callfornla's green house gas emlsslons.
(hLLp://www.arb.ca.gov/homepage.hLm)

Carb|trage
1he capablllLy for an Lv (LlecLrlc vehlcle) or PLv (lugln Pybrld LlecLrlc
vehlcle) or charglng sLaLlon Lo communlcaLe wlLh Lhe elecLrlcal grld Lo
schedule charge/dlscharge acLlvlLles based on condlLlons lncludlng prlclng
slgnals, Larlff agreemenLs, 1Cu (1lme Cf use), u8 (uemand
8esponse)programs, and manual overrldes by car owners.

Carbon Cred|t
1he equlvalenL of one meLrlc Lon of carbon dloxlde LhaL ls prevenLed from
enLerlng Lhe aLmosphere. lL has moneLary value based on Lhe Lype and
locaLlon of emlsslon reducLlons. Carbon uloxlde (CC2) ls Lhe basellne credlL
buL slx oLher greenhouse gases (CPCs) can also be credlLed ln reducLlon
sLraLegles.

Carbon Iootpr|nt
A measure of human lmpacL on Lhe envlronmenL LhaL calculaLes Lhe
amounL of greenhouse gases produced ln burnlng fossll fuels for elecLrlclLy,
heaLlng, LransporLaLlon, agrlculLure, and all oLher human acLlvlLles. lL ls
usually calculaLed over a year of Llme, buL can reflecL dlfferenL Llme spans.

Carbon Cffset
A flnanclal LransacLlon ln whlch a successful emlsslons reducLlon LhaL ls
produced by one enLlLy can be sold and boughL by anoLher enLlLy Lo reduce
Lhelr carbon fooLprlnL.


76

Compact|on
1ransmlsslon llne deslgns LhaL dellver more power flowlng Lhrough llne
rlghLs of way. CompacLlon reduces uLlllLles' caplLal and malnLenance cosLs
and llne losses.

Compet|t|ve merchant generators
Companles LhaL bulld elecLrlc power capaclLy on a speculaLlve basls or have
acqulred uLlllLy-dlvesLed planLs. 1hese companles Lhen markeL Lhelr ouLpuL
aL compeLlLlve raLes ln unregulaLed markeLs.

CCM1kADL (CCmmon formaL for 18AnslenL uaLa Lxchange for power
sysLems)
An lLLL sLandard descrlblng a flle formaL used ln subsLaLlons for
oscllloscope daLa for daLa sLorage. lL ls also becomlng Lhe defaulL flle
formaL for phasor daLa. lL does noL cover Lransmlsslon of daLa.

Conductor
MeLal wlres, cables, and bus-bar used for carrylng elecLrlc currenL.

Congest|on
An lnsufflclenL Lransfer capaclLy Lo slmulLaneously supply all orders for
elecLrlclLy Lransmlsslon. CongesLlon may be a llmlLaLlon ln physlcal capaclLy
of Lransmlsslon llnes or caused by operaLlonal resLrlcLlons deployed Lo
proLecL grld securlLy and rellablllLy.

Connected |oad
1he sum of Lhe conLlnuous raLlngs or Lhe capaclLles for a sysLem, parL of a
sysLem, or a cusLomer's consumpLlon.

Connect|on
1he physlcal connecLlon beLween Lwo elecLrlc sysLems Lo Lransfer
elecLrlclLy.


89

DASn7 A|||ance
An lndusLry assoclaLlon promoLlng Lhe uash7 specLrum. lL provldes a
framework for appllcaLlon developmenL, lnLeroperablllLy, and securlLy for
uASP7-enabled LransacLlons. lL provldes a framework for exLenslve
appllcaLlon developmenL, seamless lnLeroperablllLy, and securlLy for
uASP7-enabled LransacLlons. (hLLp://www.dash7.org/)

Data broker
An enLlLy LhaL collecLs daLa from a varleLy of sources, lncludlng lnLerneL and
onllne sources as well as daLabases, prlnL documenLaLlon, and surveys Lo
package and sell as a producL or servlce Lo oLher enLlLles. lL can lnclude
personal consumer daLa or buslness daLa Lo serve lnformaLlon needs of
prlvaLe-secLor and governmenLal agencles, and could lnclude lnformaLlon
generaLed by SmarL Crld or M2M appllcaLlons. Also known as an
lnformaLlon broker.

Data center
Any faclllLy LhaL sLores compuLers and communlcaLlons equlpmenL Lo
process, sLore, and LransmlL dlglLal lnformaLlon.

Data pr|vacy
A concepL of proLecLlon and conLrol of an lndlvldual's daLa boundarles,
much llke physlcal prlvacy presumes proLecLlon agalnsL lnLruslons. uaLa
prlvacy lncludes personal ldenLlflers llke name and address, how you llve"
daLa such as behavloral or energy consumpLlon daLa or healLh and medlcal
daLa, and locaLlonal daLa - where you are aL any glven momenL ln Llme.
uaLa prlvacy lnvolves noL only proLecLlng access Lo LhaL daLa, buL also
allowlng Lhe assoclaLed lndlvlduals Lo have conLrol over how LhaL daLa ls
used, shared, sLored and desLroyed. uaLa prlvacy also encompasses Lhe
analysls of daLa lLems, each of whlch may noL be personally ldenLlflable, buL
as a group may reveal personal acLlvlLles or oLher aspecLs of Lhe assoclaLed
lndlvlduals' llves. 1he daLa prlvacy concepL ls framed ln leglslaLlon by many

112

L
L-1ag
A nL8C (norLh Amerlcan LlecLrlc 8ellablllLy CorporaLlon) Lerm Lo ldenLlfy an
energy markeL LransacLlon and lLs assoclaLed parLlclpanLs. An e-1ag can be
LhoughL of as a collecLlon of LransacLlon requesLs bundled LogeLher ln one
package and relaLlng Lo a slngle LransacLlon. A seven characLer code ls used
as parL of Lhe e-1ag lu Lo ldenLlfy a LransacLlon.

LAC (LlecLrlc Advlsory CommlLLee)
A uCL (ueparLmenL of Lnergy) advlsory group focused on how Lo
lmplemenL Lhe Lnergy ollcy AcL of 2003, execuLe Lhe Lnergy lndependence
and SecurlLy AcL of 2007, and modernlze Lhe naLlon's elecLrlc grld. 1he mosL
recenL reporLs focus on Lhe SmarL Crld, energy sLorage Lechnologles, and
Lhe adequacy of Lhe elecLrlclLy supply.
(hLLp://www.oe.energy.gov/eac.hLm)

Lastern Interconnect|on
Cne of Lhe Lhree AC power grlds ln norLh Amerlca coverlng a large secLlon
of Canada (easL Lo cenLral), Lhe easLern uSA, and across Lo Lhe 8ockles,
excludlng 1exas. 1he LasLern lnLerconnecLlon conslsLs of Lhe followlng
8ellablllLy Counclls or 8eglonal LnLlLles: llorlda 8ellablllLy CoordlnaLlng
Councll, MldwesL 8ellablllLy CrganlzaLlon, norLheasL ower CoordlnaLlng
Councll, 8ellablllLyllrsL CorporaLlon, SL8C 8ellablllLy CorporaLlon, and Lhe
SouLhwesL ower ool. lL ls also a member of nL8C (norLh Amerlcan
LlecLrlc 8ellablllLy CorporaLlon). 1he followlng enLlLles perform markeL
operaLlons ln Lhls reglon: !M, n?lSC, lSC-nL, lLSC, MlSC, and S.

ebIk (Luropean forum for energy 8uslness lnformaLlon exchange)
A Luropean lndusLry assoclaLlon wlLh Lhe mlsslon Lo advance, develop and
sLandardlze Lhe use of elecLronlc lnformaLlon exchange ln Lhe energy
lndusLry. 1he prlmary focus ls exchanglng lnLernal energy markeL daLa for

123

assoclaLed equlpmenL, lnLerconnecLlons Lo nelghborlng sysLems, sofLware
appllcaLlons used Lo manage and monlLor Lhe movemenL of elecLrlclLy, and
all senslng equlpmenL ln Lhe Lransmlsslon neLwork.

L|ectr|c|ty
A form of energy characLerlzed by Lhe presence and moLlon of elemenLary
charged parLlcles generaLed by frlcLlon, lnducLlon, or chemlcal change.

L|ectr|c|ty D|rect|ve 2003]S4]LC
1he key Luropean leglslaLlon creaLlng Lhe lnLernal markeL of elecLrlclLy. lL
esLabllshes common rules for Lhe generaLlon, Lransmlsslon and dlsLrlbuLlon
of elecLrlclLy. lL also deflnes rules for Lhe organlzaLlon and funcLlonlng of
Lhe elecLrlclLy secLor, access Lo Lhe markeL, Lhe crlLerla and procedures
appllcable Lo calls for Lenders and Lhe granLlng of auLhorlzaLlons and Lhe
operaLlon of sysLems.
(hLLp://eurlex.europa.eu/LexurlServ/LexurlServ.do?url=C!:L:2003:176:003
7:0033:Ln:ul)

L|ectr|c|ty sa|es
1he number of kllowaLLhours sold ln a glven perlod of Llme Lo a class of
servlce, such as resldenLlal, commerclal, lndusLrlal, and oLher classes (sales
Lo publlc auLhorlLles and sales Lo LransporLaLlon).

L|ectr|c|ty supp|y cha|n
A concepLual consLrucLlon of Lhe elecLrlcal grld LhaL applles from mlcrogrlds
up Lo reglonal and naLlonal grlds sLarLlng aL elecLrlclLy producLlon and
endlng aL cusLomer use.

L|ectr|f|cat|on Coa||t|on
A noL-for-proflL group of buslness leaders LhaL promoLes pollcles and
acLlons for mass-scale deploymenL of elecLrlc vehlcles for reasons of
economlc, envlronmenLal, and naLlonal securlLy - all LhreaLened by Lhe
dependence on oll. (hLLp://www.elecLrlflcaLloncoallLlon.org/)

130

IIS (lederal lnformaLlon rocesslng SLandards)
nlS1 (naLlonal lnsLlLuLe of SLandards and 1echnology) sLandards and
guldellnes for federal compuLer sysLems, as dlrecLed by Lhe lnformaLlon
1echnology ManagemenL 8eform AcL (ubllc Law 104-106) and approved
by Lhe SecreLary of Commerce. llS are developed for lnLeroperablllLy and
securlLy slLuaLlons when Lhere are no accepLable lndusLry sLandards. 1hese
sLandards do noL apply Lo naLlonal securlLy sysLems.
(hLLp://www.lLl.nlsL.gov/flpspubs/genlnfo.hLm)

I|rm power
1he power or capaclLy LhaL would be avallable aL all Llmes durlng Lhe perlod
covered by a guaranLeed commlLmenL Lo dellver, regardless of condlLlons.

I|rm|ng
1he appllcaLlon of energy sLorage or blended sources of energy Lo provlde
predlcLablllLy Lo lnLermlLLenL renewables and resolve low volLage rlde
Lhrough evenLs.

I|rmware
SofLware LhaL ls programmed ln a hardware devlce's read-only memory.

I|rst Iue|
A concepL LhaL ldenLlfles energy efflclency as Lhe flrsL fuel Lo seL prlorlLles
abouL deslgn, deploymenL, and use of any devlces or maLerlals LhaL
consume elecLrlclLy or conLrlbuLe Lo lLs consumpLlon.

I|1 (leed-ln 1arlff)
An energysupply pollcy LhaL encourages new renewable power generaLlon
and aLLempLs Lo provlde lnvesLor cerLalnLy wlLh guaranLees of paymenLs ln
dollars per kWh for Lhe full ouLpuL of Lhe sysLem for a guaranLeed perlod of
Llme.


166

Gr|d stab|||zat|on
A process ln whlch elecLrlclLy sLored ln elecLrochemlcal or non-
elecLrochemlcal devlces ls pumped onLo Lhe grld for a shorL Llme, from a
few seconds Lo under an hour, Lo maLch grld demand and supply Lo make
generaLors run more efflclenLly or Lo sLablllze grld slgnal frequency. Also
known as Crld supporL.

Gr|dApp (Advanced Crld AppllcaLlons ConsorLlum)
A consorLlum of uLlllLles worklng Lo provlde a fasL-Lrack process for
englneerlng developmenL, demonsLraLlons, and valldaLlon of Lechnologles
for a SmarL Crld. ConcurrenL 1echnologles CorporaLlon ls Lhe CrldApp
organlzer and provldes managemenL and Lechnology LranslLlon supporL Lo
CrldApp, wlLh fundlng from Lhe uCL's (ueparLmenL of Lnergy) CL and
uLlllLy members. (hLLp://grldapp.org)

Gr|dW|se
A reglsLered Lrademark owned by Lhe aclflc norLhwesL naLlonal
LaboraLory LhaL was developed wlLh Lhe uCL (ueparLmenL of Lnergy). 1he
Crldwlse brand has been used by organlzaLlons wlLh Lhe permlsslon of
nnL for efforLs LhaL are noL necessarlly connecLed Lo each oLher.

Gr|dW|se A|||ance
lounded ln 2003, a coallLlon of publlc and prlvaLe sLakeholders LhaL
advocaLes for a smarLer grld for Lhe publlc good. 1he Alllance faclllLaLes Lhe
effecLlve collaboraLlon among sLakeholders Lo promoLe, educaLe, and
advocaLe for Lhe adopLlon of lnnovaLlve SmarL Crld soluLlons. 1hese
soluLlons wlll achleve economlc and envlronmenLal beneflLs for cusLomers,
communlLles, shareholders, and socleLy. CrldWlse Alllance members
lnclude uLlllLles, l1 companles, equlpmenL vendors, new Lechnology
provlders, and academlc lnsLlLuLlons. (hLLp://www.grldwlse.org)


182

Id|e capac|ty
1he componenL of operable capaclLy Lo generaLe elecLrlclLy LhaL ls noL ln
operaLlon and noL under acLlve repalr buL can be placed ln operaLlon wlLhln
30 days, and capaclLy Lo generaLe elecLrlclLy noL ln operaLlon buL under
acLlve repalr LhaL can be compleLed wlLhln 90 days.

IDS (lnLruslon ueLecLlon SysLem)
A securlLy meLhodology LhaL monlLors unauLhorlzed enLry or unauLhorlzed
acLlvlLy ln senslLlve sysLems. lL may also acL Lo block selecLed users or
source l addresses from accesslng Lhe neLwork. lL ls one of several layers
of securlLy recommended for uLlllLy neLworks.

IDSM (lnLegraLed uemand-Slde ManagemenL)
A recenL concepL LhaL proposes lnLegraLlng energy efflclency and demand
response programs along wlLh dlsLrlbuLed generaLlon Lo leverage synergles
for boLh end users and uLlllLles. lL lncludes a foundaLlon bullL on smarL
meLers and dynamlc prlclng. 1he beneflLs would be lower energy cosLs,
lncreased grld rellablllLy, and beLLer reLurns on uSM lnvesLmenLs by uLlllLles
and end users.

ILA (lnLernaLlonal Lnergy Agency)
An lnLergovernmenLal organlzaLlon LhaL acLs ln a pollcy advlsory role Lo 28
member counLrles for balanced energy pollcy maklng, energy securlLy,
economlc developmenL, and envlronmenLal proLecLlon. CurrenL work
focuses on cllmaLe change pollcles, markeL reform, energy Lechnology
collaboraLlon, and ouLreach Lo Lhe resL of Lhe world, especlally ma[or
consumers and producers of energy llke Chlna, lndla, 8ussla, and Lhe CLC
counLrles. lL wlll provlde an assessmenL of currenL Lrends and prospecLs Lo
2020 of Lransmlsslon lnvesLmenLs ln lLA counLrles and ln Chlna, lncludlng
ma[or domesLlc and cross-border pro[ecLs ln norLh Amerlca and Lurope,
lncludlng dlscusslon of SmarL Crld opporLunlLles and challenges.
(hLLp://www.lea.org/lndex.asp)

186

ILC 61970
A sLandard used for Lhe 1ransmlsslon ClM (Common lnformaLlon Model).

ILC 623S1
A securlLy sLandard LhaL lmpacLs Lhe oLher lLC sLandards. lL ls focused on
lLC proLocols, neLwork and sysLem managemenL, and role-based access
conLrol. arLs 1 Lhrough 8 address lnformaLlon securlLy for power sysLems
and conLrol operaLlons.

ILC 62443
A serles of 14 sLandards LhaL address neLwork and sysLem securlLy for
lndusLrlal auLomaLlon and conLrol sysLems. lour sub serles address general,
manufacLurer, sysLem lnLegraLor, and owner-operaLor perspecLlves.

ILC 62SS9
A AS (ubllcly Avallable SpeclflcaLlon) LhaL descrlbes a meLhodology for
power sysLem englneers Lo ldenLlfy and documenL user requlremenLs for
auLomaLlon sysLems, based on Lhelr uLlllLy buslness needs. lL was orlglnally
developed as parL of Lhe lnLelllCrld ArchlLecLure from L8l (LlecLrlcal ower
8esearch lnsLlLuLe) as a means Lo lmplemenL Lhe "lnLelllCrld vlslon."

ILC 62S91 Ld.1.0
A sLandard for wlreless communlcaLlon ln lndusLrlal communlcaLlons for
process lndusLrles. lL lncludes physlcal layer deflnlLlon and proLocol
speclflcaLlons, daLa-llnk and appllcaLlon layer servlces and proLocols,
securlLy, and gaLeway procedures. lL supersedes lLC/AS 62391 publlshed
ln 2009.

ILC 1CS7 (lLC 1echnlcal CommlLLee 37)
1he commlLLee LhaL develops and malnLalns lnLernaLlonal sLandards for
power sysLems conLrol equlpmenL and daLa sysLems, lncludlng LMS (Lnergy
ManagemenL SysLem), SCAuA (Supervlsory ConLrol And uaLa AcqulslLlon),

197

ILLL C37.118-1-2011
A sLandard abouL synchrophasors and phasor measuremenL unlLs for power
sysLems. lL deflnes synchronlzed phasors and frequency measuremenLs and
meLhods Lo verlfy measuremenLs for analysls and operaLlons. lL replaces
lLLL 1344.

ILLL C37.118-2-2011
A sLandard for realLlme communlcaLlons among phasor measuremenL
unlLs, phasor daLa concenLraLors, and oLher power sysLems appllcaLlons.

ILLL C37.230
Culdellnes for lnsLallaLlon and coordlnaLlon of relay sysLems on radlal
power sysLem dlsLrlbuLlon llnes. 1he guldellnes descrlbe dlsLrlbuLlon
fundamenLals, llne conflguraLlons, and Lhe advanLages and dlsadvanLages
of dlfferenL deslgn approaches.

ILLL C37.231
Culdellnes for Lhe use and admlnlsLraLlon of flrmware revlslons for
proLecLlon-relaLed equlpmenL Lo maxlmlze Lhe securlLy and rellablllLy of Lhe
power sysLem.

ILLL C37.232
A subsLaLlon sLandard LhaL provldes for namlng 1Su (1lme Sequence uaLa)
flles, evenL sequences, and perlodlc logs. lL was wrlLLen Lo resolve problems
assoclaLed wlLh reporLlng, savlng, exchanglng, archlvlng, and reLrlevlng
large numbers of flles. 1Su refers Lo any elecLronlc daLa flle produced by
dlglLal relays, faulL recorders, power swlng recorders, or power quallLy
monlLors ln whlch each daLa lLem corresponds Lo an lnsLanL of Llme LhaL ls
ldenLlfled by an expllclL or lmpllclL Llme Lag. lL ls commonly known as
CCMnAML.


216

lSA 100 famlly of sLandards, focused on wlreless sysLems for lndusLrlal
auLomaLlon, ls worklng Lo deflne lmplemenLaLlon procedures for wlreless
auLomaLlon and conLrol sysLems aL Lhe fleld level and wlll work wlLh a
varleLy of proLocols. lL was formerly known as Lhe lnsLrumenLaLlon,
SysLems, and AuLomaLlon SocleLy. (hLLp://www.lsa.org/)

ISA99
A commlLLee esLabllshed Lo develop sLandards, recommend pracLlces, and
creaLe reporLs Lo deflne and lmprove cyber securlLy of lndusLrlal
auLomaLlon conLrol sysLems, lncludlng SCAuA sysLems.

ISACA (lnformaLlon SysLems AudlL and ConLrols AssoclaLlon)
A global nonproflL assoclaLlon focused on Lhe developmenL, adopLlon and
use of globally accepLed, lndusLry-leadlng knowledge and pracLlces for
lnformaLlon sysLems. lL provldes guldance, benchmarks and oLher Lools LhaL
deflne Lhe roles of lnformaLlon sysLems governance, securlLy, audlL and
assurance professlonals. (hLLps://www.lsaca.org)

ISI (lnformaLlon SecurlLy lorum)
A noL-for-proflL assoclaLlon of lnLernaLlonal buslnesses LhaL collaboraLlvely
share besL pracLlces, processes, and soluLlons ln lnformaLlon securlLy and
rlsk managemenL. (hLLps://www.securlLyforum.org/)

(ISC)
2
(lnLernaLlonal lnformaLlon SysLems SecurlLy CerLlflcaLlon
ConsorLlum, lnc)
A global, noL-for-proflL organlzaLlon LhaL educaLes and cerLlfles lnformaLlon
securlLy professlonals. CerLlflcaLlons lnclude CA (CerLlfled AuLhorlzaLlon
rofesslonal), ClSS (CerLlfled lnformaLlon SysLems SecurlLy rofesslonal),
and ClSS concenLraLlons for archlLecLure (ClSS-lSSA), englneerlng
(ClSS-lSSL), and managemenL (ClSS-lSSM). (hLLps://www.lsc2.org/)


233

L|ne |oss
Lnergy loss resulLlng from Lransmlsslon of elecLrlcal energy across power
llnes. 1he losses generally occur wlLhln Lransmlsslon sysLems, buL can also
occur ln dlsLrlbuLlon sysLems. 1hese losses occur due Lo Lhe converslon of
elecLrlclLy Lo heaL and elecLromagneLlc energy.

L|ne vo|tage
1he volLage measured from any phase Lo neuLral.

L|near Iresne| ref|ector system
A Lype of concenLraLed solar power for uLlllLy-scale generaLlon LhaL uses an
array of flaL or sllghLly curved reflecLors Lo collecL and concenLraLe solar
energy Lo heaL oll flowlng Lhrough Lhe plpe. 1he heaL energy ls Lhen used Lo
generaLe elecLrlclLy ln a convenLlonal sLeam generaLor.

Lm]W (Lumens/WaLL)
A measuremenL ofLen used wlLh waLLage Lo deLermlne Lhe lumlnous
efflclency of a llghL-emlLLlng body.

LM (LocaLlonal Marglnal rlclng)
A lL8C (lederal Lnergy 8egulaLory Commlsslon)-recommended prlclng
approach used Lo manage Lhe efflclenL use of Lhe elecLrlc Lransmlsslon
sysLem durlng perlods of congesLlon. lL provldes markeL parLlclpanLs
accuraLe realLlme prlce slgnal of elecLrlclLy aL every locaLlon on Lhe grld.
1hese prlces, ln Lurn, reveal Lhe value of locaLlng new generaLlon,
upgradlng Lransmlsslon, or reduclng elecLrlclLy consumpLlon Lhrough
demand response programs. lL ls currenLly ln use ln !M's wholesale
elecLrlclLy markeLs.

Load
1he deflnlLlon of load ls dlsLlngulshed by lLs conLexL. lrom a bulk power
perspecLlve, lL ls Lhe momenL-Lo-momenL amounL of elecLrlc power

244

MDMS (MeLer uaLa ManagemenL SysLem)
A sofLware sysLem LhaL can gaLher daLa from dlfferenL AMl or meLerlng
sysLems and provlde LhaL daLa Lo oLher appllcaLlons, such as revenue
proLecLlon, load research, bllllng, forecasLlng, cusLomer servlce, sysLem
operaLlon, and malnLenance.

MIL (MagneLlc llux Leakage)
A Lype of lLl (lnLlne lnLegrlLy) LesL LhaL flnds plpellne defecLs by applylng a
saLuraLlng magneLlc fleld, supplled by huge magneLs, lnLo Lhe plpe maLerlal
and Lhen senslng any local changes ln Lhls fleld. 1esLlng senslLlvlLy ranges
from sLandard, low-resoluLlon Lo hlgh and exLra hlgh resoluLlon, and ls
based on Lhe quanLlLy of sensors ln Lhe lC (lpellne lnserLable Cauge).

Measurement Canada
1he governmenLal organlzaLlon wlLh sole [urlsdlcLlon for ensurlng Lhe
lnLegrlLy and accuracy of measuremenL ln Lhe Canadlan markeLplace. 1he
LlecLrlclLy and Cas lnspecLlon AcL and 8egulaLlons seL Lhe rules for purchase
and sale of elecLrlclLy and naLural gas and lnclude approval for Lhe elecLrlc
and gas meLers used ln Canada. (hLLp://www.lc.gc.ca/elc/slLe/mc-
mc.nsf/eng/home)

Mechan|ca| Systems and Contro| Group
arL of nlS1 (naLlonal lnsLlLuLe of SLandards and 1echnology), Lhls group
promoLes developmenL and deploymenL of bulldlng mechanlcal sysLems
and conLrols, develops Lools, dlagnosLlc procedures, and performance
evaluaLlon Lechnlques Lo quanLlfy Lhe performance of bulldlng PvAC
equlpmenL and sysLems, develops sLandard communlcaLlon proLocols
beLween bulldlng managemenL and conLrol sysLems, and develops Lhe
Lechnlcal bases for advanced bulldlng conLrols. lL conLalns Lwo worklng
groups LhaL have lmpacLs on SmarL Crld acLlvlLles: Lhe 8ACneL uLlllLy
lnLegraLlon Worklng Croup and Lhe 8ACneL neLwork SecurlLy Worklng
Croup.


239

NCCIC (neLwork CenLrlc CperaLlons lndusLry ConsorLlum)
An lnLernaLlonal organlzaLlon of governmenLs and lndusLry promoLlng
neLwork and sysLems lnLeroperablllLy based on open sLandards, processes,
and archlLecLures for secure and rellable communlcaLlons. 1helr prlmary
focus ls on mlllLary and alr Lrafflc managemenL appllcaLlons.

ND1 (non-uesLrucLlve 1esLlng)
A Lerm used ln lnllne plpellne lnspecLlons Lo descrlbe Lechnlques and
Lechnologles LhaL can monlLor or LesL plpellne lnLegrlLy wlLhouL desLroylng
LhaL lnfrasLrucLure.

NDWC (naLlonal urlnklng WaLer Clearlnghouse)
An organlzaLlon sponsored by Lhe 8ural uLlllLles Servlce (8uS) dedlcaLed Lo
helplng small communlLles Lhrough lnformaLlon abouL susLalnable
developmenL and drlnklng waLer lssues.
(hLLp://www.nesc.wvu.edu/drlnklngwaLer.cfm)

NL8 (naLlonal Lnergy 8oard)
An lndependenL federal agency LhaL regulaLes several aspecLs of Canada's
energy lndusLry. lL promoLes safeLy and securlLy, envlronmenLal proLecLlon,
and efflclenL energy lnfrasLrucLure and markeLs ln Canada accordlng Lo Lhe
mandaLe seL by arllamenL regardlng plpellnes, energy developmenL, and
Lrade. (www.neb.gc.ca)

NLC (naLlonal LlecLrlcal Code)
A seL of regulaLlons Lo ensure LhaL safe elecLrlcal sysLems are deslgned and
lnsLalled ln Lhe uSA. 1he nLC ls updaLed every Lhree years, and lLs
regulaLlons are generally accepLed across Lhe counLry. Sponsored by Lhe
nlA (naLlonal llre roLecLlon AssoclaLlon), nLC ls also known as nlA 70.
lLs nexL updaLe wlll occur ln 2014.
(hLLp://www.nfpa.org/abouLLhecodes/AbouL1heCodes.asp?uocnum=70)


280

CASIS (CrganlzaLlon for Lhe AdvancemenL of SLrucLured lnformaLlon
SLandards)
A global noL-for-proflL organlzaLlon focused on Lhe developmenL,
convergence, and adopLlon of sLandards for elecLronlc commerce and Web
servlces. lL ls collaboraLlng wlLh u88C (uemand 8esponse 8esearch CenLer)
on Lhe CpenAu8 (Cpen AuLomaLlc uemand 8esponse) speclflcaLlon
Lhrough lLs Lnergy lnLeroperaLlon 1echnlcal CommlLLee. lL also works on
LMlx (Lnergy MarkeL lnformaLlon exchange). (hLLp://www.oasls-open.org/)

CASIS Lnergy Interoperat|on 1C
A Lechnlcal commlLLee (1C) LhaL works Lo deflne lnLeracLlon beLween SmarL
Crlds and Lhelr end nodes, lncludlng SmarL 8ulldlngs, LnLerprlses, lndusLry,
Pomes, and vehlcles. 1he 1C develops daLa and communlcaLlon models
LhaL enable Lhe lnLeroperable and sLandard exchange of slgnals for dynamlc
prlclng, rellablllLy, and emergencles. 1he 1C's agenda also exLends Lo Lhe
communlcaLlon of markeL parLlclpaLlon daLa (such as blds), load
predlcLablllLy, and generaLlon lnformaLlon. Lnergy lnLeroperaLlon relles on
Lhe CASlS LMlx SpeclflcaLlon for communlcaLlon of prlce and producL
deflnLlon. 1he flnal publlshed verslon of Lnergy MarkeL lnformaLlon
Lxchange (LMlx) verslon 1.0 can be found ln Lhe CASlS archlves, Lhe flnal
publlshed verslon of WS-Calendar 1.0 ls also ln Lhe archlves.
(hLLp://www.oasls-
open.org/commlLLees/Lc_home.php?wg_abbrev=energylnLerop)

CA11s (Cpen Access 1ransmlsslon 1arlffs)
A regulaLory mandaLe Lo allow use by oLhers of a uLlllLy's Lransmlsslon and
dlsLrlbuLlon faclllLles Lo move bulk power from one polnL Lo anoLher on a
non-dlscrlmlnaLory fee basls.

CDVA (Cpen uevlceneL vendors AssoclaLlon)
An lnLernaLlonal assoclaLlon of lndusLrlal auLomaLlon buslnesses promoLlng
Lhe Common lndusLrlal roLocol (Cl) as a core Lechnology for open and

293

A (rlorlLy AcLlon lan)
A seL of prlorlLy acLlons based on Lhe recommendaLlons of nlS1 (naLlonal
lnsLlLuLe of SLandards and 1echnology) SmarL Crld sLandards efforLs. 1hese
prlorlLy acLlons resulL ln plans LhaL deflne problems, esLabllsh ob[ecLlves,
and ldenLlfy Lhe llkely sLandards bodles and assoclaLlons requlred for
sLandards modlflcaLlons, enhancemenLs, and harmonlzaLlon. 1here are
currenLly 18 As ln varlous sLages of compleLlon

A 0 (rlorlLy AcLlon lan 0) MeLer upgradeablllLy SLandard
1hls sLandard was compleLed Lo deflne requlremenLs for secure local and
remoLe flrmware upgrades of smarL meLers.
(hLLp://collaboraLe.nlsL.gov/Lwlkl-
sggrld/bln/vlew/SmarLCrld/A00MeLerupgradablllLy)

A 1 (rlorlLy AcLlon lan 1) 8ole of l ln Lhe SmarL Crld
An lnvesLlgaLlon lnLo Lhe role of l (lnLerneL roLocol) neLwork Lechnologles
ln Lhe SmarL Crld LhaL publlshed a core lnLerneL roLocol SulLe for l-based
SmarL Crld ln 2010. (hLLp://collaboraLe.nlsL.gov/Lwlkl-
sggrld/bln/vlew/SmarLCrld/A01lnLerneLroflle)

A 2 (rlorlLy AcLlon lan 2) Wlreless CommunlcaLlons for Lhe SmarL Crld
An ongolng assessmenL of Lhe capablllLles of llcensed and unllcensed
specLrum wlreless Lechnologles Lo develop guldellnes on Lhelr use for
dlfferenL SmarL Crld appllcaLlon requlremenLs.
(hLLp://collaboraLe.nlsL.gov/Lwlkl-
sggrld/bln/vlew/SmarLCrld/A02Wlreless)

A 3 (rlorlLy AcLlon lan 3) uevelop Common rlce CommunlcaLlon
Model
Cngolng work Lo creaLe a common prlce model LhaL works for wholesale
and reLall elecLrlclLy markeLs and can accommodaLe dlsLrlbuLed energy
resources, prlces Lo devlces", and uemand 8esponse program

319

k
kad|a| feeder
LqulpmenL found ln dlsLrlbuLlon subsLaLlons LhaL Lake power from a
subsLaLlon and flow lL Lo cusLomers. leeder componenLs lnclude
Lransformers, volLage regulaLors, and capaclLors.

kad|a| network
A Lype of elecLrlcal dlsLrlbuLlon neLwork. A slngle wlre radlaLes from Lhe
maln dlsLrlbuLlon llne Lo an lndlvldual cusLomer. 1hls ls Lyplcally found ln
rural areas wlLh lsolaLed loads.

kad|us of |nf|uence
A Lerm ln well hydraullcs LhaL descrlbes Lhe radlal dlsLance beyond whlch
Lhe aqulfer waLer Lable ls undlsLurbed by Lhe pumplng of waLer from a well.

kAM-W
1M
(8lsk AssessmenL MeLhodology for WaLer uLlllLles)
A process creaLed by Lhe LA ln parLnershlp wlLh Lhe WaLer 8esearch
loundaLlon (W8l) and Sandla naLlonal LaboraLorles (SnL) LhaL ls a LemplaLe
and mlnlmum requlremenLs for waLer uLlllLy emergency response plans. lL
esLabllshes Lhe guldellnes for conducLlng vulnerablllLy assessmenL
programs for all publlc waLer uLlllLles servlng populaLlons greaLer Lhan
3,300. (hLLp://cfpub.epa.gov/safewaLer/waLersecurlLy/glossary.cfm)

kamp
1he up or down change of a generaLor's ouLpuL expressed ln megawaLLs per
mlnuLe, lL ls ofLen used ln dlscusslon of lnLegraLlon of lnLermlLLenL
renewable power sources Lo Lhe grld.

kamp event
1he dramaLlc lncrease or decrease ln solar or wlnd power dellvered Lo an
elecLrlc grld, based on Lhe varlablllLy of Lhese energy sources. 1he lncrease

331

promoLe low carbon-energy developmenL and offer oLher consumer
beneflLs. (hLLp://www.rggl.org/home)

kIM (8aLe-payer lmpacL Measure)
A Lype of LesL used by uLlllLles and regulaLory agencles Lo evaluaLe Lhe cosL-
effecLlveness of energy efflclency programs and porLfollos. lL measures Lhe
lmpacL on uLlllLy operaLlng marglns Lo deLermlne lf raLes musL lncrease Lo
malnLaln Lhose marglns.

kCA (8eLurn on AsseLs)
neL lncome dlvlded by LoLal asseLs. lL ls a meLrlc of Lhe proflLablllLy of a
uLlllLy company relaLlve Lo lLs LoLal asseLs, or Lhe effecLlveness of a uLlllLy aL
uslng asseLs Lo generaLe earnlngs.

kCCCI (8aLe of Change of lrequency)
A calculaLlon and esLlmaLlon abouL frequency and lLs raLe of change LhaL ls
performed by a Mu (hasor MeasuremenL unlL).

kCLL (8ouLlng over Low power and Lossy neLworks)
1he name of an lL1l (lnLerneL Lnglneerlng 1ask lorce) worklng group LhaL ls
deflnlng an lv6 rouLlng archlLecLural framework for Lhese Lypes of neLworks,
whlch can be segmenLed as lndusLrlal, Pome, Commerclal 8ulldlng, and urban.
Speclal focus ls on hlgh rellablllLy and connecLlvlLy for large numbers of
embedded devlces ln a neLwork and securlLy and manageablllLy concerns.
(hLLp://www.leLf.org/hLml.charLers/roll-charLer.hLml)

kS (8enewable ower $% orLfollo SLandards)
SLandards LhaL requlre a cerLaln percenLage of power generaLlon musL
come from renewable energy sources. SLandards are esLabllshed for
uLlllLles on a sLaLe-by-sLaLe basls.


347

Smart energy
1he use of compuLers, elecLronlcs, and advanced maLerlals Lo make all
forms of energy and fuel use more efflclenL. lL covers Lhe specLrum of
LradlLlonal energy resources and fuels Lo renewable resources and
alLernaLlve fuels.

Smart Lnergy A|||ance
An lndusLry group composed of Capgemlnl, Clsco SysLems, CL Lnergy,
PewleLL-ackard, lnLel, and Cracle Lo help uLlllLles Lransform Lhelr
Lransmlsslon and dlsLrlbuLlon operaLlons.

Smart energy dev|ce
An energy smarL consumer devlce LhaL communlcaLes vla SmarL Lnergy
roflle, empowerlng cusLomers Lo manage energy use and reduce Lhelr
carbon fooLprlnL.

Smart Gr|d
8l-dlrecLlonal elecLrlc grlds and communlcaLlon neLworks LhaL lmproveLhe
rellablllLy, securlLy, and efflclency of Lhe elecLrlc sysLem for small- Lo large-
scale generaLlon, Lransmlsslon, dlsLrlbuLlon, sLorage, and consumpLlon. lL
lncludes sofLware and hardware appllcaLlons for dynamlc, lnLegraLed, and
lnLeroperable opLlmlzaLlon of elecLrlc sysLem operaLlons, malnLenance, and
plannlng, dlsLrlbuLed energy resources lnLerconnecLlon and lnLegraLlon,
and feedback and conLrols aL Lhe consumer level. 1he uCL (ueparLmenL of
Lnergy) ldenLlfles seven characLerlsLlcs of an elecLrlc SmarL Crld:

1. Self-heals from power dlsLurbance evenLs
2. Lnables acLlve parLlclpaLlon by consumers ln u8 (demand
response)
3. CperaLes reslllenLly agalnsL physlcal and cyber aLLack
4. rovldes power quallLy for 21sL cenLury needs
3. AccommodaLes all generaLlon and sLorage opLlons

361

SWA (SouLhwesLern ower AdmlnlsLraLlon)
A federal agency wlLhln uCL (ueparLmenL of Lnergy) responslble for
markeLlng Lhe hydroelecLrlc power produced aL 24 uSA Army Corps of
Lnglneers mulLlpurpose dams ln Arkansas, kansas, Loulslana, Mlssourl,
Cklahoma, and 1exas. (hLLp://www.swpa.gov/)

Synchrophasor
A preclse grld measuremenL or synchronlzed phasor LhaL dellvers realLlme
daLa abouL Lhe power sysLem. 1he lnformaLlon ls obLalned from monlLors
called Mus (hasor MeasuremenL unlLs). AggregaLlng Lhls Llme-sLamped
or synchronlzed daLa ls useful Lo dellverlng a comprehenslve vlew of an
lnLerconnecL sysLem. 1hese measuremenLs are used for wlde area
managemenL of grld operaLlons.

Synchrophasor C|ass
A funcLlonal deslgnaLlon LhaL descrlbes Lhe measuremenL or proLecLlon
daLa collecLlon capablllLles of synchrophasors.

Synchrophasor keg|stry
(!"" Mu 8eglsLry)

System co|nc|dent peak
Maxlmum MW demand aL a uLlllLy for a slngle hour ln a year. lL ls one Lype
of measure of peak capaclLy LhaL ls someLlmes used for long-Lerm
generaLlon plannlng purposes.

System eng|neer|ng
1he pracLlce of gaLherlng requlremenLs and Lhen opLlmlzlng a speclflc
sysLem deslgn Lo Lhose requlremenLs and budgeL.

System of systems
A meLa concepL LhaL enables conslderaLlon of Lhe elecLrlcal grld as a
neLwork of sysLems funcLlonlng LogeLher for a common purpose. lL also

372

1ro[an horse
A compuLer vlrus LhaL masquerades as an auLhorlzed or beneflclal
appllcaLlon. lLs ob[ecLlve ls Lo sLeal valuable lnformaLlon and Lake conLrol of
lnfecLed compuLers or servers.

1S 103 908 (1echnlcal SpeclflcaLlon 103 908)
An CSC (Cpen SmarL Crld roLocol) speclflcaLlon orlglnaLlng from LSnA
and publlshed by L1Sl for narrow 8and ower Llne Channel for SmarL
MeLerlng AppllcaLlons. lL deflnes a hlgh-performance narrow band
powerllne channel for conLrol neLworklng LhaL can be used wlLh mulLlple
SmarL Crld devlces.

1SC (1ranslenL SLablllLy ConLrol)
SysLems LhaL monlLor and analyze Lransmlsslon condlLlons ln realLlme Lo
opLlmlze Lransmlsslon sLablllLy and lnclude acLlons Lo preserve sLablllLy and
prevenL fallures.

1SC (1ransmlsslon SysLem CperaLor)
An enLlLy responslble for Lhe bulk Lransmlsslon of elecLrlclLy on hlgh volLage
neLworks, and grld access Lo generaLors, Lraders, suppllers, dlsLrlbuLors and
dlrecLly connecLed cusLomers. CLher responslblllLles and roles vary by
counLry.

11A (1elecommunlcaLlons 1echnology AssoclaLlon)
An lndusLry organlzaLlon focused on developlng Lechnlcal sLandards for
LelecommunlcaLlons and LesLlng and cerLlflcaLlon processes.
(hLLp://www.LLa.or.kr/Lngllsh/new/abouL/messagefrom.[sp)

11C (1elecommunlcaLlon 1echnology CommlLLee)
A !apanese-based organlzaLlon LhaL esLabllshes proLocols and sLandards for
LelecommunlcaLlons neLworks and Lermlnal equlpmenL and promoLes
Lhose sLandards. (hLLp://www.LLc.or.[p/e/)

384

VAk (volL Amperes 8eacLlve)
1he measuremenL of reacLlve power.

Var|ab|e costs
Some of Lhe cosLs of provldlng elecLrlclLy Lo raLepayers. lL lncludes fuel
expenses for generaLlng faclllLles and purchased power.

VLL (valldaLlon, LsLlmaLlon, and LdlLlng)
rocedures LhaL Lake raw meLer daLa and perform valldaLlon and, as
necessary, edlL and esLlmaLe corrupL or mlsslng daLa, Lo creaLe valldaLed
daLa. Lach uLlllLy may have dlsLlncL processes developed Lo manage Lhls seL
of Lasks. 8efore Lhe lnLroducLlon of smarL meLers, lL was a way Lo develop
monLhly bllls even ln Lhe absence of monLhly meLer reads.

VLk (varlable Lnergy 8esource)
A renewable energy source, such as wlnd, solar, non-sLorage hydro
generaLlon or any oLher lnLermlLLenL energy source, LhaL ls noL carbon-
emlLLlng.

V|rtua| power p|ant
An operaLlons concepL LhaL envlslons Lhe collecLlve lmpacLs of uSM
(uemand-Slde ManagemenL) programs and dlsLrlbuLed generaLlon and
sLorage ln a uLlllLy reglon Lo equaLe Lo power planL capaclLy LhaL does noL
have Lo be acLlvaLed or consLrucLed Lo address peak loads.

V|rtua| vert|ca|
A markeL concepL LhaL advocaLes for developmenL of power lndusLry
verLlcallzaLlon, characLerlzed as a uLlllLy conLrolllng some generaLlon, some
Lransmlsslon, and vSA (vlrLual Servlce AggregaLor) funcLlons, as a buslness
model for successful SmarL Crld operaLlons.

V|rtua| water
!"" embodled waLer@

393

Water storage fac|||ty
A componenL of a waLer supply sysLem LhaL lncludes reservolrs, waLer
Lanks, Lowers, clsLerns and pressure vessels.

Water supp|y system
A sysLem of englneered hydraullc and hydrologlc componenLs LhaL supply
waLer. lL Lyplcally lncludes a waLer source, collecLlon polnL, purlflcaLlon
faclllLles, dlsLrlbuLlon faclllLles, and LreaLmenL faclllLles. Also known as a
waLer supply neLwork or a waLer dlsLrlbuLlon neLwork.

Water tab|e
1he upper or Lop surface of groundwaLer. 1he soll below a waLer Lable ls
compleLely saLuraLed wlLh waLer.

Water treatment p|ant
laclllLles LhaL LreaL waLer before lL ls senL Lo Lhe consumer and afLer Lhe
consumer has used lL. 1he process of waLer purlflcaLlon usually occurs close
Lo Lhe end user Lo reduce pumplng cosLs and Lhe chances of subsequenL
conLamlnaLlon. MosL LreaLed waLer ls dellvered Lo Lhe user vla
underground plpe sysLems.

Watekeuse Assoc|at|on
A nonproflL organlzaLlon promoLlng Lhe uses of hlgh-quallLy, locally
produced and susLalnable waLer sources Lhrough advocacy, educaLlon and
ouLreach, research, and membershlp.
(hLLp://www.waLereuse.org/assoclaLlon)

Watekeuse kesearch Ioundat|on
A nonproflL organlzaLlon for Lhe waLer and wasLewaLer communlLy Lo
advance Lhe sclence of waLer reuse, recycllng, reclamaLlon, and
desallnaLlon Lhrough applled research and educaLlon.
(hLLp://www.waLereuse.org/foundaLlon/abouL)


404

WkLC]WkLN (World 8enewable Lnergy Congress/neLwork)
An lnLernaLlonal nonproflL organlzaLlon LhaL promoLes envlronmenLally safe
and economlcally susLalnable renewable energy sources. lL alms Lo
promoLe Lhe communlcaLlon and Lechnlcal educaLlon of Lhe renewable
energy communlLy and address Lhe energy needs of boLh developlng and
developed counLrles. (hLLp://www.wrenuk.co.uk/)

WkI (WaLer 8esearch loundaLlon)
An lnLernaLlonal nonproflL organlzaLlon comprlsed of waLer uLlllLles,
consulLlng flrms and manufacLurers LhaL sponsors research lnLo drlnklng
waLer. lormerly known as Lhe AWWA 8esearch loundaLlon.
(hLLp://www.waLerrf.org/ages/WaLer8lPome.aspx)

WSDL (Web Servlces uescrlpLlon Language)
An xML-based language for descrlblng Web servlces and how Lo access
Lhem. lL lncludes lnLerface lnformaLlon abouL all publlcly avallable
funcLlons, daLa Lype for message requesLs and responses, LransporL
proLocol lnformaLlon, and address lnformaLlon.

WSN (Wlreless Sensor neLworks)
A wlreless neLwork of dlsLrlbuLed monlLorlng devlces or sensors LhaL
acqulre and communlcaLe lnformaLlon Lo a managemenL cenLer.
MonlLorlng usually covers envlronmenLal or physlcal condlLlons, such as
vlbraLlon, LemperaLure, pressure, sound, or moLlon.

W18 (Wlreless 1elecommunlcaLlons 8ureau)
An offlce wlLhln Lhe lCC (lederal CommunlcaLlons Commlsslon) LhaL handles
cellular Lelephone, paglng, personal communlcaLlons servlces, and oLher
commerclal and prlvaLe radlo servlces programs, pollcles, and ouLreach lnlLlaLlves
excepL Lhose lnvolvlng publlc safeLy, saLelllLe communlcaLlons, or broadcasLlng. lL
ls also responslble for lmplemenLlng Lhe compeLlLlve blddlng auLhorlLy for
specLrum aucLlons, glven Lo Lhe Commlsslon by Lhe 1993 Cmnlbus 8udgeL
8econclllaLlon AcL. (hLLp://wlreless.fcc.gov/)

407

Pomelug owerllne Alllance, Wlll Alllance, and L8l (LlecLrlc ower
8esearch lnsLlLuLe) are worklng wlLh Lhls assoclaLlon Lo develop a common
language, sLandard communlcaLlon approach, and common seL of
cerLlflcaLlon procedures for PAn (Pome Area neLwork) devlces Lo use AMl
(Advanced MeLerlng lnfrasLrucLure) Lechnology. (hLLp://www.zlgbee.org/)

2|g8ee I 2.0
AnoLher Lerm for Lhe SmarL Lnergy roflle 2.0, an l-based energy
managemenL soluLlon LhaL ls MAC (Medlum Access ConLrol) and P?
(hyslcal) agnosLlc.

2-wave
A wlreless Lechnology for PAn LhaL uses low-power radlo waves LhaL easlly
pass Lhrough home lnLerlors. Z-Wave ls a Lwo-way rouLlng proLocol for 8l
mesh neLworks. 1hls proLocol was developed by Zensys, a dlvlslon of Slgma
ueslgns, lnc.

2-wave A|||ance
A consorLlum of home conLrols manufacLurers LhaL use Lhe Z-Wave PAn
(Pome Area neLwork) sLandard. 1hey work Lo promoLe lnLeroperablllLy
beLween sysLems and devlces and cooperaLlon beLween manufacLurers on
fuLure producLs and servlces. (hLLp://www.z-
wavealllance.org/modules/sLarL/)

One of the greatest assets that the Smart Grid transformation could have
at this critical time is the Smart Grid Dictionary
. Having clear and compre-

hensive definitions of the essential terminology will bring much needed
clarity and precision to this often confused and abused, but profoundly
important, national initiative.
Kurt Yeager
Executive Director, The Galvin Electricity Initiative
I looked over the Smart Grid Dictionary
and I thought it was simply

brilliant! I looked up 25 things I thought should be in there and they were all
there with very succinct and clear definitions.
Rachelle Chong
Former Federal Communications Commissioner and California Public Utilities
Commissioner
The Smart Grid Dictionary
is one of the most comprehensive information

resources that exists on that broad topic we call the Smart Grid. Its an
excellent Dictionary!
Michael E. Ebert
Principal Research Associate, George Mason University
Author Christine Hertzog,
Founder and Managing
Director of the Smart Grid
Library, is a consultant,
industry blogger, and
professional explainer.
Available at www.smartgridlibrary.com
ISBN number: 978-0-9840944-8-6
The Smart Grid Dictionary is your best source to explain terms, jargon, and acronyms used in
the Smart Grid, machine to machine (M2M) communications and the Internet of Things (IoT).
No other reference guide delivers:
Over 2000 terms covering electric, gas, and water utilities; Smart Grid, M2M
communications, and IoT; cybersecurity and data privacy; distributed energy resources,
energy storage, and microgrids; home and building management and energy efficiency;
standards and policies; and much more
Concise and accurate definitions reviewed by an Advisory Board of industry leaders
Business-oriented and vendor-agnostic definitions for non-technical and technical readers
Comprehensive descriptions of global regulatory agencies, standards bodies, and industry
associations focused on Smart Grid, M2M, and IoT
Convenient and reliable resource for everyone who needs to understand the Smart Grid,
smart cities, M2M and the Internet of Things

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