_\-

\ o . U'' vec- ''-CPE - j _.

91 t 9 & --- . \c&
JATw IN SAKIT
- - -
"
'Jatkaala' is a generic QUO usually
_
given to collect-
ions of jataka stories written in th= tC

put stle, ie B
mixture of ornate verse and prose. AryaSura's Jatakaara is
the most popular and well-known work of tis gen ! Sankit
Ii teratu
!
e. Also known HE the 7'.3uI0007u0uC1u ('Garlad
of 'avadana' 8toris of the Bodhisattva'), it contains 34
stories: Vyagi, .:c,},, 1 Aviahya, Saia
Agastyc, Mai!ribala, Vi8Vafturu, _C_hu OhC Una
dayanti, Suparaga, Matsqu, Vartkaotaka, lwhh, ,putra, b1Su
/Pe_yh1 'llu/oCh1, du Mahabodhi, Markai, Sarabh, R,
Mahakai, Kqnti, Braha, Hasti, .u!uSOu Ayogrha, Mahia and
Sat,C!tru j!t!as. Hendrik ern

who published the text of
this JCtukamula in the 'Devanagari'script in 1891,
1
gives in
the preface, a list of the stories in it, providing references
to parallels in the first four

olumes ot Fausboll's edition

of the Pali collection of the Jatakas and the tales of the
CarYCitaka edited by the Rev. R'._Mors. Acordin&!o this
list , there are eleven stories in Aryasura's Jatakaal, which
have o paralles in !he Pali trdition They are: Igu_h11
Na1_Faa, IC_nC bPChCgC Unadayanti, Kbh, Aputa,
Mahabodhi, Mahakai ('story nr.
2
4) Braha, and Hasti jatakas.
Of these the d4uCCguui Kwbha, Mahabodhi and Mahkapi appear
ed in the fifth volume of Fausboll' s edition of the Jatakas,
which was not available to Kern at the time he mde his list ,
2
while, Visvuntaru, th 'u1q1_u/u version of which was noted,
has its parallel in Jataka Vol. VI.
3
1.
2.
3.
Kern, Hendrik, ed. The Jatakala: Stor1es ' of bud'6
:l 1u_u_nuI1h8, 9therwi7e Entitled Bodhisattva
u0u7u0u7u1u by A1guouC. Harvard Oriental Series, vol.
I Cabridge, Massachusetts. The Harvard University Press,
(1891: reprinted 1914, 194
3
).
Fausboll, V. ed. Th Jataka: together uth its' Comntary.
vol. V. London (1891: reprinted 1963) Nos . 527 512, 528
and 516. These were identified by Speyer in his trans
lation of tbe Jtakaala (see note 5 below) but 529 should
be corrected to read as 527 on Page 114 of his book.
FausDo11, V. ed. The iataka: together luth its Comnta
,
)
vo. VI (1896: reprinted 1964) Jataka Nr. 547.
--
'
1.
I

I

!
I'
i
92
The Kaccha-jataka, a spurious tale found in on of
the manuscripts tht Ken used
L
1s i

c!uded as a appendix
to his edition of Aryaura's JataKamdZo. Akira Yuyama pub
lished a comprehensive study of this j ataka in 1983.4 Here,
he gives two Sanskrit versions of the Kacchaa-jataka viz.
critical and scientific editions of the text printed by Kern
'and referred to above and that printed by Emile Senart in
the second volume of his edition of the Mahavastu-.vadana.
These ae accompanied by the Chinese text of a translation
of the Kacchaa-jataka made in the sixth century, which bas
been included in the Taisho edition of the Chinese Tr1pitaka.
Yuyama gives Q German translation of this version, the Indian
origin of which is said to b lost.
Aryasura's JatakaZa was translated into English by
J.S. Speyer and published by the Pali Text Society in 1895.5
There has been a Indian reprint of this translation,S whil
e
the text of th Jatakamla, also in the Devanagarl script, was
printed in tbe Buddhist Saskrit Texts series issued by tbe
Mithila Research Institute at Darbhanga.7 Maie Musaeus-Hig
gins mde use of Speyer's traslation which had earlier ben
published in a Dutch magazine and rewrote thirty of the sto
ries in simple English to make them popular. She published
these in Colombo in 1914, illustrating some of them with photo
graphs of the carvings of the Brobtdur temple in Java, sent
to her by Major van Erp, who had been deputed by the Dutch
4. Yuyaa , Aira. Keehaa-Jataka. Eine Erzalung von der
SehiZdkrote und dem Kranzwinder. Studia Philologica
Buddhica. Occasional Paper Series V. Tokyo. The
International Institute for Buddhist Studies (1983).
5
. SpIer, S. The Jatakaala or Garland of Birth stores
by Aya Sura. Translated from the Saskrit. The Sacred
Books of the Buddhists. vol. I. Lndon (1895).
6. 1st Indian edition. Delhi. Motilal Baarsidass (1971).
- - - - /-
7. Vaidya, P.L. ed. Jataka-mala by Aya Sua. Buddhist
Sanskrit Texts No. 21. Darbhanga. The Mithila Institute
of Post-graduate Studies and Research in Saskrit Learning.
(1959).
93
gvernent to restore this temple.8 A re-designed edition
of Biggins' work was published in Colombo recently.9- Here)
the Borobudur photographs are not giVen ,
.
but l:ne drawings
by the S!i Lakan artist, Staley Kirinde,illustrate some
of the jatakas. The publication of a new translation of
Aryasura's Jatakaala in 1986 under the title: The Marve-._
lous Compaion has also been announced.9
a
Aryasura's
JatakaZa received the attention of Russian scholars as
early as the late nineteenth century. One ot S. Olden
burg's major wrks was on Buddhist legends, where his aim
was to provide a survey of Indian literature rel
a
ted to
Buddhist legends (in Sanskrit, Prakrits and Pali). He pub
lished the first part ot his work as his M.A. thesis at St.
. .
Petersburg in 1894. A special section of this publication
was devoted to a study ot Aryasurats Jatakaala.
The work on the JatakaaZa, begun by Oldenburg, was
continued by other Russia scholars. In the 1920s academi
cian A. Baanikov bega to tras late this text into Russian,
ad later on, his pupil O. Volkova completed the work. In
1962, a Russian translation of the JatakaaZa appeared.
1
0
-
,-
A Italia rendering of some ot the Aryasura stories was,
published in Torino n 19
8
3
.
11
8. Musaeus-Higgins, Marie. Jatakamala or A Glad of Birth
Stores. Colombo: Printed at the Boys' InQustrial Home
Press, Wellawatte (1914).
- - -
9. Musaeus-Higgins, Marie. JatakaaZa. Illustrated by
Staley Kirinde. First re-designed edition . Colombo,
Lake House Bookshop (1984).
9a. Brill's Weekly No. 1567. Issued by E.J. Brill. Leiden.
Koln. April 3. 1987, p.5.
10. Bongard-Levin, G. and Vigasin, A. Tlw Image of India.
T Study of Ancient Indian Civlisation in the U.S.S.R.
MosCow. Pro gress Publishers (1
9
84) p. 111-112.
11. Gnoli, R. Testi Buddhisti in Sanscrito. Torino (19&3).
The stories traslated are Jatakaaa Nrs. 14, 24, 28, 30
and 31.
- ,
94
AYUa's Jatakc7 received the attention of ri
Laa Buddhist scholars too at the beginning of this centuy.
To Buddhist mns, Venerable Telwatte Aryawaa and Venera
-
. ,
- - -
ble Telwatte Aaraw8sa published a pat of the Jataamala as
the first ofa series of Buddist Sakrit texts in.
198 12
-/
'
This work, pr'inted at the Saddharmaprakasa Press at Alutgaa,13
containd the s tories upto, a a half of Visvantara-jatak.
'. .' - , - -
It is also on record that Batuanatha Sastri published I selec-
tion of elevn jatakas from the collectio alon with a Fik
.
(sub-comentary) uder the title UddJtaatakala.14
These
two publications were made use of by Venerable Aanda Maitreys
Sthavira in bringing out his edition of the full text,of
Arya'ura's work in 1950.
15
This edition, where the text is
'printed in the S
i
nhala script, was published by the Oriental
Studies Society in Colombo. In the introduction to his edition,
Venerable Maitreya says that some of the verses of the Jatak
m7 are found in the D?araipik, wh
i
le my staas "in
the Hatthvanagalla-vih1avasa show the influence of those
of Arya,ura.16 Dharadipika is a Sinhala classic of the
twelfth century, witten by GUrulugomin,1
7
while the Hatth
vangalvihavsa
1
8 is a Pali work written during the reign
12. Aanda-Maitreya Sthavira, B. ed. Jatakar. Colombo
(1950) Introduction. p. 1.
13. This in:ormation is :rom the Author Card Cataogue o:
" '
the Peradeniya Universty Libray. The date of publi-
cation given here tor fasciculus I is 1907. The publi
cation itself appears to have been lost.
14. Aanda-Maitreya Sthavira , B. op.cit. introd. p. l.
15. See note 12 above.
16. Anada-Maitreya Sthavira., B. op.eit. 'Ind. p. l.
1
7
. Gdaumura, C.E. SinhZese Literatue. Colombo (1955)
p. 50.
18. Gdabura, C. E. ed. Hatthvanagallavihav
a
sa, London.
Pali Text Society (1956).
[
. c
95
of King Parakraabahu II, whose period of rule is placed in
the thirteenth century.1 9 An appendix in Venerable Maitreya's
publication gives the text of stanzas in the PaZi iata7<a
which show similarities to verses in the Jatakala, while a
special announcement inserted at the begining of the publi
.cation says that a Sinhala translation of the JatakaaZa was
due o_be pulishe also by the Oriental Studies Society
(.Pracina-Bhaiopakara Samitiya). Howevert there is no evi.
dence of it having appeared.
A select

on of stories from the JataaZa, aely the

first eight Jatakas p:ecribe tor he Pracina Prarabla
exaination by the Pracina Bhafopakara Saitoiya for the years
195
2
- 1954 was edited and published by Venerable Kerainiye
Jinananda in 1951. It was called the JatakaaZa accompaied
by the tMagala vyakhyana' (commentary).20 The text given
here in the Sinhala script is accompanied by a Sinala tras
lation aud c?ments. The same eight stories wre published
y_enerable Paita Gewela Ratanajoti and Venerab!e : _ _
Acarya Baddawala Ratanawamsa in 195
2.21
. Called the Jatakaala
Selantapa Vakhya,this publication also gives the text in the
"
' J
Sinhala script and a word by word translation into Sinhala.
t Selantara' is the nae of the p-rivetla (monastery) in Alawa,
of which the two author monks were incubents.
22
It was noted
earlier that Venerable Jinananda's comentary was called
. Mamgala Vyakhya-w. 'Mgala' was the lame of a parive1Q
(onastery) in Beruwala, the bead of which was Venerable Tel
watte Sri Aryawamsa, the preceptor of Venerable Jlnananda,23
whose help relatIng to the comentary he acknowledges in the
*
preface. The vyakhyana was named Mala after the monastery.
2
4
19. History of Ceylon, University of Ceylon , vol. I. Colomo.
(1959)p. 61.
20.
Pandita Kerainiye Jinananda Sthavira ed. Magalvyakhya
na;ahita JatakaaZa. Colombo, Auia Press at Maradana
(1951).
21. Pa

4ita Gaewela Ratanajoti S!hvira. Acirya_Bd

awala
Ratanawasa Sthavira. Jatakaalr Selantaravyakhya.
. - -
Keliya, Vidya1ara Press (1952).
22. ibid. introd. p. 1i and iii.
96

I
projet to tdy all the source material relevt to
Aryasurats JatakaL viz. mHnuHCripts not used by K&rn the
Tibeta translation
.
Hd three known comentaries, has been
in progress since 1985.
25
This work, carried out by Michael
Hahn, his students and colleagues, has as its ul timate aim
& revised version ot the Saskrit text + As part of this
'project Peter Khoroche's listing ,of vaTiHOt readings on
Kern's text, based on
t
wo old manuscripts, which be places
in the 11th and 1
2
th century A.D., was ready for publicat ion
in August 1986, and has been published this year in Bonn as
Volue 12 of the series Indica et Tibetica MJder the title:
. __ ~ >
Towads New. Edition of lyaS7.2-a '_Jatak
p
l

. Ratna Basu,
who completed her edi tiol of the Jatakaala
t
'ka26 ` as part of
her Ph.D. dissertation in mid
-
1986, was expected to edit the
JatakaaZaanjika by Viryasia, which is available only in
its Tibetan traUlation _ while it is anticipated that Tissa
Rajapatiraa of the Australian NHtionHl University will
complete his edition olthe Tibetan version of the Jatakaala
in 1987. It may be mentioned inter aZia that B so-called
.
Chinese pseudo-translation of Aryasura'sJatakaala WU dis
cussed by Joh Brough in 1964.
27

1
The most recent cliscussion on Aryasura 's date, viz .
.
.
r" * . "
that in Carol Meadows' introduction to Aryasura's Pata-
saasa, favours assigning it to the 4th century A.D
.
28
25.
26.
2
7
.
28.
Private comunication by Michael Hah in letters dated:
August 9th 1985, June 6th 1986, August 21st,1986, JUly
6th 1987.
A mauscript of a Jatakaatika dated 1724, covering
m 4
the first 15jatakas, has been discussed by Peter
Khoroche in South Asian Stuies I . London ( 1985)
p. 63-66.
-
7
Brough, J. 'The ChiOeUe Pseudo-Translation of Arya-sura's
Jataaalat Asia Major. N.S. 11. London (1964) p. 27-
53.
. r.

Meadows. Carol. Aa-Sua

'
s COendiu f the _ Periecttons:
Text, trslat1on and analysis of the Paatasaasa.
(Indica et Tlbetica 8) Bn (1986) p. 4.



M
P"
97
The popQlBrity of Aryaura's iatakala JB attested DDT
only by textual studies made of it) bt_also !h availability
D1 J11UB1TBT1ODB OT .its stories. The' Jatakala was the
source of a nber of representations $OH the
_
wall-p!int
O1 Ajanta. The relationship between Aryaura's Jataka-

1 _
.
:a'a aDd ' tDU _B@'B fT0LoeU

and inscriptions from the text

found JD WU of the caves formed the theme of B paper read
by B3DI2CD LUders to the GOttingen Royal Society as early 88
1TDCNDT 1902.
29
This paper was printed the sae year,
3
0
wDile a Dg1JBD translation of it by J. Burgess was published
the following lear.31 Dieter Schlingloff has shoW DT0I6BT
in the Jatakala representations at Ajanta in the recent
past.32 Discussing a battle-painting de,icted tn cave 17 at
~ ,
.Ajta, bCD1D@1OT1 identified the scene &H being frOm Saka-
jatat ad t!ted that the painting shows more COD1OTO!T IO
TD0 Jatakala aCCOunt of the story th to the PaZi Jataka
in &tters OT de!il .
3
3 The jtaka illustrations found in
CBV 1 BT Ajta formed the theme of Schlingloff's contribu
Iion IO the :elicitation volume presented to Ernst Waldsch-
mdt on D1B 0J@DTJBTD birthday.
34
Here he discusses the
29. Th Indian Antiq1Y' August, 1903. p. 326.
30.
1.
32.
33.
34.
r"
, - f+ .
Luders, R. 'Arya-Sura's Jatakaala und die Fresken
VDD Ajanta.lvachrichten `(T deYKnirZ. Gese llsohft
. ,
dl Wissensclften <! Gttingen, Phil. -hiat., Kl. (1902)
p. 758-762 (= Philolg,ica Inica, Gttinge
'
(1938)p .73-77) ..
~ 4~ ~ = - -
'Arya.Sura1s Jatakaala and the Frescoes OTJB]B`
p. 326-
3
29 TD Th Indian Antiquar. August (1903).
- -
bCD11D@1O1T D. 'Jatakaala-Darstellungen in Ajfa,
WienerZeitscnrift fUr die Kund SUsiens, Bad. XVI
(197) p. 55-65.
bCD11D@1OT
J
D. t A Battle-Painting in Aja. (p. 196-
23) in Indowgen-Tagung ( 1971) ad. Herbert,: Uartel and Volker
ND1CY. Wiesbaden g Franz Steiner Verlag GMH. (1973)
p. 201.
bCD1JD@JOTT D. Die Jataka-Darstellungen in H11e 16
vonAja;t (p. 455-478) in Beitrage zu Ini nfors chn.
Ernt Waldschidt < 80 Gbu:tstag geUidt.
BeTliO
Museu fUr IOdisChU Kunst (1977).
98
Varta_otaka, Vyaghi. Mah-iga, Vi svan tara B1:sa, Kumha,
. Maitribala and Hasti j ;,,,, ::- a-,-a s Jatakala, .
which are illustrated in this cave. Scenes from the Mahi?a
jataka are found in Cave 11 as well,35 while the Maitl'ibala
;/atak is depicted in caves 1 and 2 a1so.36 The Maitribala
epresentation in cave 1 was identified by Schlinglo!fhim
self in H paper on 'Two Paintings in Cave 1 at AJalla1, te
s

cond ainting iscused being ne re!aed to a 'agakuara'

story. The Kianti-jat)w tJ atakaala_is illustrat, ed in
LWN 2'at Ajata,38 ad so is the Hasa-jataka.39
4 .
I
_ A_1!lustration of te Maitribala-jataka .r a:,aa:
Jatakaala, which as noted earlier was not
_
traced in the Pali
'tradi tion, has been identified aong the jatakas pUinted on
the walls of the vestibule of U shrine at the medieval capital
of Polonaruva in Sri Lanka.
40
Mistermed 'DemaZa-Ma-Seya'
according to H.C.P. Bll,
41
the shrine was anCiently called
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
ibid. p. 461.
ibid. p. 469 note 42.
Schlingloff, Dieter. 'Zwei alereien in Bohle I VLM Ajanta'.
(p. 912-917) in Zeitsch1:ft dl DLtCheH Morgenlandiscn
Gsellschft. Supplement III, 2. XIX. DeutHChe- Orienta
listentag. Vortrag. ed. Wolfgang Voigt. Wiesbadan. 1977.
Schling1off, Dieter, 'Dar Konig mit dam SChwert ' (p. 57-
70) in Wiener Zeitschift fU d-ie Kunde Susiens. Ba
XI (1977) p. 59.
. ,
Schling1off, Dieter, 'Zwei Anatiden-Geschichten im alten
Indien' (p. 369-397) in Zeitschlft der Deutschen Morgen
lndischn Gsellschaft. Band 127, Heft 2. Wiesbaden.
(1977) p. 376-380.
Bll, H.C.P.
Report 1909.
ibid. p. 9.
Archeological SUey of Cey'on. Annul
Colombo (1914) p. 36 and Plate D . .
99
'Tiv&Da-patima-gharar, and the paintings on its walls4
dating from the reign of Parakraabahu I (1153-1186 A.D.)
OT the decades immediately following, ' proVe , in the words
of SeMrat Paranavltaa, "that the cl

ssical tradition of
Indian
painting, represented at Ajanta ad Bagh, was kept
..
,liv
e in Ceylon after it had lOEt its vitali!y in India
itse
lf.
tt42
The 0ther stories, be,sides Maitribala, that Bll
ide
ntified HoOg the wall paintings in the shrine at Polon
n.uva are th Vessantara, Asanka
l
Sasa, T.rfla, Vidua
o_:a, ).:t, qZlapadu, Muaakkha, Saa, Ma!asudal-_
sana, Kusa and Mah-U agga Jatakas. Of these the Jatakaa-la
contains the Vessantara d Sasa j atakas.
43
It will be a
.atter of interest to find out whether the illustrations of
'these stories at the TivaDka-patima-ghara conform more to the
/Jvot accunt than to te Pali, as was seen in the case
of the Sakra-jatak at Aja
l
a. Plates giving line drawings
of the frescoes at the shrine appended to Bell's report44 ,
will b of use to any art-historian interested in this matter.
Jatakala carvings from Borobudur were referred to ear
lier in relation to Hig1ns' publication. In 1897, Oldenburg,
who studied plates of jataka representations at Borobudur pub
lished in 18
7
4
, 4
5
thought that he fouId i the bas-reliefs ' of
the temple a series of illustrations of jatakas arraged approx
imately in the order followed in Aryaura's iatakla.
4
6
Tese reliefs are in the first balustrade of thib faous monu-
!nt. 4
7
'
42. CEYLON: Paintings Fom Temle, Shrine and Rock. Preface.
W.O. Acher. Introduction.S. Paranavitana. Unesco World
Art Series. Published by the New York Gaphic Society
(1957) p. 25.
43. Dll, H.C.P. op.cit. p. 32-38. Asanka JatakH has no paral
lel in th Jataaza, as rongly indicBted by Bell.
44. Plates A - P.
45. Leemans, C. Br-Bouour dans l'iZe d Java. Lide(1874).
46. Oldnburg, Sergj Fdorovi .
'
Notes on Buddhist Art'.
Tranalated from the ROssiHn by Leo Wiener. (p. 183-201) in
the Joua of the rican OrientaZ Society. vol. 18.
(1897) p. 196-200.
- -
47. Fontein, Jan. 'Notes on the Jatakas and AvadUW of (contd.)
.
100
Representations of, stories of Aryara' U ,iatakamaZa
have been noted' il twelve ot the thirteen Tibetan' ta:!
(painted scrolls) kept at the City Art Museu of St. Luis
in the United States:
4
'
Authors of JatakaaZa collections are referred to in
a verse inSomendra's preface to the AVadankaZpaZata of
emerdra;who is s Hid to have lived in the eleventh century ,
A , D.
49
Tle verse'in question is as tollows:
acayagopadattadyair avaJnakraojjhitah
= , f =
uccitocit

a vihita gadyadyvirnkha, /
ekaqganusa-a7 paa gahirakal
vistirTavar1na santi JinajatakaaZika50
Speyer's translation of this verse, given in the intro
duction to his translation of Aryaura' s iatakaaZa, reads.:
"There exist many Garlads of Birth-stories of
the Gina' by Gopadatta ad other teachers, who,
discarding the usual order ot the Avadaas,
gathered tales tcarptim' and told them at length
in elaborate .prose (gadya) interspersed with
verse, holding themselvUs free as to the propor-
tions ot the two styles, which they made inter
change. They all treat of the prase of the
Right Path, but, owing to their profoundess
are hard to uderstad. "51
Te tUaChers other than Gopadatta referred to here could be
= g
. . .
Aryasur,, who!e_Jatakaal was discussed above H.aribhata,
whose' Jatakal has received scholarly attention recOntly
ad presumably others whose naes and works rematlwn.

Buabudur' (p.S5-10S) in Baabuu. History an Sigm;- "
ficac of Bhist ,Mpnuent ed. by Luis O. Gomez and
HirW. Woodward Jr. (Berkeley Buddhist StudiUs Series
,4.8
2) University of California, (1981) p. 103.
.
Bryner, Edna. Thirteen Tibetan Tankas, Falcon Wins
'
pres
(1956)
.
.
49 SaratChadraDas ad Pand!t Hari Moha Vidyalbushaa .
.

. . ~ r
/, ed. AvadkZpa't by emena. Vl. I. ,Calcutta
(1888) f. p. v!i.
50. ibid. p. xvii.
" 51. Speyer J.S. 'The Jatakaala'.op.ait. p. JQiii.,
101
In 19 F.W. Thomas described the Jatakaaza of Ha3b
ha}!a as a collection of thirty-five stories, DB81D@ is
1nformation on the translation of the
'
work included 1D the
Tajur 8OCTOD of the Tibeta Tripitaka. Thomas did DOT sub
ject the JatakaaZa itself to a detiled Oxa1nation, but
presented the facts recorded concerning the author, and
appended thO comencement of the book, the titles of the
stories, BD0 the colophons together with B TOT1B1ODB1 tIaDs
l_tion of these . _Te colophon of D1S Jatakala describes
Haribha. as an dod and a prince, learned in gra ar and
the word of the Buddha, and also apoet, " the OOOD OT JBter
pets", whO, experiencing distress in Kashmir, "through the
fault of M1BCD3O1NBKOTB` cast away D1B 111C D the Eimalayas.
T TDO commencement of the work, Haribhaa says that he
udertook the composition 'OC1D@ BX1JJOO in the tae of the
lives of the Bodhisattva" and desiring D1B OWD advtntage,
after stating

dest}
l
that "with the string 1Jataka COM
p
osed by tb CBI others are without power TO follow
on a equall ty. ''

In TOCODT times, Haribhata's Ja

t
akaala has Teceived
the 8TTDT1OD of Michael Ha, who published the T1beta ver
sion, accompanied by notes, of the Darta-/ataka, whiCh has
a
p
arallel in the Daddara-/ataka (Pali Jataka NT. ^} and
t!e Sugata-/ataka which is parallel To the Uda-/ataka (Pa7i
JdIdkd Nr. 9

[ in 1971;
5
he TibetBn VCTB1OD 80 8 O1BD
t1alBtion of th Adap6aha-jCaka, a Pali parallel TO which
is the Gaanicanda-iataka (I1`. iataka Nr. 25) , 1D 1(

9
.
. I -
-
the Tibetan text aDd the German translation of the Syaa-jatak.,
52. Thomas , F.W. 'Notes from The BD_UT 6. Tbe dBTBKBBJB
of Haribhatta, I p. 9O in The Journal of In !Ogd
AS1C!!o Soiety of Cr0CI cr*o^ Cd !^C1"d for 1904.
LondoD (1904).
53.
54.
Hah, Michael.
sc'tsprache
Bn (19T4) p.
Lehrbuch del' Klassischen Tibeti,schen
Mit Leses
t
ucken ur Glossat. 3rd edition
225-237 and p. 245-250.
Han, Michael. 'Die Haribhattajatakaala (1). Das
Adaraukhajataka' I p. 49-88 i Wiener Zeitschijt
de Kun 5uJS!cS. Bad XII, (1973).
102
of which the Pa1Jpaallel is the Saa-jGaka (PaZi Jataka
Nt 540) in 1976;
55
1De revised verson of" the T1be1an Dardar'a
j !t aa and its Germa transiat ion in 1979;
56
and th Udaya-
j s18a in 1980.56a
Hahn'spublicaioD of 1977 e

titled_HQhppa and Gpa

datta:
.
T Authors -n thP suceels1on C _ Aryasua : O th
rediscover Of pats of their JatakaZas is a noteworthy con
tribution to Saskrit Jatakamag studies.
5
7
POinting out that
he WaB unawre of the existence of the Sanskrit original of
stories trom the Haribhapta/a-Jakaala un11J abOu1 1bIe yatf
btore its publication, ere he identified eleven Stories from
it, with the help ot the Tibetan 1IanSJa11OL in two collec
-iOD! ot_BuddD1s1 b1I1D~S1OI1eS nine of the being ,n 1
Avadnasaasacaya and u1J O1eVeD 1n the Jatakaalavadana
sutra. The nine_legends found in the Avadnaaaaccaya
ae the Badradvipa, Sara, cr!abhal. Rupyavati, Mrga,
Hastin, Canda, Ha

arga and Mayua ja1BkaB, a very bz1u

outline of which a
e
peed in print 1n 1972, in an az11c1o
entitled the 'Avadanasarasauccaya' .5S The two additional 81O~
rs :round i the iatakaZavadanasvt1G aIO the Si'f ad
Skya8imh a1aS. However, Hahn argues that the SaasTh
jKO

1be thirty-ti!thnarrattve in the HaribhaP!ajatak

mla, which deals with the lite of the Buddha, may bo a later
addition and not the work of Haribha

a. Hahn pr1n1d
Saskrit text ot one of 1e stories he identitie,d, the 0asa
jatak, as a supplemnt to his stUdy on Haribhay

a ad
55.
56.
56a.
57.
58.
Hahn, Michael, 'Die 8I1bb aj1 k1 (II).
Syuajataka,' Wienr Zeitshrift fi. die Kn
Bad X. (1976) p. 37-74.
Das
SUdasiens.
Ha, Michael. 'Die aI1bha1

ea1ka1a (III) Da D~
da~Ja1a ' Wienr Zeitf(ift j1 r die Kunde SUaaiens.
Bad XIII ( 1979) p. 75-1 t8.
I
De- Haribhattajatakaaz (IV) Das Udayajatak .. ' Wiener
Zeitsehift'j die Kunde SUasiens. Bad XIV (1980)
p. 99-12'S.
Ha, Michal. 'Haribhatta and Gopadatta,' stuia phiw-
' . .
wgica Bdhica. Occasional Paper Series 1. TOkyo, The
Reiyai L1bzazy (1977) ,39 p.
Baduruade, Ratna. 'The AVadanaBaIaaw00caye , Studies
in Ind-Asia At a CZtUe. vl. I. ed. Perala (On1d}
103
Gpa
datta, as an exaple to i l lustrate Haribha a' S s,tyle , 5
9
w!i le he and Konrad Klaus_publihd a study of the Mga-
.
jat
aka of the Hcribhta,jatakamala, , cont aining both the
Saskrit and Tibet an text s and a trans l at ion into Grmn
J
in
198
3
.
60
.
The date of Haribha
!
a also recej. ved Hahn ' s considera
t ion . His contribut ion to the Ludwig Alsdorf Feli citat ion
Vlue , published in 1
9
81 , dealt with t his problem
. 6
1
Here
be attempted to establish an upper l imit tor the date of
Haribhatta, the twelfth century , in which his iatakaZa ' . .
.
was translated into Tibetan , being that whi ch could be sug-
gested unt i l recently . In thi s connection , Hahn draws atten
tion to a recent pub!i cat ion of Dieter Schl ingloff on the
legend of King Prabhas a and his e lephant , which is also the
opening story of Har ibhat t a ' s iatakcala. A parallel version
. . .
of the legend lis ted by Schl ingloff is that in the Chinese
col lect ion called Hs ien-yu-ching, ' The Sutra of the Wise Man
ad the Foo l ' . Hahn point s out that the Chinese version
cont ains a number of charact erist ic episodes which are avail
able. only in Haribhat t a ' s text and nowhere elee , in addit ion
, .
,
to a series of six st anzas , seemingly quoted mote or les s
ve;batim. Hahn ' s conc lus ion based on this data is tht the
compilers of Hsien-yU-ching borrowed from Haribhatta . The
.. .
upper limit of Haribha a' s date could then b determineq by
the date of the compilat ion of HS ien-yu-ching , which accord
ing to the oldest catalogue of the Chinese Tripi'! aka took
place in the year 455 A . D . Further , t aking into account
.
5
9
.
60 .
61 .
Ratnam New Delhi . I nternational Academy of Indian
Culture . 1972 . p . 79-89 .
Han , Michael , T ,J Harlbhatta and Gopadat t a' . op . cit .
.
.
,
p . 31-39 .
Hahn , Michael and Klaus , Konrad . ' Das Mrgaj at aka '
- _ - t
(Haribhappajatakamala XI) . Studie , Texte , G
1
o'sar .
Indica et Tibet ica 3 . Bonn ( 1983) .
Han, M . 1 Das Datum des Haribhat a' (p . 107-120) in
Stuien zu Jainisms una Buddhisms . Gdnkschift
fU Luwig Alsdorf. ed . Klaus Bruhn and, Albrecht
Wezler . ( Alt- ud Neu-Indi sche Studien erausgegeben
vom Seminar fur Kultur ud Geschichte Indians an der
Universitat Hamburg 23) Wiesbaden ( 1981 ) .
104
+e t i requred . :or . the_diss_ i

ation of the work , Han

Sys that the
.
Harbhttajatakaal cannot have been compoSd
l a.r than the tirst decades of the ;5th century A . D . Hahn
odduces corroborative evidence in support ot this date viz .
t he placemnt of Haribhatt a in the Jataa sect ion ot the
.
r .bet an Tan] ur , which 1s thougt to be a chronological place-
-
, -
mct . Boro , Haribhatta is placed atter Aryasura, confirmed
.
.
.
. . - , -
. .
bg Haribba a ' s ow reference to Aryasu;a as noted earlier ,
but . fore the Buddhist pet and graarian , Cadragom1n . .
The date suggested :or Aryaura i s tbe 4th century A . D . ,
6
2
while Candragomin'B productive period was between the yeaB
4t5 and 475 .A . D .
,
according to a previous study of Hahn .
6

padat!a. referred to as an acarya , i s the only author

a Jatakalaj whose name is ment ioned in the verse from
i ze proIae to the Avadnaklpalata, quoted earlier n thJ s
p aper . One
_
work definitely know to be his , ad a fair
nubr of j at aka composi t ions tentat ively attributed to him
hoVO been studied in rcent !iB . That a fragntary maus
CT1pt ot Gpadatt a ' s Jd!dkCd!u was purchased . in Nepal around
I g33 has been ' reported by Gui seppe Tucci
.
in i8 contribution
1 e the Kriz Winternitz Fel icitat ion Volume . 4 Tucci says
t hat , according to ts colophon , the work cons is1ed of thee
t bOusaad aad three hunred
_
athas . Gopadatta is referred to
s sthiva Gpadatta and acarya Gpadatt a in this colophon ,
wb
icb also mentions one of the tales that the mauscript
c ontained , viz . the vqJ4hyaJaYCIadana. Regrettably th
'
is
mauscript cannot be traced .
A ' mauscript of the Sanskrit text of a story called tbe
S atak7vadad, where the name o: the author .s mentioned
(S Gpadatt a , is tound in the Bibliothque Nat ion_le in Paris .
65
o . See note 28 above .
J . B, Michael . Caagomins Lkandntak (As iatische
.
rschungen Bad 39) . Wiesbaden , Otto Harrasowitz ( I974)
p . 7 .
{4 . ucci , Guiseppe . ' Animadvers iones I ndicae . ' Festscf
Mriz Winternitz 1863-1 933. Herausgegeben von Otto Stein
ud Wilhelm Gapert . Le ipzig . Otto Harrassowit z . ( 1933)
p . 245 , 246 . .
(5 ;
Fill iozat , J . Catalog du Fons oCnSoPt, Fasc . 1 .
Par!s . (194l } Nr . 142 .

105
The Tibetan version of IDlS story found i n the Tanjur sect ion
of
the Tibeta Tripit aka along with a German translat ion was
presented as a doctoral tbes i s by Lbsang Dargyay in 1974 . 66
This was publisDed i n Vienna in 1978 . 67 arglaY . Eoint s out
that this Tibet a version of the SaptakwnarikG7)adana i s based
on the Sanskrit text contained in the Paris manuscript and
says that he did no ei t .!he a6krit text or i ts adapt a
t ion found in the Asok.vadan:ala in vi! w ot th tact that
Michael Hahn was edit i ng t hem . Hahn announced that he had
prepared an edit ion of the6anSkri t text of the Satakvi
kavadana as e arJy as 1977 .
I n the sae year Hahn tentat ivey 8IITOUTOO fourteen
Buddhist legends written in the LB[U style to Gopadatta ad
printed an index locoru of tbese _ |ODI 1D@ out IDC1I loca
t ion in anonymous collections O UOOD15T birth-stories ,
notably the iata"aZ;rt'adanasutra and IDC ivadanasaGsauc
cqa. Te legends l isted he
!
e are. Suprhsa, lipancaa,
sarthavaha. Saradar, inanavqti, Ka1svara, Megha, Mat
ro?ahastin, Nqga" S'oan , M(USal'ananda, B7valLdhaka, Maitra
knyaka and Ajatasatru. The last two O IDO3O legends had
already been published at the time Hahn wote . The s imi larity
between three ot the legends from TD l i st , YDTCD Han DBO
studied in det ail . ith Gopadat t a ' s Saptakwarnvaccwa, convin
ced Hahn of their common authorship . He argued in support of
Dis assuption , justi fying IDC inc lus ion of tbe other nine
unpublished JO@CDOS .
The following studie s of TDO stories attr ibuted to Gopa
dat t a have been publ i shed s ince 1977 . I n 1980 , Ha printed
~~~ __ .
66 .
Hah Michael I DI

DO O[BOBTI B , ' op . cit . [ . 15 .

.
6
7 . Dargyay , Lobsan

. Die L=gende von den s ieben Prines

sinen ( Sapt auarika-Avadana) in der poet i schen Fassun
von Guhyadat t a/Gopadatt a aufgrund der t ibetischen
ubersetzung herausgegeben , UOOISOI ZT und bearbe itet o
Wiener Stud1:en ZU Tibeto Z,g-ie und BuddhiDmskunde Heft .
2 . Wien . ( 1978) .
68 .
Hahn, Michael .
6b . ibid. p . 16-27
l Har ibhatt a and Gopadatta , op. cit. p . 16 .
+ e
106
-/
-
the Sakrit text of the Kaisvaajataka along with philo-
logical comntay ad an introduct ion , where he gives a
detailed analysis ot ' the story . Deai ing with the li fe ot the
Bodhisattva , born as a king of monkeys , who leaves his troop
- ,
to tae cae of his old, blind mothe, the Kaisaa legend
given here has its parallel in the Culanandiyajataka (Nr . 222)
of the Pali iataka collection . 70
The anavati-jataka was studied by Gerhard Ehlers . a
pupil of Han , ad submitted as a M. A . thesis to the Philipps
University in_Marburg in 1980 .
71
This contains the Sanskr' it
text of the j ataka and a, Grman translat ion ot it . The intro
duction contains a comparison t th legend with a parallel
version ot i! !ound in the Saadhiajasutra, an importat work
of early Mahayana Buddhism . The jataka , the opening stanza
of which states that "even women can excel men on account of
their distinct1 ve behaviour" ,
72
relates the story of a yo'ung
woman , who gave her own flesh and blood to cure a illness of
a sick mn.
Konrad Klaus , also a pupil of Michael Hahn , studied the
Maitrakanyakaadna as the subject of his M. A. thesis I which
again was presented to the Philipps University at Karburg in
70 .
- I
-
Ha, Michael . I Gpadatta I S Kapisvarajataka . t JOU"
of th Nepa" Re8eQa Cente No . 4 (Hunities) . Wies
aden ( 1980) . p . 133-159 .
71 . Ehlers , Gerhard . Das Janavati-jataka aus dl iataka
mi ds Gpadtta. . Nah dre! Manskr!pten herausgege
ben , komentiert , mit dem Samadhirajasutra des Gilgit
Manuskript s vergl ichen und ins Deutsche Ubersetzt .
Eingere1cht ala schriftliche Hausarbeit zur Magister
PUfung 1m Fach Indische Philologie Fachbereich I I
(AuBereuropaische Sprachen und Kulturen) der Philipps
Universitt in Marburg. Marburg(ahn (11 Jul i , 1980)
9 p . , (Typescript) .
72 . yoit 'pi . . . . . . . pratipattiviiefena pua atieate .
107
1980 .
73
A revised version of this was published in 1983 .
74
Here , the Sanskrit text of the legend is accompanied by a
Grman
translation ad an introduct ion, where , after a tho
rough and det ailed examinat ion ot the legend , Klaus comes to
the conclusion that his flndings do not necessarily prove
B!hn ' s surmise tat Gopadatta composed the Maitrakanyakva
d. This avadaa relates the story of Maitrakanyaka , a
young ma who kicked his motber when she tried to prevent
him frol following the call of the sea .
-
I
.
A study of the Aatasatrvavadna was publ ished by Hahn
in 1981 . Here , he gave . the Sanskrit text ot the story , pre
ceded by an introduct ion which gives a structural analysis
of it . The legend deals with an important event in the life

#
of King Aj atasatr

of Magadha , a contemporary of the Buddha ,
viz . the repentace for the murder of his father , King Bimbi-

~
v ~
` .
s!ra , an
_
event described in the Saannahlasutta of the
Dighikaa. 75
.
I have been studying :ive of the le gends attributed to
Gpadatta during the past few years and have from time to
t ime given a paraphrase of their content
7
6 or abstracts and
related information pertaining to them : the RsipanakaJ
7
7

73 .
7
4

7
5
.
76 .
Ks , Konrad . Das Maitrakanyakavadana (Nr. 38 des
Divyavaana) . Einle. i tung , Edition_ deutsche Ubersetzung .
Oem Fachbereich I I ('AuBereuropaische Sprachen und Kul
turen) der Philipps Universitat M
a
rburg ls schriftliche
Haus arbeit zur Magister-Prufung 1m Fach I ndische
Phi lologie eingereicht . Marbtrg/Lahn . 28 ; Juli 1980 .
105' p .- .
Klaus , Konrad . Das Maitrakanyakvacna (Divyc ' 38) .
Bonn ( 1983) Indica et Tibeticn . Band 2 .
-
/
-
Hahn, Michael . ' Aj atasatrvavadana A Gopadatta Story
:rom Tibet . X" P. Jc!aswai Coremorat'on Volu. Patna
( 1981) . p . 242-276 .
Handurukande , Ratna . ' Buddhist Tales from Saskrit
Sources . ' Retold . Buddhist Publicat ion Society , Ky .
Sri Lanka ( 1981) . Sodhi Leaves . Nd . B . 88 . 28 p .
77
.
Handuruande , Ratnn . ' ipancaka-j ataka ' Stuies in Ino
Asia At an Cltu we . vol . 6 . ed . Lokesh Chandra . New
Dlhi ( 1980) . p . 111-122 .
108
Sarthvah, 78 Sa:aad, 79 MatSG'fanna
8
0
ad Bhaludhka

5 tories . In 1983 , I presented the Saskrit text of the
s tories accompanied' bOy an English translat io
n
.
8
1
In the
i ntroduction to this publ ication , I analysed the styl istic
d, evices used in the stories
I
focuss ing my attent ion paticu
l arly on the que stion of authorship . As ment ioned earlier ,
Ha assigned these five legends , togther with nine others ,
io Gpadatt a , basing hi8 arguments on the fo llowing criteria :
vicinity of stories within collect ions , homogeneous use of
letres , simil ar format at the begining and end of each story,
', dent ical or similar phraseology ad styl istic uniformity .
1 tested each of these argue

t s , _comparing the five stories

ith Gpadatt a' s Satakuaikavadana. The conclusion I
Qri ved at was that the textual and stylistic features of the
fve stories in question lend support to Ha' s hypothesis ,
ut that a more definite conclus ion should await a thorough
l exico-statistical analysis ad a comparat ive study of all
{e legnds at tributed to Gopadatta . However , this ' l iteray
detective work ' , as one reviewer ' of my publicat ion aptly put
It ,
8
2
my becom reduudant , if the fragmentary mauscript of
the Gpadtajataka1aa, acquired by Tucci in Nepal in 1933 ,
La found and made available for study .
1
8
.
79 .
80 .
81 .
82 .
Handurukade , Ratna . ' A Mrchat Story . ' T Sri
Lanka Jouna of the Hnities . University of
Peradeniya ( 198
0
) Vol . VI . nos . 1 ad 2 . , 'p . 48-56 .
Haduruande , Ratna. ' Sarvamdada, The All-giver , '
Buist studies (Bukkyo Kenyu) vol . X. Edited by the
Internat ional Buddhist Associat ion , Haaatsu , Japa
( 1981) .
Hadurukande , Ratna . t Matsaranadavadaa , , Buletin
of the School of Orienta and African studies, Univer
sity of Lndon . vol . XIV ( 19
8
1) p . 349-351 .
Harukande , Ratna . ' Five Budhist Lgen i th
Cau style . From a coeetion nad Avadsaasa
muccaya. ' Edited ad translated (with a introductio) .
Bn ( 1984) I ndica et Tibetica 4 .
Peter Khoroche , Journal of the Royal As itic Sooiety
of Gre at Britain ad Ireland . (1986) No , 1 . Lndon
( 1986) p . 147 .
109
Th uppr limit of Gpadatta' s date is the eleventh
centuy , the date of Kemendra ' s Avadanakalpalata, where
G
padatta' s na i s mnt ioned in a verse in the preface ,
quoted earl ier in this paper . That Gopadatta literall
brrowed a lage proUe passage from Haribhat a ' s Prabhasa
story tor is ow version of the same legend has beeQ point-
o ed out by Hahn recent ly .
83
This wi ll set the lower l imit
to the first decades of the fifth CeMtUry A. D .
,
the date
sggested for Haribhat ta' s iatakaala, as noted earlier .

The {atakaaZas discussed above are those composed ia
the ' Capu' style , that i s , ( as mentioned before) a mixture
of ornate ver

e and prose . These apart , there are many col

lections of jatakas in Sanskrit l iterature , composed mainly
r
- ~ ~ w
i !he s Zok metre . Called avadanla usual ly , ad jataka-
" mala sot ies , they are vers i f ied adaptations of older works .
On of thee , the Mahjjatakaala, Cntaining fifty chapters ,
edited by Michae l Hahn , has been publ ished recent ly .
84
I n
the introduction to this publicat. ion , Hahn makes a br ief N*
vey of studies pertaining to other Collections of this genre .
These studies are few, while Uusc1ipts not yet studied are
may . Bringing out crit ical edit ions of these wil l be of
importance tor th stdy of Indian liter&tuTe in general , and
Buddhist narrative literature in pat icula.

83 . Ha, Michael .
p. 120 .
! Das Datu de s Har ibhatta, op : eit.
7
84 . Ha, Michael . ' Der Grosse Legendenkranz . Mahaj ja
taamala , ' WiesbadenJ Otto Harras sowitz ( 1985) . Asia
tische Forschungen . Band 88 .