I. The Beginning of Islam ISLAM o An Arabic word which means Acceptance Submission Surrender Commitment o Closely related to the Arabic word for peace which is salaam. (shalom in Hebrew) o Its adherents are called Muslims. o Their God is called Allah and their holy book is called Quran. o Kaaba House of God The center of Muslim worship which is located at Mecca o Founded by the prophet Muhammad o Started with the Hijra or Hegire which is the migration of the prophet Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in September 24, 622 o Laylat Al-qadar (Night of Power) a sacred event when Muhammad received the call to be Gods messenger o The origin of faith lies in Allahs initial creation of the universe and everything in it, including the First Parents, Adam and his wife. Muhammad o Belonged to the Quraysh o Born in c. 570 CE o He was called The Last Prophet, or The Seal of the Prophets o Muhammads Perspective Gods messages in other scriptures had become corrupted and needs a fresh revelation to which he was called to deliver o Archangel Gabriel the angel who delivered Gods calling to Muhammad Quran o Central religious text of Islam; record of the messages Muhammad recited in the name of God
II. The Spread of Islam The start of Islam is marked in the year 610, following the first revelation to the prophet Muhammad at the age of 40. Muhammad and his followers spread the teachings of Islam throughout the Arabian Peninsula. 622 CE The Hijra / Hegira o The Hijra / Hegira is the migration of Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina in 622 CE. In June 622, warned of a plot to assassinate him, Muhammad secretly slipped out of Mecca and moved his followers to Medina, 320 kilometers (200 miles) north of Mecca. The Hijra is celebrated annually on the first day of the Muslim year. 630 CE The Return to Mecca o Muhammad returns to Mecca with a large number of his followers. He enters the city peacefully, and eventually all its citizens accept Islam. The prophet clears the idols and images out of the Kaaba and rededicates it to the worship of God alone. 633 CE o Muhammad dies after a prolonged illness. The Muslim community elects his father-in-law and close associate, Abu Bakr, as caliph, or successor. Caliph successors to the messenger of God; leader of a caliphate 638 CE o Muslims enter the area north of Arabia, known as "Sham." Sham area north of the Arabian Peninsula which is composed of 4 countries namely Syria, Palestine, Lebanon, and Iraq 641 CE o Muslims enter Egypt and rout the Byzantine army. Byzantine Empire Eastern Roman Empire; spreads Christianism as primary religion o This point in Islam history shows the early radicalism or willingness to kill or die of Muslims for the sake of their religion. 655 CE o Islam begins to spread throughout North Africa. 661 CE o Imam Ali is killed, bringing to an end the rule of the four "righteous caliphs": Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali. This also marks the beginning of the Umayyad rule. Imam priests; leader of a mosque and Muslim community Umayyad Empire - The Umayyad Empire is the fifth largest empire in history.
It was ruled by the Umayyad Dynasty. The name of this dynasty comes from Umayya ibn Abd Shams, the great-grandfather of the first Umayyad caliph. It was the first dynasty of the Muslim Caliphate. Damascus was the capital 660750. 732 CE o Battle of Tours - Muslims are defeated at Potiers in France by Charles Martel. Charles Martel a noble blood of Frankish origin who commanded an army of 80,000 men against the Umayyads. 750 CE o The Abbasids take over rule from the Umayyads, shifting the seat of power from Damascus to Baghdad. Abbasid Caliphate one of the great Muslim Caliphates; It was built by the descendant of Muhammad's youngest uncle, Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib. Baghdad Capital of Iraq 1000 CE o Islam continues to spread through the continent of Africa, including Nigeria, which served as a trading liaison between the northern and central regions of Africa. 1120 CE o Islam continues to spread throughout Asia by means of trade. Indian traders went south to Myanmar and Malaysia. Malaysian traders then reached the southern isles of the Philippines (Sulu, Tawi-tawi, etc.) thus, spreading Islam.
III. The Coming of Islam in the Philippines 1100 o Islam reached the Philippines with the arrival of the muslim traders known as the rise of the Islamic political institution. 1380 o The arrival of Sharif Karim Ul Makhdum. He is the first Arabian trader who brought Islam in the Philippines and the first to establish a mosque. Sheik Karimal Makdum Mosque - the first mosque that is built in Simunul Island, Tawi Tawi. 1390 o The arrival of Rajah Baguinda. He is the Minangkabaus prince who preached Islam in the Island of Mindanao. 1397 o Islam is strengthening in the Philippines by the subsequent settlements of Arab missioners and traders who travel to Malaysia and Indonesia. o Islam has greatly influenced our country that is visible in the Mindanaos culture. 1475 o Arrival of Sharif Mohammed Kabungsuan who was the pioneer of Islam in cotabato and the founder of settlements. 1495 o Arrival of Sayyid Abu bakr in jolo who taught people to read and write Arabic called Sanskrit. 1500 o Miguel Lopez de legaspi arrived in Manila and he met Rajah Sulayman III who is currently the rajah of Manila. 1502 o Rajah Sulayman III and Miguel Lopez de Legaspi had an agreement to convert the animistic population of the southern Philippines into Islam together with Rajah Matanda and Lakan Dula. 1510 o It is already stated that half of the population in Luzon and almost all the people in Mindanaos converted their religion as Islam. o However, Visayas was largely dominated by Hindu-Buddhist society who strongly resists Islam. o Muslim Pirates is one of the reasons why the people in Visayas refused Islam is because of the economic and political disaster brought by Muslim pirates known as raid. 1521 o Between these years, the sultanate of borneo, Sultan Bolkiah, became interested in Manila and plans to make it as their natural port but Rajah Sulayman didnt agreed with them and thats the start of the war. As a result, a new dynasty was formed. 1571 o The destruction of Muslim settlement in Manila by Spaniards that cause for the Muslims to retreat in Mindanao. And is the start of Spaniards rule. o The spread of islam which took only 191 years is attributed to its appeal to the prehispanic filipino and a inspiration to the natives being markes with zeal for the help of the people in various activities.
IV. The Institutional Impact of Islam Political o Islam introduced a highly developed political structure, the Sultanate Sultan head of a sultanate who assumes political and secular authority Datu assumes communal leadership, providing aid and arbitration through agama courts under his leadership. The wealth amassed by the conquests of the Datu is provided to his subjects for aid, employment, and protection when needed. The datu is not determined by his wealth but by the number of his followers. Further, the holy Qur'an, the source of both secular and religious precepts and laws of Muslims, provides a sense of oneness and fraternal bond between Muslims as an Ummah or Islamic Nation (21:92). Islam changed the country's once fragmented nature into a Bangsa Tungga which means single nation. o The introduction of Islam gave way to a social and political order not completely different from the existing structure known to the early settlers of southern Philippines. It produced an Islamic variant of the barangay where the pre-Islamic timuways evolved into datus of Muslim Filipinos. On the other hand, datus of large barangays became sultans. Under Islam, the datu was ordained as Gods viceregent or deputy whose power was sacred. He was assisted by the pandita (one learned in religious matters), and he administered justice according to the law of Islam and adat.
Foreign Muslim missionaries like Sharif Abu Bakr in Sulu and Sharif Kabungsuwan in Mindanao became leaders of communities they Islamized. They eventually married local women and adapted to the exisiting social order. With more coordination and skill than the nativedatus, they increased their power, which enabled their descendants to control a large following in an extensive territory. Thus, the emergence of the early Muslim Filipino sultanates.
In the present-day Moro society, sultans still have considerable influence and social prestige. Economics o refers to the economic system that conforms to Islamic scripture and traditions. Islamic finance belongs to the category of religious ethical finance o behavioral norms and moral foundations" derived from the Quran and Sunnah Quran and Sunnah a hadith (sayings attributed to Muhammad) which states that I have left among you two matters by holding fast to which, you shall never be misguided: the Book of God and my Sunna. The concept itself is not rejected, as most Muslims hold that Islam is derived from two sources: one being infallible and containing compressed information the Qur'an and another being a detailed explanation of the everyday application of the principles established in the Qur'an: The Sunnah, or the living example of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Zakat - or alms-giving is the practice of charitable giving by Muslims based on accumulated wealth, and is obligatory for all who are able to do so. It is considered to be a personal responsibility for Muslims to ease economic hardship for other Muslims and eliminate inequality for followers of Islam. Prohibition of Riba (interest) that which you give as Riba the peoples wealth increases not with God; but that which you give in charity, seeking the goodwill of God, multiplies manifold [30: 39] Socio-Cultural o Courtship And Marriage Muslim Filipinos observe traditional courtship and marriage practices just like other Filipino groups. Because marriage is considered an alliance of families, relatives on both sides have a say on the union. Major Moro groups expect the man to court and marry a woman who comes from the same status of his family. Arranged marriage is mainly due to prestige and the parents wish to enable their children to enjoy a better social and economic life.
A bride-gift is an essential part of any proposed union. It is meant to compensate the brides family for the loss of a woman-member and to reimburse the cost of her upbringing. o Child Rearing A ceremonial preparation of the child for adulthood called pag- islam(meaning, what Islam has required) or circumcision follows Islamic rites. It may be a simple or elaborate ceremony done by an imam or another religious personality who performs prayers and chants.
Todays modern medical facilities, however, make it easier for families to have their sons circumcision done by a doctor at a hospital. Prayers are done at home and the boy is taught his responsibilities as a member of the family and the Islamic community. Islam regards an uncircumcised male adult as infidel.
Another ceremony marking a boys intellectual initiation is called pag-tammat (referring to ending study of the Quran). This is an occasion which is disappearing because most parents send their children to madaris(religious schools). o Polygamy The Muslim scripture, the Quran, is the only known world scripture to explicitly limit polygamy and place strict restrictions upon its practice: marry women of your choice, two or three or four; but if you fear that you shall not be able to deal justly with them, then only one. (Quran 4:3) Moral / Spiritual o The Five Pillars of Islam are five basic acts in Islam, considered mandatory by believers and are the foundation of Muslim life. They are summarized in the famous hadith of Gabriel. They make up Muslim life, prayer, concern for the needy, self purification and the pilgrimage. They are: Shahadah: declaring there is no god except God, and Muhammad is God's Messenger Salat: ritual prayer five times a day Zakat: giving 2.5% of ones savings to the poor and needy Sawm: fasting and self-control during the blessed month of Ramadan Hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in a lifetime
if he/she is able to
V. The Secessionist Movement Secession o the action of withdrawing formally from membership of a federation or body History of Secessionism in the Philippines o 1918 Kapatagan, Lanao del Norte, central Minadanao, there were only 24 Christians o 1935 The successive administrations of the Philippine Commonwealth and Republic provide steadily more opportunities and assistance to settlers from the North. o 1946 Government sponsored Christian Filipino immigration from northern provinces to the Muslim South. The land laws of the postcolonial government defined all unregistered lands in Mindanao to be public land or military reservations o 1963 A survey commissioned by the Philippine Senate Committee on National Minorities concluded that the principal problem in Mindanao was land. o 1970 Because of Christian immigration, central Mindanao's population ballooned to 2.3 million Differential access to both land and government resources had produced a profound economic gap between Muslim and Christian communities throughout Mindanao o 1971 The same Philippine Senate Committee reported that until that year there were no irrigation projects in any municipality in Mindanao where Muslims were a majority o 1972 Because of the Martial Law, war between Muslim separatist rebels and the Philippine military raged o 1975 Three fourths of the Philippine Army was deployed in Muslim areas of Mindanao o 1976 The war was contested on diplomatic and ideological fronts (MNLF+Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers vs. Marcos government) o 1987 The new Philippine Constitution in 1987 provided for the creation of an autonomous region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) The MNLF broke off peace negotiations with the government over the majority-rule requirements of the organic act o 1996 The 1996 Peace agreement arranged for the implementation of the Tripoli agreement in two phases. First, it created the Southern Philippines Council for Peace and Development. Nur Misuari was elected governor of ARMM o 1998 President Joseph Estrada lacked consistent support to the SPCPD, he even demanded the MILF to lay down their arms o 1999 Supposedly the year for the 2nd phase. it did not happen for 2 reasons: first, this latest version was also provided entirely inadequate levels of power and resources second, the Peace Agreement did not bring peace o 2000 Fighting between the separatist groups and the PH army intensified MILF withdrew from the peace talks Autonomous Region for Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) is found at or near the bottom of the national rankings (National Statistics Office 2000) Different Secessionist Groups o Mindanao Independence Movement (MIM) Became officially activated on October 15, 2011 MIM Exec. Director - MNLF Cmdr. John Remollo Petalcorin A clear focus on the vision to achieve the formation of an Independent Mindanao Nation People of Mindanao can only escape from the marginalization if it will become self-reliant as an independent state. When Mindanao become independent, the citizens of Mindanao will become dual citizens of Mindanao and the Philippines. o Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) The Moro National Liberation Front or Mindanao National Liberation Front (MNLF) is a secessionist political organization in the Philippines that was founded by Nur Misuari in 1969. It is the union of two other secessionist groups in the Philippines namely Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) and Abu Sayyaff Group (ASG) The MNLF ideology is egalitarianism which means equality among all people. Everyone should get the same, or be treated the same, or be treated as equals, in some respect. o Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) is a Moro group located in the southern Philippines. The group has a presence in the Bangsamoro region of Mindanao, the Sulu Archipelago, Palawan, Basilan and other neighbouring islands. Al-Hajj Murad Ebrahim is the current chairman of the MILF And the key person in the Bangsamoro Peace Process in the Philippines. 1976 In this year, The signing of MNLF-Philippines Tripoli Agreement takes place to control the insurgency of MNLF who took part in terrorist attacks and assassinations against MILF to prevent them unto achieving their goals which is to have a greater bangsamoro autonomy. 1997 A general cessation of hostilities between the government in Manila and the MILF was signed in July but this agreement was abolished in 2000 by the Philippine Army under the administration of Philippine President Joseph Estrada that cause for them to bring out a war against the government. Under the Presidency of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, the government entered into a cease-fire agreement with the MILF and resumed peace talks. 2005 Despite peace negotiations and the cease-fire agreement, the MILF attacked government troops in Maguindanao resulting in at least twenty-three deaths in January. 2007 The bombing incident in Davao Airport in 2003 which the Philippine government blamed on MILF members, 2011 The MILF withdrew their demands for independence, instead saying that they would pursue substate status, likened to a U.S. state instead of independence from the Philippines. o Abu Sayyaff Group (ASG) Bearer of the Sword Founded 1989, by Abdurajik Abubakar Janjalani; Splitted from the MNLF Also known as Mujahideen Commando Freedom Fighters (MCCF), due to its link with the Mujahideen Movement in Afghanistan. Majority of its members are Muslim youth. Old members are reportedly veterans of the Afghan war. Has ties to Jemah Islamiya (JI) Operates mainly in Basilan, Sulu, and Tawi-tawi provinces in the Sulu Archipelago and has a presence on Mindanao. Members also occasionally travel to Manila to facilitate bombings or terroristic acts. The group doesnt only want to establish a separate Islamic state governed by the Sharia. They also want our country to be exclusive for Muslims. They are the most violent group operating in the southern Philippines. Does not practice religious tolerance towards non-Muslims. History of Terrorism April 2000, an ASG faction kidnapped 21 personsincluding 10 Westernersfrom a Malaysian resort 2001, the ASG kidnapped three US citizens and 17 Filipinos from a resort in Palawan, Philippines, later murdering several of the hostages, including one US citizen 27 February 2004, members of ASG leader Khadafi Janjalanis faction bombed a ferry in Manila Bay, killing 116 14 February 2005 they perpetrated simultaneous bombings in the cities of Manila, General Santos, and Davao, killing at least eight and injuring about 150 2006, Janjalanis faction relocated to Sulu, where it joined forces with local ASG supporters who are providing shelter to fugitive JI members from Indonesia July 2007, members of the ASG and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front engaged a force of Philippine marines on Basilan Island, killing 14 November 2007, a motorcycle bomb exploded outside the Philippine Congress, killing a Congressman and three staff members January 2009, the ASG kidnapped three International Red Cross workers in Sulu province, holding one of the hostages for six months Philippine marines in February 2010 killed Albader Parad, one of the ASGs most violent sub-commanders, on Jolo Island In 2011, the ASG kidnapped several individuals and held them for ransom.