RELATIVE CLAUSES (Mnh quan h)

A. Relative pronouns (i t quan h)

Danh t ng trc Ch ng Tn ng S hu cch
Ngi Who / That Whom / That Whose
Vt Which / That Which / That Of which
WHO: s dung cho ngi, lm ch ng.
The man is my teacher. The man is sitting at the desk.
The man who is sitting at the desk is my teacher.
My father is angry. My father is in the living room.
My father who is in the living room is angry.
WHOM: s dung cho ngi, lm tn ng.
My father is angry. He is talking to my father.
My father whom he is talking to is angry.
Mr. John is my teacher. You met him yesterday.
Mr. John whom you met yesterday is my teacher.
WHOSE: s dung cho ngi, lm s hu cch.
We helped the boy. The boy's family (the family of the boy) was very poor.
We helped the boy whose family was very poor.
William wants to become a judge. William's brother is a lawyer.
William whose brother is a lawyer wants to become a judge.
WHCH: s dung cho vt, lm ch ng v tn ng.
The horse won the race. The horse is mine.
The horse which won the race is mine. (Subject)
We bought the stereo. The stereo had been advertised at a reduced price.
We bought the stereo which had been advertised at a reduced price. (Subject)
This is the book. bought the book at the bookstore.
This is the book which bought at the bookstore. (Object)
'm using the pencil. The pencil is Mary's.
The pencil which 'm using is Mary's. (Object)
Lu : WHCH cn oc s dung thay th cho mnh ng trc trong mnh quan h khng hn
jnh.
He passed the exam, which pleased his parents. (which = he passed the exam)
OF WHCH: s dung cho vt, lm s hu cch.
found the dog. The leg of the dog is broken.
found the dog of which the leg is broken.
They live in the house. The windows of the house are painted blue.
They live in the house of which the windows are painted blue.
Lu :
. who + verb
. whom / whose + noun
Hin nay THAT thng oc s dung thay cho WHO, WHOM, WHCH.
WHOSE oc s dung thay cho s hu cch c ngi ln vt.
We bought the stereo that had been advertised at a reduced price.
found the dog whose leg is broken.
Lun lun s dung THAT khi n thay th cho danh t i cng mt tnh t so snh bc nht (the best, the
most + adj., the adj. + -est) hoc khi n thay th cho mt t bt jnh nh (everybody, anybody, somebody,
everything, anything, nothing, something .)
He's the best teacher that have ever know.
like anyone that lives in the country.
'Who', 'whom' v 'that' c th oc lot b khi chng lm tn ng cho ng t trong mnh hn jnh.
This is the man (whom) saw last night.
There are the flowers (which) like.
B. Rt gn mnh ! "uan h.
(a) Rt gon bng cch s dung cum phn t (participle phrase). C 2 loi cum phn t:
Present participle phrase = Ving
Past participle phrase = V3
Nu mnh quan h hnh thc ch ng (active), s dung 'present participle phrase'.
Do you know the boy who broke the window yesterday?
Do you know the boy breaking the window yesterday?
xuanhung tr. Page 1 Relative clauses
Nu mnh quan h hnh thc bj ng (passive), s dung 'past participle phrase'.
The students who were punished by the teacher are lazy.
The students punished by the teacher are lazy.
(b) Rt gon bng cch s dung cum nguyn mu (infinitive phrase).
a) ->
English is an important language which we have to master.
-> English is an important language to master.
b) ->
This is an interesting book that you can read.
-> This is an interesting book for you to read.
c) ->
This is a good film which must be seen.
-> This is a good film to be seen.
Lu : Khng rt gon mnh quan h bt u bng WHOM.
The first woman whom you met in the classroom is my friend. (khng rt gon)
C. #e$ining relative %lauses Vs &on' (e$ining relative %lauses
(a) #e$ining relative %lause (Mnh quan h xc / hn jnh)
Mnh quan h xc jnh l mt mnh cn phi c xc jnh r cho t ng trc n.
The woman who sang here last night has gone away.
(Mnh quan h 'who sang here last night' oc s dung lm r ngha cho t 'woman' v khng th
thiu trong cu, nu khng c n, s khng xc jnh r oc ' woman' ny l ai. Mnh quan h 'who sang
here last night' oc goi l mnh quan h xc jnh)
The girl who is wearing blue short is my daughter. (Subject)
The man whom / that you met yesterday was my father. (Object)
The singer who has just appeared in some programmes on TV recently comes from a village in
south of Vietnam. (Subject)
The computer which bought yesterday is an BM. (Object)
The boy whose father is a professor at this university has come first in the examination. (Possessive)
Lu :
Khng s dung du phy [,] phn cch mnh quan h hn jnh vi mnh chnh.
C th s dung that thay th cho )ho, )hom v )hi%h. [c bit l trong vn ni]
i t quan h c th oc loc b khi n lm b ng cho mnh .
The computer which bought yesterday is an BM. = The computer bought yesterday is an BM.
(b) In(e$ining relative %lause (Mnh quan h khng xc hn jnh / khng hn jnh)
Mnh quan h khng xc jnh l mt mnh b tc. N chi b tc thm ngha cho t ng trc n
v nu b i vn khng nh hng g n ngha ca cu. Mnh ny thng oc t nm gia hai du
phy.
My mother, who is tailor, is interested in fashion. (Subject)
gave him a sandwich, which he ate greedily. (Object)
Mrs. Lan, whose children are at school all day, is trying to get a job. (Possessive)
Lu :
Mnh quan h khng xc jnh lun lun oc t gia du phy [nu ng gia cu], hoc sau mt
du phy [nu ng cui cu].
My friend Alice, who is an excellent student in my class, has just got a scholarship to study at
Harvard University.
Lu : Tom has a brother, who is a doctor. (Tom c ngi anh, ngi anh l bc s)
Tom has a brother who is a doctor. (Tom c ngi anh l bc s) (-> C th c nhiu ngi anh)
Khng lot b i t quan h trong mnh quan h khng xc jnh.
Khng s dung that thay cho )hi%h, )ho v )hom trong mnh quan h khng xc jnh.
Mnh quan h khng xc jnh oc s dung ch yu trong vn vit, trong vn thoi thng s dung
hai cu on hoc lin kt vi nhau bng cc lin t: and, but, because .
Mrs. Lan, whose children are at school all day, is trying to get a job.
Mrs. Lan's children are at school all day, so she is trying to get a job.
met Ba, who gave me this book.
met Ba and he gave me this book.
Mnh quan h khng xc jnh c th bt u bng cc cum t: all of, any of, (a) few of, both of, either
of, half of, many of, most of, much of, none of, one of.
There are thirty students in my class, most of whom are with me at secondary school.
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S + V + Noun / Pronoun + Relative clause

S + V + Noun / Pronoun + To V
S + V + Noun + Relative clause S + V + Noun + For (Noun / Pronoun) + To V
S + V + Noun + Relative clause (passive) S + V + Noun + To be + V3
He was carrying his belongings, many of which were broken.
xuanhung tr. Page 3 Relative clauses