i

The Islamic University Gaza

Higher Education Deanship
Faculty of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Engineering projects management











:
Applying Value Engineering Concept in Project Life Cycle
Case Study: Deir El Balah Desalination Plant

Submitted by:
Eng.Samer El Namara
Supervised by:
Dr. Nabil Sawalhi

A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of Requirements for the Degree of Master of
Science in Engineering Projects Management

3414 - 3131

iii



Acknowledgement


I would like to express my sincere gratitude to people who assisted me in the realization of
this research:
Dr. Nabil Sawlhi, Islamic University of Gaza, who is my supervisor for his efforts and
cooperation .
Eng.Rebhy El Sheikh, Deputy Chairman of Palestinian water authority, for his great
support and generous assistance and encouragement
Eng.Omar Shataat, Costal municipalities water utility, for his collaboration and assistance
in providing me with the relevant material.
To the Coastal Municipalities Water Utility staff, for their valuable contribution in the
questionnaire.
The value engineering team, for their support and technical assistant
The professionals I interviewed and those who either responded to the questionnaire or
apologized for other engagements, and finally
I would like also to express my sincere gratitude to the Islamic University of Gaza for its
effort in the facilitation of the graduate studies.

ii







(( ))
88





iv




Presentation

To my dear mother and to my faithful wife for their honest supplications to Allah to
facilitate my mission in performing the enclosed thesis.
Also, to my kids whom motivated me to apply for this master wishing them good health
and promising future inshAllah.

Samer El Namara







v

Abstract
One of the most important challenges that face the people in Gaza Strip is the scarcity of
natural water resources along with continuous growth of consumption level. This situation
lead to a huge deficit in aquifer balance and force the authorities to look for an optimal
alternative source to overcome this difficulty through seawater desalination.
However, the cost of construction of desalination plants have been rapidly increasing in the
last few years, this issue may refer to different reasons related to the project components
and /or other factors affecting the establishment of the plant.
Accordingly, it was very important to find an effective technique to explore this
phenomena and reduce its effect on the cost of water production offered to beneficiaries.
This was clearly presented through the application of value engineering concept.
In order to practically examine the impact of applying this concept through desalination
plants, an intensive survey was conducted to elaborate the most important factors affecting
the establishment of the desalination plant.
Moreover, several interviews were conducted with experts in the field to cross check the
validity of the survey results and figure out other possible considerations
The findings from this investigation was considered in applying the value engineering
concept on a selected case study located in Gaza Strip : Deir El Balah desalination plant in
order to examine the impact of application value Engineering on this project .
Through the value engineering application process, several proposals were discussed and
considered in the study, it was found that the application of the value engineering concept
on the selected case study lead to direct impact in cost saving of approximately 10.33 % for
this project in addition to saving of annual operational cost approximately 330,000USD.
On the light of this result , it was confirmed that applying value engineering is very helpful
tool for such project which will lead to significant saving in cost.
Due to the limited experience in this field in Gaza Strip, its strongly recommended to have
further studies in Gaza strip in this domain to reach to the optimum alternatives in
implementing the value engineering in similar projects
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vii

LIST OF CONTENTS


CHAPTER (1) INTRODUCTION
1.1. BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................................. 2
1.2. RESEARCH PROBLEM .................................................................................................................... 2
1.3. RESEARCH AIM ................................................................................................................................ 3
1.4. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................... 3
1.5. JUSTIFICATION ................................................................................................................................ 4
1.6. PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESEARCH .................................................................. 4
1.7. HYPOTHESIS ..................................................................................................................................... 5
1.8. CONCEPTUAL FRAME WORK ...................................................................................................... 5

CHAPTER (2) LITERATURE REVIEW
A. PART ONE: VALUE ENGINEERING ..................................................................................................... 7
2.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 7
2.2 HISTORY OF VALUE ENGINEERING .......................................................................................... 7
2.3 DEFINITION OF VALUE ENGINEERING .................................................................................... 9
2.4 VALUE METHODOLOGY APPLICABILITY ............................................................................. 10
2.5 WHEN VALUE ENGINEERING IS USED .................................................................................... 11
2.6 PROCESS OF VALUE ENGINEERING APPLICATION ........................................................... 12
2.6.1 SAVE INTERNATIONAL APPROACH (1999) ................................................................................... 12
2.6.1.1 PRE-STUDY ................................................................................................................................. 13
2.6.1.2 The Value Study ..................................................................................................................... 15
2.6.1.3 Post Study ............................................................................................................................... 20
2.6.2 VALUE MANAGEMENT ................................................................................................................... 20
2.6.3 ACQUISITION LOGISTICS ENGINEERING. ...................................................................................... 21
2.6.4 CALDWELL ...................................................................................................................................... 22
2.6.5 DELL'ISOLA .................................................................................................................................... 24
B. PART TWO: WATER DESALINATION ............................................................................................... 25
2.7 HISTORY OF DESALINATION ..................................................................................................... 25
2.8 DESALINATION TECHNOLOGIES ............................................................................................. 27
2.8.1 THERMAL TECHNOLOGIES ............................................................................................................ 28
2.8.2 MULTI-STAGE FLASH DISTILLATION (MSF) ................................................................................ 28
2.8.3 MULTI-EFFECT DISTILLATION (MED) ......................................................................................... 29
2.8.4 VAPOR COMPRESSION DISTILLATION ........................................................................................... 30
2.8.5 MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGIES ......................................................................................................... 30
2.8.5.1 Electrodialysis (ED) and Electrodialysis Reversal (EDR) .................................................... 30
2.8.5.2 Reverse Osmosis (RO) and Nanofiltration (NF) .................................................................. 31
2.9 FACTORS AFFECTING COST OF DESALINATION ................................................................ 33
2.9.1 SELECTION OF INTAKE AND CONCENTRATE DISCHARGE............................................................. 33
viii

2.9.2 FEED AND FINISHED WATER QUALITY .......................................................................................... 35
2.9.3 DISTRIBUTION ................................................................................................................................. 36
2.9.4 PERMITTING AND REGULATORY ISSUES........................................................................................ 37
2.9.5 PROJECT DELIVERY MECHANISM ................................................................................................. 37
2.9.6 OTHER ASSOCIATED COSTS ........................................................................................................... 38
2.9.7 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE COST ......................................................................................... 38
2.9.8 QUALITY OF FEEDING WATER ........................................................................................................ 39
2.9.9 PRETREATMENT ............................................................................................................................. 39
2.9.10 OTHER ELEMENTS AFFECTING THE COST ANALYSIS ................................................................. 39


CHAPTER (3)RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 42
3.2 QUANTITATIVE APPROACH ...................................................................................................... 42
3.3 DATA ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................. 42
3.4 THE POPULATION OF STUDY .................................................................................................... 43
3.5 THE SAMPLE OF THE STUDY ..................................................................................................... 43
3.6 SETTING OF THE STUDY ............................................................................................................. 43
3.7 ELIGIBILITY OF THE STUDY ..................................................................................................... 44
3.7.1 INCLUSION CRITERIA ..................................................................................................................... 44
3.8 QUESTIONNAIRE MAIN CATEGORIES .................................................................................... 44
3.8.1 PART ONE (DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION) .................................................................................. 44
3.8.2 PART TWO (THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTORS AFFECTING THE ESTABLISHMENT OF
DESALINATION PLANTS).............................................................................................................................. 45
3.8.3 PART THREE (THE PARTIES INVOLVED) ....................................................................................... 45
3.9 STUDY INSTRUMENT (DATA COLLECTION TOOL) ............................................................ 45
3.10 STATISTICAL ASSUMPTIONS AND CRITERIA ...................................................................... 46
3.10.1 QUESTIONNAIRE SCALING ......................................................................................................... 46
3.10.2 RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF THE MEASURE ....................................................................... 46
3.10.2.1 VALIDITY OF THE MEASURE ..................................................................................................... 46
3.10.2.2 CONTENT VALIDITY ................................................................................................................... 46
3.10.2.3 STATISTICAL VALIDITY OF THE MEASURE ............................................................................... 47
3.10.2.4 INTERNAL CONSISTENCY ........................................................................................................... 47
3.10.3 RELIABILITY OF THE SCALE ...................................................................................................... 50
3.10.3.1 CRONBACHS ALPHA .................................................................................................................. 50
3.10.3.2 SPLIT HALF METHOD ................................................................................................................ 50
3.11 STATISTICAL METHODS ............................................................................................................. 51
3.12 QUALITATIVE APPROACH ......................................................................................................... 52
3.12.1 DATA ANALYSIS ......................................................................................................................... 52
3.13 EVALUATION OF THE METHODOLOGY ................................................................................ 52
3.14 DEVELOPING OF THE COMPARISON MODEL ...................................................................... 53
3.15 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY FLOW CHART ......................................................................... 53

CHAPTER (4) SUREVY ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
4.1 INTRODUCTIONS ........................................................................................................................... 55
4.2 QUESTIONNAIRE ANALYSIS ...................................................................................................... 55
ix

4.2.1 PART ONE ....................................................................................................................................... 55
4.2.2 PART TWO ...................................................................................................................................... 59
4.2.3 PART THREE ................................................................................................................................... 63
4.3 STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCES OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE COMPONENTS .................. 65
4.4 INTERVIEW ..................................................................................................................................... 72
4.4.1 INTERVIEW PROTOCOL .................................................................................................................. 72
4.4.2 INTERVIEW (1) ................................................................................................................................ 73
4.4.3 INTERVIEW (2) ................................................................................................................................ 73
4.4.4 INTERVIEW (3) ................................................................................................................................ 74
4.4.5 CONCLUSION OF INTERVIEWS ........................................................................................................ 74
CHAPTER (5) CASE STUDY
5.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 76
5.2 PROJECT DATA .............................................................................................................................. 76
5.3 V.E TECHNICAL SUPPORTING TEAM ...................................................................................... 77
5.4 APPLICATION OF VALUE ENGINEERING STUDY ................................................................ 78
5.5 QUALITY MODEL........................................................................................................................... 79
5.6 COST ESTIMATE FOR MASTER FORMAT (BILL OF QUANTITIES ) ................................ 81
5.7 UNIFORMAT PRESENTATION FOR THE BILL OF QUANTITIES ...................................... 82
5.8 APPLICATION OF PARETO LAW ............................................................................................... 82
5.9 WORKSHOP STAGE ....................................................................................................................... 84
5.10 CREATIVITY PHASE ..................................................................................................................... 84
5.11 PRESENTATION OF THE PROPOSALS ..................................................................................... 85
5.11.1 PROPOSAL NO(1) ........................................................................................................................ 85
5.11.2 PROPOSAL NO. (2) ...................................................................................................................... 86
5.11.3 PROPOSAL NO (3) ....................................................................................................................... 89
5.11.4 PROPOSAL NO(4) ........................................................................................................................ 90
5.11.5 PROPOSAL NO (5) ....................................................................................................................... 91
5.12 SUMMARY OF COST SAVING FROM ALL PROPOSAL ........................................................ 92

CHAPTER SIX CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 94
6.2 CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................................................ 94
6.3 RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................................................................. 95
References
ANNEX (1)Questionnaire
ANNEX (2)Standard Bill Of Quantities
ANNEX (3)Uniformat Bill Of Quantities
ANNEX (4)Drawings
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LIST OF FIGURES

No. Title

page
1.1: Research Conceptual Frame Work

5
2.1: The Value Engineering Elements

10
2.2: Potential influence of value during project phases

12
2.3: Worth versus Cost Graph

21
2.4: Value Engineering Methodology

24
2.5: VE Methodology

24
2.6: Elements used for cost analysis in RO plants

40
3.1: Methodology Flow Chart

53
4.1: Type of the Company or Organization of the Study Sample

56
4.2: Position in the Company or Organization Of The Study Sample

57
4.3: Experience in the field of water (years) of the study sample

58
4.4: Experience of the Company In The Field Of Water (Years)

58
4.5: Kind of Projects the Organization Is Working On Of the Study Sample

59
4.6: The presented weights and orders for the factors affecting the
establishment of desalination plants

62
4.7: Orders, percentages, for all parties participations importance

64

xi


LIST OF TABLES

No. Title

page
2.1: Desalination Technologies and processes

27
2.2: Source Types Range from Beach Wells to Open-Ocean Intakes

34
2.3: Concentrate Disposal Cost

35
2.4: Operation and Maintenance Parameters for Desalination Plant

39
3.1: Questionnaire Scale

46
3.2: Correlation between Items of Factors Affecting The Establishment Of
Desalination Plants & Total Degree Of The Domain

48
3.3: Correlation between Items of Parties Involved & Total Degree of Factor

49
3.4: Cronbachs alpha values for the Scale and its domain

51
4.1: The Results of Descriptive & Presented Weight for The Factors Affecting
The Establishment of Desalination Plants

60
4.2: The suggested factors affecting the establishment of desalination plants

63
4. 3: One-way ANOVA for differences of factors importance and importance
participation of parties in terms of the type of company

66
4.4: LSD Differences of Importance of Factors In Terms of Company Type

67
4. 5: One-Way ANOVA For Differences Of The Importance Of Factors And
Importance Of Participation Of Parties In Terms Of The Position

67
4.6: One-way ANOVA for differences of factors importance and of
participation of parties in terms of the experience in the field of water

69
4.7: One-way ANOVA for differences of the importance of factors &
importance of parties participation in terms of organization experience in water

70
4.8: One-way ANOVA for differences of importance of factors & importance of
parties participation in terms of project type in organization
71
xii


5.1: V.E Technical Support Team

78
5.2: The Main Quality Model Elements

80
5.3: Summary of Project Bill Of Quantities

81
5.4: Significant Part of the Unifromat Bill of Quantities

82
5.5: Summary of Recommended Proposals for The Bill Of Quantities

85
5.6 : Eliminated Items From Original BoQ Due to Redisgn of RO Unit

87
5.7 : Operation chemicals rates for pre-treatment process

88
5.8 : Yearly Operational Cost Saving from Redsign of RO Unit

89
5.9 : Tentative Power Demand Analysis for the Plant System

91
5.10 : Summary of Cost Saving from All Proposals 92






1





CHAPTER ONE

2

CHAPTER (1)

INTRODUCTION

1.1. BACKGROUND
Many regions of the world are facing formidable freshwater scarcity. The water resources
are very limited and the consumption rate is hugely increased over the last few years. Gaza
strip in particular suffering from shortage in the aquifer by 55 million cubic meters till
2017. (PWA, 2011)
With the light of the current political and economical circumstances, all relevant bodies
working in water sector agreed on adopting the construction of central desalination plant as
an exclusive solution to get over this problem (PWA, 2011)
However, the cost of construction of desalination plants projects have been rapidly increase
during the different plant life cycle. This may refer to different reasons which depend on
the project itself and /or other related circumstances; accordingly it was very important to
find an effective technique to face these phenomena which may be presented by value
engineering. (Durham, 2001)
1.2. RESEARCH PROBLEM
The value engineering technique is now being applied in most advanced countries in the
world, using these studies effectively by many international companies and institutions that
are specialized in various fields.
The concern of applying the concept of value engineering on the desalination plant project
refer to its clear effect to face the obstructions, whether in terms of technical or financial
issues, and thus the value engineering share significantly on the analysis of these
obstructions and then find the suitable solutions through saving various alternatives, with
keeping functions and features that the owner of product or project looks to achieve, such
as beauty, environment, safety, flexibility and other important factors.(Abdul-Fattaha and
Husseiny, 2001).
3

Moreover, it is significantly important to focus on applying this concept in desalination
plant in Gaza strip since Gaza is suffering from serious water consumption problems and in
bad need to establish new desalination plants to come over the huge shortage in water
production. (PWA, 2011)
Therefore, and due to the importance of applying this concept in the construction of
desalination plants in terms of cost reduction, this research will study the impact of
applying value Engineering on selected case study :Deir El Balah desalination plant by
identifying the most effective factors affecting water desalination in the plant in different
stages (planning, design, implantation and operation and maintenance) based on the
available information in this regard.
Obviously as Deir El Balah plant is already existing and operating, the first three stages
will be examined theoretically in comparison model to develop guidelines that may be
considered in establishing the central plant serving Gaza strip
Regarding the fourth stage (operation and maintenance) the research will evaluate the
possibility of any current corrective action that may be taken to expand the capacity of the
existing plant or decreases the unit cost production by applying value engineering in this
stage.
1.3. RESEARCH AIM
Contributing in resolving the water crisis in Gaza strip by considering the value engineering
concept as main factor affecting the cost of potable water production
1.4. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
1. Identification of factors affecting the water desalination plant
2. Conducting "practical comparison model" for the cost reduction by applying the
value engineering concept on the selected case study (Deir El balah Desalination
plant).

4

1.5. JUSTIFICATION
Scientific significance of the research
There are many advantages related to the application of value engineering in projects, and
the most important of these advantages include:
1. The value engineering is considered from distinctive studies and capable of
providing a number of alternatives through the collective participation in the
brainstorm and evaluation it in order to reach the right decision.
2. Past experiences verified by using value engineering, the efficiency and control in
performance functionality and the projects costs.
3. The value engineering studies contribute in the direct link for the project parties and
approximate the different points of view through collective participation and
creative brainstorm.
4. Value engineering is not limited to one field or a particular area but also beyond to
the possibility of applying it in all areas, whether in the construction section,
agricultural, industrial, or as well as the administrative area.
5. The value studies contribute in the benefit of previous experience of implemented
projects or which have already been studied by avoiding errors which increase the
unjustified cost. (Al-Yousefi, Abdulaziz,2006).

1.6. PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESEARCH
The value engineering is new concept in the context of Gaza projects and practically not
applied in most of the implemented or planned projects.
Accordingly the application of this concept on the desalination plant may give guide for
other researcher to extent this application in other projects.
Moreover, the research may represent a valuable practice for the decision makers in the
process of adopting the best alternatives for the central desalination plant serving Gaza strip
in accordance to the master plant.
5

It will be tried to outline all predictable obstacles that may face the implementation of such
project in Gaza strip which will be an early alarm for donors and researcher in this context.
Also the research will be helpful for interested NGOs who are currently implementing
emergency small scale desalination units.
1.7. HYPOTHESIS
The cost of potable water production is lower when value engineering concept is applied in
constructing and operating the desalination plant
1.8. CONCEPTUAL FRAME WORK
Figure 1.1 indicated the main components of the conceptual frame work of the intended
study

Figure 1.1: Research Conceptual Frame Work

Affects And
Guidlines For
Central
Deslalantion Plant
Contribution From,
Pwa,cmwu And Ingo
To Reach Practical
Findings
Access For
Adequate Data
And Gathering
Methodology
Level Of
Knowledge And
Interest Of VE
Concept For
Relevant Parties
PLANNING
STAGE
DESIGN STAGE
CONSTRUCTION
STAGE
OPERATION AND
MAINTANENACE
6




CHAPTER TWO

7

CHAPTER (2)
LITERATURE REVIEW

A. PART ONE: VALUE ENGINEERING
2.1 INTRODUCTION
The methodology of value engineering is now being applied in most of the countries
which is the most advanced in the world, using these studies effectively by many
international companies and institutions that specialize in various fields.
Value engineering, is an analysis of the functions to identify and classify it and then
achieve those required functions by other creative methods that achieve the required
balance between the cost, functionality, performance, appearance and quality by
offering different alternatives, which means making rational changes to the design or
maybe going out with new design achieve the required functions with the highest
quality and lowest cost.
Most studies have indicated that the design phase accounts for 50% of the factors
affecting the cost while the owner only affects the cost by 10%. This is because the
owner is affected by the vision and analysis of others, such as the designer or the
consultant, and sometimes the owner imposes a certain perception which contributes
significantly to unjustified higher costs. Also the owner claims the knowledge and the
experience which makes him to intervene in the design works so he impose specific
ideas which are usually far from reality, such as simulation of designs or similar use of
materials not available or appropriate that fit with the local environment, and all that
under the context that the owner reserves the right to spend the money.(Al-Yousefi,
2006).
2.2 HISTORY OF VALUE ENGINEERING
Larry Miles an Engineer in General Electric Co. of America. Considered as the founder
of the value engineering technique worldwide.
8

In the first years after World War II, Miles was able to overcome at the acute shortage
of basic materials for manufacturing through the use of alternative materials and
designs while maintaining the different functions performed by the products to continue
production and meet commitments.
Miles then worked on the development of this approach between 1947 and 1952 in
order to bring improvement and development in a way of function analysis or
performance and not through the study of materials, parts, and he called it the
"functional analysis" (VA).
This method was a new step to improve and develop the products with reduction in
costs rather than the traditional method to reduce costs which often leads to reduction in
quality or performance level. Then this method moved to government institutions,
specifically the U.S. Navy (Jerjeas and Revay, 1999)
By early of 1961 the actual application was begun for value engineering protocol
through promotion of the various sectors from applying these studies, and followed that
by legislation the necessary laws, and also make training programs and introduction
workshops for value engineering methodology.
With the beginning of 1970, these studies have seen widespread in Japan, Europe,
India, passing to Australia.
As a natural result for these successful experiences and the growing interest in this
profession inside and outside the United States, professional organization has been
established concerning this profession, organized it and enact the necessary laws for
exercise it and exchange experiences.
This organization was called American Society of Value Engineering (SAVE), which
later became an international organization caring with the affairs of the profession
inside and outside the United States (SAVE-International), where the team work
consists of a group of specialists and experts in all fields and being on the top of this
team engineer value supported from the organization "( Al-Yousefi, 2006).

9

2.3 DEFINITION OF VALUE ENGINEERING
There are different names to Value Engineering studies as value analysis , value
engineering and value management , and all these with a single concept attach with the
methodology of the search about solutions and creative practical ideas that contribute in
overcoming many administrative and technical obstruction of the project through
searching for suitable alternatives and solutions working on raising quality and reducing
costs as well as the exceptional performance, taking into account conservation of the
functionality and the time factor.(Al-Yousefi, 2006)
It must be noted that there is a significant difference between the reduction of cost and
Value Engineering.
Value engineering is not simply about money its about value (Kirk et al 2002:5)
So its according to Hegan (1993) seeking to offer the client acost saving without
determinant to quality or performance .the power of the value engineering rooted in its
objective and disciplined methodology.
The reduction of cost is usually through the elimination of parts of the project and
hashed it to fit the available budget, but the value engineering is as already noted, it
aims to identify items that are not necessary according to functional analysis leading to
the exclusion of unnecessary costs, which usually cause an unjustifiable increase in
costs, accordingly we may hereby mention different definitions concluded in several
value engineering studies:-
"An organized collective effort directed to analyzing the functions of jobs and comply
them with the requirements of the beneficiary then to innovate alternatives to lead those
functions to the lowest or the most appropriate possible cost without compromising
quality and basic functions "( Al-Yousefi, 2006).
"An organized effort directed at analyzing the function of products and services to
achieve the desired functions and the essential characteristics at the best use of costs in
accordance with the wishes and expectations of the user". (SAVE International, 2011).
10

Accordingly, the main elements consisting the value engineering frame work is quality
,function and cost as indicated in Figure 2.1


Figure 2.1: The Value Engineering Elements, (Al-Yousefi, Abdulaziz, 2006)
2.4 VALUE METHODOLOGY APPLICABILITY
The possibility of applying the V.E. concept has wide range in several fields as
illustrated hereunder:
A. The Value Methodology can be applied wherever cost and/or performance
improvement is desired. That improvement can be measured in terms of monetary
aspects and/or other critical factors such as productivity, quality, time, energy,
environmental impact, and durability. VM can beneficially be applied to virtually all
areas of human endeavor
B. The Value Methodology is applicable to hardware, building or other construction
projects, and to soft areas such as manufacturing and construction processes, health
care and environment services, programming, management systems and organization
structure. The pre-study efforts for these soft types of projects utilizes standard
industrial engineering techniques such as flow charting, yield analysis, and value added
task analysis to gather essential data.
C. For civil, commercial and military engineering works such as buildings, highways,
factory construction, and water/sewage treatment plants, which tend to be one time
Value
engineer
Quality
Cost Function
11

applications, VM is applied on a project to project basis. Since these are one-time
capital projects, VM must be applied as early in the design cycle as feasible to achieve
maximum benefits. Changes or redirection of design can be accomplished without
extensive redesign, large implementation cost, and schedule impacts. Typically for
large construction projects, specific value studies are conducted during the schematic
stage and then again at the design development (up to 45%) stage. Additional value
studies may be conducted during the construction or build phase.
D. For large or unique products and systems such as military electronics or specially
designed capital equipment, VM is applied during the design cycle to assure meeting of
goals and objectives. Typically a formalized value study is performed after preliminary
design approval but before release to the build/manufacture cycle. VM may also be
applied during the build/manufacture cycle to assure that the latest materials and
technology are utilized.
E. VM can also be applied during planning stages, and for project/program
management control by developing function models with assigned cost and
performance parameters. If specific functions show trends toward beyond control
limits, value studies are performed to assure the functions performance remains within
the control limits. (SAVE International, 1999)
2.5 VALUE ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS
VE application is of greatest benefits early in the development of a project with
improvement in value gained. Department of Housing and Works in the Government of
West Australia Value Management Guideline 2005, presented the potential influence of
Value Management according to Figure 2.2.


12


Figure 2.2: Potential influence of value during project phases, (Value Management
guidelines: 2005, West Australia)
2.6 PROCESS OF VALUE ENGINEERING APPLICATION
The process of Value engineering was described by several organization and VE
specialists. By going through these different methodologies we may find that all of
them agreed in the concept and main components of the process application , while
some of them like to merge some stages and others go in further detailed tasks and
activities .
Hereunder will explore the most common approaches in this concern
2.6.1 SAVE International Approach (1999)
The VM Job Plan covers three major periods of activity: Pre-Study, the Value Study,
and Post-Study. All phases and steps are performed sequentially. As a value study
progresses new data and information may cause the study team to return to earlier
phases or steps within a phase on an iterative basis. Conversely, phases or steps within
phases are not skipped.

13

2.6.1.1 Pre-Study
Preparation tasks involve six areas: Collecting/defining User/Customer wants and
needs, gathering a complete data file of the project, determining evaluation factors,
scoping the specific study, building appropriate models and determining the team
composition.
A. Collect User/Customer Attitudes
The User/Customer attitudes are compiled via an in-house focus group and/or
external market surveys. The objectives are to:
1. Determine the prime buying influence;
2. Define and rate the importance of features and characteristics of the product or
project;
3. Determine and rate the seriousness of user-perceived faults and complaints of
the product or project;
4. Compare the product or project with competition or through direct analogy with
similar products or projects.
For first time projects such as a new product or new construction, the analysis may
be tied to project goals and objectives.
The results of this task will be used to establish value mismatches in the
Information Phase.
B. Gather a Complete Data File
There are both Primary and Secondary sources of information. Primary sources are
of two varieties: people and documentation. People sources include marketing (or
the user), original designer, architect, cost or estimating group, maintenance or field
service, the builders (manufacturing, constructors, or systems designers), and
14

consultants. Documentation sources include drawings, project specifications, bid
documents and project plans.
Secondary sources include suppliers of similar products, literature such as
engineering and design standards, regulations, test results, failure reports, and trade
journals. Another major source is like or similar projects. Quantitative data is
desired.
Another secondary source is a site visitation by the value study team. Site
includes actual construction location, manufacturing line, or office location for a
new/improved system. If the actual site is not available, facilities with
comparable functions and activities may prove to be a valuable source of usable
information.
C. Determine Evaluation Factors
The team, as an important step in the process, determines what will be the criteria
for evaluation of ideas and the relative importance of each criteria to final
recommendations and decisions for change. These criteria and their importance are
discussed with the user/customer and management and concurrence obtained
D. Scope the Study
The team develops the scope statement for the specific study. This statement defines
the limits of the study based on the data-gathering tasks. The limits are the starting
point and the completion point of the study. Just as important, the scope statement
defines what is not included in the study. The scope statement must be verified by
the study sponsor.
E. Build Models
Based on the completion and agreement of the scope statement, the team may
compile models for further understanding of the study. These include such models
as Cost, Time, Energy, Flow Charts, and Distribution, as appropriate for each study.
15

F. Determine Team Composition, Wrap-Up
The Value Study Team Leader confirms the actual study schedule, location and
need for any support personnel. The study team composition is reviewed to assure
all necessary customer, technical, and management areas are represented. The
Team Leader assigns data gathering tasks to team members so all pertinent data will
be available for the study.
2.6.1.2 The Value Study
The value study is where the primary Value Methodology is applied. The effort is
composed of six phases: Information, Function Analysis, Creativity, Evaluation,
Development, and Presentation.
A. Information Phase
The objective of the Information Phase is to complete the value study data package
started in the Pre-Study work. If not done during the Pre-Study activities, the
project sponsor and/or designer brief the value study team, providing an opportunity
for the team to ask questions based on their data research. If a site visitation was
not possible during Pre-Study, it should be completed during this phase.
The study team agrees to the most appropriate targets for improvement such as
value, cost, performance, and schedule factors. These are reviewed with
appropriate management, such as the project manager, value study sponsor, and
designer, to obtain concurrence.
Finally, the scope statement is reviewed for any adjustments due to additional
information gathered during the Information Phase.
B. Function Analysis Phase
Function definition and analysis is the heart of Value Methodology. It is the
primary activity that separates Value Methodology from all other improvement
16

practices. The objective of this phase is to develop the most beneficial areas for
continuing study. The team performs the following steps:
1. Identify and define both work and sell functions of the product, project, or
process under study using active verbs and measurable nouns. This is often
referred to as Random Function Definition.
2. Classify the functions as basic or secondary,
3. Expand the functions identified in step 1 (optional),
4. Build a function Model - Function Hierarchy/Logic or Function Analysis
System Technique (FAST) diagram.
5. Assign cost and/or other measurement criteria to functions,
6. Establish worth of functions by assigning the previously established
user/customer attitudes to the functions,
7. Compare cost to worth of functions to establish the best opportunities for
improvement,
8. Assess functions for performance/schedule considerations,
9. Select functions for continued analysis,
10. Refine study scope,

17

C. Creative Phase
The objective of the Creative Phase (sometimes referred to as Speculation Phase) is
to develop a large quantity of ideas for performing each function selected for study.
This is a creative type of effort, totally unconstrained by habit, tradition, negative
attitudes, assumed restrictions, and specific criteria. No judgment or discussion
occurs during this activity. The quality of each idea will be developed in the next
phase, from the quantity generated in this phase.
There are two keys to successful speculation: first, the purpose of this phase is not
to conceive of ways to design a product or service, but to develop ways to perform
the functions selected for study. Secondly, creativity is a mental process in which
past experience is combined and recombined to form new combinations. The
purpose is to create new combinations which will perform the desired function at
less total cost and improved performance than was previously attainable.
There are numerous well accepted idea generation techniques. The guiding
principle in all of them is that judgment/evaluation is suspended. Free flow of
thoughts and ideas - without criticism - is required.
D. Evaluation Phase
The objectives of the Evaluation Phase are to synthesize ideas and concepts
generated in the Creative Phase and to select feasible ideas for development into
specific value improvement.
Using the evaluation criteria established during the Pre-Study effort, ideas are
sorted and rated as to how well they meet those criteria. The process typically
involves several steps:
1. Eliminate nonsense or thought-provoker ideas,
2. Group similar ideas by category within long term and short term implications.
Examples of groupings are electrical, mechanical, structural, materials, special
processes, etc,
18

3. Have one team member agree to champion each idea during further
discussions and evaluations. If no team member so volunteers, the idea or
concept is dropped,
4. List the advantages and disadvantages of each idea,
5. Rank the ideas within each category according to the prioritized evaluation
criteria using such techniques as indexing, numerical evaluation, and team
consensus,
6. If competing combinations still exist, use matrix analysis to rank mutually
exclusive ideas satisfying the same function,
7. Select ideas for development of value improvement,
If none of the final combinations appear to satisfactorily meet the criteria, the value
study team returns to the Creative Phase.
E. Development Phase
The objective of the Development Phase is to select and prepare the best
alternative(s) for improving value. The data package prepared by the champion of
each of the alternatives should provide as much technical, cost, and schedule
information as practical so the designer and project sponsor(s) may make an initial
assessment concerning their feasibility for implementation. The following steps are
included:
1. Beginning with the highest ranked value alternatives, develop a benefit analysis
and implementation requirements, including estimated initial costs, life cycle
costs, and implementation costs taking into account risk and uncertainty,
2. Conduct performance benefit analysis,
3. Compile technical data package for each proposed alternative,
a. written descriptions of original design and proposed alternative(s),
19

b. sketches of original design and proposed alternative(s),
c. cost and performance data, clearly showing the differences between the
original design and proposed alternative(s),
d. any technical back-up data such as information sources, calculations, and
literature,
e. schedule impact,
4. Prepare an implementation Plan, including proposed schedule of all
implementation activities, team assignments and management requirements.
5. Complete recommendations including any unique conditions to the project
under study such as emerging technology, political concerns, impact on other
ongoing projects, marketing plans, etc.
F. Presentation Phase
The objective of the Presentation Phase is to obtain concurrence and a commitment
from the designer, project sponsor, and other management to proceed with
implementation of the recommendations. This involves an initial oral presentation
followed by a complete written report.
As the last task within a value study, the VM study team presents its
recommendations to the decision making body. Through the presentation and its
interactive discussions, the team obtains either approval to proceed with
implementation, or direction for additional information needed.
The written report documents the alternatives proposed with supporting data, and
confirms the implementation plan accepted by management. Specific organization
of the report is unique to each study and organization requirements.

20

2.6.1.3 Post Study
The objective during Post-Study activities is to assure the implementation of the
approved value study change recommendations. Assignments are made either to
individuals within the VM study team, or by management to other individuals, to
complete the tasks associated with the approved implementation plan.
While the VM Team Leader may track the progress of implementation, in all cases the
design professional is responsible for the implementation. Each alternative must be
independently designed and confirmed, including contractual changes if required,
before its implementation into the product, project, process or procedure. Further, it is
recommended that appropriate financial departments (accounting, auditing, etc.)
conduct a post audit to verify to management the full benefits resulting from the value
methodology study. Further, it is recommended that appropriate financial departments
(accounting, auditing, etc.) conduct a post audit to verify to management the full
benefits resulting from the value methodology study.
2.6.2 Value Management
The Department of Housing and Works in Western Australia developed value
management guidelines. It almost has the same steps for VE methodology as SAVE Int.
methodology.
The steps of Value Management process are:
1. Information Phase: essentially preparatory work for the study, including items
such as the development of objectives, key issues and concerns, background
information, key assumptions, cost overview and study scope.
2. Analysis Phase: includes functional analysis, establishing system links, testing
parameters and rationalizing data.
3. Creative Phase: is predominantly concerned with encouraging divergent ideas,
lateral thinking and brainstorming, and generating alternatives for better value
alternatives.
4. Evaluation Phase: ideas are assessed, culled and prioritized to identify viable
alternatives.
21

5. Development and Reporting Phase: options and rationale are refined and
documented into action plans for recommendation to the project decision maker.

2.6.3 Acquisition Logistics Engineering.
Acquisition Logistics Engineering (ALE) presented the Value Engineering six
phases job Plan as The Department of Housing and Works in Western Australia did
with addition of Implementation Phase and with some differences. ALE
methodology steps are:
1. Information Phase: in addition to gathering information, ALE added that VE
team establishes the areas that will allow for the most improvement and isolates
the major cost items.
2. Function Analysis Phase: sometimes it is performed within information phase.
FAST model is developed as well as cost and cost worth models. An initial
assessment is done to find mismatch between cost and value. This can be shown
graphically by plotting each item's worth versus cost percentage as shown in
Figure below where the numbers in the circles represents the value index of
functions. (El Sadawi, 2008)



Figure 2.3:Worth Versus Cost Graph, (El Sadawi, 2008)

22

3. Creative Phase: in this phase, team brainstorming identifies many alternative
ways of performing the functions of the candidate items having the greatest
worth/cost mismatch.
4. Evaluation Phase: a first cut through alternatives should eliminate impractical or
unfeasible alternatives. Advantages and disadvantages of each alternative in
addition to cost are concluded. If every alternative is eliminated during this
phase, the team must return to the creative phase.
5. Development Phase: the remaining alternatives are refined and developed into a
value engineering proposals including detailed description of the alternatives
including benefits in terms of cost and performance.
6. Implementation Phase: it is sometimes broken into two parts, one for
presentation, and approval and the other for formal implementation.

2.6.4 Caldwell
Caldwell (2006) methodology is composed of the following phases:
1. Information Phase: presentation is made to the VE team to explain the main
concepts of the design. This includes project objectives, design constrains,
drawings, specifications, the special conditions and the estimated cost. Caldwell
prefers that those who present the information should not be part of the VE team.
2. Function Analysis: in this phase major project components are identified as well
as their functions and estimated cost.
3. Speculation: during the speculation phase, the VE team considers each design
component and suggests alternative means of accomplishing the function of the
component. Brainstorming is the most suitable technique.
4. Alternative Comparison: this phase is done to define comparison criteria so that
alternatives can be compared. This phase is preferred to be performed using
brainstorming initially and then through a detailed definitions of each criteria
Weights of criteria are developed by VE Team.
5. Analysis: analyzing alternatives involves comparing them to the criteria. Each
team participant numerically evaluates each alternative against a specific
23

criterion. Scores may vary from 1 to 5 with 1 identified as poor and 5 is very
good.
6. Concept Development: during the concept development phase, the concept
selected by the VE team is organized and refined before presentation to the
owner. Sketches may be prepared or a narrative report compiled. Cost estimates
may be refined.
7. Presentation and Implementation: in the presentation/implementation phase, VE
recommendations are presented to the client, owner, or project manager who is
sponsoring the project. The project manager decides whether the VE
recommendations should be incorporated into remedial action.
8. Report: depending on the budget, topic, and significance of the VE workshop, a
formal report may be prepared. Generally the most cost-effective method is to
have the flipcharts photo-reproduced, copied, collated, and distributed. This
provides a full record of deliberations, scores, recommendations, etc.

Caldwell elaborates the criteria for both the facilitator of the job plan and the
participants as follows:
a. The Facilitator
The facilitator should be chosen with care. He is not required to have specific
knowledge of the project or even of the technologies involved. His role is simply to
act as a neutral presence and to make certain that the workshop is conducted in
accordance with standard VE procedures.
b. Participants
The number of participants is between five and twelve. Never let the number of
participants rise above twelve. There should be a balance of senior and mid-level
experience. The majority should be well versed in the technology being examined.
Caldwell presents VE methodology in Figure 2.4
24


Figure 2.4:ValueEngineering Methodology, (Caldwell,2006)
2.6.5 Dell'Isola
DellIsola method is described simply in Figure 2.5, which presents a schematic
flow chart for the methodology of applying VE concept
Figure 2.5: VE Methodology, (Dell'Isola, 1998)

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B. PART TWO: WATER DESALINATION
As the research will extrapolate the impact of applying value engineering in existing
desalination plant in Gaza, it will be essential to provide an intensive overview on
desalination literature related to the application of value engineering.
Therefore, the presented literature hereunder will focus mainly on the importance
factors affecting the quality, cost and function in desalination plants.
2.7 HISTORY OF DESALINATION
Obviously Desalination can be considered as a natural phenomenon through natural
distillation cycle of water evaporating from the sea and then condensing to form Pure
rain water, also there is other kind of natural occurrences leaded to desalination such as
freezing of seawater near the polar region. Where The ice crystals formed are pure
water, the salt being excluded from participation in the crystal growth.
However, since the turn of the century, necessity has driven scientists and engineers to
utilize desalination technology of varying effectiveness to produce pure water from
saline water. (Al-Shayji, 1998)
With the development of temperature and pressure measurements, together with an
understanding of the properties of gases, land desalination began to play an important
role.
The first commercial land-based seawater desalination plant was installed by the
Ottomans in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. This crude distillation unit was a boiler working
under atmospheric pressure, but this unit suffered from severe scale deposits and
corrosion problems. It is now part of a historical monument on Jeddah Corniche.
With the improvement in submerged-tube technology, the first evaporators with a total
capacity in excess of 45,000 m3/d were built in Kuwait Curacao in the early 1950s.
But it was not until the development of the multistage flash distillation method by
Professor Robert Silver in the 1950s, when the research and development of saline
water conversion was promoted, that desalination became a practical solution to the
shortage of drinking water.
The historical turning point in the history of desalination is the introduction of multi
stage flash desalination (MSF) in Kuwait in 1957. The Kuwait Department of
26

Electricity and Water placed an order with Westinghouse for four 0.5-million-gallon-
per-day (MGD),evaporator units each with four stages, designed by Rowland Colte.
Their success encouraged the authority in Kuwait to go for larger and more efficient
desalination units, and to accept an offer from G and J Weir to supply a new
desalination concept known as the Multistage Flash.
The innovator of the multistage flash system was Professor Robert Silver. Although he
held patents on the process both in Europe and the USA, he never received any
financial rewarded for his work.
With this success, companies all over the world, especially in the USA and the UK,
undertake extensive research and development on large flash-type evaporator units to
achieve lower production cost.
The installation of similar evaporators manufactured by other contractors followed the
great success of flash evaporation. Subsequently, Sasakura installed the first 5 million
gallon-per-day MSF units at Shuwaikh in Kuwait. Similar units were then installed in
the new Kuwait plants located at Shuiabah. The success of these large units, proving
that the MSF process could produce water economically and with greater reliability
than previous systems, set the stage for the great advances in desalination capacity that
were to follow in the 1970-1980s (Temperly, 1995).
In 1953, Reid, C. E. and Breton, E. J. at the University of Florida proposed a research
program to the Office of Saline Water (OSW). They developed a membrane that was
made of a cellular acetate material and had the ability to reject salt. However, the water
flux through the dense membrane was too low to have commercial significance.
The major breakthrough in membrane development came in a parallel research
program,
from 1958 to 1960, at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) where
S.Leob, and S. Sourirajan were credited with making the first high-performance
membranes by creating an asymmetric cellulose acetate structure with improved salt
rejection and water flux.
In 1965, the UCLA team installed the first municipal reverse osmosis plant in Coalinga,
California. The plant was desalting water containing 2,500 ppm salts, and
producing5,000 GPD with a tubular cellular acetate membrane. The development of the
27

tubular, spiral-wound, and hollow-fine-fiber modules together with the development of
the polyamide membranes takes place from 1965-1970.
Through the 1980s, improvements were made to these membranes to increase water
flux and salt rejection with both brackish water and seawater. Brackish water is water
that contains dissolved matter at an approximate concentration range from 1,000-35,000
mg/l. (Al-Shayji,1998)

2.8 DESALINATION TECHNOLOGIES
A desalination process essentially separates saline water into two parts - one that has a
low concentration of salt (treated water or product water), and the other with a much
higher concentration than the original feed water, usually referred to as brine
concentrate or simply as concentrate.
The two major types of technologies that are used around the world for desalination can
be broadly classified as either thermal or membrane. Both technologies need energy to
operate and produce fresh water. Within those two broad types, there are sub-categories
(processes) using different techniques. The major desalination processes are identified
in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1: Desalination Technologies and Processes

Thermal and membrane capacity on a worldwide basis was about 7 billion gallons per
day (bgd) in early 2000, with about 50% in thermal processes and 50% in membrane
technologies. This is total installed capacity since the early 1950s, and not all of that
capacity may be in operation. On a global basis, desalination capacity increased at
almost 12 percent per year, from 1972 through 1999. There have been over 8,600
desalination plants installed worldwide, with approximately 20 percent of them in the
Thermal Technology Membrane Technology
Multi-Stage Flash Distillation (MSF) Electrodialysis (ED)
Multi-Effect Distillation (MED) Electrodialysis reversal (EDR)
Vapor Compression Distillation (VCD) Reverse Osmosis (RO)
28

U.S., the largest number of any country in the world. In terms of capacity however, the
U.S. ranks second globally (U.S Ministry of Interior, 2003).

2.8.1 Thermal Technologies
Thermal technologies, as the name implies, involve the heating of saline water and
collecting the condensed vapor (distillate) to produce pure water. Thermal technologies
have rarely been used for brackish water desalination, because of the high costs
involved. They have however been used for seawater desalination and can be sub-
divided into three groups: Multi-Stage Flash Distillation (MSF), Multi-Effect
Distillation (MED), and Vapor Compression Distillation (VCD).

2.8.2 Multi-Stage Flash Distillation (MSF)
This process involves the use of distillation through several (multi-stage) chambers. In
the MSF process, each successive stage of the plant operates at progressively lower
pressures. The feed water is first heated under high pressure, and is led into the first
flash chamber, where the pressure is released, causing the water to boil rapidly
resulting in sudden evaporation or flashing. This flashing of a portion of the feed
continues in each successive stage, because the pressure at each stage is lower than in
the previous stage. The vapor generated by the flashing is converted into fresh water by
being condensed on heat exchanger tubing that run through each stage. The tubes are
cooled by the incoming cooler feed water. Generally, only a small percentage of the
feed water is converted into vapor and condensed.
Multi-stage flash distillation plants have been built since the late 1950s. Some MSF
plants can contain from 15 to 25 stages, but are usually no larger than 15 mgd in
capacity. MSF distillation plants can have either a once-through or recycled process.
In the once-through design, the feed water is passed through the heater and flash
chambers just once and disposed of, while in the recycled design, the feed water for
cooling is recycled. Each of these processes can be structured as a long tube or cross
tube design. In the long tube design (built at Freeport in 1961), tubing is parallel to the
concentrate flow, while in the cross tube design, tubing is perpendicular to the
concentrate flow.
29

MSF plants are subject to corrosion unless stainless steel is used extensively. In
addition to corrosion, MSF plants are also subject to erosion and impingement attack
(U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, 2003). Erosion is caused by the turbulence of the feed
water in the flash chamber, when the feed water passes from one stage to another.
Distillation processes produce about 3.4 billion gpd globally, which is about 50 percent
of the worldwide desalination capacity. MSF plants provide about 84 percent of that
capacity. Most of those plants have been built overseas, primarily in the Middle East,
where energy resources have been plentiful and inexpensive.

2.8.3 Multi-Effect Distillation (MED)
The MED process has been used since the late 1950s and early 1960s. Multi-effect
distillation occurs in a series of vessels (effects) and uses the principles of evaporation
and condensation at reduced ambient pressure. In MED, a series of evaporator effects
produce water at progressively lower pressures. Water boils at lower temperatures as
pressure decreases, so the water vapor of the first vessel or effect serves as the heating
medium for the second, and so on. The more vessels or effects there are, the higher the
performance ratio. Depending upon the arrangement of the heat exchanger tubing,
MED units could be classified as horizontal tube, vertical tube or vertically stacked tube
bundles
There have been several MED plants built in the U.S. and overseas. Three low-
temperature MED plants with a combined capacity of 3.5 mgd have been operating
successfully in St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands, where desalinated water is the principal
water supply source (Krishna, 1989). The MED units are operated by the Virgin Islands
Water and Power Authority. Steam from the power plant is directed to the evaporators
in the desalination units. Product water is obtained as condensate of the vapor from
each vessel. Several MED plants are found overseas, both in the Caribbean and in the
Middle East.


30

2.8.4 Vapor Compression Distillation
The vapor compression distillation (VCD) process is used either in combination with
other processes such as the MED, or by itself. The heat for evaporating the water comes
from the compression of vapor, rather than the direct exchange of heat from steam
produced in a boiler (Buros, 2000). Vapor compression (VC) units have been built in a
variety of configurations. Usually, a mechanical compressor is used to generate the heat
for evaporation. The VC units are generally small in capacity, and are often used at
hotels, resorts and in industrial applications.

2.8.5 Membrane Technologies
Membrane technologies can be subdivided into two broad categories: Electro
dialyis/Electro dialysis Reversal (ED/EDR), and Reverse Osmosis (RO).

2.8.5.1 Electro dialysis (ED) and Electro dialysis Reversal (EDR)
Electro dialysis (ED) is a voltage-driven membrane process. An electrical potential is
used to move salts through a membrane, leaving fresh water behind as product water.
ED was commercially introduced in the 1960s, about 10 years before reverse osmosis
(RO), Although ED was originally conceived as a seawater desalination process, it has
generally been used for brackish water desalination.
ED depends on the following general principles:
- Most salts dissolved in water are ions, either positively charged (cations), or
negatively charged (anions).
- Since like poles repel each other and unlike poles attract, the ions migrate toward the
electrodes with an opposite electric charge
- Suitable membranes can be constructed to permit selective passage of either anions or
cations.
In a saline solution, dissolved ions such as sodium (+) and chloride (-) migrate to the
opposite electrodes passing through selected membranes that either allow cations or
anions to pass through (not both). Membranes are usually arranged in an alternate
pattern, with anion-selective membrane followed by a cation-selective membrane.
During this process, the salt content of the water channel is diluted, while concentrated
31

solutions are formed at the electrodes. Concentrated and diluted solutions are created in
the spaces between the alternating membranes, and these spaces bound by two
membranes are called cells. ED units consist of several hundred cells bound together
with electrodes, and is referred to as a stack. Feed water passes through all the cells
simultaneously to provide a continuous flow of desalinated water and a steady stream of
concentrate (brine) from the stack.
In the early 1970s, the Electro dialysis Reversal (EDR) process was introduced (Buros,
2000). An EDR unit operates on the same general principle as an ED unit, except that
both the product and concentrate channels are identical in construction. At intervals of
several times an hour, the polarity of the electrodes is reversed, causing ions to be
attracted in the opposite direction across the membranes. Immediately following
reversal, the product water is removed until the lines are flushed out and desired water
quality restored. The flush takes just a few minutes before resuming water production.
The reversal process is useful in breaking up and flushing out scales, slimes, and other
deposits in the cells before they build up. Flushing helps in reducing the problem of
membrane fouling.
Because of the inherent characteristics of the electrical process used in ED units, they
are normally used to desalinate brackish water, rather than high salinity water such as
seawater. The few ED units that are located in Texas are those that are used in low-
salinity applications such as surface water desalination (Lake Granbury and Sherman,
2001).

2.8.5.2 Reverse Osmosis (RO) and Nano filtration (NF)
In relation to thermal processes, Reverse Osmosis (RO) is a relatively new process that
was commercialized in the 1970s (Buros, 2000). Currently, RO is the most widely used
method for desalination in the United States. The RO process uses pressure as the
driving force to push saline water through a semi-permeable membrane into a product
water stream and a concentrated brine stream. Nano filtration (NF) is also a membrane
process that is used for removal of divalent salt ions such as Calcium, Magnesium, and
Sulphate. RO, on the other hand, is used for removal of Sodium and Chloride. RO
processes are used for desalinating brackish water (TDS>1,500 mg/l), and seawater.
32

Osmosis is a natural phenomenon by which water from a low salt concentration passes
into a more concentrated solution through a semi-permeable membrane. When pressure
is applied to the solution with the higher salt concentration solution, the water will flow
in a reverse direction through the semi-permeable membrane, leaving the salt behind.
This is known as the Reverse Osmosis process or RO process.
An RO desalination plant essentially consists of four major systems:
a) Pretreatment system,
b) High-pressure pumps,
c) Membrane systems,
d) Post-treatment.
Pre-treatment is very important in RO because the membrane surfaces must remain
clean. Therefore, all suspended solids must be first removed, and the water pre-treated
so that salt precipitation or microbial growth does not occur on the membranes. Pre-
treatment may involve conventional methods such as a chemical feed followed by
coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation, and sand filtration, or pre-treatment may
involve membrane processes such as microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF). The
choice of a particular pre-treatment process is based on a number of factors such as feed
water quality characteristics, space availability, RO membrane requirements, etc.
High pressure pumps supply the pressure needed to enable the water to pass through the
membrane and have the salt rejected. The pressures range from about 150 psi for
slightly brackish water to 800 - 1,000 psi for seawater.
The membrane assembly consists of a pressure vessel and a semi-permeable membrane
inside that permits the feed water to pass through it. RO membranes for desalination
generally come in two types: Spiral wound and Hollow fiber. Spiral wound elements
are actually constructed from flat sheet membranes. Membrane materials may be made
of cellulose acetate or of other composite polymers. In the spiral wound design, the
membrane envelope is wrapped around a central collecting tube. The feed water under
pressure, flows in a spiral path within the membrane envelope, and pure (desalinated)
water is collected in the central tube. As a portion of the water passes through the
membrane, the remaining feed water increases in salt content. A portion of the feed
water is discharged without passing through the membrane. Without this discharge, the
33

pressurized feed water would continue to increase in salinity content, causing super-
saturation of salts. The amount of feed water that is discharged as concentrate ranges
from about 20 percent for brackish water to about 50 percent for seawater (Krishna,
1989).

2.9 FACTORS AFFECTING COST OF DESALINATION
Cost is sensitive issue which affects the decision makers preferable and selections;
however each technology may have its own characteristics in terms of resources, design
aspects and other direct and indirect cost parameters.
As the adopted technology in intended case study and the planned central desalination
plant in Gaza strip is the sea water reverse osmosis, we will highlight herewith the most
effective factors affecting the cost terminology (Water reuse Association Desalination
Committee, 2012)

2.9.1 Selection of Intake and Concentrate Discharge
Feed water intake configuration directly affects capital and operational costs of the
treatment process. Without consideration for the cost of land associated with each
option, beach well intakes are usually less costly on an equipment basis. However, once
land acquisition and easements are factored into the process, this intake type is typically
40 to 50%more costly than an open intake of similar capacity. Horizontal and slant
wells are comparable to open intake (yet more costly than co-located open intakes using
existing infrastructure), and infiltration galleries typically cost more than open intakes.
Of all the intake options, only open intakes have the longest-running installation history
and reliability necessary to support the full-scale development of a large desalination
facility at a new site. As a result, there is a significant depth of understanding related to
the costs associated with constructing open intakes as well as the associated discharge
pipeline.
Few SWRO facilities exist employing an intake type differing from the conventional
open-intake. This lack of available installations for use as a qualitative benchmark for
costing same-site alternatives is important for planners and engineers focused on
process considerations and/or cost comparisons. However, published information is
34

limited and can be site-specific. Generalized guidance is contained in Table 2.2: Source
types range from beach wells to open-ocean intakes (Water Reuse Association, 2012)

Table 2.2: Source Types Range from Beach Wells to Open-Ocean Intakes


Various methods are available to dispose of the concentrate stream, and the availability
of alternatives will vary due to many site-specific variables. With that consideration,
conveyance alternatives and a range of costs associated with each alternative are
contained in Table 2.3 The costs do not include conveyance attributable to connecting
the desalination plant to the disposal location (in the case of discharge to the ocean, this
would be from the desalination plant to the shore line) because the conveyance distance,
terrain, and associated costs are site-specific and highly variable, and this conveyance
cost can dominate disposal costs.


35

Table 2.3: Concentrate Disposal Cost



By comparison, most of the desalination plants yielding the lowest water production
costs have concentrate discharges either located in coastal areas with very intensive
natural mixing or are combined with power plant outfall structures which use the
buoyancy of the warm power plant cooling water to provide accelerated initial mixing
and salinity plume dissipation at lower cost. The intake and discharge facility costs for
these plants are usually less than 10% of the total desalination plant costs.

2.9.2 Feed and Finished Water Quality
The type of pretreatment system and type of pretreatment technology selected are very
dependent on the feed water quality. Because open ocean feed water (compared with
well water, for example) will typically contain a greater level of suspended material and
impurities that could possibly foul a reverse osmosis membrane, the capability of the
pretreatment necessary to suitably pre-condition the feed water is crucial to ensure a
long, sustainable membrane service life. For example, some coastal well water supplies
and certain open ocean sources are generally expected to contain very low levels of
foulants and particulates; therefore, a lesser-degree of pretreatment may be warranted. It
is important to keep this point in context, because suspended material content (e.g.,
iron, sulfur, manganese) of coastal ocean locations is sitespecific and could eliminate
36

the potential benefit of a lesser-degree of pretreatment and the associated capital and
operational costs.(Water Reuse Association Desalination Committee, 2011)
Additionally, as with any seawater desalination project, the feed water temperature,
source water "cleanliness (such as suspended biomass or turbidity), and ambient
salinity fluctuations also affect project costs. For example, if a SWRO facility planned
along the one location coast treats seawater that is on average 10 degrees colder than a
SWRO facility located in second location , the necessary feed pressure would increase
10 to 15% over the warmer water to achieve the equivalent production value, thereby
increasing energy consumption and associated operating costs.
Lower range of costs represents a single stage, single pass SWRO system which is
capable of reliably meeting a TDS of less than 450 mg/L. Individual analytic
concentration limitations such as boron or chloride (for horticultural water quality
purposes) can also affect costs, because at very low concentration limits an additional
membrane treatment step might be necessary. If this is the case, additional costs
associated with producing a lower TDS product water will increase from 15 to 30% of
the cost of the single stage, single pass system (Water Reuse Association Desalination
Committee, 2012)

2.9.3 Distribution
Throughput (or production) capacity of a desalination facility (as with any other type
of production facility)affects the size and number of the equipment needed, as well as
the space necessary to locate a treatment plant. Coastal communities utilizing
desalination as a source of drinking water are usually in close proximity to the
treatment facility; therefore, land is usually priced at a premium. The cost of locating a
facility closer to the point of use and a suitable power source should be weighed against
the costs associated with additional intake and discharge pipeline easements,
transmission line costs, materials used for construction, permits, labor, and maintenance
associated with moving a plant farther away from an intake/discharge or distribution
service area(ShankerMuraleedaran,2009).


37

2.9.4 Permitting and Regulatory Issues
The regulatory landscape differs vastly in the communities served by desalination
facilities. These differences can have a profound impact on project delivery timelines,
legal costs, and in some cases alter the design of the SWRO facility. Without question,
each country has its own set of environmental criteria which must be met by any single
project. In consideration of laws in the United States, each State and region has its own
set of rules, regulations, and standards, all of which conform to federal laws and
guidelines while potentially being more restrictive, and usually related to site-specific
nuances (Shanker Muraleedaran, 2009).

2.9.5 Project Delivery Mechanism
Number of project delivery methods and financing tools has proven to be successful in
the SWRO desalination industry. The size of the project, expected contract duration,
location, competition, risk allocation, and project (owner) preferences all dictate by
what means the project is delivered. For example, the combination of large capacity
SWRO facilities, enhanced competition, and owner preferences for low risk have
enabled the design- build- own- operate (DBOOT) project delivery community to
commission SWRO projects , Without exception, the lowest cost desalination projects
to date have been delivered under turnkey DBOOT contracts where private sector
developers or consortia share risks with the public sector based to their ability to control
and mitigate the respective project related risks. A contributing cause to the lower costs
is that the insurance and contingencies in DBOOT contracts are between 10 and 20% of
the total capital cost of the project; whereas similar costs for the more traditional project
design/bid/build projects can be higher.
One other delivery method, recently applied to large SWRO projects, where the Owner-
Engineer-Contractor Alliance approach. The alliance model is an alternative means to
further minimize and isolate the owner risks involved in procuring large-scale
desalination plants. The alliance model incorporates a two-stage bidding process
involving selection of qualified private sector companies and then engages the top-two
companies in a competitive project development phase (which is paid for by the
owner). Although the risk and reward mechanisms between the owner and
38

engineer/contractor are negotiable, the insurance and contingency premiums are
historically more than 30% of the total project costs (Water Reuse Association
Desalination Committee,2012)

2.9.6 Other Associated Costs
Other associated project costs include proximity to a power supply, the availability of
skilled labor, and environmental mitigation. These cost impacts may be the result of
market conditions or issues unknown during the conceptual design process. For
example, the overlapping schedules of the series of large SWRO projects created a
temporary shortage of skilled labor, which in turn resulted in an increase in unit labor
costs. Because skilled labor expenditures can consume up to 50% of the construction
costs, a facilities construction cost can increase by 20% or more.
In several instances involving Spanish desalination projects, substantial project delays
were caused by the inability of the local power company to install power substations
and transmission lines; or, the receiving water authority did not adequately plan system
integration and distribution pipelines for the product water, thereby substantially
increasing the total project costs. (ShankerMuraleedaran,2009)

2.9.7 Operation and Maintenance Cost
All drinking water production facilities require operational attention and regular
maintenance to ensure along, productive and efficient plant. A typical design lifespan
for a water production facility is 20 to 30-years,based on the size of the facility;
financial terms and arrangements; and procurement method (such as BOOT, DBO, D-
B, etc.). However, regardless of procurement type, the typical plant operation and
maintenance costs (O&M) are associated with the parameters described in Table 2.4


39

Table 2.4: Operation and Maintenance Parameters for Desalination Plant

Moreover other factors may play significant role in determining the cost aspect of
desalination plants (Shanker Muraleedaran, 2009).

2.9.8 Quality of feeding water
Produced water shows wide range of TDS and organic contents, thus feed water quality
is crucial factor affecting process design and economic efficiency .formation and
production history will have dramatic influence on produced water quality as well as
how the purification technology can be deployed.(Xinhua Li, 2009).

2.9.9 Pretreatment
Produced water desalination cost comprises two parts: pretreatment and desalination
operation, proper pretreatment is crucial to improve the membrane performance and
reduce the chemical uses .due to the high fouling nature of suspended colloids and
dissolved organics in produced water, NF/UF is the only effective process that can
extend the life time of the RO membrane to six months more (Xinhua Li, 2009).

2.9.10 Other elements affecting the cost analysis
Also the accumulative of direct and indirect cost is taken into consideration in this
concern, which indicates in addition to the above mentioned factors other element
affecting the cost analysis in RO desalination plants as described in the below
schematic diagram.
40



Figure 2.6: Elements used for cost analysis in RO plants, (Shanker Muraleedaran,
2009)

41





CHAPTER THREE


42

CHAPTER (3)
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION
The skeleton of the research methodology represents the main guide leading to the
intended research objectives; accordingly to achieve these objectives a revision was made
to different approaches to find the most proper methodology that can answer our needs.
Based on the findings from literature review /available data in PWA library and CMWU
files related to the selected case study (Deir El Balah plant). The researcher adopted
analytical triangulation approach in this study.
Therefore both quantitative and qualitative search will be done to clearly identify and
answer the study objectives

3.2 QUANTITATIVE APPROACH
In order to achieve the first objective which includes the identification of the most
effective factors affecting the sea water desalination plant, a questionnaire was
formulated and distributed to relevant private and public sectors interested in water
aspect.
The findings from this questionnaire indicated the most effective factors with different
weights against each.
In general the questionnaire included three main parts:
Basic information (personal, profession and experience).
List of factors affecting the cost and function of the desalination plants with scale
for weighting each factor.
Other factors affecting desalination plants from the candidate points of view and
gained knowledge through the professional's experience.

3.3 DATA ANALYSIS
The analytical descriptive approach was used to answer the basic question and analyze
the phenomenon. Its nature and environment, explains the relationship between
43

components; the description is about the units, conditions, relationships, categories,
ratings, or patterns that already exist. This may include the views and attitudes, as well as
the processes included the effects and directions that emerged, it means that the
descriptive approach study how the phenomenon works. (Abuhatab and Sadeq, 1991:
104).
The data has been collected from the sample through the adopted measuring tool
(questionnaire), and the data was entered, filtered, and analyzed statistically via the
statistical Software packages for the Social Sciences (SPSS 17) using a number of
statistical techniques in the analysis that are going to be shown in order to test the
hypothesis.
3.4 STUDY POPULATION
The study population consists of all experts in the field of seawater desalination, working
in both public and private sectors deeply involved in water sector in Gaza strip. The
specialists are approximately 40 persons with past experience in water desalination or
currently sharing in operating the desalination plant in Deir El Balah.
3.5 STUDY SAMPLE
The study sample included all the population of experts in the field of water desalination,
working in the companies or organizations in Gaza Strip, noticed that varieties of
positions, and experiences. The researcher tried to include the entire population in the
study. 40 copies of the original questionnaire was distributed on the population, 37 copies
only were returned . 2 extra copies were excluded as they were unsuitable for the data
analysis.The number of respondents was included in the data analysis was 35 of experts
in the field of water desalination
3.6 SETTING OF THE STUDY
The study conducted through experts and specialists working in several public and
private related to water and desalination aspects, the targeted organizations include :
- Palestinian Water Authority (PWA)
- Costal Municipalities Water Utility (CMWU).
- Consultancy Offices.
- International Nongovernmental Organizations (INGOs)
44

- Nongovernmental Organizations (NOGs)
- Contracting Companies with past experience in design /build contracts in this field

3.7 ELIGIBILITY OF THE STUDY
The eligibility of the study consists mainly of inclusion criteria.
3.7.1 Inclusion Criteria
- In this study all experts in both public and private sector working in the field of
water desalination were included in Gaza strip. with several types of organizations,
positions, experiences, kinds of projects that are the currently executed.
- All principals and managers working in the water desalination plants and in
particular Deir El Balah Plant were included in this story
- The experts in the field of water desalination, working in the companies or
organizations in Gaza strip were included.

3.8 QUESTIONNAIRE MAIN CATEGORIES
The questionnaire was provided with a covering letter explaining the purpose of the study,
the way of responding, the aim of the research and the security of the information in order
to encourage a high response. The questionnaire included multiple choice questions:
which are widely used in questionnaires, the variety in these questions aims first to meet
the research objectives, and to collect all the necessary data that can support the
discussion, results and recommendations in the research.
An English and Arabic version of the distributed questioner are enclosed in the research
in ANNEX 1 . However, The questionnaire includes three main parts as indicated
hereunder.
3.8.1 Part One (Demographic Information)
This part has covered the following basic information: Type of the company or the
organization the sample work in, the position in the company or the organization, years of
experience in the field of water, years of experience in the working organization, types of
projects that the organization is currently working on.
45

3.8.2 Part Two (The Most Important Factors Affecting The Establishment Of
Desalination Plants)
This section was designed for verifying the first objective in this research related to the
most important factors affecting the establishment of the desalination plant among Gaza
Strip. It contains two parts:
1- Closed-ended questions: this part contains 24 questions each one of them measures the
importance of each factor that are affecting the establishment of desalination plants.
2- Open ended questions; this part contains 5 questions each one measures the importance
of each factor that are affecting the establishment of desalination plants.

3.8.3 Part Three (The Parties Involved)
This part measures the importance of participation for parties in identifying the main
elements for the plant. It asks about the importance of nine specified parties, Moreover,
the sample can suggest more parties and rate their importance from their point of view.
3.9 STUDY INSTRUMENT (DATA COLLECTION TOOL)
The most important factors affecting the establishment of the desalination plant was
identified taking into account the cost factor and to give proper weight to each of these
factors.
The sheet was developed after extensive review of the available literature on water
desalination plants and related projects, and it was adopted by many professionals in the
field of water desalination. It was administered by the interviewer, to ensure the
professionalism, accuracy, and seriousness of the data collection process. Data was
collected from files and records. The questionnaire was administered for the entire study
population, it saved time and analysis of data was difficult.

46

3.10 STATISTICAL ASSUMPTIONS AND CRITERIA
3.10.1 Questionnaire Scaling
Lekart five points in scaling the statements was used to measure the response, the more
the number implies the higher importance, as in the Table3.1.
Table 3.1: Questionnaire Scale
Response Very important Important Medium poor Weak
Degree 5 4 3 2 1

3.10.2 Reliability and Validity of The Measure
3.10.2.1 Validity of The Measure
The validity of a Measure can be defined as a determination of the extent to which the
instrument actually reflects the abstract construct being examined. "Validity refers to the
degree to which an instrument measures what it is supposed to be measuring". High
validity is the absence of systematic errors in the measuring instrument. When an
instrument is valid; it truly reflects the concept it is supposed to measure. Achieving good
validity requires the care in the research design and sample selection.(Abuhatab and
Sadeq, 1991).
3.10.2.2 Content Validity
Content validity test was conducted by the consultation of group of experts. The first was
requested to evaluate and identify whether the questions agreed with the scope of the
items and the extent to which these items reflect the concepts of the research problem.
The other was requested to evaluate that the instrument used is valid statistically and that
the questionnaire was designed well enough to provide relations and tests between
variables. The two groups of experts did agree that the questionnaire was valid and
suitable enough to measure the concept of interest. (Abuhatab and Sadeq, 1991).

47

3.10.2.3 Statistical Validity of the Measure
To insure the validity of the questionnaire, a statistical test should be applied: The Internal
Consistency validity (Pearson Correlation Coefficients) which measures the correlation
coefficient between each item in the field and the whole field. The second test is structure
validity test (Pearson test) that used to test the validity of the questionnaire structure by
testing the validity of each field and the validity of the whole questionnaire. It measures
the correlation coefficient between one field and all the fields of the questionnaire that
have the same level of similar scale. (Abuhatab and Sadeq, 1991).The Validity of the
measure was calculated as shown as follows:
3.10.2.4 Internal Consistency
The internal consistency is the second statistical test that used to test the validity of the
test. The internal consistency indicates the correlation of the total of each item/ statement
with the total degree of the method. It also indicates the correlation of the total of each
method with the total of the measure (Al Agha, 1997: p110).
To figure out the internal consistency, the researcher calculated the correlation coefficients
between the degree of each statement and the total degree of the related domain, as
illustrated through Table 3.2.
The results in Table 3.2 showed that the correlation coefficients for the total of the factor
of the most important factors affecting the establishment of desalination plants and all its
related statements are to be statistically significant correlated at a level of significance (p-
value < 0.01), The correlation coefficients were ranging between (0.57 - 0.83), this gives a
clear evidence how appropriate is the domain to be applied onto the total sample of the
study.

48

Table 3.2: Correlation Between Items of Factors Affecting the Establishment of
Desalination Plants & Total Degree of The Domain
No. Statement
Parson
correlation
p-value
1
The nature and location of the water (open source,
shallow wells, etc.)
0.56 0.001**
2 The quality of Water feeding the plant 0.453 0.004**
3 Quality of water produced from the plant 0.46 0.006**
4
The nature of the distribution plant and its location
close to the desalination plant
0.72 0.001**
5
Licenses and legal framework for the establishment of
desalination plant
0.55 0.001**
6
The type of the project contract (lump sum, itemized
boq contract, cost with fixed profit)
0.41 0.015*
7
Type of tendering process (national tender,
international tender, short list, direct awarding)
0.48 0.020*
8 Implementation period 0.58 0.001**
9 Productive capacity of the plant 0.61 0.001**
10 The existence of competitive projects 0.54 0.001**
11 Identify project risks 0.45 0.005**
12 Preference and the desire of the owner of the project 0.43 0.009**
13 Power (electricity source ) feeding the plant 0.63 0.001**
14
The existence of employment and technical capacity
for the implementation
0.76 0.001**
15
The existence of employment and technical capacity
for operation
0.77 0.001**
16 Environmental impact of the plant 0.49 0.003**
17 Water distribution network 0.46 0.005**
18 Operation and maintenance cost 0.35 0.039*
19 The initial treatment phase 0.75 0.001**
49

20 Insurance for the plant and its equipment 0.39 0.019*
21
Provision of land necessary for the construction of the
plant
0.83 0.001**
22
Equipment required for construction (available locally,
need to import)
0.57 0.001**
23 Disposal system of salty water 0.56 0.001**
24 System followed to pay back the loan (if any) 0.63 0.001**
** P-value<0.01 * P-value<0.05 // P-value>0.05

Table3.3: Correlation Between Items of Parties Involved & Total Degree of Factor

No.
Statement
Person
correlation
p-value
1 Donor 0.80 0.049*
2 Owner 0.61 0.001**
3 Beneficiaries representative 0.43 0.011*
4 Architect 0.65 0.001**
5 Maintenance engineer 0.78 0.001**
6 Civil engineer 0.63 0.001**
7 Water engineer 0.53 0.001**
8 Electrical engineer 0.52 0.001**
9 Mechanical engineer 0.54 0.041*
** P-value<0.01 * P-value<0.05 // P-value>0.05
The results in the Table3.3 showed that the correlation coefficients for the total of the factor
of the parties involved and all its related statements are to be statistically significant
correlated at a level of significance (p-value < 0.01).The correlation coefficients were
ranging between (0.43 - 0.80), This gives a clear evidence how appropriate is the domain to
be applied onto the total sample of the study.

50

3.10.3 Reliability of the Scale
The measure is said to be reliable when it gives the same results if it is reapplied in the
same conditions on the same sample. (Richard, 2004). The reliability is going to be
measured by both ways: Cronbachs Alphaand the Spilt- half techniques.

3.10.3.1 Cronbachs Alpha
To calculate the reliability of the test, the following two methods were used:

CronbachsAlpha Coefficient:
It was calculated that reliability of the test by using Alpha Cronbachs formula, (K) is the
number of items of the test, (
2

) is the variance of the total test marks where (

2
Y
) is the
component of the test and () is sample questions of the test (Cronbachs and Richard,
2004). The normal range of Cronbachs coefficient alpha value between (0.0 and 1.0),
The higher values reflects a higher degree of internal consistency.
It was found that the reliability of the overall measure by calculating the Cronbachs alpha
coefficient (Nu. of items = 33); where the value of alpha = (0.88), This indicated strongly
that the measure has a high reliability amount, While the Cronbachs alpha coefficient for
the domains of the measure were ranging between (0.63 - 0.89).This implied that both the
whole measure and the related domains have a high reliability, which meets the
requirements of applying the measure on the sample of the study.
3.10.3.2 Split Half Method
The reliability of the measure by using split half method as another way to test the
reliability was calculated, This method works by dividing the whole test items into two
parts, then the correlation coefficients between the sum of items for the first part and the
sum of items for the second part were calculated, Pearsons correlation coefficient for the
whole measure was (0.70), and the Spearman-Brown formula was (0.82).This indicates
that the test has a high degree of reliability, the following table shows the correlation
coefficient and Spearman-Brown values of the whole questionnaire and its domains.
51


Table 3.4:Cronbachs alpha values for the Scale and its domain

Domain Nu.
Cronbachs
alpha
Person
Correlation
Spilt- half
Factors affecting the
establishment of
desalination plants
24 0.89 0.72 0.84
Parties involved 9 06.0 0600 0600
All Questions 33 0.88 0.70 0.82

3.11 STATISTICAL METHODS
To answer the study questions and hypotheses, the researchers used the following statistical
methods:
- Frequencies and Percentages: used to help the researcher to describe the study
sample.
- Mean, Standard deviation and percentage mean (relative weight/importance
index ) for describing the dimensions., relative weight index will be calculated
from dividing the mean of each factor to full mark (5) and multiplied by 100,
the average of importance will be calculated from the summation of all factors
means and dividing it on the total number of factors (24) multiplied by full mark
(5)
- Pearsons Correlation Coefficients to measure the degree of correlation as well
to study the relation between variables.
- Cronbachs Alpha coefficient and Split-half coefficient to determine the
constancy of questionnaires' items.
- T-Test to determine the difference between the categories of the categorical
variables (two categories).
- One-Way ANOVA to study the effect of categorical variables(three or more
categories) on some numerical variables.
52

- LSD (Least Square Differences) for the difference between the categories of the
categorical variables in case of the One Way ANOVA showed significant
differences between categories

3.12 QUALITATIVE APPROACH
An intensive interview was conducted with specialist in this domain to cross check the
results gained from the questionnaire analysis.
The interviewers received in advance a brief description of the questionnaire contents to
be prepared for the interview.
The conducted interviews were made on a convince mode and proper timing for the
interviewers in order to get accurate results and their feedback regarding the findings and
possible discrepancies.

3.12.1 Data Analysis
Following to the conducted interviews, qualitative analysis for the interviews
feedback in each question along with brief explanation in this regard.
Moreover a narrative analysis was made to identify the matched and contradicted points
with the questionnaire results along with possible justifications

3.13 EVALUATION OF THE METHODOLOGY
An evaluation process was made to appraise the entire findings and complied data
gathered from both approaches, the triangulated findings concluded from both approaches
will be complied and analyzed in detailed discussion to extrapolate the main components
of the comparison model which was applied on the case study in terms of weight and
figures.
These figures was reached based in the application of SAVE international methodology
for value engineering on the selected case study (Deir El Balah desalination plant)


53

RESOURCES APPROACH PROCESS APPRAISAL MODELING
Develop V.E.
Comparison
Modle
Evaluation Of
Methdology
Data Analysis Questionnaire
Literature
Review
Professional's
Experience
Data Analysis
Structured
Interview
Sspecialists
Pecilists
3.14 DEVELOPING OF THE COMPARISON MODEL
In the light of above evaluation process, a comparison model was established and applied
in the selected case study.
The developed model will examine into what extent the cost reduction will be found in
case of considering relevant parameters found in accordance to the applied procedures of
value engineering for case study.
In the light of findings in this process, guidelines may be developed to be adopted for the
proposed large scale central desalination plant

3.15 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY FLOW CHART
The adopted methodology for this research can be summarize schematically in the
following flow chart.
The chart present the main elements presented in the above sections which will be
followed in the practical part of the study.
















Figure 3.1: Methodology Flow Chart
54




CHAPTER FOUR


55

CHAPTER FOUR
SURVEY ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

4.1 INTRODUCTIONS
In this chapter, the researcher presented the procedures and steps that were used in the
study and analysis of the questionnaire and its findings .
Each of these findings was discussed and apprised to elaborate the influence on the research
and possible reflections that might affect the context of the study .
The findings of the questionnaire answered the first objective of the study and give detailed
analysis of the context of the targeted population and environment

4.2 QUESTIONNAIRE ANALYSIS
4.2.1 Part One
In order to figure out the features of the sample, frequencies and percentages were
calculated for each of the demographic variable, related results are shown in Figure4.1.for
the type of company, it was clearly noticed the Varity of organizations and companies
which the respondents are working, this will enrich the study and ensure having good
presentation for wide views and several potential prospective presented in the different
public and private sectors in addition to the largest representative sector (others)which
represents several organizations such as regulator bodies , INGO's and NGO,s which are
deeply involved in the field of study .

56



Figure 4.1: Type of the Company or Organization of the Study Sample

Figure 4.2 indicated the position of the respondent: majority of the sample were project
managers with rate equals 40%, 25.7% were office engineers, 5.7% were site engineers.
Such finding was expected as the scope of study and the relevant experience to participate
in this survey require persons in certain positions related mainly to wide experience in
managing similar projects as projects managers and design experience such as office
engineer.
Owner
23%
Contractor
11%
Consultant
29%
Other
37%
57


Figure 4.2: Position in the Company or Organization of the Study Sample

Figure 4.3 illustrated the years of experience in the field of water: as reflection of type of
respondents position mentioned in Figure 4.2,the majority was divided between two sectors
:
- 28.6% of the study sample have experience for 6-10 years which represent
mainly the office engineers.
- Similarly, 28.6% have 16-20 years of experience in the field of water which
represent the project managers working in the water sector.
Project
manager
40%
Office
engineer
25%
Site engineer
6%
Administrative
3%
Other
26%
58


Figure 4.3: Experience in the field of water (years) of the study sample
Figure 4.4 showed the relevant margins of experience years of the company, majority of the
sample having 6-10 years of experience with rate equals 40%, this implied that most of the
company are newly participating in the water sector which are mainly the INGOs and
consultant companies , the next ranking sector is 31.4% having 16-20 years of who was
participated in the field in the age of establishing Palestinian authority such as
governmental organizations.

Figure 4.4: Experience of the Company in the Field of Water (Years)
1-5 years
14%
6-10 years
29%
11-15 years
14%
16 -20
years
29%
more
than 20
year
14%
1-5
years
9%
6-10 years
40%
11-15
years
11%
16 -20 years
31%
more than
20 year
9%
59



Figure 4.5 identified kind of projects the organization is currently working on: the results
showed close or semi equal percentage for the different type of projects, this results are
expected due to the variety of the participated organizations and respondents positions and
accordingly ensure good reflection for different points of views

Figure 4.5 : Kind of Projects the Organization is Working on of the Study Sample

4.2.2 Part Two
The Questions of the Study include the following:
-What is the most important factor affecting the establishment of desalination plants?
To figure out the most important factor affecting the establishment of desalination plants,
the followings were computed: the percentages, the percentage weights, means and STD
dev for each single factor, and the total factors importance. Related results are shown at the
Table 4.1.

Strategic
projects
(long term)
33%
Development
projects
(medium
term)
21%
Rehabilitatio
n and
maintenance
projects
(short term)
26%
Emergency
projects
20%
60

Table 4.1: The Results of Descriptive & Presented Weight for The Factors Affecting
The Establishment of Desalination Plants
O
r
d
e
r

%


W
e
i
g
h
t

M
e
a
n

v
e
r
y

i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
t

i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
t

f
a
i
r

p
o
o
r

w
e
a
k

Statement
No.
2 86.9 4.34 48.6 37.1 14.3 0.0 0.0
The nature and location of the water (open
source, shallow wells, etc.)
1
9 78.9 3.94 28.6 42.9 22.9 5.7 0.0 The quality of Water feeding the plant 2
3 84.0 4.20 48.6 28.6 17.1 5.7 0.0 Quality of water produced from the plant 3
21 68.7 3.44 14.3 34.3 37.1 8.6 5.7
The nature of the distribution plant and its
location close to the desalination plant
4
12 77.1 3.86 17.1 51.4 31.4 0.0 0.0
Licenses and legal framework for the
establishment of desalination plant
5
16 73.1 3.66 14.3 40.0 42.9 2.9 0.0
The type of the project contract (lump sum,
itemized boq contract, cost with fixed profit)
6
12 77.1 3.86 17.1 57.1 20.0 5.7 0.0
Type of tendering process (national tender,
international tender, short list, direct awarding)
7
22 68.0 3.40 8.6 37.1 40.0 14.3 0.0 Implementation period 8
8 79.4 3.97 28.6 45.7 22.9 0.0 2.9 Productive capacity of the plant 9
20 68.6 3.43 14.3 28.6 48.6 2.9 5.7 The existence of competitive projects 10
6 81.1 4.06 34.3 40.0 22.9 2.9 0.0 Identify project risks 11
23 66.4 3.31 8.6 31.4 48.6 5.7 5.7
Preference and the desire of the owner of the
project
12
1 92.6 4.63 71.4 22.9 2.9 2.9 0.0 Power (electricity source ) feeding the plant 13
9 78.9 3.94 25.7 48.6 20.0 5.7 0.0
The existence of employment and technical
capacity for the implementation
14
12 77.1 3.86 22.9 51.4 20.0 0.0 5.7
The existence of employment and technical
capacity for operation
15
16 73.1 3.66 22.9 28.6 40.0 8.6 0.0 Environmental impact of the plant 16
18 72.6 3.63 11.4 45.7 37.1 5.7 0.0 Water distribution network 17
5 83.4 4.17 37.1 42.9 20.0 0.0 0.0 Operation and maintenance cost 18
15 75.4 3.77 22.9 42.9 22.9 11.4 0.0 The initial treatment phase 19
19 71.4 3.57 14.3 37.1 40.0 8.6 0.0 Insurance for the plant and its equipment 20
4 84.0 4.20 57.1 14.3 20.0 8.6 0.0
Provision of land necessary for the construction
of the plant
21
7 80.6 4.03 40.0 25.7 31.4 2.9 0.0
Equipment required for construction (available
locally, need to import)
22
11 77.7 3.89 28.6 40.0 22.9 8.6 0.0 Disposal system of salty water 23
24 66.3 3.3 2.9 48.6 25.7 22.9 0.0 System followed to pay back the loan (if any) 24
- 76.8 3.84 Average Importance of Factor Total

61

From Table 4.1 we might conclude that :
The most important six factors are:
1- Factor No. 13Power (electricity source) feeding the plant) which came in the first place
with mean value equals to 4.6 and percentage of weight 92.6%, this finding confirm the
agreement and emphasize on the relevancy of the Power source and consumption aspect in
decision making and its importance in playing a leading role in the production process and
direct financial reflection on the tariff of cubic meter.
2- Factor No. 1 (The nature and location of the water (open source, shallow wells, etc.))
feeding the plant) which came at the second place with mean value equals 4.34 and
percentage weight 86.9%, the majority of the experts agreed on this factor importance due
to its direct effect in terms of design of the desalination plant, the type of intake for the
desalination plant which will feed the plant will be subject to several analysis and
according the designer will consider the proper pretreatment needed for the plant and the
adequate chemical additive's to be used in this stages prior to main treatment in order to
eliminate or minimize the potential damages on the membrane (RO Units).
3- Factor No.3 (Quality of water produced from the plant) which came at the third place
with mean value equals 4.2 and percentage weight 84.0%, the importance of this factor
came from its relevancy to identify the number of stages and passes needed in the treatment
plant, based on the specified quality and criteria of the permeate ( product ) the designer
will specify the number of membrane needed for each stage and the need for second or this
pass to reach to the required TDS amount. Obviously this will influence highly the cost of
establishing the plant and the operational and maintenance cost as well
4- Factor No. 21 (Provision of land necessary for the construction of the plant) which came
at the 4
th
place with mean value equals 4.20 and percentage weight 84.0%, the importance
of this factor have a significant importance in Gaza Strip Context due to the limitation of
allocated lands for such projects and the problems that might be raised from the community
due to their objection of such project close to their agriculture land or residences, in other
countries this factor may not take the same order in importance as such problem is not
significant or even not exist due to the wide availability of free land owned to the country.
62

5- Factor No. 18 (Operation and maintenance cost) which came at the 5
th
place with mean
value equals 4.17 and percentage weight 83.0%, as the operation and maintenance cost in
desalination plant is quite expensive and require plenty of money to ensure availability of
enough stockpile of chemicals and spare parts for working pumps, moreover some of the
chemical additives require special coordination and take long time to enter to Gaza Strip
which make additional obstacle to the pretreatment process.
6- Factor No. 11 (Identify project risks) which came at the 6
th
place with mean value
equals 4.0 and percentage weight 81%, all parties agreed that such projects need precise
reading for different potential risks such community acceptance, completion with locally
purchased water and environmental risks.
Figure 4.6 showed that different factors ranked in descending order in accordance to their
importance :


Figure 4.6: The presented weights and orders for the factors affecting the
establishment of desalination plants
- Other important factors affecting the establishment of desalination plants
To figure out the most important factor affecting the establishment of desalination plants
among the samples (experts) point of view in addition to the factors specified in the
questionnaire. The responses of the open ended question that asks about the factors
9
2
.
6

8
6
.
9

8
4

8
4

8
3
.
4

8
1
.
1

8
0
.
6

7
9
.
4

7
8
.
9

7
8
.
9

7
7
.
7

7
7
.
1

7
7
.
1

7
7
.
1

7
5
.
4

7
3
.
1

7
3
.
1

7
2
.
6

7
1
.
4

6
8
.
6

6
8
.
6

6
8

6
6
.
4

6
6
.
3

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
f13 f1 f3 f21 f18 f11 f22 f9 f2 f14 f23 f5 f7 f15 f19 f6 f16 f17 f20 f4 f10 f8 f12 f24
63

affecting the establishment of desalination plants were collected. The suggested factors
were shown and rated in Table4.2.
Table 4.2: The suggested factors affecting the establishment of desalination plants
Frequency
rate
Statement
No.
4 The most modern techniques of energy consumption reduction. 1
4 The importance of public awareness in water usages. 2
4 The production increase 3
5 Availability of Land (location) for the projects 4
4 Availability of energy source 5
4 Health issues 6
4 Ability to get the water payment by citizens 7
5 Efficiency of the water distribution lines and systems 8
5 The ability of citizens to pay for getting water regularly 9
5 Station power (mg/day) (very important) 10
5 Facilitating the execution process 11
5 Being updated with the new technologies in water desalinations 12
5
Facilitate politically the process of execution and working of the
station
13
4 Getting funds to do such projects 14
4 Train and improve the working stuff 15

4.2.3 Part Three
-What is the importance of the participation of the parties in identifying the main
elements for the plant?
To figure out the most important participation of the parties in identifying the main
elements for the plant. The followings were computed: the percentages, the percentage
weights, means and STD dev for each single party, and the total importance of parties.
Related results are shown in Figure 4.7.
64


Figure 4.7: Orders, percentages, for all parties participations importance
The most important three parties participations are as shown in Figure 4.7
1- Party No. 1 (Donor) which came at the first place with mean value equals 4.7 and
percentage weight 94.9%, obviously the donor is the key person on this issue as all
reaming parties will respect his regulation and criteria, moreover the planner are governed
by the budget limitation given from the donor, accordingly based on the donor the project
planning, designing and implementing phases will be affected positively or negatively.
2- Party No. 9 (The mechanical engineer) which came at the second place of importance in
participation with mean value equals 4.5 and percentage weight 90.%, the qualification and
skills of the mechanical engineers are highly important in desalination project and decision
making for identifying type and capacity of each instrument installed in the desalination
units, in adequate calculation for any part will lead to real impact on the cost and may have
serious financial consequences.
3- Party No. 2 (owner) which came at the third place of with mean value equals 4.4 and
percentage weight 89%, the owner who will take over the project after completion will be
responsible for the operation and maintenance aspects as well. Due to this his participation
is mandatory in all phases specially in the planning stage to ensure his satisfaction with the
outcomes.
94.9
89.1
80.6
57.1
77.7
66.3
88.6
81.1
90.3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
65

A part of that, some of the respondents propose other parties that may participate in the
decision making as well in the open ended choices. The suggested parties were as follows:
- Local authorities in the field of water (very important),
- Process engineer (very important),
- Authority of Environmental quality (important),
- Chemical engineers (important ).

4.3 STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCES OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE
COMPONENTS
There are no statistical significant differences at (0.05) in the important factors affecting
the establishment of the desalination plant and the importance of participation of the parties
involved in the plant due to demographic characteristics of the sample?
And this hypothesis sub-divided into the following hypotheses:
- There are no statistical significant differences at (0.05) in the important factors
affecting the establishment of the desalination plant and the importance of participation of
the parties involved in the plant due to the type of company the expert works in?

To figure out that, One-way Analysis of variance ANOVA to figure out the differences in
both important factors affecting the establishment of the desalination plant and the
importance of participation of the parties involved in the plant expectations of water
desalination experts in Gaza towards the company (owner, contractor, consultant, other)
that the experts work in.

66

Table 4.3: One-way ANOVA for differences of factors importance
and importance participation
Domain Category
Sum of
Squares
df
Mean
Square
F Sig.
Factors affecting
establishment
Between Groups 1124.63 3 374.87 3.83


0.019*


Within Groups 3030.92 31 97.77
Total 4155.54 34
participation of parties
Between Groups 42.19 3 14.06
1.12 0.358// Within Groups 390.95 31 12.61
Total 433.14 34
** p-value<0.01 * p-value<0.05 \\ p-value>0.05

Table 4.3 showed that there were statistical significant differences (F-test = 3.8, P-
value<0.05) between the degrees of important factors affecting the establishment of the
desalination plant towards the type of company Categories, the test of LSD (Least Square
Differences) was used to figure out the differences between the companies that the experts
work in. The test showed that the significant differences were toward those experts that are
working in other types of companies; this means that they have the highest expectation or
believe with the most factors affecting the establishment of the desalination plant than the
experts working in consultation companies or organization, and there no other significant
differences were noticed in terms of other groups.
- There were no significant differences (P-value>0.05) between the degrees of importance
of participation of parties in identifying the elements of the desalination plant towards the
type of company Categories, which means that experts that are working in all types of
companies have the same expectations of degrees of importance of participation of parties
in identifying the elements of the desalination plant.

67

Table 4.4 : LSD Differences of Importance of Factors In Terms of Company Type
Domain TYPE OF THE
COMPANY
means Owner contractor consultant other
Factors affecting
establishment
owner 92.9 1 0.984// 0.062// 0.272//
contractor 92.8 - 1 0.136// 0.374//
consultant 83.8 - - 1 0.002**
other 97.9 - - - 1
** p-value<0.01 * p-value<0.05 \\ p-value>0.05

- There are no statistical significant differences at (0.05) in the important factors
affecting the establishment of the desalination plant and the importance of participation of
the parties involved in the plant due to the position of the expert in the company or
organizations?
To figure out that, the researcher used One-way Analysis of variance ANOVA to figure out
the differences in both important factors affecting the establishment of the desalination
plant and the importance of participation of the parties involved in the plant expectations of
water desalination experts in Gaza towards the position (project manager, design engineer,
office engineer, administrative, site engineer) of the experts.

Table 4.5: One-Way ANOVA for Differences of the Importance of Factors and
Importance of Participation of Parties in Terms of the Position
Domain Category
Sum of
Squares
df
Mean
Square
F Sig.
Factors
affecting
establishment
Between Groups 908.34 4 227.08
2.09

0.106//

Within Groups 3247.21 30 108.24
Total 4155.54 34
participation of
parties
Between Groups 40.71 4 10.18
0.77 0.548// Within Groups 392.44 30 13.08
Total 433.14 34
** p-value<0.01 * p-value<0.05 \\ p-value>0.05
68


- There were no significant differences (P-value>0.05) between the degrees of important
factors affecting the establishment of the desalination plant towards the position
Categories, which means that experts that are working with in all positions have the same
expectations of importance of factors affecting the establishment of the desalination plant.
- There were no significant differences (P-value>0.05) between the degrees of importance
of participation of parties in identifying the elements of the desalination plant towards the
position Categories, which means that experts that are working with in all positions have
the same expectations of degrees of importance of participation of parties in identifying
the elements of the desalination plant.
- There are no statistical significant differences at (0.05) in the important factors
affecting the establishment of the desalination plant and the importance of participation of
the parties involved in the plant due to the years of experience of the experts in the field of
water?

To figure out that, the researcher used One-way Analysis of variance ANOVA to figure out
the differences in both important factors affecting the establishment of the desalination
plant and the importance of participation of the parties involved in the plant expectations of
water desalination experts in Gaza towards the years of experience of the experts in the
field of water (1-5, 6-10, 11-15, 16-20, more than 20 years).


69

Table 4.6: One-way ANOVA for differences of factors importance and of
participation of parties in terms of the experience in the field of water
Domain Category
Sum of
Squares
df
Mean
Square
F Sig.
Factors affecting
establishment
Between Groups 815.34 4 203.84
1.831

0.149//

Within Groups 3340.20 30 111.34
Total 4155.54 34
participation of
parties
Between Groups 71.94 4 17.99
1.494 0.229// Within Groups 361.20 30 12.04
Total 433.14 34
** p-value<0.01 * p-value<0.05 \\ p-value>0.05

- There were no significant differences (P-value>0.05) between the degrees of important
factors affecting the establishment of the desalination plant towards the experience of the
expert in the field of water, which means that experts with all years of experience in the
field of water have the same expectations of importance of factors affecting the
establishment of the desalination plant.
- There were no significant differences (P-value>0.05) between the degrees of importance
of participation of parties in identifying the elements of the desalination plant the
experience of the expert in the field of water, which means that experts with all years of
experience in the field of water have the same expectations of degrees of importance of
participation of parties in identifying the elements of the desalination plant.
- There are no statistical significant differences at (0.05) in the important factors
affecting the establishment of the desalination plant and the importance of participation of
the parties involved in the plant due to the years of experience of the company in the field
of water?
To figure out that, the researcher used One-way Analysis of variance ANOVA to figure out
the differences in both important factors affecting the establishment of the desalination
plant and the importance of participation of the parties involved in the plant expectations of
water desalination experts in Gaza towards the years of experience of the organization or
70

the company in the field of water (1-5, 6-10, 11-15, 16-20, more than 20 years).

Table 4.7: One-way ANOVA for differences of the importance of factors &
importance of parties participation in terms of organization experience in water
Domain Category
Sum of
Squares
df
Mean
Square
F Sig.
Factors
affecting
establishment
Between Groups 1081.32 4 270.33
2.638 0.053// Within Groups 3074.22 30 102.47
Total 4155.54 34
participation
of parties
Between Groups 43.82 4 10.95
0.844 0.508// Within Groups 389.33 30 12.98
Total 433.14 34
** p-value<0.01 * p-value<0.05 \\ p-value>0.05

- There were no significant differences (P-value>0.05) between the degrees of important
factors affecting the establishment of the desalination plant towards the experience of the
organization/company in the field of water, which means that organizations/companies with
all years of experience in the field of water have the same expectations of importance of
factors affecting the establishment of the desalination plant.
- There were no significant differences (P-value>0.05) between the degrees of importance
of participation of parties in identifying the elements of the desalination plant according to
the experience of the organization/company in the field of water, which means that
organizations/companies with all years of experience in the field of water have the same
expectations of degrees of importance of participation of parties in identifying the elements
of the desalination plant.

- There are no statistical significant differences at (0.05) in the important factors
affecting the establishment of the desalination plant and the importance of participation of
the parties involved in the plant due to the types of projects the company is currently
working on.

71

To test this hypothesis, the researcher used two-independent sample T-test to figure out the
differences in both important factors affecting the establishment of the desalination plant
and the importance of participation of the parties involved in the plant expectations of water
desalination experts in Gaza towards the types of projects the organization/ company is
currently working on ( Strategic projects(long term) , Development projects
(medium term), Rehabilitation\maintenance (short term), Emergency projects).

Table 4.8: One-way ANOVA for differences of importance of factors & importance of
parties participation in terms of project type in organization
Domain Type of PROJECT Mean
Std.
Dev.
T
test
p-
value
Factors
affecting
establishment
Strategic projects
(long term)
yes 95.32 9.91
3.01
0.005*
* no 84.10 9.98
participation
of parties
Strategic projects
(long term)
yes 36.76 3.91
1.25 0.21\\
no 35.10 2.23
Factors affecting
establishment
Development
projects
(medium term)
yes 91.06 7.87
-0.51 0.61\\
no 93.00 13.31
participation
of parties
Development
projects
(medium term)
yes 36.81 2.83
0.82 0.41\\
no 35.84 4.11
Factors
affecting
establishment
Rehabilitation\
maintenance
(short term)
yes 86.85 7.66
-3.66
0.001*
* no 99.13 11.16
participation
of parties
Rehabilitation\
maintenance
(short term)
yes 35.55 2.03
-1.43 0.16\\
no 37.26 4.84
Factors
affecting
establishment
Emergency
projects
yes 92.33 7.84
0.10 0.92\\
no 91.95 13.16
participation
of parties
Emergency
projects
yes 36.80 2.48
0.79 0.43\\
no 35.90 4.22
** p-value<0.01 * p-value<0.05 \\ p-value>0.05

- There were no significant differences (P-value>0.05) between the degrees of important
factors affecting the establishment of the desalination plant according to the following
types of projects that organization/company are working on: Development projects
(medium term), emergency projects, which means that organizations/companies working
with these mentioned types of projects have the same degrees for the importance of factors
72

affecting the establishment of the desalination plant.
- There were significant differences (t-test=3.01, P-value<0.01) between the degrees of
important factors affecting the establishment of the desalination plant according to the
following types of projects: Strategic projects, the differences were toward the companies
that work in Strategic projects, which means that organizations/companies working with
Strategic projects have more degrees for the importance of factors affecting the
establishment of the desalination plant than the companies that dont work on these
projects.
- There were significant differences (t-test=-3.6, P-value<0.01) between the degrees of
important factors affecting the establishment of the desalination plant according to the
following types of projects: Rehabilitation\ maintenance (short term), the differences were
toward the companies that work in Rehabilitation\ maintenance projects, which means that
organizations/companies working with Rehabilitation\ maintenance projects have more
degrees for the importance of factors affecting the establishment of the desalination plant
than the companies that dont work on these projects.

- There were no significant differences (P-value>0.05) between the degrees of importance
of participation of parties in identifying the elements of the desalination plant according to
the type of projects that organization/company are working on, which means that
organizations/companies working with all types of projects have the same degrees of
importance of participation of parties in identifying the elements of the desalination plant.

4.4 INTERVIEW
4.4.1 Interview Protocol
As indicated in chapter (3), in order to cross check the validity of the questionnaire
findings, a copy of the questionnaire findings was submitted to three specialist in the
domain of study one week in advance from the interview in order to give them proper time
to read, appraise and give comment on the result, an appointment was specified with each
interviewee individually based on his free time to give his feedback on the findings only.

73

4.4.2 Interview (1)
The interview conducted with the head of operation and maintenance unit in CMWU as the
person in charge for follow up the project activities and head of the team assigned for the
design of the project.
Summary of the findings were presented to him in order to apprise it relevancy and reality
of the results.
The specialist confirmed the validity of the results and emphasized on the importance of the
first factor founded as the most important factor affecting the establishment of the
desalination plant ( power source).
He also confirmed that from experience usually this factor represent 60 % of the total cost
of produced cubic meter of potable water.
Regarding the other factors, he was satisfied with the result and assured its relevancy to the
practical experience in Deir El Balah desalination plant first phase .
4.4.3 Interview (2)
The interview was held with consultant and designer for the desalination plants working in
Italian INGO (JVC office) .
The interviewee commented on the population and suggest for further studies to expand the
sample to include external consultants or companies working abroad as they have wide
experience more than Gaza local specialists and can add value to further studies.
The interviewee accept the findings regarding the factors affecting the establishment of the
desalination plants and the involved parties.
One comment was raised from his side is the location of the current plant in Deir El Balah
which is far away from the sea were in all pants worldwide the plant are preferable to be
close to the sea to eliminate the need of pressure line and reservoirs for storage purposes.

74

4.4.4 Interview (3)
The third interview was held with the contractor working currently in similar project and
have wide experience in desalination in local market.
The interview commented on the limited number of the qualified contractors in this field
and address his interest to encourage the contractors to enter this field strongly due to the
bad need of the local market to such experience.
The contractor comment on the findings explaining that one of the most important factors
also is the availability of the fund as many promising projects were supposed to implement
in this field was suspended due to the lack of fund.
Moreover he also emphasize on the importance of consulting the local contractors in the
planning and designing phases to ensure the availability of the resources to implement the
works as per standards.
4.4.5 Conclusion of Interviews
From the conducted interviews with the specialists, several points can be concluded as
follow :
- Generally, the findings of the questionnaire conformed with the specialists
expectations and expressed their satisfactions.
- However, the interviews lead to some additional points which considered as value
added to the study:
- For further studies, it is important to expand the sample to include external
consultants or companies working abroad as they have wide experience in this
sector while the expertise in Gaza strip still very limited.
- The location of the desalination Plant is very important factor, as the usual practice
in this aspect worldwide preferred to establish the plant close to the sea in order to
eliminate the need of pressure line and reservoirs for storage purposes.
- It is important to ensure the reliability of cash flow through the project
implementation phases in order to guarantee the continuity of good progress from
the contractor side and not suspend the work due to lack of fund.
75





CHAPTER FIVE

76

CHAPTER (5)
CASE STUDY
5.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter discussed the application of the adopted value engineering procedures on the
selected case study, the findings in this chapter covered the second objective of the
research is to identify the impact of applying the value engineering methodology on the
selected project : (Deir El Balah desalination plant). The selected project represents the
second phase for the existing plant which intended to extend the provided production
capacity of 2400 m3/day of potable water in addition to the current production of 600 m3 /
day produced by the existing plant.
Moreover, the master plan of the Deir ElBalah desalination plant intended to implement a
third phase in future with capacity of 3000m3 /day to reach to a total production capacity of
6000 m3/day.

5.2 PROJECT DATA
The project represents the intermediate phase for the plant to reach to 3000 m3/day out of
the planned daily production rate of 6000 m3/day

i. The project name : Rehabilitation and Development of Sea Water RO Desalination
Plant in Deir El Balah
ii. The project owner : costal municipalities water utility(CMWU)
iii. Design and supervision team : the project was designed by operation unit in
CMWU and will be supervised by supervision team in CMWU during the
implementation stage through several departments.
a. Construction team : in charge for supervising and follow up civil works
implementation
b. Electrical department: in charge for managing the electrical works and
follow up with GEDCO for external networks services.
77

c. Mechanical department : in charge for supervision and approving the
mechanical parts including all relevant units.
iv. Project phase : the second phase of the project which represent an extension for the
existing plant established in 2006.
v. Location : middle governorate, Deir ElBalah desalination plan
vi. Project components (scope of work) : The Scope of the proposed works include :
Drilling, construction and equipping of new sea water beach well to feed RO
plant with raw sea water supply of pumping capacity 200m3/hour.
Supply and installation of a complete 2000m3/Day RO-SWDP Sea Water
Desalination Plant comprising of two prefabricated, factory assembled, and
skids mounted train systems each of 1000m3/Day capacity with all associated
systems.
Relevant Civil Works, and reservoirs
Permeate water connections and piping to connect existing product water tank to
the new desalination modules
Electrical power system supply and installation, both external and internal
Instrumentation and SCADA system
Construction of 10 diameter UPVC pressure line for sea water beach well up
to the plant raw water tanks

vii. Proposed implementation time :12 months (360 calendar days)
viii. Cost estimate : general cost estimate for the project is 2,171,409 USD

5.3 V.E TECHNICAL SUPPORTING TEAM
In order to reach to the optimum scenario adopted from the application of the value
engineering concept on the selected case study, several contacts lines were established with
experts and specialist in different field to consult them in results and take the advantage of
their technical support in this regard.
The team consist from different specializations as indicated in Table 5.1 .
78

Table 5.1: V.E Technical Support Team
Sn Specialty Experience Remarks
1 Water and
sanitation
engineers
More than 15 years of
experience in infrastructure
projects
Provide technical support in the
piping, networks, pumps
2 Desalination
experts and
technicians
More than 5 years working in
the desalination plant
Provide lessons learnt from the
existing plant
3 Civil and
structural
engineer
More than 18 years'
experience in civil works
Provide support in the structural
design and relevant civil works
4 Procurement
engineer
More than 10 years'
experience in the field of
procurements of construction
material
Provide commercial assistance in the
availability of goods in local and
regional markets and cost of
importation
5 Architect More than 15 years'
experience in the architectural
works
Provide assistance in the general
layout and elevations
6 Contractor More than 12 years'
experience in infrastructure
projects
General information about the
reliability of the design and project
components

5.4 APPLICATION OF VALUE ENGINEERING STUDY
The application of the Value engineering study was conducted by adopting the
methodology presented in SAVE international guidelines.
Obviously the study has taken into consideration what is suitable for the selected case study
and possible parameters governing the context of study.
To collect the needed information relative to the study, the researcher approached the
experts and persons in charge who owned the different information for the project of
extension of Deir El Balah desalination plant, telephone calls and personal meetings were
conducted with following :
1. Head of operation and maintenance department in CMWU, the owner of the
project and designer.
2. The winner of the contract (successful contractor) for the project.
3. Deputy chairman of PWA.
79

4. Civil engineer in CMWU and consultancy office.
5. Supervision team in CMWU, the persons in charge for supervising the project.
Through these telephone calls and meetings, the researcher explained the objective of study
and the necessity to receive the project main documents, therefore approached the relevant
persons to provide him with needed information. At the end of this stage, the researcher
was able to collect :
1. Technical and administrative periodic report of the existing phase under
operation.
2. Conceptual design report,
3. Bill of quantities,
4. Cost estimate prepared by CMWU,
5. Contract specifications,
6. Contract general and special conditions,
7. Proposed Schedule of project,
8. Drawings.

5.5 QUALITY MODEL
The elements of the quality model were developed through the meeting and initial
workshop with the project owner representative (CMWU), however the findings
obtained from the questionnaire was the one of the main references for the level of
importance of the model adopted elements, Table 5.2 presented the main quality
model elements

80

Table 5.2: The Main Quality Model Elements
No Element Level of
importance
Findings from the
questionnaire
Operations
Operational
effectiveness
Very high As the operational aspects
appears high priority in the
questionnaire findings such :
power consumption , water
location and sources
Flexibility
/expandability
High As the project represent the
intermediate phase of the plant
and must be expandable for the
third phase requirements
Resources
Capital cost Very high Budget limitation for this project
: currently allocated 2.1million
USD and searching for potential
donors for the third phase
Operations and
maintenance
Very high As per questionnaire findings
Schedule Fair As per questionnaire findings
Technology
Security /safety fair The findings show that relevant
insurances are not one of the
priority as the components are
already under the supplier and
contractor warranty
Engineering
performance
High Performance will lead to the
expected outputs
Image
Architectural view Fair The architectural view is not too
much relevant to the main
function of the project
community value Very high Due to the relevancy of the
project to their needs and direct
impact on their attractiveness to
accept the project and purchase
the produced water
Environmental impact
Reflection on the
environment
Very high Not to cause pollution or
environmental risk on the
aquifer
Land space Very high As per questionnaire findings
Considerable risks Very high As per questionnaire findings

81


5.6 COST ESTIMATE FOR MASTER FORMAT (BILL OF QUANTITIES )
The project bill of quantities indicated the main components of the project, CMWU
cost estimate is presented against each item. The below bills will be formatted in the
next section to uniformat bill of quantities in order to specify the controlling elements
to be considered for the creativity phase and cost reduction based on the relativity to
quality model presented above.
Hereunder Table 5.3 showed the summary of the project components associated with
cost estimate. The detailed bill of quantities will be presented in ANNEX 2.
Table 5.3: Summary of Project Bill of Quantities
UPGRADING AND 2000m3/Day EXPANSION OF SEA WATER RO DESALINATION
PLANT-Deir Al Balah

No. Item Description Total US$
1 Drilling and equipping sea water beach well and
pressure force main installations
215,160.00
2 Supply ,install and test factory assembled skids
mounted Sea Water RO Desalination Plant
1,522,000.00
3 Quality Testing Units & Equipment 11,070.00
4 Spare Parts & Chemicals 50,090.00
5 Construction of RO Plant Building Fabric and Its
Services
193,889.00
6 Generators and ancillary systems 179,200.00
Total US$ 2,171,409.00


82

5.7 UNIFORMAT PRESENTATION FOR THE BILL OF QUANTITIES
In order to specify the most items controlling the cost in accordance to Pareto law, the
researcher formulated the standard BoQ to Unifmormat BoQ as illustrated in
ANNEX 3 contains 149 items
5.8 APPLICATION OF PARETO LAW
The Pareto law stated that 20% of the functions control 80% of the cost. To verify the
validity of the law in this case, the uniformat BoQ items were sorted in descending
order in terms of cost , by accumulating the cost of the uniformat items the result was
indicated in ANNEX 3
Table 5.4 contains the significant part of the uniformat BoQ to summarize the considerable
items in the study
Table 5.4: Significant Part of theUnifromat Bill of Quantities
Item
No
Item Description Unit Qty Unit Rate $ Total $
6.2 Supply ,install ,fix and test 900KVA generator with sound attenuator Item 1 150,000.0 150,000.0
2.4.2 Supply ,install and test Reverse Osmosis high pressure pump KSB or
equivalent type with Energy recovery system 100 M3/h at 980 PSI .
Set 2 100,000.0 200,000.0
2.1.6 Supply, install and test media filters, 40 M3/h per filter. Automatic
backwash operation with (5) 4 in. motor actuated butterfly valve nest for
each filter,
No. 6 30,000.0 180,000.0
2.4.4 Supply ,install and test 8 x 40 long thin film composite, spiral wound
seawater RO membranes.
No. 180 850.0 153,000.0
2.1.2 Supply, install and test vertical shaped Bell or equivalent FRP water tank
of 40 m3 capacity
No. 8 15,000.0 120,000.0
2.4.3 Supply ,install and test 8 dia. X 6 elements pressure vessel, FRP
construction, and 1200 psig design pressure.
No. 30 3,500.0 105,000.0
1.14 Supply, install and test 315 mm diameter ,UPVC pipes PN12.5 , M 1300 80.0 104,000.0
2.5.3 Supply, install and test 8 x 40 long thin film composite, spiral wound
brackish water RO membranes.
No. 84 800.0 67,200.0
2.1.5 Supply ,install and test Filter feed pumps 100 M3/H at 65 psi. No. 4 14,000.0 56,000.0
2.2 Supply and cast reinforced concrete B 300 of 30 cm for foundations and
the like including reinforcement, shuttering and making good, all
according to Drawings, Specifications and instructions of the Engineer.
M3 210 230.0 48,300.0
2.4.10 Supply ,install and test Main distribution electric panel board with several
sections to serve all motors starters
Item 2 20,000.0 40,000.0
2.7.2 supply ,install and test Factory assembled multi sectional Power feed
panel board
Item 2 20,000.0 40,000.0
2.5.2 Supply, install and test 8 dia. X 6 elements pressure vessel, FRP
construction, and 300 psig design pressure.
No. 14 2,800.0 39,200.0
1.10 Water Pumping Unit

No. 1 32,000.0 32,000.0
83

2.1.8 Supply, install and test media filtration Backwash pumps 120 M3/hr at 65
psi. Close coupled, end suction centrifugal KSB pumps or equivalent
No. 2 15,000.0 30,000.0
2.4.5 Supply install and test Instrumentations for operating measurements
(1st stage)
Set 2 15,000.0 30,000.0
2.4.11 Supply ,install and test Instrument panel with built in process illustration ,
mimic panel and man machine interface
Item 2 15,000.0 30,000.0
2.4.13 Supply ,install and test RO permeate FRP Break Tank, item 2 15,000.0 30,000.0
2.7.7 VFD motor starter for the SWRO high pressure Pump and other for
associated energy recovery booster pump.
no. 2 15,000.0 30,000.0
2.4.8 Supply ,install and test Sch 40, Duplex stainless steel SS piping Item 2 12,000.0 24,000.0
2.6.1 Supply ,install and test RO membrane cleaning pump, 140 m3/h at 65 psi, Item 2 12,000.0 24,000.0
2.7.3 Programmable Logic Controller item 2 12,000.0 24,000.0
1.13 Supply ,install and test super duplex stainless steel sch40s ,8 diameter
pipes
ML 25 800.0 20,000.0
8.5 Supply and fix corrugated factory galvanized steel sheets (0.5mm thick) M2 1000 20.0 20,000.0
2.4.6 Valves Requirements Set 2 9,000.0 18,000.0
2.5.1 Supply ,install and test Reverse Osmosis high pressure pump, 60 M3/H at
200 PSI. KSB or equivalent approved
Item 1 18,000.0 18,000.0
2.4.12 Supply ,install and test permeate sample line panel Item 2 8,000.0 16,000.0
2.7.1 Supply ,install and test electrical power switchboard with built in
4x1600AMPS Moller type or equivalent approved
no. 1 15,000.0 15,000.0
2.9.1 Supervision of Installation and Commissioning: item 1 15,000.0 15,000.0
2.7.11 VFD motor starter for the BWRO high pressure pump no. 2 7,000.0 14,000.0
8.1 Supply and fix plane truss for roof with I-Beam140 section for top and
bottom chords
NO 9 1,500.0 13,500.0
1.11 Electrical switchboard No. 1 12,000.0 12,000.0
2.4.7 Supply ,install and test Sch 80 PVC piping low pressure application for
permeate header,
Item 2 6,000.0 12,000.0
2.4.9 Supply ,install and test pre-Fabricated steel skid Item 2 6,000.0 12,000.0
2.7.5 Panel mounted instruments and hardware. item 2 6,000.0 12,000.0
2.1 Supply and cast Plain concrete B 200 of 10 cm thickness, with all required
work for blinding under foundations and anywhere else, needed, all as
described in, the Specifications and as shown on the Drawings and
directed by the Engineer
M3 70 150.0 10,500.0
1.12 Pumping Manifold No. 1 10,000.0 10,000.0
2.4.1 Supply ,install and test Five micron PN16,carbon steel ,properly coated for
sea water compliance coating materials , construction cartridge filter
housing required to trap the suspended solids larger than five micron.
Set 2 5,000.0 10,000.0
2.5.4 Supply ,install and test multistage vertical pump of KSB type or
equivalent
No. 2 5,000.0 10,000.0
6.3 Supply ,install connect and test 4(4X150 mm2) XLPE copper power
cables
M 40 250.0 10,000.0
10.1 Supply and install modular compressed FRP Grating
M 120 70.0 8,400.0
2.5.5 Instrumentation: for the operating measurements (2nd stage) Item 1 8,000.0 8,000.0
2.6.8 Supply ,install and test modular factory and manufacturer Electrical and
Control Panel boards
Item 2 4,000.0 8,000.0
2.7.4 Man Machine Interface panel View item 2 4,000.0 8,000.0
7.1 supply and lay precast concrete interlock tiles 8cm thick,
m
2
150 50.0 7,500.0
84

2.7.13 450x450x50mm perforated galvanized cable Item 2 3,500.0 7,000.0
2.9.2 CMWU staff training item 1 7,000.0 7,000.0
8.8 Supply and fix I-Beam 240.
M 100 70.0 7,000.0
6.5 Supply and install complete lightening arrestor for the whole plant Item 1 7,000.0 7,000.0
2.7.8 Filter feed/Backwash pumps digital soft starters no. 6 1,100.0 6,600.0
2.5.10 Supply ,install and test electric factory assembled control and power panel
board including Instrument panel with mimic panel and visualization
screen.
Item 1 6,000.0 6,000.0
The remaining items are descripted in details in ANNEX 3

According to Pareto law 20 % of the items in our case is 20 % of the 149 items, which
equal to approximately to 30 items
As noticed in Table 5.4 that the cost of the first 30 items (highlighted in Gray ) Out of 149
forms 1,692,700 USD of the total cost 2,171,409 USD. represent percentage of 77.9 %
Accordingly, this means that 30 of the functions form almost 78 % of the cost which is
very closed to the Perato law.
As a conclusion the function listed in Table 5.4 and highlighted in yellow represent the area
of the Value engineering study.
5.9 WORKSHOP STAGE
This stage is the core of the value engineering methodology as the discussion session were
conducted to discuss the listed elements on the light of the findings and data collected from
different sources .
In other words, the study herein consider the information collected as explained in section
5.1 and link the listed items with the elements in the quality model to reach to the best
approaches which will lead to the creativity phase.
5.10 CREATIVITY PHASE
The value engineering study refer in this phase to the components of the items identified in
Table 5.4 as area of high cost or elements with potential improvements characteristics , the
analysis of these components will be made on the base of keeping the same function at the
level of owner impotency degree illustrated in the quality model , where herein the
85

discussion objective is to creative possible alternative for these components whenever it is
applicable with a presentation of its advantages and disadvantages. Several proposal were
discussed and gathered from the experts in this regard, these proposals were developed and
generated in Table 5.5
Table 5.5: Summary Of Recommended Proposals For The Bill Of Quantities
Propo
sal No.
Proposal description Advantage Disadvantage
Pro. 1 Redesign of the protection shed
covering the Plant equipment
More Economic None
Pro .2 Redesign of the used Reverse
Osmosis by adopting the Pro-
green RO instead of the Ordinary
RO
More economic,
Friend to environment,
no chemical usage for
pretreatment
New technology not
used in Gaza before in
spite of being adopted
in many desalination
plants world wide
Pro.3 Redesign of buffering tanks
requested through item 2.1.2
related to supply and install of
new FPR tanks with capacity of
40 m3 and total number of 8
tanks by using the existing
reservoir serving the original
plant
More economic, less space
occupation in the plant
May need more tanks
in case of large
extension in future
Pro.4 Reducing the capacity of the
break water tank mentioned in
item 2.4.13 from 50 m3 to 15 m3
More economic, less space
occupation, easier for cleaning
and maintenance works
None
Pro.5 Redesign of the needed capacity
of new generator from 900 KVA
as mentioned in the BoQ to
More economic, ensure good
operating conditions, long life
for the generator, reduce the
operation cost and need for
spare parts
None

5.11 PRESENTATION OF THE PROPOSALS
A detailed discussion was held regarding each proposal generated in Table 5.5 , the
discussion was consider both advantages and disadvantages as follow :
5.11.1 Proposal No(1)
The area of the shed that includes the equipment can be reduced from 1000m2 to minimum
of 700 m2 taking into consideration the free space needed between the instruments and
connections as shown in the drawings in ANEEX 4 .
86

Accordingly, this will affect the total cost estimate of the corrugated steel sheets used in the
roof mentioned in item 8.5.
5.11.2 Proposal No. (2)
considering the Pro green system which represent new technology widely used abroad as
better choice for main treatment process of sea water or brackish water .
by considering the said RO, the system will gain several advantages over the ordinary one
as follow :
1. No chemicals required: unique ecological "green" pre-treatment & desalination
processes.
2. Patented DOC (Direct Osmosis Cleaning) system.
3. Long term energy consumption reduction.
4. Chemical free membrane cleaning.
5. Uninterrupted operation for stable performance.
6. No infrastructure investment, Reduced transportation, maintenance and personnel
costs.
The concept of technology based on providing additional feed channel spacers to the
membrane layers and to outer warp which will prevent more of undesirables particles to
permeate from the membrane to next stage of treatment.
Practically, this will lead to significant elimination of pretreatment process of the feed
water line as this process contained the injection of at least three chemical additives as
follow :
- Hydrochloric acid : for PH adjustment of water in the pretreatment stage.
- Ferric Chloride : for flocculation of water molecules.
- Sodium metasulfite : for removal of chlorine.
Accordingly , the majority of the items related to pretreatment stage in this regard will be
canceled in the original BoQ as indicated in Table 5.6.

87

Table 5.6 : Eliminated Items From Original BoQ Due to Redisgn of RO Unit
Item Description Unit Qty Unit
Price$

Total
US$

2.1.3 Supply, install and test Pre-Chlorination feed system
Prominent or equivalent, injected upstream of the Raw
water Tank. Required to sterilize the raw water, , (1)
duty metering pump , 0-7liter /hour , and tank level
switch.
Item 2 1,800 3,600
2.1.4 Supply, install and test Coagulation feed system
Prominent or equivalent, injected upstream of the Raw
water Tank. Required to catch colloidal particulates,
form floc, consisting of . , (1) duty metering pump, 0-9
liters/hour, Static pipe inline mixer and tank level
switch.
Item 2 2,000 4,000
2.2.1 Supply, install and test Feed pH adjustment Acid feed
system Prominent or equivalent approved, injected
upstream of the RO unit. Injection of acid solution is
required to prevent the CaCO3 precipitation in the RO
membranes,, (2) duty metering pumps 0-5liter/hour ,
tank motorized mixer and tank level switch.
item 2 2,500 5,000
2.2.2 Supply ,install and test Antiscalant scale control feed
system Prominent or equivalent, injected upstream of
the RO unit. Injection of antiscalant solution is
required to prevent CaCO3, CaSO4 precipitation in
the RO membranes, (1) duty 0-5 liter/hour metering
pumps, , tank motorized mixer and tank level switch.
item 2 2,000 4,000
2.2.3 Supply ,install and test De-chlorination feed system
Prominent or equivalent approved, injected upstream
of the RO unit. Injection of sodium meta-bisulfite
solution is required to protect the membrane from
physical damage (1) duty metering pumps 0-
4liter/hour , tank motorized mixer and tank level
switch.
item 2 1,800 3,600
4.1.13 Dosing pump, complete pcs 2 2,000 4,000
4.1.14 Wear & Tear Kit BETA pcs 4 150 600.
4.1.15 Pressure Control Valve S-DL pcs 2 200 400.
4.1.16 Wear & Tear Kit pcs 2 120 240.
4.1.17 Pressure Control Valve S-DL pcs 1 200 200.
4.1.18 Complete dosing pump pcs 1 700 700.
4.1.19 Wear & Tear Kit pcs 2 120 240.
4.1.20 Pressure Control Valve pcs 1 250 250
4.2.1 Hydraulic Acid 30%wt kg 300
0
0.50 1,500
4.2.3 Sodium Metabisulfite powder kg 500 4.00 2,000
4.2.4 Ferric Chloride 40% wt kg 100
0
2.00 2,000.
Total saving USD

32,330

The total saving resulted in capital cost will be 32,330 USD .
88

Moreover, this will have also direct impact on the operational cost related to the chemical
additives bags need on yearly bases.
To identify these amounts, we refer to the standard consumption rate needed from each
type of chemical additives as identified by the Austrian development Cooperation (the
designer of the plant) inTable5.7
Table 5.7 : Operation chemicals rates for pre-treatment process,
(Austrian Development cooperation, 2012)
No. Type Concentration% Purpose Dosing rate(g/m3)
1 Hydrochloric acid HCl Liquid, 30 % wt pH adjustment for
scale control
100 - 150 *
2 Sodiumhypochlorite NaOCl Liquid with
12 % wt Cl2
Disinfection 10 20 *
3 Ferric Chloride FeCl
3,
40 % wt Flocculation 5 15 *
4 Sodiummetasulfite Na2S2O5, Powder Chlorine removal 2 3 *
5 Antiscalant As Liquid
(HypersperseMD220)
Scale control 2 3 *
6 Caustic soda NaOH Liquid 30 % pH adjustment in
the potable water
5 10 **
7 Limestone Grains CaCO3 Potable water
rehardening
50 **
* dosing rate expressed for each m3 of feed water
** dosing rate expressed for each m3 of permeate (desalted water)
Based on the rates indicated in Table 5.7 , the cost of doze of each chemical that will be
eliminated due to the usage of progreen RO will be saved , the chemical needed for
pretreatment process used in feeding line of Deir El BalahPlant as per specifications of
designer are items 1,3 and 4 .
By doing the necessary calculation to identify the yearly demand of these chemicals and the
cost of each one, we will reach to total yearly saving of 127,650 USD as illustrated in Table
5.8
89

Table 5.8 : Yearly Operational Cost Saving from Redesign of RO Unit
Type Purpose
Dosing
rate
Feeding
Source
Capacity
M3/hr
yearly
Demand
(m3)
Avg
Consumption
rate
Yearly
Consumption
(Kg)
Cos
t
/kg
Total
yearly
Cost
(g/m3)
Constant
=200m3/h
200X23
HrX300 Day (kg/m3)
Y.D.X Avg of
Dozing weight $ $
Hydrochlor
ic acid
PH
adjustment
for scale
control
100 -
150
200 1,380,000 0.13 172,500
0.5
0 86,250
Ferric
Chloride
Flocculatio
n
5 15
200 1,380,000 0.01 13,800
2.0
0 27,600
Sodiummet
asulfite
Chlorine
removal
2 3
200 1,380,000 0.00 3,450
4.0
0 13,800
Total Yearly saving from Chemicals 127,650

5.11.3 Proposal No (3)
During the appraisal of the original design and Bill of quantities , it was noticed that
designer requested an additional 8 FPR tanks with capacity of 40 M3 and total cost of 120,
000 USD as indicated in item 2.1.2 to receive the feeding water and store it prior to enter
the pretreatment stage.
By evaluating the current situation in the original plant, it was noticed that existing
reservoir serving the original plant can also receive the new feed line for the extension
stage as this reservoir is used only as buffering tank (to synchronize between the inlet and
out let flow ) and not originally designed as full capacity storage .
As a proof, the necessary calculation of the flow rate of new and original feeding lines to
verify the adequacy of the current reservoir as indicated below :
Original reservoir capacity = 300 m3.
The permeate (product of treated water ) from the original plant= 600 m3/day
Working hours of days are 23 hours (the remaining hour is for cleaning and flushing )
Hourly permeate = 600 /23 Hours = 26 m3/h .
90

Feed = (permeate /recovery)*100
Feed = (26/0.4)*100= 65 m3/h (original inlet flow to the reservoir)
Similarly, the feed of the new extension will be :
Permeate = 2400 m3/day 104 m3/h
The recovery requested on the design is not less than 45%
Accordingly , Feed = (104 /0.45)*100 = 231 m3/h (new inlet flow to the reservoir)
The total feed from both lines will be = 65+ 231 = 296 m/h less than the total capacity of
the reservoir in addition to its usage as buffering tank only to synchronize between the inlet
and outlet flow to feeding pumps.
Accordingly, the tanks indicated in item 2.1.2 will be extra and can be eliminated.
5.11.4 Proposal No(4)
The item 2.4.13of supplying and installing new breaking tank of capacity 50 m3 between
the first and second pass of RO Units are too large and can be reduced to 15 m3as
maximum.
As proof, the current flow rate (in/out) between the first pass and the second pass in the
original plant is 35m3/h while the breaking tank capacity is only 2 m2 in total without any
deficits or over flow.
By considering this fact, it was founded that the required capacity needed of the new
breaking tank for the new in/out flow of 200 m3/h will be equal to (2*200)/35 = 11.4 m3.
Accordingly, the adequate commercial size available in the market will be 15 m3.
The estimate cost of the 15 m3 tank is 9,000 USD which make a total saving in this item of
30,000- 9,000= 21,000 USD.

91

5.11.5 Proposal No (5)
Item 6.2 indicated the need to supply and install new generator with capacity of 900 KVA,
with an estimated cost of 150,000 USD.
A revision of the required power demands to operate the entire system was made in details
as illustrated in Table 5.9.
Table 5.9 : Tentative Power Demand Analysis for the Plant System

Based on the findings from Table 5.9, the actual need of power capacity is 660 KVA
Which has an approximate estimated cost quoted form the suppliers as 105,000 USD. This
lead to significant saving in capital cost of 45,000 USD.
Moreover, a data was gathered from the supplier catalogues in order to calculate the saving
from operational cost as follow
- Generator with 900 KVA capacity consumes approximately 150 liter /hour
400 50 80 80.0 1 KRTB K200-400 KSB submersible well pump Well pumps
400 50 72 18.0 4 KRT K80-315 KSB horiz. centr. pump Filter feed pumps
400 50 44 22.0 2 IC 100-65-160 KSB horiz. centr. pump Backwash pump
400 50 8 4.0 2 BB 53 C Kaeser rotary blower Backwash air blower
400 50 8 4.0 2 MGK-O 2 421 - 300 AGRE piston compressor Air compressor with tank
230 50 0.34 0.17 2 GAMMA 1005 ProMinent diaphragm dosing pump Acid dosing pumps
230 50 0.4 0.40 1 MA5 PVDF 50-L-SL 1000 Lutz electric barrel pump Acid unloading pump
400 50 0.36 0.18 2 Turbo-Mixer DF 6/4 AGV electric mixer Flocculant mixers
230 50 0.8 0.40 2 GAMMA 1008 ProMinent diaphragm dosing pump Floculant dosing pump
230 50 0.36 0.18 2 MA5 PP 41-R-SL 1000 Lutz electric barrel pump Flocculant unloading pump
400 50 0.36 0.18 2 Turbo-Mixer DF 6/4 AGV electric mixer SBS mixers
230 50 0.8 0.40 2 GAMMA 1008 ProMinent diaphragm dosing pump SBS dosing pump
400 50 0.18 0.18 1 Turbo-Mixer DF 6/4 AGV electric mixer Antiscalant mixer
400 50 0.17 0.17 1 GAMMA 1005 ProMinent diaphragm dosing pump Antiscalant dosing pumps
400 50 0.36 0.18 2 Turbo-Mixer DF 6/4 AGV electric mixer Chlorine NaOCl mixer
230 50 0.44 0.22 2 GAMMA 1008 ProMinent diaphragm dosing pump Chlorine NaOCl dosing pumps
230 50 0.44 0.22 2 GAMMA 1005 ProMinent diaphragm dosing pump Chlorine NaOCl dosing pumps
230 50 1.08 0.54 2 MA5 PP 41-R-SL 1000 Lutz electric barrel pump Chlorine NaOCl unloading pump
400 50 0.36 0.18 2 Turbo-Mixer DF 6/4 AGV electric mixer Caustic mixer
230 50 0.22 0.22 1 GAMMA 1008 ProMinent diaphragm dosing pump Caustic dosing pump
230 50 0.54 0.54 1 MA5 PP 41-R-SL 1000 Lutz electric barrel pump Caustic soda unloading pump
400 50 160 160.0 1 BMET 46 - 9/8 Grundfos Vertical centr. Multistage Pump HP pumps with E-motor and turbine
400 50 9 9.0 1 CRN -16-60 Grundfos vert. centr. pump Flushing pump
400 50 13 13.0 1 CRN -32-7 Grundfos vert. centr. pump RO-feed pump - 2nd-pass
400 50 64 32.0 2 KRT K100-401 KSB vert. centr. pump Cleaning pumps
400 50 10 10.0 1 Electric heater
400 50 5.5 5.5 1 CRN -32-3-2 Grundfos vert. centr. pump Permeate booster pumps
400 50 0.18 0.18 1 Turbo-Mixer DF 6/4 AGV electric mixer Chlorine NaOCl mixer
230 50 0.34 0.17 2 GAMMA 1005 ProMinent diaphragm dosing pump Chlorine NaOCl dosing pumps
230 50 0.54 0.54 1 MA5 PP 41-R-SL 1000 Lutz electric barrel pump Chlorine NaOCl unloading pump
400 50 0.37 0.4 1 Electric panel
400 50 11 11.0 1 Electric switchgear
493.14
657.52
Total
Power (Kw)
Frequency
(Hz)
Voltage
(v)
Total Power Demad(KW)
Total Power Demad(KVA)
Item Description Type Manfacture Catlog Ref. Nrs
Power
Demand(Kw)
92

- Generator with 660 KVA capacity consumes approximately 80 liter /hour
- The hourly consumption difference is 70 liter /hour
- Based on the assumption of CMWU to operate the generator. For 8 hours only per
day in accordance to GEDCO schedule for power cut off.
- The annual saving of operational cost will be = 8Hr X 70 lit X 300 Day X 1.2 $ =
201,600 USD .

5.12 SUMMARY OF COST SAVING FROM ALL PROPOSAL
Table 5.10: Summary of Cost Saving from All Proposals
Sn Item Before proposal After proposal Gross cost saving
1 Proposal No1 20,000 14,000 6,000
2 Proposal No2 32,330 0.0 32,330
3 Proposal No3 120,000 0.0 120,000
4 Proposal No4 30,000 9,000 21,000
5 Proposal No5 150,000 105,000 45,000
Total of Cost Saving 224330

Based on the results from the table 5.10, the percentage of cost saving due to the five
proposals was (224330/2171409)*100 = 10.33 % .
Accordingly, the impact of applying the value engineering procedures on the project lead to
significant cost reduction of 10.33 % of the estimated cost of the project in addition to the
annual operational cost saved from proposals (2) and (5) of 329,250 USD .

93




CHAPTER SIX

94

CHAPTER SIX
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

6.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter summarized the conclusions of results and findings from the research, where
the researcher tried to compile all significant and relevant facts leaded from the study.
Also, this chapter presented several recommendations that can adopted from relevant
bodies for future planning and also open the door for further researches and discussion that
can be applied in such field of study.
6.2 CONCLUSIONS
From the research findings we may summarize the following conclusions
1. The application of value engineering on the selected case study has direct impact of
cost saving of approximately 10.33 % for this project in addition to the annual
operational cost of approximately 330,000USD.
2. For desalination plants, the Power source and Consumption aspect is the most
important factor affecting the decision making, as this factor has significant
influence in specifying the specific cost for production and accordingly the tariff of
cubic meter, moreover the power aspect playing a leading role in identifying the
type of technology used for desalination process.
3. The characteristics of "inlet flow" and "desired quality of the permeate" are
governing the required stages of treatment and the needs for pretreatment and post
treatments stages.
4. The allocation of necessary Land for establishing the desalination plant have a
significant importance in Gaza Strip Context due to the limitation of free lands and
the problems that might be raised from the community due to their objection of such
project it is close to their agriculture land or residences.
5. The experience in seawater desalination technology is somehow limited in Gaza to
the experts in this domain in senior positions such as projects managers and
95

consultancy office engineers, other infrastructure engineers have limited knowledge
in this field due to the limited number of projects implemented in this regard.
6. During the planning stage, it is important to identify the potential risk from
establishing desalination plant, in particular the marketing possibility for the
product, environmental impact and community acceptance.
7. The donor play significant role in decision making as the planner and designer will
consider in their arrangements the budget limitation and donor policy.
8. The location of land must be as much as possible close to the sea to reduce the
capital and operation cost of providing pressure line and intersection of main roads.
9. There are limited number of qualified contractors to implements such kind of works
as this work require good knowledge of proper installation for the special
instruments and calibration for the devices .
10. VE is very helpful tool in planning stage for any project as most of the project face
lack of application of this aspect which lead to additional cost that can be excluded
in case of applying the VE .

6.3 RECOMMENDATIONS

1. It is essential to apply VE methodology especially for projects face lack of fund and
budget allocation deficits.
2. As the power source is one of the most effective factor in establishment of the
desalination plant ,The owner and designer must give an adequate attention for this
aspect due to the continuous power cuts in Gaza context and need for permanent
source of power for the plant which will have direct impact on the cost of
production of desalinated water cubic meter and its reflection on the cost to the end
user (customer).
3. For large scale desalination plants (central plants) which intended to be implanted in
the future, its strongly recommended to allocate separate power plant to serve the
desalination plant in addition to the stand by generator.
4. Based on the research findings, it is important as preliminary step to assure the
availability of suitable land for constructing the project and finalize all legal and
96

formal procedures for clearance prior to go for conceptual design and other
following stages.
5. It is strongly recommended to include VE study in public and private sectors
projects as the application of this aspect lead to positive impact in terms of cost
saving.
6. Each organization may assign a VE team in its staff contains specialists in different
field to give precise reading for project documents and possible recommendations
for changes.
7. As the knowledge and application of VE is very limited in Gaza Strip, further
researches and studies needs in this field in order to explore other aspects and gain
more experience which will lead to better understanding of projects functions and
objectives along with effective management of budget and its allocations .







97

References
A.F. Abdul-Fattaha&A.A. Husseinyb. (Aug.2001),Multiattribute decision analysis of
desalination plant engineering management options with applications to Saudi Arabia.,

Al-Yousefi, Abdulaziz. (2006)Value Management Concept &Techniques, Fourth
Edition, SAVE International Internet Web Site.
(http://www.value-eng.org ,accessed 28.7.2011)

Abu-Hatab, F., and Sadek, A. (1991) Research Methods and Statistical Analysis
Methods in Sociality, Educational and Psychology science, Id Edition, Cairo: Egyptian
Al Anglo Ubrary.

A. Lamei, A. Tilmant, P. van der Zaag and E. Ima(2009), Water Science &
Technology: Water SupplyWSTWS Vol 9 No 3 pp 233246 )
(http://www.iwawaterwiki.org/xwiki/bin/view/Articles/RecentPapersonDesalinization
,accessed on 17.8.2012)

Bruce Durham. (Sep.2001), European conference on desalination and the environment
water.

Boris Liberman (2010), Progreen Reverse osmosis, IDE Technologies ltd.
(http://www.ide-tech.com/media-center/articles, accessed on 15.10.2012)

Caldwell Jack, 2006, Technology Review Value Engineering,
(http://technology.infomine.com/ValueEngineering , accessed on 11/6/2012)

Cohen L ., and M anion ,L . (1994) Research Methods in Education, London: R out
ledge.

Cronbach, L. J. (Ed.). (2002). Remaking the concept of aptitude: Extending the legacy
of Richard E. Snow. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Dell'Isola Michael, Faithful Hanscomb, Gould, Value Engineering : Architects
Essentials of Cost Management,
(http://www.buy.com/search/q/loc/106/search_store/3/querytype/books/michael+d+dell
+isola.html ,accessed on 10/3/2022)

Dell'isola A. J. (1982) Value Engineering in the Construction Industry. Third Edition (
Cited by ElzarkahHazem, Suckarieh George and Dorsey Robert, Teaching Value
Engineering Effectively: An Interdisciplinary Approach),
(http://www.asceditor.usm.edu/archives/1998/elzarka98.htm , accessed on 25/2/2022)

Khawaji, A.D.(2008), Advances in seawater desalination technologies Volume 221,
Issue 1-3, 1 March 2008, Pages 47-6 (http://www.scopus.com/record/display.url,
accessed on 5.7.2012)
98


Khawla Al-Shayji,1998, PHD Dissertation in Modeling, simulation, and optimization
of Large-scale commercial desalination plants, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and
State University)

(Krishna, H. J., Virgin islands Water Resources Conference, Proc. Editor, University of the
Virgin Islands and U.S. Geological Survey, 1989

Lawrence D. Miles Value Foundation,
(http://www.valuefoundation.org/function.htm , accessed on 5/10/2022)

PWA. (July 2011), Gaza technical assistant program report

PWA. (2011), Water Resources Management Directorate Annual Report

Save International Association,
(http://www.valueeng.org/benefits_government.php , accessed on 10/4/2012)

(ShankerMuraleedaaran ,et al,2009 , SPE international)

Soteris A. Kalogirou(2005), Seawater desalination using renewable energy sources,
progress in energy and combustion science,
(www.sciencedirect.com , accessed on 10.8.2012)

Thomas Hpner and Sabine Lattemann(2002), Chemical impacts from seawater
desalination plants a case study of the northern Red Sea
(http://www.desline.com/articoli/4864.pdf , accessed on10.8.2012)

( 7991 : . ) 2 . : .
( 2002 : . . )
.

( 7991 ) . : .
:







99



ANNEX (1)
Questionnaire


ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY GAZA
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING DEAN OF POST
GRADUATE STUDY
PROJECTS MANAGEMENT PROGRAM


QUESTIONNAIRE

Prepared by: Eng. Samer Mohammed Rashid El Namara
Supervisor: Dr. Nabil Sawlhi
Introduction
one of the most important challenges we face in the Gaza Strip is to provide
alternative water sources due to the depletion of natural resources and the
increasing deficit in the water aquifer which constitutes the main source of
water in Gaza Strip, so it was inevitable planning to find an alternative
optimal source through seawater desalination as agreed from most of the
relevant Parties working in the this field

The study objectives
First: To identify the most important factors affecting the establishment of
the desalination plant, which achieved the desired function taking into
account the cost factor and give proper weight to each of these factors
Second: conducting a comparison model for the selected case study (Deir al-
Balah water desalination Plant) to examine the impact of applying the
principles of value engineering on the factors under study in order to
demonstrates the resulted cost savings .

Accordingly we appreciate highly your contribution in this research by filling
the questionnaire attached below



Part I: Basic Information
1. What is the type ofthe company or organization you are working in
Owner Contractor
Consultant Other ------------------
2. What is your position in the company or organization
Project manager Design engineer Office Engineer
Administrative Site engineer
Other, -----------------------------
3. How many years of experience do you have in the field of water
1 -5 years 6-10 years
11-15 years 16-20 years more than 20 years old
4. How many years of experience of the company or organization in the
field of water
1 -5 years 6-10 years
11-15 years 16-20 years more than 20 years old
5. What kind of projects that your organization is currently working on
strategic projects (long-term) development projects (medium term)
rehabilitation and maintenance projects (short-term) emergency
projects (relief)

Part II: the most important factors affecting the establishment of
desalination plants:
From your point of view, explain the importance of the factors mentioned in
the list below by giving each factor a score of 1-5 according to the following
scale
(5) very important (4) Important
(3) Fair (2) Poor
(1) weak

Sn Factor 1 2 3 4 5
1 The nature and location of the water (open source, shallow wells,
etc.)

2 the quality of Water feeding the plant
3 Quality of water produced from the plant
4 The nature of the distribution plant and its location close to the
desalination plant

5 Licenses and legal framework for the establishment of
desalination plant

6 The type of the project contract (lump sum, itemized BoQ
contract, cost with fixed profit)

7 type of tendering process (national tender, international tender,
short list, direct awarding)
8 Implementation period
9 Productive capacity of the plant
10 The existence of competitive projects
11 Identify project risks
12 Preference and the desire of the owner of the project
13 power (electricity source ) feeding the plant
14 The existence of employment and technical capacity for the
implementation

15 The existence of employment and technical capacity for
operation

16 Environmental impact of the plant
17 Water distribution network
18 Operation and maintenance cost
19 The initial treatment phase
20 Insurance for the plant and its equipment
21 Provision of land necessary for the construction of the plant
22 Equipment required for construction (available locally, need to
import)

23 Disposal system of salty water
24 System followed to pay back the loan (if any)

Other factors are important from your point of view (if any)
Sn Factor 1 2 3 4 5
1
2
3
4
5


Part III: the parties involved
explain the importance of the participation of the following parties in identifying the
main elements for the plant (you can add other parties):
Sn Party IMPORTANCE DEGREE
Very important Important Medium poor Weak
1 Donor
2 Owner
3 beneficiaries
representative

4 architect
5 maintenance engineer
6 civil engineer
7 water engineer
8 Electrical Engineer
9 mechanical engineer
10
Thank you for your cooperation

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100




ANNEX (2)
Standard Bill of Quantities

1 215,160.00
2 1,522,000.00
3 11,070.00
4 50,090.00
5 193,889.00
6 179,200.00
2,171,409.00
Item Description No. Total US$
UPGRADING AND 2000m3/Day EXPANSION OF SEA WATER RO DESALINATION PLANT-Deir
Al Balah
Total US$
Drilling and equipping sea water beach well and pressure force
main installations
Supply ,install and test factory assembeled skids mounted Sea
Water RO Desalination Plant
Quality Testing Units & Equipment
Spare Parts & Chemicals
Construction of RO Plant Building Fabric and Its Services
Generators and ancillary systems

Item Description Unit Quantity U/price
US$
Total
US$
1 General
All works and installations listed here below should be
carried out, tested and commissioned by specialized
responsible contractor, all in accordance with drawings,
specifications and relevant clauses of ASTM, ISO and
British standards. All construction materials and equipment
e.g. pipes, valves, screens..etc must comply with sea water
and marine applications in accordance with relevant clause
of ASTM standards.
The contractor should provide and include in the bid prices
for all discrepancies including all mechanical and electrical
materials, fittings and accessories that may be required to
complete the installations properly including complete
testing and commissioning in accordance with relevant
clauses of ISO standards.
The contractor should survey the exact borehole location
on the beach (X-Y-Z) and carry out and arrange for
minimum (10) soil samples and ( 5 ) water samples to be
analyzed by certified and licensed Laboratory approved by
the engineer with complete litho logical and sieve analysis
report in three copies .
1.1 Drilling and digging Borehole passing through any type of
soil with diameter of min. 24 inches size. The item
includes lowering, welding and extraction up to the water
level and arranges to remove all the materials to dumping
places directed and instructed by engineer in charge.
LM 60 80.00 4,800.00
1.2 Supply and install solvent welded, 18 diameter sch80, PVC
pipes with all fittings and accessories. The item includes
lowering. welding and all associated works
LM 50 120.00 6,000.00
1.3 Supply and install solvent welded, 12 diameter sch80, PVC
pipes with all fittings and accessories including 14/12
,sch80 PVC reducer to connect between screen and 14
pipe riser. The item includes lowering welding and all
associated works
LM 45 90.00 4,050.00
1.4 Supply, weld and install Johnson type or equivalent ,12
diameter ,sch80 PVC slotted screen including all associated
fittings with circumferential slotting arrangement of total
minimum free area of not less than 10% ,all subject to final
laboratory analysis and testing.
LM 15 300.00 4,500.00
1.5 Supply ,weld and install ,blank 12 diameter ,sch80,PVC
pipes with all associated fittings and accessories
LM 2 80.00 160.00
1: Drilling and equipping sea water beach well and pressure force main installations
BOQ

Item Description Unit Quantity U/price
US$
Total
US$
1.6 Supply, install and weld of 12 diameter, PVC, sch 80
modular end cap to close the borehole at the lowest part.
No. 1 50.00 50.00
1.7 Supply and lower graded quartz (1.5-2.5) mm .The material
and final sizes must comply with sea water analysis and
final filter design .
Ton 5 500.00 2,500.00
1.8 Transport to the site the contractors owned pumping
equipment and install it down the borehole to clean the
borehole for minimum 24 hours and arrange for all required
fittings, hoses and consumables. The flushing and cleaning
of the borehole must be certified by the engineer in charge.
LS 1 800.00 800.00
1.9 Carry out step pumping test and arrange for all required
measurement including detailed bacteriological and
chemical analysis tests from certified laboratory approved
by the engineer in charge including detailed hydrological
report.
Hr 20 50.00 1,000.00
1.10 Water Pumping Unit

Supply , install and test complete KSB,Grundfos
,Flowserve or equivalent approved complete deep well
submersible sea water pumping unit complete with built in
non return check valve, motor ,pump turbine ,flexible
electrical cable manufacturer control and protection unit all
in accordance with specifications and drawings .The prices
and materials must include for the construction of all well
head reinforced concrete box, supports ..etc all as shown
on the drawings including FRP hinged covers
The operating point of the pump is (200 ) m3/hr at a
total head of (35) m @efficiency not less than 78% .
No. 1 32,000.00 32,000.00
BOQ

Item Description Unit Quantity U/price
US$
Total
US$
1.12 Pumping Manifold
Supply, install and test solvent welded sch80, 8 diameter
PVC manifold complete with all associated fittings and
accessories required to connect between well head
assembly and underground 280mm diameter UPVC
pressure force main. The unit and prices must include for
supply and install 8 diameter non return check valve ,8
diameter butterfly valve ,8 diameter electromagnetic flow
meter ,low and high pressure cut-off switches and pressure
guage,2 diameter air release valve with base 2 diameter
isolating valve ,dressers ,flanges ,bolts ,supports ..etc all as
shown on the drawings and specifications for sea water
materials and elements.

No. 1 10,000.00 10,000.00
1.11 Electrical switchboard
Supply, install and test complete electrical control
switchboard ( 100 Amp ) compatible to drive the motor for
item (1.10 ) with all associated power and control circuit
shown on the attached drawings brought for guidance and
the contractor has to modify the components ratings to
comply with the pumping system ratings. The works and
installations should include for all cabling ,ducting ,trunking
and connections .
-Panel board enclosure
-Metering panel as per GEDCO standards
-Main breaker
-Programmable digital Solcon Soft starter with by pass
contactor and breaker including built in quick motor
protection.
-Power correction capacitance circuit
-Instrumentation and measuring devices
-Manual change over switch generator/Main
-Earthing
-Lightning protection circuit with 100 KA fuses
-Front panel emergency knock off stop button with fuses
-Control Circuits
- The breaking capacity of the breakers shall, as minimum
be 50 KA @ 400 V.
-The prices shall include for subscription fees
-Other accessories shown on drawings.
-The prices and works shall include for the construction of
back concrete cupboard with louvered door next to the
existing beach road panel board in Deir Al Balah to
accommodate the new electrical panel .Drawings BWE01 to
BWE07
No. 1 12,000.00 12,000.00
BOQ

Item Description Unit Quantity U/price
US$
Total
US$
1.13 Supply ,install and test super duplex stainless steel sch40s
,8 diameter pipes to connect between borehole
submersible sea water pump up to the ground top level to
connect with PVC manifold including all associated fittings
and accessories all made of duplex stainless steel .The unit
and price must include for the supply and installation of
double bolted duplex stainless steel flanges of 24 diameter
and thickness not less than 20mm with built in welded 8
elbow and 50 cm of straight coupling.
ML 25 800.00 20,000.00
1.14 Supply, install and test 315 mm diameter ,UPVC pipes
PN12.5 , laid, jointed, tested ,disinfected and flushed
completely with all required fittings (reducers ,bends, tees,
sockets, couplings and others) compatible for sea water
applications and providing anchor blocks, trench
excavation,bedding with sand ,installation of tracer tape,
backfilling, compaction and removing surplus material,
supply of lubricant paste ,all as shown on the drawings and
specifications ,where the pipe connecting between beach
well head manifold to sea water tanks located at the
desalination plant.
The works ,materials and prices should include cutting of
the existing asphalt , interlock tiles or concrete pavement
and restore to its previous state with new materials as per
pipe routing shown on teh drawing and in accordance with
relevant clauses of BS standards.
M 1300 80.00 104,000.00
1.15 Supply ,install and test complete 280 mm diameter
,sch80,PVC pipe-manifold with PN16,10 diameter butterfly
valve with all associated fittings and accessories to connect
between sea water force main and plant sea raw water
tanks with all associated PVC piping ,branches and fittings
and accessories ,all as shown on drawings and
specifications.
No. 1 4,500.00 4,500.00
1.16 Supply, install and test PN16 ,315mm diameter float
controlled solenoid valve fabricated to comply with sea
water flows with all associated electrical and mechanical
fittings required to accommodate the valve.
No. 1 3,000.00 3,000.00
1.17 Supply ,install and test 4x35mm XLPE cable to connect
between the panel board and the flexible cable connecting
submersible sea water pump at well chamber including all
modular cell-pack or equal cable connectors ,excavation
,150mm diameter ,UPVC cable ducts ,two 80cm diameter
manholes with cast iron covers of 25ton ratings ..etc
ML 100 30.00 3,000.00
1.18 Supply ,install and test 8x1.5mm control cable to connect
between well head chamber and electric control panel
board.
ML 100 3.00 300.00
BOQ

Item Description Unit Quantity U/price
US$
Total
US$
1.19 Construct complete well head reinforced concrete boxing
around well head to include well head manifold.The prices
must include for supply and installation of FRP concave
hinged cover and 2 meters heigh galvanized steel fencing
with lock and galvanized steel poles ,all as shown on teh
relevant detailed drawings and clauses of specifications.
Item 1 2,500.00 2,500.00
SUB-Total (1) Price US$ 215,160.00
BOQ

Item Description Unit Quantity U/price
US$
Total
US$
2
2.1.1 Supply ,install ,test and commission ,factory
assembled fully automated ,piped and wired skid
mounted 2 x 1,000 M3/Day Two Pass Seawater-
Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis Equipment (2,000
M3/Day TOTAL RO PRODUCT CAPACITY) including
materials and installations listed here below (from
items 2-A-0 to 2-B-10-04 ) and described in the
technical specification and shown on the schematic
drawings .All plant equipment must be electrically
and mechanically factory assembled ,packaged
,tested by authorized and qualified RO systems
manufacturer on proper stainless steel skids
grade 304and final hooking up installations which
shall be only provided on site.
General
It is the contractors full responsibility to carry out all works and installations with all materials and equipment
requirements listed herein after according to the drawings, specifications and technical clauses of relevant
standards and code of practices, and upon approval of the Engineer in charge, i.e. :
o Transfer all the required material and equipment to the working site
o Arrange all equipment and labor required to carry out all installations
o Supply and place in service each component of the RO Systems.
o Test and commission in accordance to relevant standards and as per the Specifications and Performance
Requirements of the Tender Document
Prior to any work commencement the contractor shall submit detailed shop drawings, action plan, material
specifications ,itemized priced breakdown of all elements and work methodology for the Engineers approval,
as per relevant clauses of the Conditions of Contract
The Contractor shall submit as built drawings after the completion of the work
The contractor has to carry out detailed review for designed system and to include in the prices for any other
material, works ,accessories and/or fitting, not expressly mentioned but required for the successful installation
and operation of the RO plant components,which shall be specified and supplied by the contractor, and must
be included in the original price of the tender .
2- Sea Water RO Desalination Plant :

Item Description Unit Quantity U/price
US$
Total
US$
2.1.2 Supply, install and test vertical shaped Bell or
equivalent FRP water tank of 40 m3 capacity
including all associated fittings and accessories for
sea water use. The tank must be supplied with factory
assembled level indicators ,flushing valves ,flanged
filling valves ,flanged discharge valve vents,6
diameter ,sch80 ,PVC over flow pipe down to the
drainage channel and gullies ,stainless steel grade
304 ladder and roof rail and all other factory
assembled fittings and accessories ,all as per
relevant clauses of ASTM standards for sea water
applications.The prices must include for all filling and
discharge sch80 PVC piping and manifolds with all
valves and fittings
No. 8 15,000.00 120,000.00
2.1.3 Supply,install and test Pre-Chlorination feed system
Prominent or equivalent approved set , injected
upstream of the Raw water Tank. Required to sterilize
the raw water, consisting of PP 500 liters capacity
with solution tank motorized mixer, Sodium
Hypochlorite solution tank with overflow and level
controllers , (1) duty metering pump , 0-7liter /hour ,
and tank level switch.
Item 2
1,800.00
3,600.00
2.1.4 Supply,install and test Coagulation feed system
Prominent or equivalent approved set, injected
upstream of the Raw water Tank. Required to catch
colloidal particulates, form floc and removed during
filter backwash, consisting of . PP 500 liters capacity
Coagulant solution tank with solution tank motorized
mixer, (1) duty metering pump, 0-9 liters/hour, Static
pipe inline mixer and tank level switch.
Item 2
2,000.00
4,000.00
2.1.5 Supply ,install and test Filter feed pumps 100 M3/H at
65 psi. Close coupled, end suction centrifugal KSB
pumps or equivalent,Duplex stainless steel SS
construction, 1450 rpm, 380V, 3PH, 50Hz, complete
with isolation valves, check valves, pressure gauges,
Sch 80 PVC piping and motor starter panel systems.
No. 4
14,000.00
56,000.00

Item Description Unit Quantity U/price
US$
Total
US$
2.1.6 Supply,install and test media filters, 40 M3/h per
filter. Automatic backwash operation with (5) 4 in.
motor actuated butterfly valve nest for each filter,
inlet/outlet pressure gauge and vent valves for each
filter. SSH, FRP composite construction with 16 in.
manway. Complete with 24 anthracite media and 12
in. Silica sand and garnet media, Graded gravel shall
be provided to support the media. The filter shall be
provided with PVC plastics filter nozzles and Sch 80
piping.The prices shall include for backwashing
multimedia air blower with all associated electrical
and mechanical installations ,accessories and fittings
No. 6
30,000.00
180,000.00
2.1.7 Supply,install and test ,air compressor with all
associated fittings and accessories required to drive
penumatic valves of medi afilters ,all as shown on the
specifications .The unit shall be supplied with all
associated electrical and mechnical installations
including air drying system and filtration
No. 2
2,000.00
4,000.00
2.1.8 Supply,install and test media filtration Backwash
pumps 120 M3/hr at 65 psi. Close coupled, end
suction centrifugal KSB pumps or equivalent , Duplex
stainless steel SS construction, 1450 rpm, 380V,
3PH, 50Hz, complete with isolation valves, check
valves, pressure gauges, Sch 80 PVC piping and
motor starter panel
No. 2
15,000.00
30,000.00
2.2 Reverse Osmosis Unit Section:
2.2.1 Supply,install and test Feed pH adjustment Acid feed
system Prominent or equivalent approved, injected
upstream of the RO unit. Injection of acid solution is
required to prevent the CaCO3 precipitation in the RO
membranes, consisting of PP 2000 liters . hydraulic
acid tank, (2) duty metering pumps 0-5liter/hour , tank
motorized mixer and tank level switch.
item 2 2,500.00
5,000.00

Item Description Unit Quantity U/price
US$
Total
US$
2.2.2 Supply ,install and test Antiscalant scale control feed
system Prominent or equivalent, injected upstream of
the RO unit. Injection of antiscalant solution is
required to prevent CaCO3, CaSO4 precipitation in
the RO membranes, consisting of PP 500 liters .
Antiscalant tank, (1) duty 0-5 liter/hour metering
pumps, , tank motorized mixer and tank level switch.
item 2 2,000.00
4,000.00
2.2.3 Supply ,install and test De-chlorination feed system
Prominent or equivalent approved, injected upstream
of the RO unit. Injection of sodium meta-bisulfite
solution is required to protect the membrane from
physical damage due to oxidation from chlorine,
consisting of PP 500 liters . SMBS tank, (1) duty
metering pumps 0-4liter/hour , tank motorized mixer
and tank level switch.
item 2 1,800.00
3,600.00
2.4 1st Pass sea water RO desalination process for
two modules each of 1000m3/hr with recovery
rate not less than 45%
2.4.1 Supply ,install and test Five micron PN16,carbon
steel ,properly coated for sea water compliance
coating materials , construction cartridge filter
housing required to trap the suspended solids larger
than five micron. The cartridge filter will also serve as
a protection for the RO high pressure and the RO
membranes from damage due to solid particulates.
Each housing shall contain 40 nos. 2x 40 inches. long
five micron filters.
Set 2 5,000.00
10,000.00

Item Description Unit Quantity U/price
US$
Total
US$
2.4.2 Supply ,install and test Reverse Osmosis high
pressure pump KSB or equivalent type with Energy
recovery system 100 M3/h at 980 PSI .The PX
energy recovery system shall be capable to produce
for energy saving up to 50-60% and the power
consumed must be not more than 2.8KWh/m3 within
the boundaries of high pressure system .The RO high
pressure pump shall be a horizontal, multi stage
centrifugal Pump with duplex stainless SS casing and
electro polished 316L SS impeller with hydraulic
pressure booster ENERGY RECOVERY SYSTEM.
Run by 380V, 3PH, 50 HZ, TEFC and VFD rated
motor, complete with Variable Frequency drive motor
starter. The VFD shall provide long life for of the RO
high pressure pump. The pump shall start in a
gradual speed for 0-3000 RPM and gradually reduce
the speed from 3000 RPM to 0 when the system is in
shutdown. More energy savings can be attained when
the RO feed pressure can be adjusted based on the
temperature pressure requirement.
Set 2 100,000.00
200,000.00
2.4.3 Supply ,install and test 8 dia. X 6 elements pressure
vessel, FRP construction, and 1200 psig design
pressure. The RO pressure vessels shall be arranged
in the way of design designed for a system recovery
of 45 %.
No. 30 3,500.00
105,000.00
2.4.4 Supply ,install and test 8 x 40 long thin film
composite, spiral wound seawater RO membranes.
The membrane rejection is based on 99.7 %. The
membrane shall be Toray Mod. No. TM 820E-400 or
equal.
No. 180 850.00
153,000.00

Item Description Unit Quantity U/price
US$
Total
US$
2.4.5 Instrumentations :Supply install and test as
follows :
Inlet and outlet pressure gauge on media filter.
Outlet pressure gauge per each cartridge filters
housing.
Pressure gauge per each pump discharge.
Pressure gauge at the membrane feed, membrane
stage and membrane reject.
Conductivity analyzer on feed and RO product
Feed and permeate pH meter
Electromagnetic Flow meters on RO reject and
permeate
Electromagnetic Flow meter on RO feed.
Low pressure switch at the high pressure pump
suction.
High pressure switch at the high pressure pump
discharge.
Turbidity meter on seawater feed
Feed water and RO permeate chlorine analyzer
Set 2 15,000.00
30,000.00
2.4.6 Valves Requirements:
8 in. Automatic inlet valve for each RO unit.
Automatic reject by pass valve required to open
during cleaning and flushing of membranes
Manual permeate dump valve
Product sample valves in each pressure vessel
Automatic fresh water flush valve.
Set 2 9,000.00
18,000.00
2.4.7 Supply ,install and test Sch 80 PVC piping low
pressure
application for permeate header,
permeate header and low pressure feed piping
header.
Item 2 6,000.00
12,000.00
2.4.8 Supply ,install and test Sch 40, Duplex stainless steel
SS piping
for high pressure application on membrane feed and
membrane reject with all connections and fittings .
The SS piping shall be pickled,
passivated and electro polished.
Item 2 12,000.00
24,000.00

Item Description Unit Quantity U/price
US$
Total
US$
2.4.9 Supply ,install and test pre-Fabricated steel skid with
marine based
coating and powder coating required to support all
components that are integrated on the RO system
unit.
Item 2 6,000.00
12,000.00
2.4.10 Supply ,install and test Main distribution electric panel
board with several sections to serve all motors starters
Item 2 20,000.00
40,000.00
2.4.11 Supply ,install and test Instrument panel with built in
process illustration , mimic panel and man machine
interface
Item 2 15,000.00
30,000.00
2.4.12 Supply ,install and test permeate sample line panel
with all sensors and on line display for PH ,EC and
Turbidity
Item 2 8,000.00
16,000.00
2.4.13 Supply ,install and test RO permeate FRP Break
Tank, 30 minutes retention, Minimum of 50 M3
capacity made of Bell or equivalent complete with all
standard flanges valves mstainless steel ladder and
top handrail . . The First pass RO tank shall be
provided complete with level transmitter. The tank
shall be supplied with all standard and modular
fittings stainless steel safety barriers flush valves
overflow valves ,level indicators ,filling and discharge
ports
item 2 15,000.00
30,000.00
2.5 Second Pass Reverse Osmosis
System, at 90 % recovery-Brackish
Desal. Pass
2.5.1 Supply ,install and test Reverse Osmosis high
pressurepump, 60 M3/H at 200 PSI. KSB or
equivalent approved Vertical multi stage centrifugal
Pump, 316 SS construction. Run by 380V, 3PH, 50
HZ, TEFC and VFD rated motor, complete with
Variable Frequency drive motor starter. The VFD
shall provide long life for of the RO high pressure
pump. The pump shall start in a gradual speed for 0-
3000 RPM and gradually reduce the speed from 3000
RPM to 0 when the system is in shutdown. More
energy savings can be attained when the RO feed
pressure can be adjusted based on the temperature
pressure requirement.
Item 1 18,000.00
18,000.00

Item Description Unit Quantity U/price
US$
Total
US$
2.5.2 Supply,install and test 8 dia. X 6 elements pressure
vessel, FRP construction, and 300 psig design
pressure. The RO pressure vessels shall be arranged
in 6:3 brine stage designed for a system recovery of
90 %.
No. 14 2,800.00
39,200.00
2.5.3 Supply,install and test 8 x 40 long thin film
composite, spiral wound brackish water RO
membranes. The membrane rejection is based on
99.7 %. The membrane shall be Toray ,Koch or
equal.
No. 84 800.00
67,200.00
2.5.4 Supply ,install and test multistage vertical pump of
KSB type or equivalent each of 85 m3/hr @ 25
meters head shall be connected to blending water
FRP tank of 50m3 capacity to pump blended water
produced from both BWD and SWD passes to the
existing product water via 6 diameter ,sch 80 UPVC
pipes with all valves and pipework installations .
No. 2 5,000.00
10,000.00
2.5.5 Instrumentation:
BWRO high pressure pump Inlet and outlet pressure
gauge
Pressure gauge at the membrane feed, membrane
stage and membrane reject.
Conductivity analyzer on BWRO permeate
Permeate pH meter
Digital electromagnetic Flow meter on RO reject and
permeate
Digital electromagnetic Flow meter on RO feed.
Low pressure switch at the high pressure pump
suction.
High pressure switch at the high pressure pump
discharge.
6 in. Automatic inlet valve for each RO unit.
Product sample valves in each pressure vessel
Permeate isolation valve and check valve.
Item 1 8,000.00
8,000.00
2.5.6 Supply ,install and test lot of all required
valves,check valves ,fittings and accessories required
to fix the RO plant sections .
Item 1 4,500.00
4,500.00

Item Description Unit Quantity U/price
US$
Total
US$
2.5.7 Supply ,install and test lot of all required Sch 80 PVC
piping low pressure application.
Item 1 2,000.00
2,000.00
2.5.8 Supply ,install and test lot of all Sch 10, 316L SS
piping for high pressure application on membrane
feed and membrane reject. The SS piping shall be
pickled, passivated and electro polished.
Item 1 4,000.00
4,000.00
2.5.9 Supply ,install and test pre-Fabricated steel skid with
marine based coating and epoxy coating required to
support all components that are integrated on the RO
system unit.
Item 1 2,500.00
2,500.00
2.5.10 Supply ,install and tes electric factory assembeled
control and power panel board including Instrument
panel with mimic panel and visualization screen.
Item 1 6,000.00
6,000.00
2.5.11 Supply ,install and test permeate sample line panel
with all sensors and on line display for PH ,EC and
Turbidity
Item 1 4,000.00
4,000.00
2.6 Reverse Osmosis Membrane
Cleaning/Flushing System .
2.6.1 Supply ,install and test RO membrane cleaning
pump, 140 m3/h at 65 psi, Close coupled, end suction
KSB or equivalent approved centrifugal Pump, Run
by 380 V, 3PH, 50 HZ, TEFC motor.,including all
electrical and mechanical fittings ,accessories and
connections e.g pipes,valves,cables,motor starter ..etc
Item 2 12,000.00
24,000.00
2.6.2 Supply ,install and test 5000 liters .PP cleaning tank
with all fittings ,valves,pipes and connections
Item 2 3,000.00
6,000.00
2.6.3 Supply ,install and test Five micron cartridge filter
housing 316 SS construction housing will contain (40)
2in. long x 40 in. long equivalent five micron filters.
Item 2 3,000.00
6,000.00
2.6.4 Supply ,install and test isolation valves and fittings Set 2 3,000.00
6,000.00

Item Description Unit Quantity U/price
US$
Total
US$
2.6.5 Supply ,install and test pressure gauge and flow
meters with all associated fittings and accessories
Set 2 2,200.00
4,400.00
2.6.6 Supply ,install and test Sch 80 PVC piping and hose
connection fittings and accessories
Item 2 1,500.00
3,000.00
2.6.7 Supply ,install and test pre-Fabricated powder coated
steel skid designed to hold all equipment assemblies.
No. 2 1,200.00
2,400.00
2.6.8 Supply ,install and test modular factory and
manufacturer Electrical and Control Panel boards with
all associated cabling ,wiring ,connections ,cable
trunking ..etc
Item 2 4,000.00
8,000.00
2.6.9 Supply ,install and test modular factory assembled
Electrical and Controls Section
Item 2 2,200.00
4,400.00
2.7 Plant Main Electrical and Control
Section
2.7.1 Supply ,install and test electrical power switchboard
with built in 4x1600AMPS Moller type or equivalent
approved motorized change over switch including all
instrumentations ,connections,fittings,cabling and
accessories .The panel shall be supplied with three
Moeller type 3x630 A circuit breakers with overloads
with all required cables to connect exiting plant and
the other two additional Modules.The panel shall be
supplied and installed with metering section ,all to be
approved by GEDCo
no. 1 15,000.00
15,000.00
2.7.2 supply ,install and test Factory assembled
multisectional Power feed panel board
,Instrumentation and Control Panel boards mounted
inside designated plant electrical control room with all
associated cables and wire required to connect
between various plant equipment components and
the panel board . The control panel shall be a NEMA
4 Enclosure.
Item 2 20,000.00
40,000.00

Item Description Unit Quantity U/price
US$
Total
US$
2.7.3 Programmable Logic Controller with CPU, Digital
input and output, Slot base, selector switches and
indicator light, power ON lamp.
item 2 12,000.00
24,000.00
2.7.4 Man Machine Interface panel View or (indication
lights and selector switches) with manmachine
interface and mimic panel screen
item 2 4,000.00
8,000.00
2.7.5 Panel mounted instruments and hardware. item 2 6,000.00
12,000.00
2.7.6 Power ON switch shall be provided and signal lamps item 2 2,000.00
4,000.00
2.7.7 VFD motor starter for the SWRO high pressure Pump
and other for associated energy recovery booster
pump.
no. 2 15,000.00
30,000.00
2.7.8 Filter feed/Backwash pumps digital soft starters no. 6 1,100.00
6,600.00
2.7.9 Flushing /Cleaning tank no. 2 1,100.00
2,200.00
2.7.10 Blended permeate water pumps no. 4 1,100.00
4,400.00
2.7.11 VFD motor starter for the BWRO high pressure pump no. 2 7,000.00
14,000.00
2.7.12 630 amps Main disconnect switch no. 2 2,200.00
4,400.00
2.7.13 450x450x50mm perforated galvanized cable trunking
to connect between control room panel board and
subpanel boards and other elements including power
, control and data cables to ocnnect between all
components .
Item 2 3,500.00
7,000.00
2.8 Post Treatment Section(For drinking water): -

Item Description Unit Quantity U/price
US$
Total
US$
2.8.1 Supply,install and test Post pH adjustment feed
system Prominent or equivalent approved , injected
downstream of the RO permeate. Injection of 50 %
Sodium Hydroxide solution is required to adjust the
product water pH to 7 pH or higher, consisting of PP
500 liters tank . with solution motorized mixer, sodium
hydroxide solution tank, (1) duty metering pumps, and
tank level switch.
Set 2 2,200.00
4,400.00
2.8.2 Supply ,install and test Post Chlorination feed system
Prominent or equivalent approved , injected
downstream of the RO permeate. Injection of 12.5 %
Sodium Hypochlorite solution is required to provide
0.5 PPM residual chlorine to the product water.
Injection of chlorine will also prevent any formation of
bacteria in the tank and the drinking water consisting
of PP 500 liters tank . with solution motorized mixer,
sodium hypochlorite solution tank, (1) duty metering
pumps, and tank level switch.
Set 2 2,100.00
4,200.00
2.9 Supervision ,operation and training requirements.
2.9.1 Supervision of Installation and Commissioning:
Carry out minimum four weeks on-site supervision
of installation, start up ,testing and commissioning
shall be performed by manufacturer qualified
engineer. Travel, local transportation, visa and hotel
accommodation shall be provided by the contractor.
item 1 15,000.00
15,000.00
2.9.2 CMWU staff training:
The contractor must include in the prices for complete
five days training at the manufacturer facilities for
Three Engineers from CMWU with full expenses
coverage including ,full accommodation ,travel,
insurance ..etc .
item 1 7,000.00
7,000.00
1,522,000.00
SUB-TOTAL (2) RO Plant Cost US$

Item Item Description Unit Quantity U/price
US$
Total
US$
3.1.1 Portable pH / ORP Meter pcs 1 300.00 300.00
3.1.2 Portable Conductivity Meter pcs 1 800.00 800.00
3.1.3 chlorine test 0,05 - 2 mg/l pcs 1 400.00 400.00
3.1.4 chlorine test 0,5 - 10 mg/l pcs 1 800.00 800.00
3.1.5 Acidity Test Kit pcs 1 700.00 700.00
3.1.6 Alkalinity Test Kit pcs 1 500.00 500.00
3.1.7 Total Hardness Test Kit pcs 1 200.00 200.00
3.1.8 Portable Turbidity Meter pcs 1 500.00 500.00
3.1.9 standard set Turbiquant 1500 IR pcs 2 900.00 1,800.00
3.1.10 Silt Density Meter pcs 1 700.00 700.00
3.1.11 filter for SDI Type HAWG04700 pcs 100 5.00 500.00
3.1.12 Bottle SIMAX 250 ml pcs 1 20.00 20.00
3.1.13 Portable Thermometer pcs 2 50.00 100.00
3.1.14 Volumetric flask, 500 ml pcs 1 50.00 50.00
3 Quality Testing Units & Equipment:
3 General:
This BoQ includes all laboratory instrumentation and testing kits to be supplied by the tenderer in
addition to the line-mounted control instrumentation for monitoring the water quality throughout the
treatment process.
It is the contractors full responsibility to carry out all works and installation listed herein after
according to the drawings, specifications and technical clauses of relevant standards and code of
practices, and upon approval of the Engineer in charge, i.e. :
o Transfer all the required material and equipment to the working site
o Arrange all equipment and labor required to carry out all installations
o Supply all instrumentation and equipment specified hereinafter
o Test and commission in accordance to relevant standards and as per the Specifications and
Performance Requirements of the Tender Document
Prior to any work commencement the contractor shall submit detailed shop drawings, action plan,
material specifications ad work methodology for the Engineers approval, as per relevant clauses of
the Conditions of Contract
The Contractor shall submit as built drawings after the completion of the work
Any other material, accessories and/or fitting, not expressly mentioned but required for the
successful installation of the pumping set, shall be specified and supplied by the contractor, and
included in the price

3.1 Laboratory instruments and testing kits

Item Item Description Unit Quantity U/price
US$
Total
US$
3.1.15 1 liter beaker pcs 5 70.00 350.00
3.1.16 burettes 50 ml pcs 5 50.00 250.00
3.1.17 1000ml plastic bottles for samples pcs 10 10.00 100.00
3.1.18 1000ml graduated plastic buckets pcs 2 15.00 30.00
3.1.19 2000ml graduated plastic buckets pcs 2 25.00 50.00
3.1.20 5000ml graduated plastic buckets pcs 2 30.00 60.00
3.2.1 Closed boards for instruments pcs 2 150.00 300.00
3.2.2 Weighting scale Mod. PM-60P pcs 2 200.00 400.00
3.2.3 Plastic container Mod. neoLab pcs 2 150.00 300.00
3.2.4 First aid kit pcs 2 200.00 400.00
3.2.5 Plastic boots for chem. handling pcs 4 100.00 400.00
3.2.6 Apron for chem. handling pcs 4 150.00 600.00
3.2.7 Gloves for chem. handling pcs 10 20.00 200.00
3.2.8 Eye glasses protection mask pcs 4 20.00 80.00
3.2.9 Eye protection mask pcs 4 20.00 80.00
3.2.10 Transportation carriage pcs 2 50.00 100.00
11,070.00 Sub Total(3) : Quality Testing Unit & Equipment:
3.2:Chemical handling and safety equipment

Item Description Unit Quantity U/price
US$
Total
US$
4 General:
This BOQ. includes spare parts and chemicals to be
supplied within the tender offer.
It is the contractors full responsibility to supply materials
and equipment listed herein after according
specifications and technical clauses of relevant
standards and code of practices, and upon approval of
the Engineer in charge, i.e. :
o Transfer all the required material and equipment to
the working site
Any other material and/or accessories not expressly
mentioned but required for the successful
accomplishment of the supply shall be specified and
included in the price
Backwash Pumps
4.1.1 Mechanical seal pcs 2 500.00 1,000.00
4.1.2 Gasket kit, included bearing pcs 2 250.00 500.00
Permeate Pumps
4.1.3 O-ring kit pcs 1 100.00 100.00
4.1.4 Bearing kit pcs 1 300.00 300.00
4.1.5 Wear & Tear Kitl pcs 1 200.00 200.00
4.1.6 Mechanical Seal Kit pcs 1 400.00 400.00
HP Pump
4.1.7 O-ring kit pcs 2 150.00 300.00
4.1.8 Bearing kit pcs 2 1,000.00 2,000.00
4.1.9 Wear & Tear Kitl pcs 2 400.00 800.00
4.1.10 Mechanical Seal Kit pcs 2 1,500.00 3,000.00
Flushing Pump
4.1.11 Wear & Tear Kit pcs 1 200.00 200.00
4.1.12 Mechanical Seal Kit pcs 1 300.00 300.00
Acid Dosing Pump
4.1.13 Dosing pump, complete pcs 2 2,000.00 4,000.00
4.1.14 Wear & Tear Kit BETA pcs 4 150.00 600.00
4.1.15 Pressure Control Valve S-DL pcs 2 200.00 400.00
Coagulant Dosing Pump
4.1.16 Wear & Tear Kit pcs 2 120.00 240.00
4.1.17 Pressure Control Valve S-DL pcs 1 200.00 200.00
SBS Dosing Pump
4.1.18 Complete dosing pump pcs 1 700.00 700.00
4.1.19 Wear & Tear Kit pcs 2 120.00 240.00
4.1.20 Pressure Control Valve pcs 1 250.00 250.00
Caustic Soda Dosing
4.1.21 Complete dosing pump pcs 1 800.00 800.00
4.1.22 Wear & Tear Kit pcs 2 120.00 240.00
4.1.23 Pressure Control Valve S-DL pcs 1 250.00 250.00
Chlorine Dosing Pump
4.1: A SPARE PARTS
4- Spare Parts & Chemicals:

Item Description Unit Quantity U/price
US$
Total
US$
4.1.24 Complete dosing pump pcs 2 800.00 1,600.00
4.1.25 Wear & Tear Kitl pcs 2 120.00 240.00
4.1.26 Pressure Control Valve pcs 2 250.00 500.00
RO Cartridge Filters
4.1.27 Filter Cartridges- series PP- 5 micron pcs 200 10.00 2,000.00
4.1.28 Cover gaskets pcs 4 70.00 280.00
Gauges
4.1.29 Pressure Gauge pcs 10 50.00 500.00
Pipes and fittings
4.1.30 Electromagnetic permeate water flow meter pcs 2 1,500.00 3,000.00
4.1.31 6 diameter sea water proof ,PN16 gate valve pcs 2 1,200.00 2,400.00
4.1.32 Ditto ,but 4 diameter pcs 2 1,000.00 2,000.00
4.1.33 4 diameter ,PN10 PVC non-return valve pcs 3 250.00 750.00
4.1.34 Ditto ,but 6 diameter non return valve pcs 3 350.00 1,050.00
Electrical
4.1.35 Complete computer lap top with built in process software
and PLC programs and all associated soft copies and man
machine interface requirements and memory chips for
PCS 1 250.00 250.00
4.1.36 Complete electric submersible motor for sea water
submersible pump at the beach well
PCS 1 10,000.00 10,000.00
4.2.1 Hydraulic Acid 30%wt kg 3000 0.50 1,500.00
4.2.2 Sodium Hypochlorite 12%wt kg 2000 0.50 1,000.00
4.2.3 Sodium Metabisulfite powder
kg 500 4.00 2,000.00
4.2.4 Ferric Chloride 40% wt kg 1000 2.00 2,000.00
4.2.5 Caustic Soda Powder kg 1000 2.00 2,000.00
Sub Total(4) Spare parts and chemicals : 50,090.00
4.2: CHEMICALS

Item Item Description Unit Quantity
U/price
US$
Total
US$
1 EARTH WORKS
General:
* Excavation of any soil to the widths and depths shown
on the drawings or as may be directed by the Engineer to
reach a suitable bearing strata. Work include cleaning of
site and removing any depris materials
* Excavation & Backfilling has been measured nett in
cubic meters.
* No allowance shall be made for increase in Bulk, or for
extra working space required and the contractor shall
allow for these and any other incidental expenses in his
unit rates
* Selected excavated material approved by the Engineer
will be used in backfilling around foundations and ground
beams.
* The rates of excavations shall include for excavations in
all types including rock and removing surplus from site to
spoil heaps
* The rates of backfilling shall include for :
- Watering, and compacting in layers max 20cm or as
specified
- Additional material necessary to make up levels -
Temporary retaining boards.
- Testing
Suitable Clean Sand should be used for back-filling in
layers (20cm max. each & compaction test 98%), selected
from the approval excavated soil or imported. Prices shall
includes supply, wetted, compacted, transporting, tested
and anywhere else, needed, all according to drawings,
specifications, conditions and directed instructions by the
Engineer or his representative.
1.1
Excavate from natural ground level to reduce required
levels shown on the drawings or as may be directed by the
Engineer to reach a suitable bearing strata
M3 1900 1.50 2,850.00
5.0 Construction of RO Plant Building Fabric and Its Services

Item Item Description Unit Quantity
U/price
US$
Total
US$
1.2
Supply and lay limestone as shown on the Drawings and
directed by the Engineer, using suitable limestone
material including the required compaction as described
in the Specifications and as shown on the Drawings and
directed by the Engineer.
M3 400 15.00 6,000.00
1.4
Supply and install Kurkar material a compacted layer of
100cm thick under ground slab of desalination plant area,
price shall includes testing, Compaction, workmanship
and anywhere else, needed, all according to drawings,
specifications, conditions and directed instructions by the
Engineer or his representative (CBR not less than 40%)
M3 670 7.00 4,690.00
13,540.00
2 CONCRETE WORKS
General:
* All concrete surfaces of slabs and floors shall be
finished with mechanical steel trowel.
* The outside of reinforced concrete structure (Under
Ground) shall paint One coat of primer and two coat of
hot bitumen (75/25) that is mean the price included the
Bitumen Isolation
* In-situ plain and reinforced concrete have been
measured in square meter stating the thickness or in cubic
meter.
* Rates for concrete shall include supplying of all
materials, storage, plant, equipment, tools, admixtures,
trial mixes, mixing, sampling, shuttering, testing and all
required works or materials to complete the works
2.1
Supply and cast Plain concrete B 200 of 10 cm thickness,
with all required work for blinding under foundations and
anywhere else, needed, all as described in, the
Specifications and as shown on the Drawings and directed
by the Engineer
M3 70 150.00 10,500.00
2.2
Supply and cast reinforced concrete B 300 of 30 cm for
foundations and the like including reinforcement,
shuttering and making good, all according to Drawings,
Specifications and instructions of the Engineer.
M3 210 230.00 48,300.00
TOTAL OF BILL B2 (EARTH WORKS) - US$

Item Item Description Unit Quantity
U/price
US$
Total
US$
2.3
Ditto but reinforced concrete B 300 for columns and beam
M3 14 300.00 4,200.00
63,000.00
3 BLOCK WORKS
* Notes:
-
Prices of block works shall include supply of all
materials, testing, morter, scaffolds, placing of approval
blocks, workmanship, all ducts, sleeves, opening areas,
fiber board, protection concrete (B-200) around sleeves
and pipes (for electrical, sanitary & mechanical), tools
and anywhere else, needed, all according to drawings,
specifications, conditions and directed instructions by the
Engineer or his representative.
3.1
Concrete hollow blocks for walls(20x40x20)cm for
Boundary wall of New treatment hall with all required
works
M2 220 18.00 3,960.00
3,960.00
4 PLASTER WORKS
* the price shall include for running rules, all narow
width, plastering to jobus and reveals of openings, side of
columns, all of whall be measured as plastering.
**expanded metal lath, angle beads, and
plaster stops shall be included in the price.
4.1 Supply materials and make internal plaster two faces for
all internal walls, partitions and ceiling, including
galvanized metal lath and angles all according to
Drawings, Specifications and instructions of the Engineer.
m
2
280 3.50 980.00
4.2 Supply materials and make external plaster two faces with
galvanized metal lath and angles and final face including
two coats of emulsion paint (Supercryl) and one
Superbondrol prime coat all according to Drawings,
Specifications and instructions of the Engineer.
m
2
50 9.00 450.00
4.3 Supply materials and make external plaster two faces with
galvanized metal lath and angles and final face with two
coats of Tyrolean plaster including two coats of emulsion
paint (Supercryl) and one Superbondrol prime coat all
according to Drawings, Specifications and instructions of
the Engineer.
m
2
300 9.00 2,700.00
TOTAL OF BILL B2 (CONCRETE WORKS) - US$
TOTAL OF BILL B3 (BLOCK WORKS) - US$

Item Item Description Unit Quantity
U/price
US$
Total
US$
4,130.00
5 PAINT WORKS
5.1 Supply materials and make emulsion paint (Polycide) at
least two coats for ceiling, all according to Drawings,
Specifications and instructions of the Engineer.
m
2
240 2.00 480.00
5.2 Supply materials and make emulsion paint (Supercryl) at
least two coats and base coat (super-bondrol type) for
internal walls, all according to Drawings, Specifications
and instructions of the Engineer.
m
2
240 3.00 720.00
1,200.00
6 METAL WORKS
6.1 Supply and install ventilation louver Painted Galvanized
steel window type overall size 1.0x0.4m, not less than
2mm thickness, all according to Drawings, Specifications
and instructions of the Engineer. As Shown in the
drawings.
No 42 120.00 5,040.00
6.2 Supply and install aluminum window, overall size
1.0x1.20m, (Kalil Type 1880 or equivalent) two sliding
leave complete with steel grill for window protection,
frame, clear glass 4mm thick, all according to Drawings,
Specifications and instructions of the Engineer.
No 5 85.00 425.00
6.3 Supply and install aluminum window, overall size
3.0x0.60m, (Kalil Type 1880 or equivalent) two sliding
leave complete with steel grill for window protection,
frame, clear glass 4mm thick, all according to Drawings,
Specifications and instructions of the Engineer.
No 19 220.00 4,180.00
6.4 Supply and install single Louvred Steel doors, overall size
2.20x1.0m, complete with frame, , hardware, lock (Wally
type or equivalent) and painting, according to the
specification and engineer instruction.
No 2 250.00 500.00
6.5 Supply and install the main gate, overall size 5.0x4.5m,
two sliding leaves gate. The price includes frame, hinges,
rectangular tube sections, corrugated steel sheet, welding
and any further fittings and fixation as per drawings,
specifications and Engineer instruction.
No 1 1,400.00 1,400.00
TOTAL OF BILL B4 (PLASTER WORKS) - US$
TOTAL OF BILL B5 (PAINT WORKS) - US$

Item Item Description Unit Quantity
U/price
US$
Total
US$
6.6 Supply and install the main gate, overall size3.5x3.5m,
two sliding leaves gate. The price includes frame, hinges,
rectangular tube sections, corrugated steel sheet, welding
and any further fittings and fixation as per drawings,
specifications and Engineer instruction.
No 1 1,200.00 1,200.00
12,745.00
7 EXTERNAL WORKS
7.1 supply and lay precast concrete interlock tiles 8cm thick,
including 25 cm clean sand and 50 cm limestone
according to drawings, specification and the engineee
instruction,
m
2
150 50.00 7,500.00
7.2 Supply, Install and lay 200mm diameter (minimum
thickness 5.9mm) gravity UPVC sewer pipes SN 8 in all
kinds v of soil with watertight and flexible joints sealed
with approved gasket rubber ring including dewatering,
excavation in any type of soil to the required depth,
shoring, shuttering, safety measures and, Bedding with
clean sand (Safia) up to minimum 30 cm above the pipe
as per drawings, backfilling and compaction with
approved suitable material in layers (25 cm maximum)
with watering, and compaction. The price includes
leveling for roads after backfilling, cart away the surplus
soil to damping site.
L.M. 80 20.00 1,600.00
7.3 Supply and install 80cm internal diameter pre-cast
circular reinforced concrete sewage manholes B300
complete with 60cm grating cast iron cover (25 tons
capacity), frame, rings, and special joint required to fix
the sewer pipes to the manhole. The item also includes
B300 benching, shuttering, inside cast iron steps each step
30 cm maximum and safety measures, excavation in any
type of soil to any depth, plain concrete, two external hot
bitumen coating, and backfilling in layers 25 cm
maximum using suitable material with watering,
compaction.
No 6 450.00 2,700.00
7,500.00
8 STEEL STRUCTURE
8.1 Supply and fix plane truss for roof with I-Beam140
section for top and bottom chords, L 60x6mm section for
inclined members and L 60x6mm section for vertical
members as shown in the drawings including plates,
angles, bolts, welding and painting as per Drawings,
Specifications, and Engineer's instruction.
NO 9 1,500.00 13,500.00
TOTAL OF BILL B6 (METAL WORKS) - US$
TOTAL OF BILL B7 (EXTERNAL WORKS) - US$

Item Item Description Unit Quantity
U/price
US$
Total
US$
8.2 Supply and fix corrugated factory galvanized steel sheets
(0.5mm thick) for the sides. The work includes welding
and fasting to longitudinal beams as per Drawings,
Specifications, and Engineer's instruction.
M2 300 10.00 3,000.00
8.3 Supply and fix "C" channel 50*40* 2mm for carrying
roof sheets including transverse channel beams,
longitudinal channel beams, plates, angles, bolts, welding
and painting as Drawings, Specifications, and Engineer's
instruction.
M 1200 4.00 4,800.00
8.4 Supply and fix L 50x5 for the sides. The work includes
welding and fasting to longitudinal beams as per
Drawings, Specifications, and Engineer's instruction.
M 300 3.00 900.00
8.5 Supply and fix corrugated factory galvanized steel sheets
(0.5mm thick)to be in double layer with 50 mm mineral
wool in between of density 32 kg/m3. for the roof. The
work includes welding and fasting to longitudinal beams
as per Drawings, Specifications, and Engineer's
instruction.
M2 1000 20.00 20,000.00
8.6 Supply and fix channel purlins I-Beam180 for carrying
roof sheets including transverse channel beams,
longitudinal channel beams, plates, angles, bolts, welding
and painting as Drawings, Specifications, and Engineer's
instruction.
M 600 6.00 3,600.00
8.7 Supply and fix channel purlins U-Beam140 for carrying
side sheets including bolts, welding and painting as per
drawings, specifications, and engineer approval.
M 450 6.00 2,700.00
8.8 Supply and fix I-Beam 240. The work includes welding
and fasting to foundations and trusses as per drawings,
specifications, and engineer approval.
M 100 70.00 7,000.00
8.9 Supply and fix rainwater galvanized steel gutter (U shape)
as shown in the drawings, The work includes welding,
painting and supporting seats as per drawings,
specifications, and engineer approval.
M 82 12.00 984.00
8.10 Supply and fix rainwater galvanized steel pipe as shown
in the drawings, The work includes welding and painting
as per drawings, specifications, and engineer approval.
M 10 12.00 120.00
56,604.00
9 FIRE FIGHTING
TOTAL OF BILL B8 (STEEL STRUCTURE WORKS) - US$

Item Item Description Unit Quantity
U/price
US$
Total
US$
9.1 Fire Alarm Controls
9.1.1 Supply and install Fire Alarm Controls panel in ground
floor FACP 4- Zone Esser Type or equivalent as shown
in the drawings including all required fire proof cables,
connection boxes and connections with all detectors
shown in drawings
No. 1 1,000.00 1,000.00
9.1.2 Supply and install Ionization Gaz Smoke detector with all
required connections and cables as shown in drawings
No. 10 40.00 400.00
9.1.3 Ditto but Heat Detector
No. 10 40.00 400.00
9.1.4 Supply and install break Glass with all required conduits
and wirings
No. 8 10.00 80.00
9.1.5 Supply and install EXIT sign as according to drawings,
specifications, and the engineers instructions.
No. 3 30.00 90.00
9.1.6 supply and install fire alarm horn 95 DB for Esser FACP
mentioned above
No. 3 40.00 120.00
9.2 Supply and install portable ABC dry powder fire
extinguisher (6kg) as according to drawings,
specifications, and the engineers instructions.
No. 8 60.00 480.00
9.3 Ditto, but automatic
No. 6 80.00 480.00
2,570.00
10 FRP Grating Cover
10.1 Supply and install modular compressed FRP Grating to
cover Ground drainage channel, each panel shall be
factory fabricated of 200 cm length and 4 cm depth and
50 cm width all as detailed and shown on drawings. The
price must iclude for complete lining of drain cover by
3mm thick of FRB
M 120 70.00 8,400.00
8,400.00
ELECTRICAL WORKS
TOTAL OF BILL B9 (FIRE FIGHTING) - US$
TOTAL OF BILL B10 (FRP Grating Cover) - US$

Item Item Description Unit Quantity
U/price
US$
Total
US$
The electrical contractor shall be familiar with all
electrical requirements and shall be well qualified to carry
out such a work . The design drawings are brought for
guidance and the Contractor shall submit shop drawings
for all electrical works to be approved by the Engineer
before executing the work. All required cables and wires
for both power and communication circuits are included
in cable section detailed here under. The bidder shall
verify the quantities of all lump sum materials including
the cables, wires, breakers ...etc. All needed civil works
are also included where required. As-built drawings
shall be submitted after handing over the work. All the
electrical works shall be executed according to Standards,
drawings, specifications and supervisor engineer
instructions. The work consists of but not limited to the
followings:
11
11.1 Supply, install external lighting fixture with 250 W bulb,
HPS, chock, ignitor, condenser, 1.5" hot galvanized arm
2m,10A mcb, long 3X2.5sq. mm NYY cable and terminal
blocks cables, (Type is GA'ASH No. 576003 or
equivalent).
No. 8 180.00 1,440.00
11.2 Supplying and erecting B200 concrete for pole base,
including digging and lattice 4x1.25" bolts to fix the pole;
the dimension of the concrete base is 80X80X100cm.
No. 4 150.00 600.00
11.3 Supplying and erecting 8m long octal lighting pole, with
1cm thick base, the pole is made of 4-5mm thick hot
galvanized sheet steel, including 20x12cm insulating
fiberglass. All required screws, nuts and washers are
included
No. 4 500.00 2,000.00
11.4 Supply, install, connect and test fluorescent lighting
fixture 2x36w complete with lighting tubes 36W, chock,
condensers, starters, rigid PVC conduits, J.boxes, fixing
screws (Galv.) and wiring. With length 120cm (Type is
GA'ASH No. 50540 or equivalent)
No. 40 30.00 1,200.00
11.5 Supply, install wall mounted lighting projector with
250w bulb, HPS, chock, ignitor, condenser (Type is
GA'ASH No. 571604 or equivalent).
No. 4 180.00 720.00
12
Lightings Fittings
Switches and Sockets

Item Item Description Unit Quantity
U/price
US$
Total
US$
12.1 Supply, install connect and test one way switch, 220v,
16A, complete with PVC conduits, J.boxes, wiring, cover
and all necessary accessories. (Type is GEWISS or
equivalent).
No. 8 8.00 64.00
12.2 Ditto, but two way, one pole switch. Type is GEWISS or
equivalent). No. 4 14.00 56.00
12.3 Ditto, but two way, Double pole switch (Fixel). Type is
GEWISS or equivalent).
No. 20 14.00 280.00
12.4 supply, install connect and, testing single socket outlet
16A, 220v, 2p+E for flush or surface mounting, complete
with PVC conduits, J.boxes, wiring, and all necessary
accessories. (Type is GEWISS or equivalent)
No. 12 10.00 120.00
12.5 supply, install connect and, testing three phase socket
outlet 5x16A, 400v, inside wall mounting PVC box with
all required conduits, J.boxes, wiring, and accessories.
(Type is GEWISS or equivalent)
No. 6 30.00 180.00
12.6 Supplying and erecting telephone socket outlet, flush
type, including all required telephone cables, main
distribution switches and panels .
No. 2 20.00 40.00
12.7 ditto but network sockets for internet services
No. 2 20.00 40.00
13 Grounding systems
13.1 Supply, install and commission complete grounding
system including all required galvanized 35x3 mm steel
sheet, cables, earthing pits according to drawings,
specification and engineers instructions. as standard
specifications
L.S. 1 800.00 800.00
14
14.1 Supply, install sub-distribution board SDB in the
Electrical room to connect all power sockets and bot
internal and external lightings through photo cell and 24-
hour timers the Panelshall be of lockable board frames of
60X80X25 cm as per specifications including 2m Galv.
steel sheets with anti-static paint, bus bars for incoming
cables, neutral and earthing terminal with all necessary
accessories and material to hand over clean and tested in
operating conditions. (Type is MOELLER or equivalent).
Set 1 1,500.00 1,500.00
15
Service Distribution Board
Cables and conduits

Item Item Description Unit Quantity
U/price
US$
Total
US$
15.1 Supply, laying under ground PVC piping system for the
under ground electrical network as per drawings. The
work includes manholes, excavation, laying pipes,
warning tapes , backfilling ,new junction manholes and
all required cable joints and cable extensions for the
existing building cables .
L.S 1 500.00 500.00
15.2 Supply and install XLPE 2X(3X185+95mm2) Cu inside
rigid PVC tube between the existing MDB and the new
panel. All required ciil works are included to hand over
clean an safe connections and in operation condition
m 30 200.00 6,000.00
15.3 ditto but 1X120mm2 for grounding between the existing
and the new panel
m 20 30.00 600.00
15.4 Ditto, but 5X6mm2 for HPS Exterinal lighting
m 100 12.00 1,200.00
15.5 Ditto, but 3X2.5 mm2 for 1-phase power sockets
m 200 5.00 1,000.00
15.6 Ditto, but 5X4 mm2 fro 3-phase sockets
LS 200 7.00 1,400.00
15.7 supply and install the cable trays, conduits and all
associated acessories necessary for wiring as per Engineer
instructions
LS 1 500.00 500.00
20,240.00
193,889.00 SUB-TOTAL - US$
TOTAL OF BILL (ELECTRICAL WORKS) - US$

Item Item Description Unit Quantity U/price
US$
Total
US$
6 General
All works and installations listed here below should
be carried out, tested and commissioned by
specialized responsible contractor, all in accordance
with drawings, specifications and relevant clauses of
ASTM, ISO and British standards. All construction
materials and equipment e.g. buildings fabric and
structures, concrete pipes, valves, screens..etc
must comply with sea water applications in
accordance with relevant clause of ASTM
standards.
The contractor should provide and include in the bid
prices for all discrepancies including all builders
works with materials ,civil structures with materials
,mechanical and electrical materials, fittings and
accessories that may be required to complete the
installations properly complying with all ASTM
specifications of marine environment.
6.1 Dismantle and disconnect containerized sound
attenuated generator of 250KVA rating and transfer
it to CMWU stores .
No. 1 1,000.00 1,000.00
6.2 Supply ,install ,fix and test 900KVA generator with
sound attenuator Europian Type with all associated
fittings.The works and materials must include for
extension of existing concrete plinth and fuel
connections and pipe work installations. Also, the
prices must include for complete service and
maintenance of generator by service dealer before
starting the generator (change oil ,change filters
,belts ,change batteries ..etc)
Item 1 150,000.00 150,000.00
6.3 Supply ,install connect and test 4(4X150 mm2)
XLPE copper power cables to connect between
900KVA generator and main plant change over
panel board .The works and prices must include all
associated fittings and accessories including
connection lugs & terminals , UPVC ducting ,1m
diameter manholes ,warning tape ,excavation
,backfilling ,all in accordance with GEDco
specifications and relevant clauses of electrical
specifications.
M 40 250.00 10,000.00
6. Generators and ancillary systems

Item Item Description Unit Quantity U/price
US$
Total
US$
6.4 Ditto, but 2 (4x150 mm2 ) XLPE copper cable to
connect between main change over and metering
panel to feel back the existing RO plant panel board
M 24 180.00 4,320.00
6.5 Supply and install complete lightening arrestor for
the whole plant including all associated copper
/aluminum ties ,poles ,cables connections to be
provided similar to the existing truss building and in
accordance with relevant clauses of electrical
specifications.
Item 1 7,000.00 7,000.00
6.6 Supply and install complete modular factory
assembled emergency water shower comprising of
chain driven falling water sprinkler ,stand stainless
steel pipe, ground basin ,valves ,pipeworkinstallation
to be connected to reservoirs and pump .
No. 2 1,500.00 3,000.00
6.7 Supply and install wall mounted 6Kg Lahavout or
equivalent dry powder fire extinguisher with all
associated fittings and accessories.
No. 4 120.00 480.00
6.8 Ditto, but 3kg CO2 fire extinguisher . No. 4 150.00 600.00
6.9 Ditto, but automatic ceiling mounted 3Kg Co2 fire
extinguisher
No. 3 200.00 600.00
6.10 Supply and install Lahavout or equivalent modular
fire fighting hose reel cabinet with built in 25meters
of 25mm diameter rubber hose PN12 ,with jet head
and isolating valve .The cabinet must be of size
80x80x25cm.The prices must include for all pipe
work installation to be connected to the designated
water reservoir via vertical Grundfos or equivalent
approved CRN model water pump of 40m3/hr at
head of 4 bar.
No. 2 1,100.00 2,200.00
6.11 Supply and install York ,Carrier ,Westinghouse or
equivalent approved split type, wall mounted cooling
and heating air conditioning unit of cooling capacity
24000Btu/hr ,complete with all electrical and
mechanical installations and material required to
accommodate the units inside electrical control
room of the plant .
Set 2 1,200.00 2,400.00
SUB-Total (5) Price US$ 179,200.00
101




ANNEX (3)
Uniformat Bill of Quantities

Item No Item Description Unit Qty Unit Rate $ Total $
6.2 Supply ,install ,fix and test 900KVA generator with sound attenuator
from CMWU stores
Item 1 150,000.0 150,000.0
2.4.2 Supply ,install and test Reverse Osmosis high pressure pump KSB or
equivalent type with Energy recovery system 100 M3/h at 980 PSI .
Set 2 100,000.0 200,000.0
2.1.6 Supply,install and test media filters, 40 M3/h per filter. Automatic
backwash operation with (5) 4 in. motor actuated butterfly valve nest for
each filter,
No. 6 30,000.0 180,000.0
2.4.4 Supply ,install and test 8 x 40 long thin film composite, spiral wound
seawater RO membranes.
No. 180 850.0 153,000.0
2.1.2 Supply, install and test vertical shaped Bell or equivalent FRP water tank
of 40 m3 capacity
No. 8 15,000.0 120,000.0
2.4.3 Supply ,install and test 8 dia. X 6 elements pressure vessel, FRP
construction, and 1200 psig design pressure.
No. 30 3,500.0 105,000.0
1.14 Supply, install and test 315 mm diameter ,UPVC pipes PN12.5 , M 1300 80.0 104,000.0
2.5.3 Supply,install and test 8 x 40 long thin film composite, spiral wound
brackish water RO membranes.
No. 84 800.0 67,200.0
2.1.5 Supply ,install and test Filter feed pumps 100 M3/H at 65 psi. No. 4 14,000.0 56,000.0
2.2 Supply and cast reinforced concrete B 300 of 30 cm for foundations and the like
including reinforcement, shuttering and making good, all according to
Drawings, Specifications and instructions of the Engineer.
M3 210 230.0 48,300.0
2.4.10 Supply ,install and test Main distribution electric panel board with several
sections to serve all motors starters
Item 2 20,000.0 40,000.0
2.7.2 supply ,install and test Factory assembled multisectional Power feed
panel board
Item 2 20,000.0 40,000.0
2.5.2 Supply,install and test 8 dia. X 6 elements pressure vessel, FRP
construction, and 300 psig design pressure.
No. 14 2,800.0 39,200.0
1.10 Water Pumping Unit

No. 1 32,000.0 32,000.0
2.1.8 Supply,install and test media filtration Backwash pumps 120 M3/hr at 65
psi. Close coupled, end suction centrifugal KSB pumps or equivalent
No. 2 15,000.0 30,000.0
2.4.5 Supply install and test Instrumentations for operating measurments
(1st stage)
Set 2 15,000.0 30,000.0
2.4.11 Supply ,install and test Instrument panel with built in process illustration ,
mimic panel and man machine interface
Item 2 15,000.0 30,000.0
2.4.13 Supply ,install and test RO permeate FRP Break Tank, item 2 15,000.0 30,000.0
2.7.7 VFD motor starter for the SWRO high pressure Pump and other for
associated energy recovery booster pump.
no. 2 15,000.0 30,000.0
2.4.8 Supply ,install and test Sch 40, Duplex stainless steel SS piping Item 2 12,000.0 24,000.0
2.6.1 Supply ,install and test RO membrane cleaning pump, 140 m3/h at 65
psi,
Item 2 12,000.0 24,000.0
2.7.3 Programmable Logic Controller item 2 12,000.0 24,000.0
1.13 Supply ,install and test super duplex stainless steel sch40s ,8 diameter
pipes
ML 25 800.0 20,000.0
8.5 Supply and fix corrugated factory galvanized steel sheets (0.5mm thick)
M2 1000 20.0 20,000.0
2.4.6 Valves Requirements Set 2 9,000.0 18,000.0
2.5.1 Supply ,install and test Reverse Osmosis high pressurepump, 60 M3/H
at 200 PSI. KSB or equivalent approved
Item 1 18,000.0 18,000.0
2.4.12 Supply ,install and test permeate sample line panel Item 2 8,000.0 16,000.0
2.7.1 Supply ,install and test electrical power switchboard with built in
4x1600AMPS Moller type or equivalent approved
no. 1 15,000.0 15,000.0
2.9.1 Supervision of Installation and Commissioning: item 1 15,000.0 15,000.0
2.7.11 VFD motor starter for the BWRO high pressure pump no. 2 7,000.0 14,000.0
8.1 Supply and fix plane truss for roof with I-Beam140 section for top and bottom
chords NO 9 1,500.0 13,500.0
1.11 Electrical switchboard No. 1 12,000.0 12,000.0
2.4.7 Supply ,install and test Sch 80 PVC piping low pressure application for
permeate header,
Item 2 6,000.0 12,000.0
2.4.9 Supply ,install and test pre-Fabricated steel skid Item 2 6,000.0 12,000.0
2.7.5 Panel mounted instruments and hardware. item 2 6,000.0 12,000.0
2.1 Supply and cast Plain concrete B 200 of 10 cm thickness, with all required work
for blinding under foundations and anywhere else, needed, all as described in,
the Specifications and as shown on the Drawings and directed by the Engineer
M3 70 150.0 10,500.0
1.12 Pumping Manifold No. 1 10,000.0 10,000.0
2.4.1 Supply ,install and test Five micron PN16,carbon steel ,properly coated
for sea water compliance coating materials , construction cartridge filter
housing required to trap the suspended solids larger than five micron.
Set 2 5,000.0 10,000.0
2.5.4 Supply ,install and test multistage vertical pump of KSB type or
equivalent
No. 2 5,000.0 10,000.0
6.3 Supply ,install connect and test 4(4X150 mm2) XLPE copper power
cables
M 40 250.0 10,000.0
10.1 Supply and install modular compressed FRP Grating
M 120 70.0 8,400.0
2.5.5 Instrumentation: for the operating measurments (2nd satge) Item 1 8,000.0 8,000.0
2.6.8 Supply ,install and test modular factory and manufacturer Electrical and
Control Panel boards
Item 2 4,000.0 8,000.0
2.7.4 Man Machine Interface panel View item 2 4,000.0 8,000.0
7.1 supply and lay precast concrete interlock tiles 8cm thick,
m
2
150 50.0 7,500.0
2.7.13 450x450x50mm perforated galvanized cable Item 2 3,500.0 7,000.0
2.9.2 CMWU staff training item 1 7,000.0 7,000.0
8.8 Supply and fix I-Beam 240.
M 100 70.0 7,000.0
6.5 Supply and install complete lightening arrestor for the whole plant Item 1 7,000.0 7,000.0
2.7.8 Filter feed/Backwash pumps digital soft starters no. 6 1,100.0 6,600.0
2.5.10 Supply ,install and tes electric factory assembeled control and power
panel board including Instrument panel with mimic panel and
visualization screen.
Item 1 6,000.0 6,000.0
2.6.2 Supply ,install and test 5000 liters .PP cleaning tank with all fittings
,valves,pipes and connections
Item 2 3,000.0 6,000.0
2.6.3 Supply ,install and test Five micron cartridge filter housing Item 2 3,000.0 6,000.0
2.6.4 Supply ,install and test isolation valves and fittings Set 2 3,000.0 6,000.0
1.2 Supply and lay limestone
M3 400 15.0 6,000.0
15.2 Supply and install XLPE 2X(3X185+95mm2)
m 30 200.0 6,000.0
6.2 Transfer ,install ,fix and test 900KVA generator with sound attenuator
from CMWU stores
Item 1 6,000.0 6,000.0
6.1 Supply and install ventilation louver Painted Galvanized steel window
No 42 120.0 5,040.0
2.2.1 Supply,install and test Feed pH adjustment Acid feed system Prominent
or equivalent
item 2 2,500.0 5,000.0
8.3 Supply and fix "C" channel 50*40* 2mm for carrying roof sheets
M 1200 4.0 4,800.0
1.4 Supply and install Kurkar material a compacted layer of 100cm thick under
ground slab of desalination plant area,
M3 670 7.0 4,690.0
1.4 Supply, weld and install Johnson type or equivalent ,12 diameter ,sch80
PVC slotted screen
LM 15 300.0 4,500.0
1.15 Supply ,install and test complete 280 mm diameter ,sch80,PVC pipe-
manifold with PN16,10 diameter butterfly valve
No. 1 4,500.0 4,500.0
2.5.6 Supply ,install and test lot of all required valves,check valves ,fittings
and accessories required to fix the RO plant sections .
Item 1 4,500.0 4,500.0
2.6.5 Supply ,install and test pressure gauge and flow meters Set 2 2,200.0 4,400.0
2.6.9 Supply ,install and test modular factory assembled Electrical and
Controls Section
Item 2 2,200.0 4,400.0
2.7.10 Blended permeate water pumps no. 4 1,100.0 4,400.0
2.7.12 630 amps Main disconnect switch no. 2 2,200.0 4,400.0
2.8.1 Supply,install and test Post pH adjustment feed system Prominent or
equivalent
Set 2 2,200.0 4,400.0
6.4 Ditto, but 2 (4x150 mm2 ) XLPE copper cable M 24 180.0 4,320.0
2.8.2 Supply ,install and test Post Chlorination feed system Prominent or
equivalent
Set 2 2,100.0 4,200.0
2.3 Ditto but reinforced concrete B 300 for columns and beam
M3 14 300.0 4,200.0
6.3 Supply and install aluminum window, overall size 3.0x0.60m, (Kalil Type 1880
or equivalent)
No 19 220.0 4,180.0
1.3 Supply and install solvent welded, 12 diameter sch80, PVC pipes with
all fittings and accessories
LM 45 90.0 4,050.0
2.1.4 Supply,install and test Coagulation feed system Prominent or equivalent
approved set,
Item 2 2,000.0 4,000.0
2.1.7 Supply,install and test ,air compressor with all associated fittings and
accessories required to drive penumatic valves of medi afilters
No. 2 2,000.0 4,000.0
2.2.2 Supply ,install and test Antiscalant scale control feed system Prominent
or equivalent
item 2 2,000.0 4,000.0
2.5.8 Supply ,install and test lot of all Sch 10, 316L SS piping for high
pressure application on membrane feed and membrane reject. The SS
piping shall be pickled, passivated and electro polished.
Item 1 4,000.0 4,000.0
2.5.11 Supply ,install and test permeate sample line panel with all sensors and
on line display for PH ,EC and Turbidity
Item 1 4,000.0 4,000.0
2.7.6 Power ON switch shall be provided and signal lamps item 2 2,000.0 4,000.0
3.1 Concrete hollow blocks for walls(20x40x20)cm for Boundary wall of New
treatment hall with all required works
M2 220 18.0 3,960.0
2.1.3 Supply,install and test Pre-Chlorination feed system Prominent or
equivalent approved set
Item 2 1,800.0 3,600.0
2.2.3 Supply ,install and test De-chlorination feed system Prominent or
equivalent approved,
item 2 1,800.0 3,600.0
8.6 Supply and fix channel purlins I-Beam180 for carrying roof sheets
M 600 6.0 3,600.0
1.16 Supply, install and test PN16 ,315mm diameter float controlled solenoid
valve fabricated to comply with sea water flows
No. 1 3,000.0 3,000.0
1.17 Supply ,install and test 4x35mm XLPE cable ML 100 30.0 3,000.0
2.6.6 Supply ,install and test Sch 80 PVC piping Item 2 1,500.0 3,000.0
8.2 Supply and fix corrugated factory galvanized steel sheets (0.5mm thick) for the
sides. M2 300 10.0 3,000.0
6.6 Supply and install complete modular factory assembled emergency
water shower
No. 2 1,500.0 3,000.0
1.1 Excavate from natural ground level to reduce required levels
M3 1900 1.5 2,850.0
4.3 Supply materials and make external plaster
m
2
300 9.0 2,700.0
7.3 Supply and install 80cm internal diameter pre-cast circular reinforced concrete
sewage manholes No 6 450.0 2,700.0
8.7 Supply and fix channel purlins U-Beam140
M 450 6.0 2,700.0
1.7 Supply and lower graded quartz (1.5-2.5) mm .material Ton 5 500.0 2,500.0
1.19 Construct complete well head reinforced concrete boxing around well
head
Item 1 2,500.0 2,500.0
2.5.9 Supply ,install and test pre-Fabricated steel skid with marine based
coating and epoxy coating required to support all components that are
integrated on the RO system unit.
Item 1 2,500.0 2,500.0
2.6.7 Supply ,install and test pre-Fabricated powder coated steel skid
designed to hold all equipment assemblies.
No. 2 1,200.0 2,400.0
6.11 Supply and install York ,Carrier ,Westinghouse or equivalent approved
split type, .
Set 2 1,200.0 2,400.0
2.7.9 Flushing /Cleaning tank no. 2 1,100.0 2,200.0
6.10 Supply and install Lahavout or equivalent modular fire fighting hose reel
cabinet
No. 2 1,100.0 2,200.0
2.5.7 Supply ,install and test lot of all required Sch 80 PVC piping low
pressure application.
Item 1 2,000.0 2,000.0
11.3 Supplying and erecting 8m long octal lighting pole,
No. 4 500.0 2,000.0
7.2 Supply, Install and lay 200mm diameter (minimum thickness 5.9mm) gravity
UPVC sewer pipes L.M. 80 20.0 1,600.0
14.1 Supply, install sub-distribution board SDB in the Electrical room
Set 1 1,500.0 1,500.0
11.1 Supply, install external lighting fixture with 250 W bulb,
No. 8 180.0 1,440.0
6.5 Supply and install the main gate, overall size 5.0x4.5m,
No 1 1,400.0 1,400.0
15.6 Ditto, but 5X4 mm2 fro 3-phase sockets
LS 200 7.0 1,400.0
6.6 Supply and install the main gate, overall size3.5x3.5m, two sliding leaves gate.
No 1 1,200.0 1,200.0
11.4 Supply, install, connect and test fluorescent lighting fixture 2x36w
No. 40 30.0 1,200.0
15.4 Ditto, but 5X6mm2 for HPS Exterinal lighting
m 100 12.0 1,200.0
1.9 Carry out step pumping test and arrange for all required measurement Hr 20 50.0 1,000.0
9.1.1 Supply and install Fire Alarm Controls panel
No. 1 1,000.0 1,000.0
15.5 Ditto, but 3X2.5 mm2 for 1-phase power sockets
m 200 5.0 1,000.0
6.1 Dismantle and disconnect containerized sound attenuated generator of
250KVA rating and transfer it to CMWU stores .
No. 1 1,000.0 1,000.0
8.9 Supply and fix rainwater galvanized steel gutter (U shape) as shown in the
drawings, The work includes welding, painting and supporting seats as per
drawings, specifications, and engineer approval. M 82 12.0 984.0
4.1 Supply materials and make internal plaster two faces for all internal walls
m
2
280 3.5 980.0
8.4 Supply and fix L 50x5 for the sides.
M 300 3.0 900.0
1.8 Transport to the site the contractors owned pumping equipment and
install it down the borehole to clean the borehole for minimum 24 hours
LS 1 800.0 800.0
13.1 Supply, install and commission complete grounding system
L.S. 1 800.0 800.0
5.2 Supply materials and make emulsion paint (Supercryl)
m
2
240 3.0 720.0
11.5 Supply, install wall mounted lighting projector
No. 4 180.0 720.0
11.2 Supplying and erecting B200 concrete for pole base
No. 4 150.0 600.0
15.3 ditto but 1X120mm2
m 20 30.0 600.0
6.8 Ditto, but 3kg CO2 fire extinguisher . No. 4 150.0 600.0
6.9 Ditto, but automatic ceiling mounted No. 3 200.0 600.0
6.4 Supply and install single Louvred Steel doors, overall size 2.20x1.0m, complete
with frame,
No 2 250.0 500.0
15.1 Supply, laying under ground PVC piping system for the under ground electrical
network
L.S 1 500.0 500.0
15.7 supply and install the cable trays,
LS 1 500.0 500.0
5.1 Supply materials and make emulsion paint (Polycide)
m
2
240 2.0 480.0
9.2 Supply and install portable ABC dry powder
No. 8 60.0 480.0
9.3 Ditto, but automatic
No. 6 80.0 480.0
6.7 Supply and install wall mounted 6Kg Lahavout No. 4 120.0 480.0
4.2 Supply materials and make external plaster
m
2
50 9.0 450.0
6.2 Supply and install aluminum window, overall size 1.0x1.20m, (Kalil Type 1880
or equivalent)
No 5 85.0 425.0
9.1.2 Supply and install Ionization Gaz Smoke detector
No. 10 40.0 400.0
9.1.3 Ditto but Heat Detector
No. 10 40.0 400.0
1.18 Supply ,install and test 8x1.5mm control cable ML 100 3.0 300.0
12.3 Ditto, but two way, Double pole switch (Fixel).
No. 20 14.0 280.0
12.5 supply, install connect and, testing three phase socket outlet 5x16A, 400v,
No. 6 30.0 180.0
1.5 Supply ,weld and install ,blank 12 diameter ,sch80,PVC pipes LM 2 80.0 160.0
8.10 Supply and fix rainwater galvanized steel pipe as shown in the drawings, The
work includes welding and painting as per drawings, specifications, and
engineer approval. M 10 12.0 120.0
9.1.6 supply and install fire alarm horn 95 DB
No. 3 40.0 120.0
12.4 supply, install connect and, testing single socket outlet 16A, 220v, 2p+E
No. 12 10.0 120.0
9.1.5 Supply and install EXIT sign
No. 3 30.0 90.0
9.1.4 Supply and install break Glass with all required conduits and wirings
No. 8 10.0 80.0
12.1 Supply, install connect and test one way switch,
No. 8 8.0 64.0
12.2 Ditto, but two way, one pole switch.
No. 4 14.0 56.0
1.6 Supply, install and weld of 12 diameter, PVC, sch 80 No. 1 50.0 50.0
12.6 Supplying and erecting telephone socket outlet, flush type,
No. 2 20.0 40.0
12.7 ditto but network sockets for internet services
No. 2 20.0 40.0
102








ANNEX (4)
Drawings


D
I
S
I N
F
.

D
E
V
I
C
E
2
x
5
0
0

m
3
T
A
N
K
P
A
R
K
I
N
G
F
I
L
L
I
N
G

S
T
A
T
I
O
N
O
P
E
R
A
T
I
O
N

B
.
45
11
0
13
90
13
30
13
30
13
30
13
30
13
30
11
9
13
90
13
30
13
30
13
30
13
30
13
30
1
6
4
0
0
50
R
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3

1
4
R
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1
4
2200 2300
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I 180
I 180
I 180
I 180
I 180
I 180
I 180
I 180
I 180
I 180
I 180
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32
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32
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