METHODS FOR ADVANCED MATHEMATICS, C3 (4753) A2

Objectives
To build on and develop the techniques students have learnt at AS Level, with particular emphasis on
the calculus.
Assessment
Examination (72 marks)
hour !" minutes
The e#amination paper has two sections.
Section A$ %&7 questions, each worth at most ' marks.
Section Total$ !( marks
Section )$ two questions, each worth about ' marks.
Section Total$ !( marks
Coursework (' marks)
*andidates are required to undertake a piece o+ coursework on the numerical solution o+ equations.
Assumed Knowledge
*andidates are e#pected to know the content +or ,nits C1 and C2.
Subject Criteria
The ,nits C1 and C2 are required +or Advanced Subsidiar- .*/ 0athematics in order to ensure
covera1e o+ the sub2ect criteria.
The ,nits C1, C2, C3 and C4 are required +or Advanced .*/ 0athematics in order to ensure
covera1e o+ the sub2ect criteria.
Calculators
3n the 0/3 Structured 0athematics speci+ication, no calculator is allowed in the e#amination +or C1.
4or all other units, includin1 this one, a 1raphical calculator is allowed.
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METHODS FOR ADVANCED MATHEMATICS, C3
Specificatio Ref! Co"petece State"et#
$ROOF
0ethods o+ proo+. *!p ,nderstand, and be able to use, proo+ b- direct ar1ument, e#haustion and
contradiction.
2 )e able to disprove a con2ecture b- the use o+ a counter e#ample.
E%$ONENTIA&S AND NAT'RA& &O(ARITHMS
The e#ponential
and natural
lo1arithm.
*!a ,nderstand and be able to use the simple properties o+ e#ponential and
lo1arithmic +unctions includin1 the +unctions
e
x
and ln x .
4unctions. 2
5now the relationship between ln x and
e
x
.
!
5now the 1raphs o+
ln y x =
and e
x
y = .
6 )e able to solve problems involvin1 e#ponential 1rowth and deca-.
F'NCTIONS
The lan1ua1e o+
+unctions.
*!+ ,nderstand the de+inition o+ a +unction, and the associated lan1ua1e.
2 5now the e++ect o+ combined trans+ormations on a 1raph and be able to +orm the
equation o+ the new 1raph.
!
)e able, 1iven the 1raph o+
+ ( ) y x =
, to sketch related 1raphs.
6 )e able to appl- trans+ormations to the basic tri1onometrical +unctions.
%
5now how to +ind a composite +unction,
1+ ( ) x
.
( 5now the conditions necessar- +or the inverse o+ a +unction to e#ist and how to
+ind it (al1ebraicall- and 1raphicall-).
7 ,nderstand the +unctions arcsin, arcos and arctan, their 1raphs and appropriate
restricted domains.
' ,nderstand what is meant b- the terms odd, even and periodic +unctions and the
s-mmetries associated with them.
The modulus
+unction.
7 ,nderstand the modulus +unction.
" )e able to solve simple inequalities containin1 a modulus si1n.
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METHODS FOR ADVANCED MATHEMATICS, C3
Specificatio Ref! Co"petece State"et#
CA&C'&'S
The product,
quotient and chain
rules.
*!c )e able to di++erentiate the product o+ two +unctions.
2 )e able to di++erentiate the quotient o+ two +unctions.
! )e able to di++erentiate composite +unctions usin1 the chain rule.
6 )e able to +ind rates o+ chan1e usin1 the chain rule.
3nverse +unctions. % )e able to di++erentiate an inverse +unction.
3mplicit
di++erentiation.
( )e able to di++erentiate a +unction de+ined implicitl-.
8i++erentiation o+
+urther +unctions.
7
)e able to di++erentiate
e
ax
and ln x .
' )e able to di++erentiate the tri1onometrical +unctions$ sin x 9
cos x
9 tan x .
3nte1ration b-
substitution.
7 )e able to use inte1ration b- substitution in cases where the process is the reverse
o+ the chain rule.
" )e able to use inte1ration b- substitution in other cases.
3nte1ration o+
+urther +unctions.

)e able to inte1rate

x
.
2
)e able to inte1rate
e
ax
.
! )e able to inte1rate sin x and
cos x
.
3nte1ration b-
parts.
6 )e able to use the method o+ inte1ration b- parts in cases where the process is the
reverse o+ the product rule.
% )e able to appl- inte1ration b- parts to ln x .
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METHODS FOR ADVANCED MATHEMATICS, C3
Specificatio Ref! Co"petece State"et#
N'MERICA& METHODS
This topic will not be assessed in the examination for C3, since it is the subject of the coursework.
*han1e o+ si1n. *!e
)e able to locate the roots o+
+ ( ) " x =
b- considerin1 chan1es o+ si1n o+
+ ( ) x
in
an interval o+ x in which
+ ( ) x
is continuous.
2 )e aware o+ circumstances under which chan1e o+ si1n methods ma- +ail to 1ive
an e#pected root or ma- 1ive a +alse root.
4i#ed point
iteration.
! )e able to carr- out a +i#ed point iteration a+ter rearran1in1 an equation into the
+orm
1( ) x x =
.
6 ,nderstand that not all iterations conver1e to a particular root o+ an equation.
The :ewton&
;aphson method.
% )e able to use the :ewton&;aphson method to solve an equation.
/rror )ounds. ( Appreciate the need to establish error bounds when appl-in1 a numerical method.
.eometrical
interpretation.
7 )e able to 1ive a 1eometrical interpretation both o+ the processes involved and o+
their al1ebraic representation.
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Methods for Advanced Mathematics (C3) Coursework Solution
of !"uations b# $umerical Methods
%ationale
The assessment o+ this unit includes a coursework task (*omponent 2) involvin1 the solution o+
equations b- three di++erent numerical methods.
The aims o+ this coursework are that students should appreciate the principles o+ numerical methods
and at the same time be provided with use+ul equation solvin1 techniques.
The ob2ectives are$
that students should be able to solve equations e++icientl-, to an- required level o+ accurac-,
usin1 numerical methods9
that in doin1 so the- will appreciate how to use appropriate technolo1-, such as calculators and
computers, as a mathematical tool and have an awareness o+ its limitations9
that the- show 1eometrical awareness o+ the processes involved.
This task represents 2"< o+ the assessment and the work involved should be consistent with that
+i1ure, both in qualit- and level o+ sophistication.
:umerical methods should be seen as complementin1 anal-tical ones and not as providin1 alternative
(and less accurate) wa-s o+ doin1 the same 2ob. Thus, equations which have simple anal-tical
solutions should not be selected. Accurac- should be established +rom within the numerical workin1
and not b- re+erence to an e#act solution obtained anal-ticall-.
The intention o+ this piece o+ coursework is not merel- to solve equations9 students should be
encoura1ed to treat it as an investi1ation and to choose their own equations.
%e"uirements
Students must solve equations b- the +ollowin1 three methods$
S-stematic search +or a chan1e o+ si1n usin1 one o+ the methods$ bisection9 decimal search9
linear interpolation.
=ne root is to be +ound.4i#ed point iteration usin1 the :ewton&;aphson method. The equation
selected must have at least two roots and all roots are to be +ound.
4i#ed point iteration a+ter rearran1in1 the equation
+ ( ) " x =
into the +orm
1( ) x x =
.
=ne root is to be +ound.
A di++erent equation must be used +or each method.
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3n addition, a student>s write&up must meet the +ollowin1 requirements.
! =ne root o+ one o+ the equations must be +ound b- all three methods. The methods used should
then be compared in terms o+ their e++icienc- and ease o+ use.
" The write&up must include 1raphical illustrations o+ how the methods work on the student>s
equations.
# A student is e#pected to be able to 1ive error bounds +or the value o+ an- root. This must be
demonstrated in the case o+ the chan1e o+ si1n method (ma#imum possible error
!
".% "

), and
+or one o+ the roots +ound b- the :ewton&;aphson method (required accurac- +ive si1ni+icant
+i1ures).
$ 4or each method an e#ample should be 1iven o+ an equation where the method +ails$ that is, an
e#pected root is not obtained, a root is not +ound or a +alse root is obtained. There must be an
e#planation, illustrated 1raphicall-, o+ wh- this happens. 3n this situation it is acceptable to use
equations with known anal-tical solutions provided the- are not trivial.
$otation and &anguage
Students are e#pected to use correct notation and terminolo1-. This includes distin1uishin1 between
the words +unction and equation, and between root and solution.
4or a function denoted b- +(x), the correspondin1 euation is +(x) ? ". Thus the e#pression
! 2
! 6 x x x + is a +unction,
! 2
! 6 " x x x + = is an equation.
The equation
!
" x x =
has three roots, namel- x ? &, x ? " and x ? @. The solution o+ the
equation is x ? &, " or @. Solvin1 an equation involves +indin1 all its roots.
'rivial !"uations
Students should avoid trivial equations both when solvin1 them, and where demonstratin1 +ailure.
4or an equation to be non&trivial it must pass two tests.
%i& 3t should be an equation the- would e#pect to work on rather than 2ust write down the solution
(i+ it e#ists)9 +or instance

"
( ) x a
=

is de+initel- not acceptable9 nor is an- pol-nomial

e#pressed as a product o+ linear +actors.
%ii& *onstructin1 a table o+ values +or inte1er values o+ x should not, in e++ect, solve the equation.
Thus
! 2
( ( " x x x + =
(roots at x ? , 2 and !) is not acceptable.
Oral Communication
/ach student must talk about the task9 this ma- take the +orm o+ a class presentation, an interview
with the assessor or on1oin1 discussion with the assessor while the work is in pro1ress. Topics +or
discussion ma- include strate1ies used to +ind suitable equations and e#planations, with re+erence to
1raphical illustrations, o+ how the numerical methods work.
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(se of Software
The use o+ e#istin1 computer or calculator so+tware is encoura1ed, but students must$
edit an- print&outs and displa-s to include onl- what is relevant to the task in hand9
demonstrate understandin1 o+ what the so+tware has done, and how the- could have per+ormed
the calculations themselves9
appreciate that the use o+ such so+tware allows them more time to spend on investi1ational
work.
Selection of !"uations
*entres ma- provide students with a list o+ at least ten equations +rom which the- can, i+ the- wish,
select those the- are 1oin1 to solve or use to demonstrate +ailure o+ a method. Such a list o+
equations should be +orwarded to the 0oderator with the sample o+ coursework requested. A new set
o+ equations must be supplied with each e#amination season. *entres ma-, however, e#ercise the
ri1ht not to issue a list, on the 1rounds that candidates stand to bene+it +rom the mathematics the-
learn while +indin1 their own equations.
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Caution: This document is provided for your convenience and is not the full specification.
To find that go back to the previous page and click on the connection to OCR.
Caution: This document is provided for your convenience and is not the full specification.
To find that go back to the previous page and click on the connection to OCR.