Engineering Mathematics 3

SECOND ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Method of Undetermined Coefficients

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QA 2.2.T1
Step 1 Given a fode

2y' − y = 3⋅ sin( x) − 2 ⋅ cos( x)

Step 2 General Solution

y = yc + yp
Step 3 To find yc

yc = c 1 ⋅ y1
Its characteristic equation

2m − 1 = 0
1
m=
2
1
x
2
y1 = e
1
x
2
yc = c 1 ⋅ e ; c 1 is a constant

Step 4 To find yp

rhs is sine and cosine family

f( x) = 3⋅ sin( x) − 2 ⋅ cos( x)

Choose

yp = A⋅ cos( x) + B⋅ sin( x)

y'p = − A⋅ sin( x) + B⋅ cos( x)

to be solution of the given de.

De becomes

2 ( −A⋅ sin( x) + B⋅ cos( x) ) − ( A⋅ cos( x) + B⋅ sin( x) ) = 3 ⋅ sin( x) − 2⋅ cos( x)

To find A and B:

Coefficient of sin(x):

∆1 −2⋅ A − B = 3

Coefficient of cos(x)

∆2 2 ⋅ B − A = −2

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Solving

−4 −7
A= B=
5 5
Rewrite yp

−4 −7
yp = ⋅ cos( x) + ⋅ sin( x)
5 5

Step 5 Conclusion
General solution
1
⋅x
2 4 −7
y = c1⋅ e − ⋅ cos( x) + ⋅ sin( x) ; c 1 is a constant
5 5

QA 2.2.T2

Step 1 Given a fode

y' + 3y = cos( x)

Step 2 General Solution

y = yc + yp

Step 3 To find yc

yc = c 1 ⋅ y1

Its characteristic equation

m+3 = 0

m = −3

− 3x
y1 = e

− 3x
yc = c 1 ⋅ e ; c 1 is a constant

Step 4 To find yp
rhs is sine and cosine family

f( x) = cos( x)

Choose

yp = A⋅ cos( x) + B⋅ sin( x)

y'p = − A⋅ sin( x) + B⋅ cos( x)

to be solution of the given de.

De becomes

( − A⋅ sin( x) + B⋅ cos( x) ) + 3 ⋅ ( A⋅ cos( x) + B⋅ sin( x) ) = cos( x)

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To find A and B:

Coefficient of sin(x):

∆1 − A + 3B = 0

Coefficient of cos(x)

∆2 B + 3A = 1

Solving

3 1
A= B=
10 10
Rewrite yp

3 1
yp = ⋅ cos( x) + ⋅ sin( x)
10 10

Step 5 Conclusion

General solution

− 3x 3 1
y = c1⋅ e + ⋅ cos( x) + ⋅ sin( x) ; c 1 is a constant
10 10

QA 2.2.T3

Step 1 Given a sode

y'' + 5y' + 6y = sin( x) − 2 ⋅ cos( x)

Step 2 General Solution

y = yc + yp

Step 3 To find yc

yc = c 1 ⋅ y1 + c 2 ⋅ y2

Its characteristic equation

2
m + 5⋅ m + 6 = 0

m = −2 , −3

− 2x − 3x
y1 = e y2 = e

− 2x − 3x
yc = c 1 ⋅ e + c2⋅ e ; c 1 , c 2 are constants

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Step 4 To find yp

rhs is sine and cosine family

f( x) = sin( x) − 2 ⋅ cos( x)
Choose

yp = A⋅ cos( x) + B⋅ sin( x)

y'p = − A⋅ sin( x) + B⋅ cos( x)

y''p = −A⋅ cos( x) − B⋅ sin( x)

to be solution of the given de.

De becomes

− A⋅ cos( x) − B⋅ sin( x) + 5 ( − A⋅ sin( x) + B⋅ cos( x) ) + 6( A⋅ cos( x) + B⋅ sin( x) ) = sin( x) − 2 ⋅ cos( x)

To find A and B:

Coefficient of sin(x):

∆1 −B − 5⋅ A + 6⋅ B = 1

Coefficient of cos(x)

∆2 − A + 5 ⋅ B + 6A = − 2
Solving

−3 −1
A= B=
10 10

Rewrite yp

3 1
yp = − ⋅ cos( x) − ⋅ sin( x)
10 10

Step 5 Conclusion

General solution

− 2⋅ x − 3⋅ x 3 1
y = c1⋅ e + c2⋅ e − ⋅ cos( x) − ⋅ sin( x) ; c 1 , c 2 are constants
10 10

QA 2.2.T4

Step 1 Given a sode

y'' + 5y' + 3y = 3 sin( x) − 2 ⋅ cos( x)

Step 2 General Solution

y = yc + yp

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Step 3 To find yc

yc = c 1 ⋅ y1 + c 2 ⋅ y2

Its characteristic equation

2
m + 5⋅ m + 3 = 0

m = −0.6972 , − 4.3028 ;type I roots

− 0.6972x − 4.3028x
y1 = e y2 = e

− 0.6972x − 4.3028x
yc = c 1 ⋅ e + c2⋅ e ; c 1 , c 2 are constants

Step 4 To find yp

rhs is sine and cosine family

f( x) = 3⋅ sin( x) − 2 ⋅ cos( x)

Choose

yp = A⋅ cos( x) + B⋅ sin( x)

y'p = − A⋅ sin( x) + B⋅ cos( x)

y''p = −A⋅ cos( x) − B⋅ sin( x)

to be solution of the given de.

De becomes

− A⋅ cos( x) − B⋅ sin( x) + 5 ( − A⋅ sin( x) + B⋅ cos( x) ) + 3( A⋅ cos( x) + B⋅ sin( x) ) = 3 sin( x) − 2 ⋅ cos( x)

To find A and B:

Coefficient of sin(x):

∆1 −B − 5⋅ A + 3⋅ B = 3

Coefficient of cos(x)

∆2 − A + 5 ⋅ B + 3A = − 2
Solving

− 19 −4
A= B=
29 29
Rewrite yp

19 4
yp = − ⋅ cos( x) − ⋅ sin( x)
29 29

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Step 5 Conclusion ;in practise we should not

mix fraction and floating point
General solution

− 0.6972⋅ x − 4.3028⋅ x
y = c1⋅ e + c 2⋅ e − 0.6552⋅ cos( x) − 0.1379⋅ sin( x) ; c 1 , c 2 are constants

QA 2.2.T5
Step 1 Given a sode

y'' + y' + y = 2 sin( x)

Step 2 General Solution

y = yc + yp

Step 3 To find yc

yc = c 1 ⋅ y1 + c 2 ⋅ y2

Its characteristic equation

2
m +m+1 = 0

m = α + βi ;type III roots

−1 3
α := β :=
2 2
1 1
− ⋅x − ⋅x
2  3  2  3 
y1 = e ⋅ cos ⋅ x y2 = e ⋅ sin ⋅ x
 2   2 
1 1
− ⋅x − ⋅x
2  3  2  3 
yc = c 1 ⋅ e ⋅ cos ⋅ x + c 2⋅ e ⋅ sin ⋅ x ; c 1 , c 2 are constants
 2   2 
Step 4 To find yp

rhs is sine and cosine family

f( x) = 2⋅ sin( x)

Choose

yp = A⋅ cos( x) + B⋅ sin( x)

y'p = − A⋅ sin( x) + B⋅ cos( x)

y''p = −A⋅ cos( x) − B⋅ sin( x)

to be solution of the given de.

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De becomes

− A⋅ cos( x) − B⋅ sin( x) + ( −A⋅ sin( x) + B⋅ cos( x) ) + ( A⋅ cos( x) + B⋅ sin( x) ) = 2 sin( x)

To find A and B:

Coefficient of sin(x):

∆1 −B − A + B = 2

Coefficient of cos(x)

∆2 −A + B + A = 0

Solving

A = −2 B=0

Rewrite yp

yp = − 2 ⋅ cos( x)

Step 5 Conclusion
General solution
1 1
− ⋅x − ⋅x
2  3  2  3  ; c 1 , c 2 are constants
y = c1⋅ e ⋅ cos ⋅ x + c 2 ⋅ e ⋅ sin ⋅ x − 2 ⋅ cos( x)
 2   2 

QA 2.2.M1

Step 1 Given a fode

− 2x
y' + 2y = 5e

Step 2 General Solution

y = yc + yp

Step 3 To find yc

yc = c 1 ⋅ y1

Its characteristic equation

m+2 = 0
m = −2 ;type III roots

− 2x
y1 = e

− 2⋅ x
yc = c 1 ⋅ e ; c 1 is constant

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Step 4 To find yp
rhs is exponential family

− 2x
f( x) = 5⋅ e
Choose
− 2x
yp = A⋅ e ;but similar to y1 , reject

− 2x
yp = A⋅ x⋅ e ;modified

y'p = A⋅ exp( − 2⋅ x) − 2⋅ A⋅ x⋅ exp( − 2⋅ x)

to be solution of the given de.

De becomes

A⋅ e
( − 2⋅ x)
− 2⋅ A⋅ x⋅ e
( − 2⋅ x) ( − 2⋅ x
+ 2 ⋅ A⋅ x⋅ e ) = 5⋅ e− 2⋅x
A⋅ exp( − 2 ⋅ x) = 5⋅ exp( −2 ⋅ x)
A=5
Rewrite yp

− 2x
yp = 5 ⋅ x ⋅ e

Step 5 Conclusion

General solution
− 2⋅ x − 2x
y = c1⋅ e + 5 ⋅ x⋅ e ; c 1 is a constant

QA 2.2.M2

Step 1 Given a sode

y'' + 2y' = 1 − 3 ⋅ x

Step 2 General Solution

y = yc + yp

Step 3 To find yc

yc = c 1 ⋅ y1 + c 2 ⋅ y2

Its characteristic equation

2
m + 2⋅ m = 0
m = 0 , −2 ;type II roots

− 2x
y1 = 1 y2 = e

− 2⋅ x
yc = c 1 + c 2 ⋅ e ; c 1 , c 2 are constants

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Step 4 To find yp

rhs is polynomial

f( x) = 1 − 3x
Choose

yp = A⋅ x + B ;but B ~ c 1, reject

yp = x⋅ ( A⋅ x + B) ;modified successfully

( 2
yp = A⋅ x + B⋅ x )
y'p = 2 ⋅ A⋅ x + B

y''p = 2A

to be solution of the given de.

2A + 2 ( 2 ⋅ A⋅ x + B) = 1 − 3⋅ x

2 ⋅ A + 4 ⋅ A⋅ x + 2 ⋅ B = 1 − 3⋅ x

Coefficient of x:

∆1 4A = −3

Coefficient of constant:

∆2 2A + 2B = 1

Solving for A and B:

−3 5
A= B=
4 4
Rewrite yp

−3 2 5
yp = ⋅x + ⋅x
4 4
Step 5 Conclusion
General solution
− 2⋅ x 3 2 5
y = c1 + c 2⋅ e − ⋅x + x ; c 1 , c 2 are constants
4 4

QA 2.2.M3
Step 1 Given a sode
− 2x
y'' + 2y' = e
Step 2 General Solution

y = yc + yp

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Step 3 To find yc

yc = c 1 ⋅ y1 + c 2 ⋅ y2

Its characteristic equation

2
m + 2⋅ m = 0

m = 0 , −2 ;type II roots

− 2x
y1 = 1 y2 = e

− 2⋅ x
yc = c 1 + c 2 ⋅ e ; c 1 is constant

Step 4 To find yp

rhs is exponential

f( x) = 1 − 3x

Choose
− 2x − 2x − 2⋅ x
yp = A⋅ e ;but A⋅ e ~ c 2⋅ e , reject

− 2⋅ x
yp = A⋅ x⋅ e ;modified successfully

( − 2⋅ x) ( − 2⋅ x)
y'p = − 2⋅ e ⋅ A⋅ x + A⋅ e

( − 2⋅ x) ( − 2⋅ x)
y''p = 4⋅ e ⋅ A⋅ x − 4 ⋅ A⋅ e

to be solution of the given de.

 4 ⋅ e( − 2⋅ x) ⋅ A⋅ x − 4⋅ A⋅ e( − 2⋅ x)  + 2  − 2⋅ e( − 2⋅ x) ⋅ A⋅ x + A⋅ e( − 2⋅ x)  − 2x
=e simplify

( − 2⋅ x) ( − 2⋅ x)
− 2 ⋅ A⋅ e =e

−2A = 1
1
A=−
2
−1 − 2x
yp = ⋅ x⋅ e
2
Step 5 Conclusion

General solution

− 2⋅ x 1 − 2x
y = c1 + c 2⋅ e − ⋅ x⋅ e
2 ; c 1 , c 2 are constants

QA 2.2.M4
Step 1 Given a sode

y'' + 4y' = sin( 2x)

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Step 2 General Solution

y = yc + yp
Step 3 To find yc

yc = c 1 ⋅ y1 + c 2 ⋅ y2

Its characteristic equation

2
m +4 =0
m = 2i , − 2i ;type III roots

α=0 β =2

yc = c 1⋅ cos( 2x) + c 2⋅ sin( 2x) ; c 1 , c 2 are constant

Step 4 To find yp
rhs is sine-cosine family

f( x) = sin( 2x)
Choose

yp = A⋅ cos( 2 ⋅ x) + B⋅ sin( 2 ⋅ x) ;but A⋅ cos( 2x) ~ c 1 ⋅ cos( 2x) , reject

yp = A⋅ x⋅ cos( 2 ⋅ x) + B⋅ x⋅ sin( 2 ⋅ x) ;modified successfully

y'p = A⋅ cos( 2 ⋅ x) − 2 ⋅ A⋅ x⋅ sin( 2⋅ x) + B⋅ sin( 2⋅ x) + 2⋅ B⋅ x⋅ cos( 2 ⋅ x)

y''p = −4 ⋅ A⋅ sin( 2 ⋅ x) − 4 ⋅ A⋅ x⋅ cos( 2 ⋅ x) + 4 ⋅ B⋅ cos( 2 ⋅ x) − 4 ⋅ B⋅ x⋅ sin( 2 ⋅ x)

to be solution of the given de.

( − 4⋅ A⋅ sin( 2 ⋅ x) − 4 ⋅ A⋅ x⋅ cos( 2 ⋅ x) + 4 ⋅ B⋅ cos( 2 ⋅ x) − 4 ⋅ B⋅ x⋅ sin( 2⋅ x) ) + 4 ⋅ ( A⋅ x⋅ cos( 2 ⋅ x) + B⋅ x⋅ sin( 2 ⋅ x) ) = sin( 2 ⋅ x)

− 4 ⋅ A⋅ sin( 2 ⋅ x) + 4 ⋅ B⋅ cos( 2 ⋅ x) = sin( 2 ⋅ x)

1
A=− ;coefficient of sin(2x)
4
B=0 ;coefficient of cos(2x)

1
yp = − ⋅ x⋅ cos( 2 ⋅ x)
4
Step 5 Conclusion
General solution
1
y = c 1 ⋅ cos( 2⋅ x) + c 2 ⋅ sin( 2 ⋅ x) − ⋅ x⋅ cos( 2 ⋅ x) ; c 1 , c 2 are constants
4

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