Engineering Mathematics 2

INTEGRAL CALCULUS OF ONE VARIABLE

Integration By Partial Fraction

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QA2.4A1(i)
Step 1 Given

⌠
x+3
I= dx ;decompose the fraction
 ( x + 1) ⋅ ( x + 2 ) ;type I
⌡
P1
;
⌠ P2
A B
I= + dx
 x+1 x+2
⌡

I = A⋅ ln( x + 1 ) + B⋅ ln( x + 2 ) + K ability of integration has been demonstated

Step 2 To find A and B

x+3 A B
= + ;remove the denominator on LHS
( x + 1 ) ⋅ ( x + 2) x+1 x+2

∆ x + 3 = A⋅ ( x + 2) + B⋅ ( x + 1 ) There are few techniques which can

help to find the unknowns A and B
quickly -- they are poles

To find A quickly, the denominator of A

was x + 1: Use x + 1 = 0 .
The same goes for B.
At pole x = -1 (to find A)

( − 1) + 3 = A⋅ ( − 1 + 2) + B⋅ ( 0 )
the second term on rhs vanishes!
A=2

At pole x = -2 (To find B)

− 2 + 3 = A⋅ ( 0 ) + B⋅ ( −2 + 1 )
B = −1

Step 3 Conclusion

I = 2 ⋅ ln( x + 1 ) − ln( x + 2 ) + K ;K = constant

QA 2.4A1(ii)
Step 1 Given

⌠ ;decompose the fraction

8
I= dx ;type I
 ( x − 1) ⋅ ( x + 3 ) P0
⌡ ;
P2

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⌠
A B
I= + dx
 x−1 x+3
⌡

I = A⋅ ln( x − 1 ) + B⋅ ln( x + 3 ) + K ability of integration has been demonstated

Step 2 To find A and B

8 A B
= + ;remove the denominator on LHS
( x − 1 ) ⋅ ( x + 3) x−1 x+3

∆ 8 = A⋅ ( x + 3 ) + B⋅ ( x − 1 ) There are few techniques which can

help to find the unknowns A and B
quickly -- they are poles

To find A quickly, the denominator of A

was x - 1: Use x - 1 = 0 .
The same goes for B.
At pole x = 1 (To find A)

8 = A⋅ ( 1 + 3 ) + B⋅ ( 0 )
the second term on rhs vanishes!
A=2

At pole x = -3 (To find B)

8 = A⋅ ( 0 ) + B⋅ ( − 3 + 1)

B = −2

Step 3 Conclusion

I = 2 ⋅ ln( x − 1 ) − 2 ⋅ ln( x + 3 ) + K ;Further simplication is avoided

;K = constant

QA 2.4A1(iii)

Step 1 Given
⌠
 1
I= dx ;decompose the fraction
2
 ( x − 1) ⋅ ( x + 3 ) ;type II
⌡ P0
;
P3
⌠
 A B C
I= + + dx
x − 1 ( x − 1) 2 x + 3

⌡

B
I = A⋅ ln( x − 1 ) − + C⋅ ln( x + 3 ) + K ability of integration has been demonstated
( x − 1)

Step 2 To find A, B, and C

1 A B C
= + + ;remove the denominator on LHS
2
( x − 1) ⋅ ( x + 3) x − 1 ( x − 1) 2 x + 3

2 There are few techniques which can

∆ 1 = A⋅ ( x − 1 ) ⋅ ( x + 3 ) + B⋅ ( x + 3 ) + C⋅ ( x − 1 ) help to find the unknowns A, B, and C
quickly -- they are poles

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To find B quickly, the denominator of B

was x - 1: Use x - 1 = 0 .
The same goes for C.
At pole x = 1 (To find B)

1 = 0 + B⋅ ( 1 + 3 ) + 0
1
B=
4
At pole x = -3 (To find B)
2
1 = 0 + 0 + C( − 3 − 1 )
1
C=
16

Choose x = 0 (To find A)

1 = − 3⋅ A + 3 ⋅ B + C
−1
A=
16
Step 3 Conclusion

−1 1 1
I= ⋅ ln( x − 1 ) + + ⋅ ln( x + 3 ) + K ;Further simplication is avoided
16 4⋅ ( x − 1) 16
;K = constant

QA 2.4A1(iv)

Step 1 Given
⌠
 x
3
I= dx ;decompose the fraction
2
 ( x − 1) ⋅ ( x + 3 ) ;type II
⌡ P3
; = fractions + P 0
⌠ P3
 A B C
I= + + + D dx
x − 1 ( x − 1) 2 x + 3

⌡

B
I = A⋅ ln( x − 1 ) − + C⋅ ln( x + 3 ) + D⋅ x + K ability of integration has been demonstated
( x − 1)

Step 2 To find A, B, and C

3
x A B C
= + + +D ;remove the denominator on LHS
2
( x − 1) ⋅ ( x + 3) x − 1 ( x − 1) 2 x + 3

3 2 2
∆ x = A⋅ ( x − 1 ) ⋅ ( x + 3 ) + B⋅ ( x + 3 ) + C⋅ ( x − 1 ) + D⋅ ( x − 1 ) ⋅ ( x + 3 )

At pole x = 1 (To find B)

∆1 1 = 0 + B⋅ ( 1 + 3 ) + 0

1 = 4⋅ B
1
B=
4

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At pole x = -3 (To find B)

2
∆2 1 = 0 + 0 + C( − 3 − 1 )

− 27 = 16⋅ C
− 27
C=
16
Choose x = 0 (To find A)

15
0 = − 3⋅ A − + 3⋅ D ( ∆1)
16
Choose x = 2

7
8 = 5⋅ A − + 5⋅ D ( ∆2)
16
Use solver to solve (∆1) and (∆2)

15
0 = − 3⋅ A − + 3⋅ D
16
7
8 = 5⋅ A − + 5⋅ D
16
11
A= D=1
16

Step 3 Conclusion

B
I = A⋅ ln( x − 1 ) − + C⋅ ln( x + 3 ) + D⋅ x + K ;Further simplication is avoided
( x − 1)
11 1 27
I= ⋅ ln( x − 1 ) − − ln( x + 3 ) + x + K ;K = constant
16 4⋅ ( x − 1) 16

QA 2.4A1(v)

Step 1 Given

⌠
 1
I= dx ;decompose the fraction
2
 x −9 ;type I
⌡ P0
;
⌠ P2
1
I= dx
 ( x + 3) ⋅ ( x − 3 )
⌡

⌠
A B
I= + dx
 x+3 x−3
⌡

I = A⋅ ln( x + 3 ) + B⋅ ln( x − 3 ) + K
Step 2 To find A and B

1 A B
= + ;remove the denominator on LHS
( x + 3 ) ⋅ ( x − 3) x+3 x−3

∆: 1 = A⋅ ( x − 3 ) + B⋅ ( x + 3 )

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At pole x = -3 (To find A)

1 = − 6⋅ A

−1
A=
6

At pole x = 3 (To find B)

1 = 6⋅ B
1
B=
6

Step 3 Conclusion

I = A⋅ ln( x + 3 ) + B⋅ ln( x − 3 ) + K ;Further simplication is avoided

−1 1
I= ⋅ ln( x + 3 ) + ⋅ ln( x − 3 ) + K
6 6
1
I= ⋅ ( ( ln( x − 3 ) − ln( x + 3 ) ) + K
6

⋅ ln
1 x − 3
I= +K ;K = constant
6  x + 3 ;see #33

QA 2.4A1(vi)

Step 1 Given

⌠
 2⋅ x − 1
I= dx ;decompose the fraction
2
 x −4 ;type I
⌡ P0
;
P2
⌠
2⋅ x − 1
I= dx
 ( x + 2) ⋅ ( x − 2 )
⌡

⌠
A B
I= + dx
 x+2 x−2
⌡

I = A⋅ ln( x + 2 ) + B⋅ ln( x − 2 ) + K

Step 2 To find A and B

2⋅ x − 1 A B
= + ;remove the denominator on LHS
( x + 2 ) ⋅ ( x − 2) x+2 x−2

∆: 2 ⋅ x − 1 = A⋅ ( x − 2 ) + B⋅ ( x + 2 )
At pole x = -2 (To find A)

− 5 = −4 ⋅ A

5
A=
4

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At pole x = 2 (To find B)

3 = 4⋅ B

3
B=
4
Step 3 Conclusion

5 3
I= ⋅ ln( x + 2 ) + ⋅ ln( x − 2 ) + K ;Further simplication is avoided
4 4 ;K = constant

QA 2.4A1(vii)

Step 1 Given
⌠
 2
x
I= dx ;decompose the fraction
2
 x −4 ;type I
⌡ P2
; = fraction + P 0
⌠ P2
 x
2
I= dx
 ( x + 2) ⋅ ( x − 2 )
⌡

⌠
A B
I= + + C dx
 x+2 x−2
⌡

I = A⋅ ln( x + 2 ) + B⋅ ln( x − 2 ) + C⋅ x + K

Step 2 To find A, B, and C

2
x A B
= + +C ;remove the denominator on LHS
( x + 2 ) ⋅ ( x − 2) x+2 x−2

2
∆: x = A⋅ ( x − 2 ) + B⋅ ( x + 2 ) + C⋅ ( x + 2 ) ⋅ ( x − 2 )
At pole x = -2 (To find A)

4 = − 4⋅ A
A = −1
At pole x = 2 (To find B)
B = 4⋅ B
B=1
Choose x = 0 to find C:
0 = − 2⋅ A + 2 ⋅ B − 4 ⋅ C
0 = 4 − 4⋅ C

C=1
Step 3 Conclusion

I = − ln( x + 2 ) + ln( x − 2 ) + x + K ;Further simplication is suggested

I = ln
x − 2
 +x+K
x + 2
;K = constant

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QA 2.4A1(vii)
Step 1 Given
⌠
 x
2
I= dx ;decompose the fraction
2
 x −4 ;type I
⌡ P2
; = fraction + P 0
⌠ P2
 x
2
I= dx
 ( x + 2) ⋅ ( x − 2 )
⌡

⌠
A B
I= + + C dx
 x+2 x−2
⌡

I = A⋅ ln( x + 2 ) + B⋅ ln( x − 2 ) + C⋅ x + K

Step 2 To find A, B, and C

2
x A B
= + +C ;remove the denominator on LHS
( x + 2 ) ⋅ ( x − 2) x+2 x−2

2
∆: x = A⋅ ( x − 2 ) + B⋅ ( x + 2 ) + C⋅ ( x + 2 ) ⋅ ( x − 2 )
At pole x = -2 (To find A)

4 = − 4⋅ A

A = −1
At pole x = 2 (To find B)

B = 4⋅ B
B=1
Choose x = 0 to find C:

0 = − 2⋅ A + 2 ⋅ B − 4 ⋅ C

0 = 4 − 4⋅ C
C=1
Step 3 Conclusion

I = − ln( x + 2 ) + ln( x − 2 ) + x + K ;Further simplication is suggested

I = ln
x − 2
 +x+K ;K = constant
x + 2

QA 2.4A1(viii)

Step 1 Given
⌠
 x
2
I= dx ;simplify
 ( 2
x⋅ x + 5 ⋅ x + 5 )
⌡

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⌠ P1
x
I= dx ;Use partial fraction
 ( x + 2) ⋅ ( x + 3 ) P2
⌡

⌠
A B
I= + dx
 x+2 x+3
⌡

I = A⋅ ln( x + 2 ) + B⋅ ln( x + 3 ) + K

Step 2 To find A and B

x A B
= + ;remove the denominator on LHS
( x + 2 ) ⋅ ( x + 3) x+2 x+3

∆: x = A⋅ ( x + 3) + B⋅ ( x + 2 )

At pole x = -2 (To find A)

−2 = A

A = −2
At pole x = 2 (To find B)

− 3 = −B
B=3
Step 3 Conclusion

I = A⋅ ln( x + 2 ) + B⋅ ln( x + 3 ) + K ;Further simplication is suggested

I = − 2 ⋅ ln( x + 2 ) + 3⋅ ln( x + 3 ) + K ;K = constant

QA 2.4.B1(i)

Step 1 Given
1
⌠ 1
I= dx ;factor the denominator
 x + 3⋅ x + 2
2
⌡
0
1
⌠ 1 P0
I= dx ;Use partial fraction
 ( x + 1) ⋅ ( x + 2) P2
⌡
0

Step 2 As indefinite integral

⌠
1
F( x) =  dx
 ( x + 1) ⋅ ( x + 2 )
⌡

⌠
A B
F( x) =  + dx
 x+1 x+2
⌡

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F( x) = A⋅ ln( x + 1 ) + B⋅ ln( x + 2 ) + K

Step 2 To find A and B

1 A B
= + ;remove the denominator on LHS
( x + 1 ) ⋅ ( x + 2) x+1 x+2

∆: 1 = A⋅ ( x + 2 ) + B⋅ ( x + 1 )
At pole x = -1 (To find A)

1=A
At pole x = -2 (To find B)

1 = −B
B = −1

Step 3 Conclusion

F( x) = ln( x + 1) − ln( x + 2) + K

Step 4 Evaluate definite integral

I = F( 1 ) − F( 0) ;K = constant

I = ( ln( 2 ) − ln( 3) ) − ( − ln( 2) ) → I = 2⋅ ln( 2 ) − ln( 3 )

I = 2 ⋅ ln( 2) − ln( 3 )
I = 0.288

QA 2.4.B1(ii)

Step 1 Given
1
⌠ 1
I= dx ;complete the squares of denominator
 x + 2⋅ x + 2
2
⌡
0

1
⌠ 1 P0
I= dx ;Use partial fraction
 ( x + 1) 2 + 1 P2
⌡
0

Step 2 As indefinite integral

⌠
 1
F( x) =  dx
2
 ( x + 1) + 1
⌡
Use substitution method

Let
p = x+1
dp = dx

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⌠
 1
F( p ) =  dx Formula #16
2
 p +1
⌡
F( p ) = atan( p) + K

F( x) = atan( x + 1 ) + K

Step 3 Evaluate definite integral

I = F( 1 ) − F( 0)

I = atan( 1 + 1 ) − atan( 1 )

I = 0.322 ;K is a constant

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