Engineering Mathematics 2

INTEGRAL CALCULUS OF ONE VARIABLE

Integration By Parts

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QA 2.5.A1(i)
Step 1 Given

⌠ ⌠ ⌠
 −x  
I= x⋅ e dx = A dB = AB − B dA ;integration by parts

⌡ 
⌡ 
⌡

where

−x
A=x dB = e ⋅ dx
−x
e −x
dA = dx B= = −e
−1
Hence
⌠
(
I = ( x) ⋅ − e
−x ) −  ( −e− x) dx ;simplify
⌡

⌠
−x  −x
I = − x⋅ e + e dx ;formula 3.1

⌡

−x −x
I = − x⋅ e −e +K ;where K is a constant

Checklist advise:
To verify without computer;
d ( ans) −x
Is = x⋅ e ?
dx

QA 2.5.A1(ii)
Step 1 Given

⌠ ⌠ ⌠
 −x  
I= ( x + 8 ) ⋅ e dx = A dB = AB − B dA ;integration by parts

⌡ 
⌡ 
⌡

where
−x
A= x+8 dB = e ⋅ dx
−x
e −x
dA = dx B= = −e
Hence −1
⌠
I = ( x + 8) ⋅ −e( −x ) −  ( −e− x) dx
⌡ ;simplify

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 Engineering Mathematics 2

⌠
−x  −x
I = −( x + 8) ⋅ e + e dx ;formula 3.1

⌡

−x −x
I = −( x + 8) ⋅ e −e +K ;where K is a constant

Checklist advise:
To verify without computer;
d ( ans) −x
Is = ( x + 8) ⋅ e ?
dx

QA 2.5.A1(iii)

Step 1 Given

⌠ ⌠ ⌠
I =  x⋅ sin  dx =
x  
A dB = AB − B dA ;integration by parts
 2 
⌡ 
⌡
⌡

where
TTK

dB = sin x ⌠
 − cos( α ⋅ t)
 ⋅ dx
 sin( α ⋅ t) dt =
A=x
2 ⌡ α
x
− cos 
 2  = − 2 ⋅ cos x 
dA = dx B=  
1 2
 
 
2
Hence
⌠
I = x⋅ − 2 ⋅ cos
x  −2 ⋅ cos x  dx
 −    ;simplify
  2     2 
⌡

⌠
I = − 2 ⋅ x⋅ cos
x  cos x  dx
 + 2 ⋅
   ;formula 6.1
2 2
⌡
Checklist advise:
x
sin 
To verify without computer;

I = − 2 ⋅ x⋅ cos  + 2 ⋅
x 2 +K d ( ans) x
2 1 Is = x⋅ sin  ?
  dx  2
2
;where K is a constant

QA 2.5.A1(iv)
Step 1 Given
⌠ ⌠ ⌠
  
I= x⋅ ln( 8 ⋅ x) dx = A dB = AB − B dA

⌡ 
⌡ 
⌡ ;integration by parts
where

A = ln( 8⋅ x) dB = x⋅ dx

2
1 x
dA = ⋅ dx B=
x 2

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 Engineering Mathematics 2

Hence

⌠
 x2   2
x 1
I = ( ln( 8 ⋅ x) ) ⋅   −  ⋅ dx
2  2 x ;simplify
⌡

1 ⌠
2
x ⋅ ln( 8 ⋅ x) 
I= − ⋅ x dx ;formula #1
2 2 ⌡
Checklist advise:
2 2 To verify without computer;
x ⋅ ln( 8 ⋅ x) 1 x
I= − ⋅ +K
2 2 2
d ( ans)
Is = x⋅ ln( 8 ⋅ x) ?
2 2
dx
x ⋅ ln( 8 ⋅ x) x
I= − +K ;where K is a constant
2 4

QA 2.5.A1(vi) REDUCTIVE INTEGRATION

Step 1 Given

⌠ ⌠
 2 −x 
I= x ⋅ e dx = A⋅ B − B dA ;integration by parts

⌡ 
⌡
where

2 −x
A=x dB = e ⋅ dx

−x
e −x
dA = 2⋅ x⋅ dx B= = −e
−1
Hence

⌠
( 2) (
I = x ⋅ −e
−x ) −  ( −e− x) ⋅ ( 2⋅ x) dx ;simplify
⌡

⌠
2 −x  −x
I = −x ⋅ e + 2⋅ x⋅ e dx

⌡

Step 2 Consider the second term

⌠ ⌠
 −x 
I1 = 2 ⋅ x⋅ e dx = C⋅ D − D dC

⌡ 
⌡
where

−x
C = 2⋅ x dD = e ⋅ dx
−x
dC = 2⋅ dx D = −e

⌠
(
I1 = ( 2 ⋅ x) ⋅ − e
−x ) −  ( −e− x) ⋅ ( 2) dx
⌡

⌠
−x  −x
I1 = − 2 ⋅ x⋅ e + 2⋅ e dx

⌡

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 Engineering Mathematics 2

Step 3 Rewrite I

2 −x
I = −x ⋅ e + I1

 ⌠ 
2 −x
I = −x ⋅ e

+ − 2 ⋅ x⋅ e
−x  −x 
+ 2 ⋅  e dx
 ⌡ 
 
2 −x
I = −x ⋅ e
−x
− 2 ⋅ x⋅ e (
+ 2 −e
−x )+K

2 −x −x −x
I = −x ⋅ e − 2 ⋅ x⋅ e − 2⋅ e +K ;K is a constant

QA 2.5.A1(vii) REDUCTIVE INTEGRATION

Step 1 Given

⌠ ⌠
 3 
I =  sec( x) dx = A⋅ B −  B dA ;integration by parts
⌡ ⌡
where

2
A = sec( x) dB = sec( x) ⋅ dx

dA = sec( x) ⋅ tan( x) ⋅ dx B = tan( x)

Hence

⌠

I = ( sec( x) ) ⋅ ( tan( x) ) −  ( tan( x) ) ⋅ ( sec( x) ⋅ tan( x) ) dx
⌡ ;simplify

⌠
 2
I = sec( x) ⋅ tan( x) −  sec( x) ⋅ tan( x) dx but
⌡ 1 + tan( θ ) = sec( θ )
2 2

⌠
 2 (
I = sec( x) ⋅ tan( x) −  sec( x) ⋅ sec( x) − 1 dx )
⌡

⌠
 3
I = sec( x) ⋅ tan( x) −  sec( x) − sec( x) dx
⌡

⌠ ⌠ ⌠
 3   3
I = sec( x) ⋅ tan( x) −  sec( x) dx +  sec( x) dx but  sec( x) dx = I
⌡ ⌡ ⌡

⌠

I = sec( x) ⋅ tan( x) − I +  sec( x) dx
⌡
⌠

2 ⋅ I = sec( x) ⋅ tan( x) +  sec( x) dx
⌡

2 ⋅ I = sec( x) ⋅ tan( x) + ln( sec( x) + tan( x) )

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1 1
I= ⋅ sec( x) ⋅ tan( x) + ⋅ ln( sec( x) + tan( x) )
2 2
Step 2 Conclusion

1 1
I= ⋅ sec( x) ⋅ tan( x) + ⋅ ln( sec( x) + tan( x) ) + K ;K is a constant
2 2

QA 2.5.A1(viii) REDUCTIVE INTEGRATION

Step 1 Given

⌠ ⌠
 3 
I= sec( 2x) dx = A⋅ B − B dA ;integration by parts

⌡ 
⌡
where

2
A = sec( 2x) dB = sec( 2x) ⋅ dx

1
dA = 2 sec( 2x) ⋅ tan( 2x) ⋅ dx B= ⋅ tan( 2x)
2
Hence

⌠
I = ( sec( 2 ⋅ x) ) ⋅  ⋅ tan( 2⋅ x)  −   1 ⋅ tan( 2 ⋅ x)  ⋅ ( 2⋅ sec( 2 ⋅ x) ⋅ tan( 2⋅ x) ) dx
1
  ;simplify
2   2 
⌡

⌠

;but 1 + tan( θ ) = sec( θ )
1 2 2 2
I= ⋅ sec( 2x) ⋅ tan( 2x) − sec( 2x) ⋅ tan( 2x) dx
2 
⌡

⌠
I=
1
⋅ sec( 2x) ⋅ tan( 2x) −


( 2
sec( 2x) ⋅ sec( 2x) − 1 dx )
2 ⌡

⌠
1  3
I= ⋅ sec( 2⋅ x) ⋅ tan( 2 ⋅ x) − sec( 2x) − sec( 2x) dx
2 
⌡

⌠ ⌠ ⌠
1  3   3
I= ⋅ sec( 2⋅ x) ⋅ tan( 2 ⋅ x) − sec( 2x) dx + sec( 2x) dx ;but  sec( 2x) dx = I
2 
⌡ 
⌡ ⌡

1 ⌠

I= ⋅ sec( 2⋅ x) ⋅ tan( 2 ⋅ x) − I + sec( 2x) dx
2 
⌡

1 ⌠

2⋅ I = ⋅ sec( 2 ⋅ x) ⋅ tan( 2 ⋅ x) + sec( 2x) dx
2 
⌡

1 1
2⋅ I = ⋅ sec( 2 ⋅ x) ⋅ tan( 2 ⋅ x) + ⋅ ln( sec( 2x) + tan( 2x) )
2 2

Step 2 Conclusion

1 1
I= ⋅ sec( 2x) ⋅ tan( 2x) + ⋅ ln( sec( 2x) + tan( 2x) ) + K ;K is a constant
2 2

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