SERIAL

Router(config)#Interface Serial 0
Router(config-if)#Ip Address 150.10.1.1 255.255.0.0
Router(config)#clock rate 56000
Router(Config-if)# bandwidth 64
Router(config-if)#No shutdown
Router(config-if)#^Z
Interpretring The Interface Status

Router# show int s0

Serial0 is up, line protocol is up. Is the messege if
the interface is operational.
Serial0 is up, line protocol is down….. This is if
there is any connection problem.

Serial0 is down, line protocol is down….. This is if

there is any interface problem.

Serial0 is administratively down, line protocol is

down….. This is if the interface is disabled.
 The “CDP”
It’s a Cisco's proprietary protocol called the Cisco
Discovery Protocol, that gives you a summary of all the
directly connected Cisco devices. CDP is a L2 protocol,
that discovers neighbor regardless of which protocol suite
they are running. When a cisco device boots up, the CDP
is loaded by default, but can be disabled at interface level.
* The CDP is limited to the immediate neighbors only…
The summary includes Device Identifier(eg. Switch
configured name or domain name), Port Identifier (eg.
Ethernet 0 and serial 0.), Capabilities list (eg. The device
can act as a sourcr route bridge as well as a router),
Platform (eg. Cisco 2600).
CDP (Cisco’s Discovery Protocol)
 Using CDP
Router# sh cdp neighbor (shows neighboring devices)
Router# sh cdp entry 192.168.10.1 (shows detailed
information about this perticular neighbor.)
Router# sh cdp interface(shows the details of the interface
of the local decive.)
Router# sh cdp traffic (shows the packet sent, received,
lost etc.)
To disable CDP….,
Router(config)#no cdp run
Router(config)#int s0
Router(config-if)#no cdp enable
 Backup & Restoring Routers IOS Image
Using TFTP
(Trivial File Transfer Protocol)

TFTP Server allows you to take backup, upload and save

your IOS Image and current configuration on it. TFTP is a
software program of 1.3Mb. This should be installed on that
TFTP server i.e., (Personnel Computer).
C:\Program files\cisco systems\cisco TFTP

* Note: Always while taking Backup or Restoration TFTP

software should execute on that particular computer.
Backup Sources :

1. Through Telnet Session.

2. Through Console Session.
3. Through Auxillary Port (Remote Session)
 Backup of IOS Image
Router#Copy Flash:(Press Tab key) Tftp
Address or name of the remote host [ ]? (Ip address of tftp)
Destination file name [ ] ? (Press enter key or a name)

Backup of Configuration
Router#Copy Startup-config Tftp
Address or name of the remote host [ ]? (Ip address of tftp)
Destination file name [ ] ? (Give a name)
 Upgrading IOS Image
Note: This process can only be done by Console Session.
Router#Copy tftp Flash:
Address or name of remote host []?
Source file name []?
Destination file name []?
Erase Flash: before copying [confirm]?
Erasing the Flash file system will remove all files: continue?
[confirm]
Erasing device eeeeeeee……….eeeeeee.eee.eeee.ee
Loading!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!…….!!!!…….!!!!!!
 Leased line WAN Setup

Case 1: The distance between the locations is greater than 5 Km.

Requirements
A pair of Routers, Leased line, pair of leased line modems V.35,
Pair of G.703 Modem.

Case 2: The distance between the two locations is less than 5Km.
Requirements
A pair of Routers, Leased line and pair of leased line modem.
 Leased line Setup( > 5km)
Leased line
V.35 V.35
modem modem
V.35 Cable G.703 G.703
Csu/
Dsu
Mux/ Mux/
S0 Dmux Dmux
Csu – channel service unit
Dsu – data service unit S0
E0 E0
S0 – Serial port of router
E0 – Ethernet port of a router Router
Switch/hub Switch/hub

Internal Network Internal Network

 Leased line Setup (< 5 km)
V.35 Leased line
modem V.35
modem
V.35 Cable Csu/
Dsu

S0

S0 E0
E0 Telephone
Exchange Router
Switch/hub Switch/hub

Internal Network Internal Network

 Routing
Routing is of three types.
• Static
• Dynamic and
• Default
When the destination is known, static and dynamic
routing is done. For unknown destinations, default
routing is employed.
In dynamic routing, the path is fixed by the
protocol. The paths will be changing depending on the
length of the path. Always the shortest path is preferred.
Static routing is done by the users. These paths are stored
in the routing table.
Example:
10.0.0.1/8 10.0.0.2/8
S0
S0

E 0 192.168.1.150/24 E 0 192.168.2.150/24

Switch/hub Switch/hub
192.168.1.0/24 192.168.2.0/24

Location A Location B
Router(config)# ip routing
Router# sh ip route (it shows all the directly connected
networks).
“ C 192.168.1.0/24 directly connected to E0”
“ C 10.0.0.0/8 “ ‘ ‘ ‘ S0”
“ C “ indicates connected networks.
Static Routing
Syntax
Router(config)# ip route (dest-network) (subnet mask)
(next hop address)
Location A
Router(config)# ip routing
Router(config)# ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.2
Note* if we don’t know the address of next hop, we can just
write the name of the hop.
Router(config)# ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 S0

Location B
Router(config)# ip routing
Router(config)# ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.1
Router# sh ip route
C 192.168.1.0/24 directly connected to E0
C 10.0.0.0/8 “ ‘ “ “ S0
S 192.168.2.0/24 [1/0] via 10.0.0.2
•“S” represents static. [a/b] ~ [1/0], here a=1 is the
administrative distance value and b has no significance in
static routing. For static and default routing b can be 0 or 1.
• lesser the administrative distance value, higher the
preference.
 “Tracert”, “Trace Route” and “Route
print”.
C:\> tracert
C:\> route print
Router# trace route (gives the complete route)
Router# sh arp (to check MAC addresses)

Default Routing
Router(config)# ip routing
Router(config)#ip route DA (S/N mask next) (next hop
address)
Router(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 s1
Router# sh ip route
C 192.168.1.0/24 directly connected to E0
C 10.0.0.0/8 “ “ to S0
S* 0.0.0.0/0 “ “ to S0

Dynamic Routing
It is a type of routing where routing protocols( eg. RIP and
IGRP) are used between routers to determine the path and
maintain routing table. Once the path is determined a router
can route a routed protocol(IP). Dynamic routing uses broad
casts and multicasts to communicate with other routers. The
routing metric helps routers find the best path to each network.
 Classification Of Routing Protocols
 Distance Vector
 Hybrid Routing
 Link State
Distance Vector: the distance vector approach determines the
direction and the distance to any link in the internetwork.
When the topology in a distance vector routing protocol
changes, routing table updates in the router must occur. This
update process proceeds step-by-step router to router. Eg. RIP
and IGRP.
Link State : it recreates the exact topology of the entire
network(atleast the partion of the network where the router is
situated). Eg . OSPF.
Hybrid Routing : it combines aspects of the link state and the
distance vector algorithm.

Functions of a distance vector routing

protocol.
 Identification of source of information
 Discovering routes
 Select the best route
 Maintain Route information
 Enabling RIP Configuration
Note:
• Maximum 6 paths (Default 4).
•“Hop count metric” selects the path
• Route updates are broadcast for every 30 seconds.
Router(config)# router rip
Router(config-router)# network (network ip)
Router# sh ip protocol (shows the current routing protocol)
Router# sh ip route
172.16.1.0
10.1.1.1 10.2.2.2 192.168.1.0
E0 S2 S2 S3 S3 E0
172.16.1.1 10.1.1.2 10.2.2.3
192.168.1.1

Router rip
Router rip
Network 172.16.0.0
Router rip
Network 10.0.0.0
Network 10.0.0.0
Network 192.168.1.0
Network 10.0.0.0
 Autonomous Systems
An autonomous system is a collection of networks
under a common administrative domain. IGPs operate within
an autonomous system where as EGP connects different
autonomous systems.
Every autonomous system has a distinct number.The
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is responsible
for allocating this number. Eg. Autonomous system 100.
We can use any number unless the organization plans
for an EGP.
 Configuring IGRP
Syntaxes.
Router(config)#router igrp autonomous number
This defines IGRP as the routing protocol.
Router(config-router)#Network network-ip
Selects directly connected networks.
Router(config-router)#variance multiplier
Configures unequal-cost load balancing by defining difference
between the best metric and the worst acceptable metric.
Router(config-router)#traffic-share (balanced/ min)
 Autonomous System 100
172.16.1.0
10.1.1.1 10.2.2.2 192.168.1.0
E0 S2 S2 S3 S3 E0
172.16.1.1 10.1.1.2 10.2.2.3
192.168.1.1

Router igrp 100

Router igrp 100
Network 172.16.0.0
Router igrp 100
Network 10.0.0.0
Network 10.0.0.0
Network 192.168.1.0
Network 10.0.0.0
 IP Classless Command
Router(config)# ip classless
A router by default assumes that all the subnets of a
directly connected network should be present in the
routing table. If a packet is received with a destination
address, of an unknown subnet of directly attached
network, the router assumes that the subnet does not
exists and drops the packet. This happens even if
routing table has a default route.For the above condition
if IP Classless is configured, and if any packet is
received, then the router will match it to the default
route and forword it to the next hop specified by the
default route.
EIGRP
Calculation of Wildcard Mask
WCM = BCM-SNM
1. 192.168.1.0/24
255.255.255.255
- 255.255.255. 0
0 . 0 . 0 .255
2. 192.168.1.0/27
255.255.255.255
- 255.255.255.224
0 . 0 . 0 . 31
3. 192.160.1.10 0.0.0.0