HPE course Group D EM coupling on cables September 2011

1

HPE course GROUP D
Problem
1
: EM coupling on a cable


Problem # 1 : One-tube problem

We consider the topological network made of 1 tube and 2 junctions.
.
Tube 1 Jonction 1
Jonction 2
W1(z), Ws
1(
z)
W2(z), Ws
2(
z)

Figure 1 one-tube topological network

In the problem, we will call :
, the matrices related to the propagation on the tube 1
S1 et S2 the S-matrices of junction 1 and junction 2 respectively.
l : length of the tube

Question 1 :
We recall that the BLT equation is (in its matrix form) :

[ ] [ ] [ ] ( ) ( ) [ ] [ ] [ ]
s
W S W S = 0 1


Write the different vectors and matrices involved in the network equation. Note that the
problem has 2 unknowns W1 et W2.

Question 2 :
Develop the BLT equation of the network with respect to the answers to the question 1. Then
write the system of equations to which the two unknowns of the network obey.

Question 3 :
A total voltage source Vo equal to 1 Volt is applied along a distance d at the level of junction
1 on tube 1. Give the source-waves Ws
1
et Ws
2
with respect to Vo and the propagation
matrices of the tube.


1
Objective of the problem :
1 Practice the building of the BLT equation on a simple network
2 Use the solution two analyze the response of two specific wiring problems
- short-circuited open cable
- matched coaxial cable
3 Link the two elementary problems through a transfer impedance to solve a shielded cable problem
4 Other topics :
- different aspects of TL matching
- equivalent electric circuit at low frequency
- cable resonance
HPE course Group D EM coupling on cables September 2011
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Question 4 : particular cases of source applications
1 - We suppose that the application length of the source becomes infinitely small (localized
generator). Give the expression of the two wave-vectors Ws
1
et Ws
2.
2 same questions for a source distributed on the whole length




Problem # 2 : one-wire transmission line short-circuited at its ends


Question 1 :
The network in figure 1 stands for a one-conductor transmission line excited by a localized
generator. Calculate voltages and currents at the level of the junctions when the terminal
loads are short-circuits.

Question 2 : analysis of the response
We suppose that the one-wire line has a per-unit-length resistance equal to R
We recall that : Y Z. = and that
l
e

=
1

1 - Write the expression of the current at low frequency (quasi-static approximation, e.g.
before the cable resonance). Show that this current is inversely proportional to the per unit
length impedance (resistive + inductive part).
2 Analyze the current response at high frequency (frequency resonance of the current)

Question 3 : numerical application
The characteristics of the problem are the following :
Dimensions of the ground plane : infinite
Ambient medium : air (
r
= 1 et
r
= 1)
Radius of the cable : a = 1 mm
Height of the cable : 1 cm
Per unit length resistance of the cable: 1 m/m
Per unit length resistance of the ground plane : 0.1 m/m
Length of the cable : 2 meters
Terminal loads of the cable : R
1
= 0 et R
2
= 0
Excitation : localized voltage generator : V
0
= 1 V total applied at the level of R
1

Give the shape of the current response




Problem # 3 : one wire-transmission line matched at its ends


We suppose that the per-unit-length of the line is equal to R (no G).

We consider now a transmission line matched at its ends. We make the distinction between
two kinds of matching :
HPE course Group D EM coupling on cables September 2011
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- a perfect matching available on the whole frequency range (ideal configuration)
- a matching available only at high frequency (practical matching)

Question 1 :
Give the S parameter of a perfectly matched junction. Calculate current and voltage for a
perfect matching:
- when the source is localized
- when the source is distributed.
Show that current and voltage responses are similar.

Question 2 : analysis of the cable response for a perfectly matched cable
Analyze the response of the line at the two extremities when the loads are matched (low
frequency and high frequency behavior). Confirm the low frequency result by the resolution of
the equivalent electric circuit at low frequency.

Question 3 : analysis of the cable response for a cable matched for high frequency only
1 show that the high frequency response is similar to the response with a perfectly matched
cable
2 show that the only modification is on the current. Analyze the response of the line at the
two extremities at low by the resolution of the equivalent electric circuit at low frequency.
3 explain why low resonance can be observed at high frequency in the case of a local
injection

Question 4 : numerical application
The characteristics of the coaxial cable are :
Radius of the cable shield : 1 mm
Radius of the cable core : 0,5 mm
Characteristics of the ambient medium : (
r
= 2 et
r
= 1)
Cable length : 2 meters
Terminal loads : matched for the high frequencies
Cable-shield resistance : 1 m/m
Cable-core resistance : 5 m/m
Excitation :
1 - voltage generator uniformly distributed on the whole cable length. Per unit
length voltage : V
0
= 1 V/m
2 localized voltage generator equal to the total voltage source of the distributed
configuration
Plot the shape of the voltage and current responses





Problem # 4 : generalization to a shielded cable problem type


Now, we consider a coaxial cable installed on a ground plane of infinite dimensions. This
cable is made by the assembling of the one-wire external TL and the one-wire coaxial cable
studied before The cable has the following the following characteristics :
HPE course Group D EM coupling on cables September 2011
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length l,
cable shield perfectly connected at both ends ,
coaxial cable perfectly matched at both extremities,
characteristic of the shield with respect to the ground plane : Zc
ext
,
ext
,
ext
,
characteristics of the coaxial part : Zc
int
,
int
,
int
,
transfer impedance of the cable Zt
transfer admittance Gt = 0
The coaxial cable is stressed by a perfectly localized voltage generator Vo at the level of the
first extremity of the cable.

Question 1 :
The electric characteristics of the cable are the following :
- resistance of the core of the coaxial cable : R
a
(supposed to be small enough to be
neglected against the characteristic impedance of the cable)
-
internal inductance and capacitance of the coaxial cable : L
int
and C
int
-
external inductance and capacitance of the shield with respect to the ground plane : L
ext
et
C
ext
Give the per unit length static resistance of the line made by this cable shield installed on the
ground plane (R
ext
).
Give the static per unit length resistance of the transmission line constituted by the core of the
coaxial cable with respect to the cable shield (R
int
).
Give the low frequency approximation of the voltages developed at the extremities of the
cable.

Question 2 :
We consider that the voltage Vo is created by a current injection clamp. We suppose that this
clamp does not induce any impedance on the cable.
The transfer function of this clamp is characterized by S-parameter measurements made on
a short transmission line, S
calib
measured with a network analyzer.
On the other hand, we suppose that the voltage susceptibility of the two equipment devices
connected at the end of the coaxial cable (matched impedance) is equal to S at low
frequencies (quasi-static approximation).
Which voltage must be injected on the clamp to trigger the voltage susceptibility of the
equipment ?

Question 3 :
Numerical application :
Electrical characteristics of the cable shield :
Lt=1 nH/m
Geometry of the cable shield :
h = 1cm (height with respect to the ground plane)
a = 1mm (radius)
l=1 m
Clamp characteristics : =10
-3
(supposed constant on the whole frequency range)
Voltage susceptibility of the two equipment devices : S = 1V

What is the value of Rt ?
Give the low frequency variation of E (envelope with levels and cut-off frequencies)