ppt20

C H A P T E R T W E N T Y
LANDFORM
DRAWINGS
2
Technical Drawing with Engineering Graphics, 14/e
Giesecke, Hill, Spencer, Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart, Goodman
2012, 2009, 2003, Pearson Higher Education,
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
OBJECTIVES
1. Read and draw a plat, topographic contour map, street contour
map, and highway plan and profile.
2. Read the elevation of a tract of land using contour lines.
3. Identify the scale and compass orientation of a topographic map
.
4. Read and notate property boundaries on a land survey map.
5. Create a profile map from contour lines.
3
LANDFORM DRAWINGS Terms
Plat
Traverse
Elevations
Datum
Profile
Contours
Hatchures
Monuments
Cartography
4
Map Types
Topographic
Hydrographic
Cadastral
Military
Nautical
Aeronautical
Engineering
Landscape
5
Topographical Drawing
Topographic drawings use orthographic projection, just as technical
drawings do, in which the direction of sight is perpendicular to the plane of the
map.
6
GETTING INFORMATION FOR MAPS
Electronic Survey Instruments
Trimbal S6 Total Station. (Courtesy
of Trimble Navigation Limited.)
A survey is the basis of
all maps and
topographic drawings.
Several surveying
methods are used to
obtain the information
necessary to make a
map.
Most surveys use
electronic survey
instruments to
measure distances
and angles.
Electronic
instruments measure
distances of up to 4 mi
with accuracies
from .01' to .03', which
is more than sufficient
for topographic
surveying
7
Global positioning system (GPS)
Global positioning system (GPS) receivers
calculate the receivers position by interpreting
data received from four different satellites
concurrently through a process called
Trilateration (which is similar to
triangulation).
Twenty-four satellites orbit the earth in
Twenty-four satellites orbit the earth in a
pattern called a GPS satellite constellation
GPS Satellite Constellation.
(Courtesy of Aerospace
Corporation (http://www.aero.org).)
8
SYMBOLS
Various natural and human-
made features are designated
by special symbols.
Timely Map Symbol Template
(Courtesy of Timely Products Co., Inc.)
Templates can save time in
hand drawing map symbols.
9
BEARINGS
The bearing of a line is its angle from magnetic north. Bearings are listed
by referencing the angle the line makes departing from either the north or the
south toward either the east or west.
Bearings Specify an Angle and Direction from North or South toward East or West. The bearing N 4452'
E means that if you were at point A facing north, you would turn 4452' toward the east to face point B.
10
CONTOURS
Contours are map lines showing points of equal ground elevation.
Topographic Map with Contours and
Satellite Imagery. (Courtesy of TopoZone
at www.topozone.com)
Same Elevation
11
Interpolating Elevation Data
Locations of points on contour lines are determined by interpolation.
12
3D Terrain Models
Electronic survey data containing elevations can
often be downloaded directly to 3D terrain
modeling software. Most of these software
solutions produce a surface model of the terrain
formed of many small triangles and are thus
called a Triangulated Irregular Network, or
TIN. Contours, profiles, cut-and-fill
calculations, and other information
can be generated semiautomatically
from the TIN.
TIN 3D Terrain Model Produced
in Autodesk Civil 3D 2008. (Used
with permission of Autodesk, Inc.
20062007. All rights reserved.)
13
CITY MAPS
A City Plan for Location of a New Road Project
14
Subdivisions
Plats
Maps perform an
important function for
those who plan the
layout of lots and
streets.
15
Utilities and Other Information
Utilities and other information are often referenced to locations from subdivision plats. A
subdivision plat showing the locations of above-ground and underground power is shown
below
Above-ground and underground power is located from subdivision plats. (Courtesy of Golden
Valley Electric Association.)
16
Landscape Drawings
A Landscape Drawing. (Courtesy of Hispanic Business, Inc.)
Maps have a definite use in landscape planning
17
STRUCTURE LOCATION PLANS
Maps are used to plan construction projects to locate construction features so they fit
the topography of the area.
Plan for Hoover Dam
(From Treatise on Dams. Courtesy of U.S. Dept. of
the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation.)
18
HIGHWAY PLANS
Before highway construction starts, it is necessary to plan the horizontal and vertical location
and alignments. Commonly, both the plan view and profile are drawn on the same sheet.
19
UNITED STATES MAPS
Maps of the United States, prepared by the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey and the U.S. Geological
Survey, are excellent examples of topographic mapping. Such maps cover large areas, for example a
large scale of 1:62,500, very nearly one mile to the inch.
The National Atlas. Available on the World Wide Web at
http://www.nationalatlas.gov/natlas/Natlasstart.asp.
(Courtesy of National Atlas of the United States.)
20
CONTOUR MAPS FROM 3D DATA
CAD software like Autodesks Civil 3D allows you to create contour maps by
entering site data.
Autodesk Civil 3D 2008 software provides tools to generate contour maps from survey
data. (Autodesk screen shots reprinted with the permission of Autodesk, Inc.)
Data can even be
downloaded
directly into the CAD
software from a
total station survey
instrument.
Using Civil 3D
software, you can
show point
descriptions, contour
lines, grid lines, and
features such as
bodies of water or
structures and
produce topographic
pictorial drawings.

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