OVERVIEW ON ENERGY CONSUMPTION

IN HOCHIMINH CITY, VIETNAM

Le Huy Ba, Prof., Sci. Dr.
Ly Ngoc Minh, M. Eng.
Hochiminh City University of Industry, Vietnam
Jakarta, Indonesia, 4-5 August, 2009
lehuyba@hui.edu.vn, lyngocminhly@hui.edu.vn
 CONTEN

• INTRODUCTION
• OVERVIEW OF VIETNAM
• ENRGY PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTIOPN IN VIETNAM
• ENRGY CONSUMPTION IN HOCHIMINH CITY
• CONCLUSION
 INTRODUCTION

In order to save energy and protect the

environment for sustainable development
we need to know how does the big city
consumption the energy? This paper
carried out in general glance on the
production and consumption of energy in
Hochiminh City-biggest city in Vietnam-in
the period 2005-2009.
I. Overview of the Vietnam

One of the fastest growing GDP growth rates in the world

10%
 Vietnam has been enjoying strong growth:
GDP per Capita (USD)

1200 GDP growth(%)

8.5%
– GDP growth exceeded 8% in 2007. Forecast to
8.4%
8.0% slow down to 6% in 2008 due to anti-inflation
881 measures by the government.
7.7% 835 8%

7.3%
800
7.1% 704 – Exports growing at 20% yoy.
571
534
440
480 – Strong FDI: USD 20.3 bn in 2007 and 57bn during
7% the first 9 months of 2008.
400

6.0%

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) growth accelerating

0 5%

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008F 70 60%

53%
65
60
Export and import growing at over 20% yoy 55
50%

$60 52.3 50
40%
Export (US$bn) Import (US$bn) 48.4 45
$50 44.5 40
36.9 40.0 35 30%
$40 65.0
31.1 32.2 30
25 17% 17%
$30 25.0 20%
26.5 20
20.0 15 9% 11%
$20 4% 10%
10 20.3
5 4.0 5.8 10.2
$10 1.7
0 0%

$0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007F 2008F

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007F FDI (US$ bn) FDI (%of GDP)
1. Rapid growth has naturally resulted in some growing pains

35%
Inflation Monthly CPI Yoy CPI 28.3% 27.9%
30%
 CPI up 12.6% for 2007 and 27.9% for 25.2%
26.9% 27.0%

September yoy. 25%

21.4%
20% 19.4%
 Mostly due to rising food and gasoline 15.7%
prices, which is an international problem. 15% 12.6%
14.1%
10.0%
8.8% 9.3%
 Cost of construction materials and labor 10%

have also risen. 5%

0.9% 0.7% 1.2%
2.9% 2.4% 3.6% 3.0% 2.2% 3.9% 2.1%
1.1% 1.6% 0.2%
 But inflation is slowing in second half of 0%

2008. Sep-
07
Oct-
07
Nov-
07
Dec-
07
Jan-
08
Feb-
08
Mar-
08
Apr-
08
May-
08
Jun- Jul-08 Aug-
08 08
Sep-
08

Trade Deficit US$bn

Monthly Import, Export & Trade deficit

 Trade deficit rising to USD 15 bn in the 10

first half of 2008; but expected to be well 8

contained in the second half. 6

 Mostly due to high import requirements 4

for raw materials, machinery and 2

equipment for exports and manufacturing 0

sector. -2

 Over time, high import bill will be paid off -4

Jan-08 Feb-08 Mar-08 Apr-08 May-08 Jun-08 Jul-08 Aug-08 Sep-08

by new production capacity and rising Import (US$bn) Export (US$bn) Trade deficit (US$bn)
exports of manufactured products.
1. Some takes on the Vietnam economy for 1H 2008

Since mid-June, economic data point to an improved macro-economic situation and both stock and bond
markets show some signs of increased investor confidence:

 GDP: Growth slowed to 6.5 % in the first nine months, indicating that tight demand management policies
by the Government has shown effects in restraining the economy. The forecast figure is 6% for 2008.
 CPI: A significant slowdown in the monthly rate of inflation since July compared to H1 2008
 Trade: A marked improvement in the trade deficit owing to both a sharp rise in exports and reduced
imports; 2008 YTD deficit for September is USD15b; this deficit is expected to be limited to US$20b in
2008
 Foreign direct investment: YTD FDI commitments reached USD57.1b, or 181.3% higher than the whole of
2007, showing continued confidence by foreign investors;
 The FX market has been stabilized since the short turmoil period in early June.
 The VN-Index has recovered since the low in mid-June.
 Both short-term interest rates for bank deposits and long-term bond yields are coming down.
 PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY CAPABILITIES
Up to 2020
- Coal: 50-61 million tons/annum, (32-40 Mt for power generation)
- Crude: 10 – 18 million tons/annum
- Natural Gas: 14-16 BCM/annum
- Hydropower: 58 - 65 TWh/annum
- Uranium Potential: RAR: 113 tons, EAR-I: 16563 tons
- Up to 2030
- Coal: ~ 70 - 80 million tones/annum
- Crude: ~10 – 18 Million tons/annum
- Natural Gas: ~14 – 20 BCM/annum
- Hydropower ~75 -83 TWh/annum
Renewable Energy
2005 Up to 2020 Up to 2030
MW GWh MW GWh MW GWh
Small/mini Hydro 185.00 555 1000 - 1200
Wind Power 0.80 na 300 - 400
Solar Cells 1.15 na 4-6 4,200-
5,200 3,500 10,000
Biomass 150.00 na 310-410
Geothermal 0 0 100
Total 336.95 ~600 1700-2100
 MAJOR ENERGY-ECONOMIC INDICATORS

ITEMS
ITEMS 1990
1990 2005
2005
GDP
GDP(USD/cap.)
(USD/cap.) 114
114 645
645
Commercial
CommercialEnergy
EnergyConsumption
Consumption(KgOE/cap.)
(KgOE/cap.) 63
63 250
250
Electricity
ElectricityConsumption
Consumption(KWh/cap.)
(KWh/cap.) 93
93 540
540
Energy
EnergyIntensity
Intensity(KgOE/1000USD95)
(KgOE/1000USD95) 312
312 500
500
Growth
GrowthRate
Rateof
ofGDP
GDP (%)
(%) 7.5
7.5
Growth
GrowthRate
Rateof
ofEnergy
EnergyConsumption
Consumption(%/year
(%/year)) 11.2
11.2
Growth
GrowthRate
Rateof
ofElectricity
ElectricityConsumption
Consumption (%/year
(%/year)) 14.2
14.2
Energy
EnergyElasticity
Elasticity 1.5
1.5
Electricity
ElectricityElasticity
Elasticity 1.9
1.9
 Final Energy demand
70000
In d u s try
A g ricu ltu re
60000 T ran s p o rt
C o m m erce
res id en ce
50000

40000
K TO E

30000

20000

10000

0
2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
I n d u str y 11454 15875 25579 39496 52946 65996
A g r ic u ltu r e 532 728 941 1085 1189 1348
Tr a n spor t 6401 10423 17437 26665 40738 52120
C om m e r c e 2009 3112 5261 7687 10136 12804
r e sid e n c e 319 4390 13088 21748 31927 41518
 Renewable Energy
120.0%

100.0%

80.0%
Renewable energy
60.0%
Total energy

40.0%

20.0%

0.0%
2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
Renewable energy 41.6% 30.5% 20.4% 15.8% 11.7% 9.4%
Total energy 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
 Primary energy balance
2005 2010 2015 2020 2030
Physical
Physical unit
Physical unit KTOE Physical unit KTOE Physical unit KTOE unit KTOE KTOE
Primary energy
demand 43832 63023 110627 171828 317391

Domestic energy
resouce 61145 76238 93780 103994 121792

include:

45,42Mll 55,28Mll 63,36Mll

Coal 32,6Mll. Tons 18271 tons 25440 tons 30960 tons 35482 75Mll tons 42000

19,86Mll
Crude oil 17,8Mll. Tons 18120 tons 20217 20Mll tons 20360 20,7Mll tons 21073 20Mll tons 20360

Gas 6,89Bll m3 6205 9,62Bll m3 7759 14,19Bll m3 12772 15,6Bll m3 14040 20Bll m3 18000

Hydro 17,49TWh 3762 33,76TWh 7259 58,67TWh 12614 60,08TWh 12919 67,8TWh 14586

Small hydro 1,99TWh 428 4,2TWh 904 9,78TWh 2104 28,1TWh 6042

Renewable energy 44,8Mll tons 14788 45,8Mll tons 15134 49Mll tons 16170 55,7Mll tons 18378 63Mll tons 20805

Remain (+) Lack(-) +17313 +13215 -16847 -67929 -195599

 III-Energy consumption in Vietnam
Estimated energy consumption in Vietnam Energy consumptionin2007
(exclude nuclear power)
billion BTU - billion British 2,500 USA
2,326
Thermal
10,000,000Unit
8,834,784
9,000,000
2,000 China
8,000,000
1,698
7,000,000
6,000,000 5,163,391 South
1,500
5,000,000 Korean
4,000,000 2,729,611
3,000,000
Indonesia
1,925,420 1,000
2,000,000
1,000,000 Thailand
- 500
2005 2010 2015 2020 226
114 86 Vietnam
47
Coal Hydro Petroleum Gas Total consumption
-
MM1TOE
Period 2005-2010 2010-2015 2015-2020
Annual growth rate 9% 17% 14% Source: EVN, BP, Wikipedia, MIT…
 Electricity – Demand vs supply imbalance
TKw h Base case T Kw h High case

1 ,00 0 1,000
90 0 900
80 0 800
70 0 700
60 0 600
50 0 500
40 0 400
30 0 300
20 0 200
10 0 100
- -
19 9 5 20 0 0 20 0 5 20 1 0 20 1 5 20 2 0 20 2 5 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

Elec tric ity output Elec tric ity dem and (base) Electricity output Elec tric ity demand (high)

 Stressful system: in 2008, required capacity of 12,000 – 13,000 MW while maximum capacity is only 12,000 MW.
 For years, Vietnam has had a power saving campaign and a rolling black-out calendar.
 EVN - import electricity from China. Near future power imports - include Laos & Cambodia (2015: 13 TWh & 35m
tons of coal; 2020: import about 38-53% of power demand)
 Future is even worse: annual capacity shortage of 800–1,000 MW
 Base case: shortage of 46.3 TWh in 2015 and 159.8 TWh in 2020
 High case: shortage of 102.4 TWh in 2015 and 270.8 TWh in 2020 (source: Vietnamnet)
 Power generation development plan
(by types of generation)

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%
2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

Source: EVN
 IV-ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN HCMC
Overview of Hochiminh City
• Biggest city in Viet Nam, located in the Southern. It is over
2000 square kilometers large, with a Subtropical Climate.
• Population: nearly 7 million permanent inhabitants, nearly
8% population of Vietnam. The daily need of such a
population is a great logistic problem for the municipal
authorities.
• A great economical activity occurs around the area. The
industrial one is growing by 10% in 2009, contributing to
more than 30% of the national GDP growth. The main
industries are food processing, textile, garment, plastics,
and mechanics. 50% GDP of the HCMC are represented by
servicing activities: banking, transport, export, trade and
tourism. Agricultural production represents only 10% of the
economy.
• Traffic jam puts a great challenge for development.
 Energy consumption
Fuel Energy
• Used by vehicles, industrial plants, and domestic
comfortable 4 millions liters of fuel are burned every day
for industrial production, power plants, transport.
• The fuels used are petrol, gas, LPG mainly imported (60%
the LPG are imported). Viet Nam is an oil exporting
country. But we imported 95% the fuel needs. Dung Quat
oil refinery zone was operated in Feb., 2009 supply a
large range of oil refined products and a municipal
program aiming an efficient and economical use of
energy.
• The most part of industrial plant use old and obsolete
technology. Estimations 50% of the industrial equipments
are obsolete, 40% are acceptable and 10% are modern
equipments.
 Energy consumption
Electricity Energy
• In 2007, electric consumption in HCMC is 12.043 billions
kWh, Electricity is used in industrial plants as a source of
energy, for motors, thermal source, home facilities.
• Tourism and other linked activities are also great electric
energy consumers: air conditioners, over lighting, hot
water, entertainment are as many factors of electricity
wasting.
• According to the development planning of the municipality,
the energy growth from 2001-2005 is among 12.2% and
from 2006-2007 is 8.6% per year. Maximum energy
consumption in HCMC in 2007 is 2,121 MW; time for
maximum energy consumption is about 6100h.
 Energy consumption
• In 2007, Vietnam has no enough electricity
for using, so electricity HCMC in 2007 is the
same situation. cutted down 215 million kWh,
includes: public lighting: 37.9%, for office:
33.8%, lighting for advertising: 7.4%, other:
6.7%. Structure for using the electricity in
HCMC in 2007 as flowing in table 1:
 Table 1: Structure for using the electricity
in HCMC in 2007

2005 2006 2007

Industry and Building 4,976 5,395 5,843
Agriculture and Food processing 11.9 11.65 11.78
Service and Trade 1,112.24 1,199.72 1,359.15
Home 3,616.97 4,039.26 4,366.26
Other 487.76 490.41 462.28
Total 10,205.4 11,137.0 12,043.3
 Energy consumption
• Consumption electricity in 2007 in HCMC is
about 1,810.76 kWh/person/year; double 2.6
time in the all country.
• Figure 1 show the electricity consumption in
2008 in HCMC:
 Figure 1: The electricity
consumption in HCMC, 2008
 Year 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
Item GWh % GWh % GWh % GWh % GWh %
Low Case
Sale 45603 100 91948 100 146898 100 216433 100 308511 100
Generation 53462 106669 169238 247352 349390
Peak (MW) 9255 18100 28046 40052 55395
Consumption per cap.
(kWh/cap.annum) 548 1048 1579 2189 2997
Base Case
Sale 45603 100 97111 100 164961 100 257260 100 381160 100
Generation 53462 112658 190047 294012 431664
Peak (MW) 9255 19117 31495 47607 68440
Consumption per cap.
(kWh/cap.annum) 548 1106 1774 2629 3703
High Case
Agriculture-Forestry-Fishery 574 1.26 1272 1.26 1672 0.97 2109 0.79 2658 0.67
Industry-Construction 21302 46.71 48201 47.65 84958 49.29 135398 50.60 204149 51.76
Commercial-Service 2162 4.74 6354 6.28 10828 6.28 17719 6.62 28750 7.29
Household-Managerment 19831 43.49 39656 39.21 62412 36.21 88692 33.15 123089 31.21
Others 1734 3.80 5665 5.60 12485 7.24 23643 8.84 35741 9.06
Sale 45603 100 101148 100 172354 100 267561 100 394388 100
T&D losses 12.0 10.8 9.6 8.5 7.5
Plant use 2.7 3.0 3.6 4.0 4.2
Generation 53462 117341 198565 305784 446645
Peak (MW) 9255 19911 32906 49513 70815
Consumption per cap.
(kWh/cap.annum) 548 1152 1853 2734 3831
 GWh
550000 20%

500000 Base Case 18%

450000 low Case

16%
High Case
400000
Base Case Growth 14%
350000
12%
300000
10%
250000
8%
200000
6%
150000
4%
100000

50000 2%

0 0%
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
Electricity production per capita in some countries of APEC
(Unit: kWh/capita. annum)
Year 1980 1990 1995 2000 2005

Australia 6539 9052 9599 10565 12033

Canada 15249 17195 18884 19662 18397

Chile 1054 1402 1972 2676 3203

China 307 547 836 1074 1881

Indonesia 67 212 476 595 552

Japan 4847 6748 7670 8454 8850

Malaysia 730 1264 2205 2974 3797

Mexico 916 1373 1562 1954 2178

New Zealand 7121 8936 9607 10271 10526

Philippines 372 424 491 591 681

Korea 977 - 4095 5558 8257

Russia - - 5816 6048 6649

Singapore 2886 5126 6308 7607 8833

Thailand 309 795 1366 1580 2033

United States 10062 11258 12713 13447 14215

Vietnam - 131 201 338 635

1. Initial stage: in 2006 electricity production of the whole country is 60.6
billion kWh, average over 710 kWh/person, the lowest in the ASEA N
countries
2. Period 2006 – 2010 with favorable conditions for socio -economic
development, starting industrialization, rapid power demand increase for
production development, infrastructure construction, making base for
next period
3. Period after 2010, the energy conservation and efficiency program, DSM
measures; electricity pricing measure, shifting structure of ele ctricity
use.. Led to significant electricity demand reduction.

tû k W h
1400 18%
16% 1200
16%
1200 15%
14%
1000 900
12%
680
800 10%
9.40%

1
600 8%
430 5.80% 5.80%
327.8 6%
400
4%
200
2%
0 0%
2003 2005 2010 2015 2020

Tiê u t h ụ đ iệ n , t ỷ k W h 1 Tố c đ ộ t ă n g t rư ở n g
 Forecast the demand of energy
consumption in 2015 in HCMC

Industry and Agriculture and Trade and

Home Other
Building Food Processing Service
Capacity demand
1,620 11.5 1,203 2,925 560
(MW)
Energy consumption
7.967 25.7 5,389 10,592 1,987
demand (GWh)
Policy and mechanism for development and management integrating economy-energy-
environment
 ensuring consistency between power development plan with local socioeconomic development
plan and land use plan, reasonable land allocated for power project development.
 Training environment protectors in power sectors; development of environmental pollution
monitoring and controlling system for periodical inspection.
 Thermal power plants:
 Using advanced, high efficient technologiess; increasing unit size
 Installation of precipitation equipment, de-SOx, application circulating Fluidized boiler
technology (CFB)=> reducing NOx;
 Using ashes as construction materials,
 Application of improvement of combustion chamber; application of coal gasification
technology
 Plan for stoping operation of old power plants
 Hydropower and renewable energy:
 Resolving social issues of resettlement, calculation of resettlement costs, reseasonable
options for ensuring living standards and jobs for resettled people in new residence areas.
 Coordinating in regulation of water reservoirs in cascade HPPs.
 Application of PSHPP technology for increasing efficiency of water resource, effective
operation of HPPs and TPPs combination in order to flatten the load shapes.
 Encouraging development of renewable energies (wind, solar, biomass power,…)
 Power network:
 using multi-circuit towers: many voltage levels on one power line; using compact towers in
urban areas in order to reduce safety corridor and occupiedland; using thermal-resistant
conductors; compact substations, GIS substations in urban areas
 conducting measures for increasing safety, health protection, environmental quality,
avoiding effects of electromagnetic fields on human and environment.
1. Existing: about 150MW of cogeneration power plants using
biomass (at sugar plants), 0.8 MW of wind power (on Bach
Long Vi island) and solar PV power about 1.15 MW
2. Development potential
- Small hydropower: ~ 2000MW
- Geothermal power: potential ~ 200MW
- Biomass power: 300 -:- 400MW
- Wind power: 400 -:- 600MW
- Solar PV power: 4 -:- 6MW
 Total power from renewable energies: 2700 -:- 3300MW
 About 1200MW of renewable energy can be developed in
2015 (equivalent to 3000GWh); 1500 -:- 1700MW in
2020 (~5000GWh) and 2400 -:- 3000MW in 2025
(~6400-7500GWh)
 Save energy
• The energetic audit of the nearly 2000 enterprises
with an electric power up to 500 KVA.
• The enterprises will consider energy saving
occasions and carry out the topics.
• Funds can be provided by the central governmental
energy saving funds or from banks. But some
incentive measures are projected with the cleaner
production funds. This fund has some advantages
such as no interest loan, by long-term payment,
easy formalities. Till this day, 6 cleaner production
protects are under examination.
 Save energy
• The formation of energy managers.
– Trainers were formed; they are lecturers form some university in
HCMC. From this course, the DOST develop training sessions for
some hundred energy managers in three main economic activities:
paper mill, plastics mounding and textile dyeing with the cooperation
of the mentioned universities.
– Energy saving topics in the MSc degree course of the universities.
• One of the major difficulties of this topic is the source of the
special equipment needed by the enterprises for the
improvement of their old machines (some of them are 50
years old). The experts find easily the energy waste in
industrial production for example: paper mills: the energy
waste is among 20%; plastic factories: it goes from 7 to 40
%; in a experimental energy audit carried out in a four star
hotel in HCMC shows 20% of energy can be saved and the
investment is paid back only in two months (by the side this
hotel just receives an ISO 9000 certificate for the quality of it
services).
 Save energy
• Ministry of Industry (MoIT) rules the use of energy on the whole country,
policy on the efficiency and economy of energy. Municipal policy on the
energy: demanding the enterprises to make their energy audit and to
design energy conservation device for their equipment especially for
heat, electric energy, water recycling. In 2002, a decree demands all the
enterprises to make their energy audit. The implementation of energy
conservation center in HCMC. There are a lot of organisms making
energy audit.
• The coordinating energy saving activities on the HCMC municipality and
as a correspondent of the central government energy saving program
(managed by the MOST).
• DOST sets up a short term training program for energy managers on the
municipal area, supported by EDP (the Netherlands) ADEME (France)
JECC (Japan). According to the Ministry decree, DOST must support
the newly formed energy auditors.
 Save energy
• The experienced experts are not
enough for facing increasing demands.
Too, for the managers project managers,
we have devotes but inexperienced
managers. They must be trained in their new
jobs and the DOST himself has not too
experience in the domain. A huge works
must be done in the next years in energy
domain to maintain a sustainable economic
development in the country.
 The power demand forecast was made for the period 2006 – 2010 considered
conditions and policies to attract investment capital from domes tic and foreign
resources. The demand forecast may not take into account all fac tors of rapid
developing economy and integration. The power demand forecast were for base
case, and high case, which shall be upgraded, reviews annually and report to the
Government for adjusting plan.
 Although the trade electricity energy in HCMC has reduced since the few years ago but it is
still is biggest amount in Vietnam. So we need to cut down the consumption of it, save
energy and use renewable energy forms in order to protect the environment for sustainable
develop.
 In order to reduce risk of short term electricity shortage and long term investment,
measures for encouraging electricity saving, DSM programs need t o be applied.
 Schedules of power plants in the period 2006 – 2010 in the base case were
calculated with reserve when power demand increases higher than normal and if
some power plants are delayed; The power generation program is m ore difficult
when power system is large, therefore, it requires close control of preparation and
implementation process in order to avoid delay as approved in the Plan.
 MP VI strictly followed the contents of “Strategy of power development” which was
approved and the draft “National energy Strategy” which is being submitted to the
Government for approval. Regarding arrangement of power plants in 3 regions, it need to
make planning of sites for new power centers of ~6000MW coal TPPs in the North; ~2400MW
of coal TPPs in the Central; ~5000MW of coal TPPs in the South and over 2000MW gas TPPs in
the South.
 In order to reach rate of 3-4% electricity from renewable power plants, it needs to have
mechanisms on price subsidy, procedures and encouraging development of small
hydropower projects, wind power projects, biomass and geothermal power projects,..
However, it needs to monitor investment process in order to avoid the low efficient projects.
 MP VI strictly followed the contents of “Strategy of power development” which was
approved and the draft “National energy Strategy” which is being submitted to the
Government for approval. Regarding arrangement of power plants in 3 regions, it need to
make planning of sites for new power centers of ~6000MW coal TPPs in the North; ~2400MW
of coal TPPs in the Central; ~5000MW of coal TPPs in the South and over 2000MW gas TPPs in
the South.
 In order to reach rate of 3-4% electricity from renewable power plants, it needs to have
mechanisms on price subsidy, procedures and encouraging development of small
hydropower projects, wind power projects, biomass and geothermal power projects,..
However, it needs to monitor investment process in order to avoid the low efficient projects.
 With relatively big volume of lines and substations to be constructed,
apart from application of new technology (such as many circuit on
one line, many voltage levels, compact tower, GIS substation,..) it
needs the local support in consensus of line routes and arrangement
of land for substations in order to avoid overlapped planning and
reduce socio-environmental impacts.
 Promoting cooperation on preparation of construction investment
hydropower projects in Laos and Cambodia and interconnection
with Chinese 220-500kV power system.
 Power network investment program is about 4 billion USD/year, will
meet many difficulties. It is recommended that the Government to
give priority for using OCR, ODA resources,.. Encouraging
diversification of power generation project owners, mobilizing
finance from such resources as bond, equitization, foreign BOT
power projects at reasonable rate.
 In order to ensure financial balance for the whole power sector,
encouraging investors in development of electricity market,
electricity conservation and efficiency, it is recommended that the
Government permit to increase electricity tariffs according to the
roadmap to 7 US cent/kWh in 2010 and 7.5 US cent/kWh in 2015