COSPP Cogeneration May June 2013

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OnSite Power Production
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SUPERCRITICAL CO2 REFINES COGENERATION n ENHANCING SCADA FOR COGENERATION nEFFICIENCY BREAKTHROUGH IN SOLAR THERMAL CELLS nREFURBISHMENT
DRIVES GROWTH IN RUSSIA n AWARD-WINNING CHP IN THE UKS nMEXICAN INDUSTRY TAPS COGEN POTENTIAL nTHE MAN DRIVING DOUBLE-DIGIT GROWTH AT MWM
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IMPLICATIONS OF VARYING GAS QUALITY NEW COGEN FACILITYS ROLE IN GERMANYS ENERGIEWENDE NEW LEASE OF LIFE FOR DH IN CEE REGION
CHINAS AMBITIOUS CHP EXPANSION PLAN AN INNOVATIVE OFF-GRID RENEWABLES PROJECT IN INDIA BIOCOAL: A NEW FUEL FOR COGEN?
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Time to recognize on-site
renewables potential
1305COSPP_C1 C1 5/14/13 2:41 PM
Customer:
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Challenge:
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The customer turned to Elliott because our resources are global and our response is local.
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1305COSPP_1 1 5/14/13 2:12 PM
Cogeneration & OnSite Power Production | May - June 2013 www.cospp.com 2
Contents
Volume 13 Number 3
May-June 2013
24
12
Natural gas quality: Impact on DG
The impact of natural gas quality variations on gas-fred distributed generators (DG) is an
important issue, but one that is often ignored. Gas supplying companies want to broaden
the range of gas compositions in order to ease trans-border transfer, accepting a wide
range of LNG from the market. However, sudden changes in composition can have nega-
tive consequences for distributed generation and CHP.
By Dr. Jacob Klimstra
20
Barriers to distributed renewable energy development
People like the idea of distributed generation or decentralized power. They also like the
idea of utilizing renewables. So what is stopping the greater development of distributed
renewable energy, especially in our highly environmentally-conscious times? COSPP takes a
global view to fnd out what are the main barriers to its greater take up.
By Ed Ritchie
24
CEEs district heating revival
District heating traditionally played a starring role in urban heating systems in planned
economies behind the iron curtain. Now it is making a comeback. COSPP looks at the
latest developments in Central & Eastern Europe (CEE).
By Rachada Raizada
38
Chinas ambitious CHP action plan
The new administration in China has ambitious cogeneration plans, with a number of
new gas thermal power plants earmarked to be built in Tianjin over the period of the
current fve-year plan. The new Energy Development Plan, released in January, outlines
a target to build 30 GW of new gas-powered plants by 2015, again many will be CHP-
based. How can foreign cogen frms beneft from these government programmes and
get a piece of this action?
By David Green
Features
C
www. cos pp. com

In Association With
May - June 2013
IMPLICATIONS OF VARYING GAS QUALITY NEWCOGEN FACILITYS ROLE IN GERMANYS ENERGIEWENDE NEWLEASE OF LIFE FOR DH IN CEE REGION
CHINAS AMBITIOUS CHP EXPANSION PLAN AN INNOVATIVE OFF-GRID RENEWABLES PROJECT IN INDIA BIOCOAL: A NEW FUEL FOR COGEN?
Time to recognize on-site
renewables potential
The time has come to realize the
full potential of renewables-based
distributed generation. See p.20.
Photo: Los Angeles County
Sanitations Calabasas facility.
1305COSPP_2 2 5/14/13 2:13 PM
www.cospp.com
ISSN 14690349
Chairman: Frank T. Lauinger
President/CEO: Robert F. Biolchini
Chief Financial Offcer: Mark C. Wilmoth
Group Publisher: Glenn Ensor
Chief Editor: Dr. Heather Johnstone
Managing Editor: Dr. Jacob Klimstra
Production Editor: Mukund Pandit
Consulting Editor: David Sweet
Design: Keith Hackett
Production Coordinator: Kimberlee Smith
Sales Managers: Natasha Cole

WADE Editorial Board:
Jessica Bridges
(US Clean Heat & Power Association, USA)
Jorge A. Hernndez Soulayrac
(Iberomericana University, Mexico)
Jacob Klimstra
(Jacob Klimstra Consultancy, Netherlands)
Fiona Riddoch
(COGEN Europe, Belgium)
Advertising:
Natasha Cole on +1 713 621 9720
Richard Abels on +44 1992 656 608
or cospp@pennwell.com
Editorial/News contact:
Richard Baillie,
e-mail: cospp@pennwell.com
Published by PennWell International Ltd,
The Water Tower,
Gunpowder Mill, Powdermill Lane,
Waltham Abbey, Essex EN9 1BN, UK
Tel: +44 1992 656 600
Fax: +44 1992 656 700
Web: www.cospp.com
Published in association with the
World Alliance for Decentralized Energy (WADE)
2012 PennWell International Publications Ltd.All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or
by any means, whether electronic, mechanical or otherwise
including photocopying, recording or any information storage or
retrieval system without the prior written consent of the Publishers.
While every attempt is made to ensure the accuracy of the
information contained in this magazine, neither the Publishers,
Editors nor the authors accept any liability for errors or omissions.
Opinions expressed in this publication are not necessarily those of
the Publishers or Editor.
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Cogeneration and On-Site Power Production is published six
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www.cospp.com
38
12
Project Profle
28
New cogen facility supports
Germanys energy transition
The centrepiece of Bavarian utility Stadtwerke
Rosenheims newly-upgraded municipal
cogeneration facility is the largest ever gas-
fuelled engine from GE Jenbacher, a 9.5
MW FleXtra engine. The system is expected
to contribute to Germanys controversial
Energiewende programme.
By Steve Hodgson
34
Off-grid renewable initiative in India
Ladakh, a remote district of Indias northernmost state, is currently benefting from the largest
off-grid renewable energy project in the world. The Ministry for New and Renewable Energy
has invrested in decentralized solar and hydro technologies to bring energy security to this
remote mountain region. Why Ladakh?
By Duncan McKenzie
6 Editor Letter
8 Insight
10 Comment
50 WADE pages
55 Diary
56 Advertisers index
Regulars
43
Biocoal: An innovation in biomass-based fuels
Biocoal is said to be carbon neutral and cost effcient, it also offers a similar power output to coal
and can be burned in existing boilers with little or no modifcation. Initial results from a year-
long technical evaluation in the UK demonstrated that biocoal produced by microwave
technology can be introduced as a co-fring fuel into coal-fred power generation. What is its
potential as a fuel in cogeneration and on-site power applications?
By Robert Stokes
1305COSPP_3 3 5/14/13 2:13 PM
Varnish Theory
Photos above compare sludge / varnish of an in-service
oil to new on servo valve lters.
ADVERTORIAL FEATURE
Expert Interview:
How to Vanquish Varnish
James Hannon, Product Technical Advisor, ExxonMobil Fuels, Lubricants & Specialties Marketing Company
Varnish can have a signicant impact on the
reliability of gas turbine operations. What is
varnish and how much of an issue is it in the
power industry?
Varnish has historically been used as a catch all term for deposits,
either in the form of sludge or varnish. Sludge is often described as
a soft, pliable, organic residue that can be easily removed by wiping,
while varnish refers to the hard, oil insoluble organic residue that is not
easily removed by wiping. According to a recent ExxonMobil Fuels &
Lubricants survey of 192 gas turbine power plants with a combined
total of 626 gas turbines, approximately 40 per cent reported current or
historical varnish issues within six years of oil service life. Both varnish
and sludge form in different ways and there are many contributing
factors to their formation.
Turbines with common hydraulic and bearing reservoirs are far
more susceptible to unit trips or no-starts related to varnish than
turbines with segregated reservoirs. Mild varnish can also build
on journal and thrust bearings with little or no impact on bearing
temperatures or shaft rotations. Unit trips or no-starts are rarely, if
ever, reported due to varnish in turbine bearings. For these reasons,
varnish prevention and detection should be emphasized on turbines
with common hydraulic and turbine oil reservoirs compared to
turbines with separate hydraulic and turbine oil reservoirs.
How does varnish occur?
There are three main mechanisms of varnish formation: thermal
degradation of oil which can take place at temperatures above
300C; oxidation, a reaction that acts to decompose the oil; and
contamination of the oil, through either internal or external sources.
While treating the symptoms of varnish through mitigation
technologies may extend service life, the important factors for reliable
operation are starting with a clean system and using a turbine oil
designed to prevent varnish from forming. A well-balanced formulation
that utilises high-performance base stocks and advanced technology
additives is the rst line of defence against the formation of sludge
and varnish.
What properties should an operator look for
when selecting a gas turbine oil?
Varnish formation and management are greatly impacted by the oils
formulation. By selecting an oil composed of highly rened base oils
and a proper balance of advanced technology additives, it is less
likely to be compromised during long-term service. In general, higher
group base stocks blended with advanced technology additives offer
the best rst line against varnish. In selecting a well-balanced gas
turbine lubricant, maintenance personnel should consider the following
performance areas:
* Deposil Conlrol
* Oxidolion 5lobilily
* Air keleose ond Foom Conlrol
* Fillerobilily
* Anli-kusl ond Corrosion proleclion
* Weor proleclion
Con you lell us more oboul ExxonMobil's
latest gas turbine lubricant?
ExxonMobil Fuels & Lubricants has recently introduced Mobil DTE
932 GT, a scientically engineered gas turbine oil that can help power
operators to increase productivity by reducing unscheduled downtime.
Across a wide range of testing procedures, Mobil DTE 932 GT was
shown to deliver critical performance benets such as the potential for
greatly reduced varnish formation, enhanced turbine performance and
durability. As a result, Mobil DTE 932 GT meets or exceeds the stan-
dards for General Electric frame 3, 5, 6, 7 and 9 turbines.
Other performance benets of Mobil DTE 932 GT include excep-
tional high temperature performance, outstanding deposit control, ex-
cellent foam control and air release.
More inlormolion
For more information about ExxonMobils range of gas turbine oils or other
Mobil-branded lubricants and services, please contact the ExxonMobil
Lubricants Technical Help Desk on TechDeskEurope@exxonmobil.com
or +420 221 456 426, or visit www.mobilindustrial.com
1305COSPP_4 4 5/14/13 2:13 PM
1305COSPP_5 5 5/14/13 2:14 PM
Editors Letter
Cogeneration & OnSite Power Production | May - June 2013 www.cospp.com
6
Industry veteran
takes the helm
S
ince this is my frst Editors Letter, I
imagine that youd like to know about
my background and what my motives
are for taking up this exciting role of
managing editor.
Long ago, back in 1970, I had the privilege
to start as a research engineer for Gasunie
Research, part of NV Nederlandse Gasunie in
the city of Groningen.
The use of natural gas was rapidly
increasing in those days and many interesting
challenges emerged. For example, the fames
of gas-fuelled burners appeared to be less
stable than those of oil burners and we had
to fnd solutions to avoid boiler pulsations. In
addition, early-generation gas turbines and
gas engines, as used in gas compressor
stations, suffered from vibrations and poor
reliability. Via measuring, analysing, studying
and testing these dynamic phenomena,
we tried to fnd solutions together with the
manufacturers, and that is how I became a
specialist in prime movers.
In the early 1980s, many of problems
had been solved and I feared that I would
have to look for another challenge. However,
fortunately for me at least, we had two energy
crises in the seventies, plus the Club of Rome
published its report The Limits to Growth.
Consequently, policy makers issued
legislation for reducing fuel consumption and
our laboratory was charged with assisting gas
consumers and equipment manufacturers
in fnding solutions. That is when my work on
the combined production of heat and power
started. The very frst gas engines in CHP
applications were small, ranging in power from
15 kW to 150 kW. These engines were primarily
diesel engines converted to gas, but many
reliability problems emerged. The monopolistic
electricity companies initially refused to
connect the CHP units to the distribution grid
because they feared voltage instabilities.
However, we could showed via statistical
theory and real-life tests that having multiple
smaller generators connected to the grid
could provide a higher stability and security of
supply than a few large power plants.
CHP and on-site power production was
seen as a preferred way of using gas by my
employer. In order to improve the reliability
and effciency of the prime movers, the CEO
personally asked me to set up an engine
testing laboratory at Gasunie Research. Many
well-known manufacturers sent engines to our
facility and our dedicated team helped them
carry out improvements. We also assisted in
developing burners for gas turbines. All our
innovations/solutions were made known via
conference papers and magazine articles.
In 2000, Gasunies activities were unbundled
and the obligation to improve the processes
of customers disappeared. I found a new
position as an energy and engine specialist
with the Finnish manufacturer Wrtsil and
had many happy years there. For them, I
travelled to almost every corner of the world,
highlighting the benefts of local generation to
the end-user.
At the end of 2009, I set-up my own
consultancy to serve the sector, and not
long after I began to work with Pennwell on
its POWER-GEN conference portfolio In co-
operation with Wrtsil, I also wrote a sizeable
part of the Smart Power Generation book.
And now there is this new challenge of being
managing editor of COSPP. I sincerely believe
in the benefts of cogeneration and on-site
power production. Spreading that message
is still needed. I am counting on you, dear
readers, to help me in keeping this magazine
interesting and valuable.
Jacob Klimstra
Managing Editor
P.S. Dont forget to visit www.cospp.com to
see regular news updates, the current issue
of the magazine in full, and an archive of
articles from previous issues. Its the same
website address to sign-up for our fortnightly
e-newsletter too.
Dr. Jacob Klimstra
1305COSPP_6 6 5/14/13 2:15 PM
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1305COSPP_7 7 5/14/13 2:15 PM
8
Insight
Industrial-scale
cogeneration takes off
in Mexico
T
he well-established cogen
markets of Europe and
the US are served by the
equally well-established
trade associations, COGEN Europe
and the CHP Association (formerly
the USCHPA), which also act as
pressure groups trying to support
cogeneration/CHP industries and
to transform the markets for their
products.
A whole series of national trade
associations do similar work in the
individual countries of Europe and, in
the US, eight regionally-based Clean
Energy Application Centers lobby for
and support CHP development locally.
In addition to these organisations, the
closely-linked district heating industry
is also supported by Euroheat & Power
in Europe and the International District
Energy Association, which is based in
the US but has wider horizons.
The existence of a trade association
gives its members, the main industry
players, a unifed voice in making the
case for the technology, and gives
governments and regulators a way
to directly address the industry. The
associations tend to do a good job
often punching above their weight
when it comes to making sure that
cogeneration is treated according
to its merits in energy debates and
the development of legislation and
regulations.
So its good to see the emergence
of a new national trade association
COGENERA Mexico, which is in the
process of being constituted. The new
organisation was introduced to the
world at last months COGEN Europe
conference in Brussels. It has a familiar
agenda regulatory issues around
cogeneration in Mexico; fnancing
and fscal incentives; promotion of
the technology and development of
a market for it; fuels and sustainability
issues.
At the Brussels event, Ana Delia
Cordova, a member of the Board
of COGENERA Mexico, spoke of the
value of learning from the experience
of COGEN Europe and similar
organisations already involved in
promoting cogeneration, and of
the cogen business opportunities
opening up in Mexico.
And these opportunities may be
many. The US Commercial Service
has recently issued guidance on
opportunities resulting from expected
growth in cogeneration by the
Mexican private sector in the coming
years. It identifes the petroleum,
petrochemicals, chemicals, sugar
and paper and pulp industries as
potential growth application areas.
In addition, Mexicos state-
owned oil company, PEMEX, and its
Comision Federal de Electricidad
(CFE) are already collaborating on
cogeneration plants at PEMEX facilities
that both cut steam costs for PEMEX
and deliver low-cost electricity to CFE.
The Commercial Service identifes
10 GW of potential cogeneration
plants for PEMEX facilities alone, and
suggests that the collaboration model
could be extended beyond these two
companies.
And, an alert published earlier
this year by the Mexico offce
of international lawyers Baker &
McKenzie reports new incentives
for and activity in the cogen sector
in Mexico, following helpful recent
amendments to energy regulatory
instruments. It points to 63 permits
granted for new cogeneration plants
in the country, adding up to some
3 GW of new generating capacity.
Meanwhile, reports in the last few
weeks from the COSPP website (www.
cospp.com) suggest considerable
activity is already underway:
Spains Iberdrola has begun work
on a new 430 MW cogeneration plant
at a PEMEX refnery in Salamanca, a
city in Guanajuato state.
PEMEX has brought a 300 MW
cogeneration scheme on line in the
south-eastern state of Tabasco.
Rolls-Royce is to supply industrial
gas turbine equipment for a proposed
cogeneration scheme at a textile and
chemicals complex in Veracruz.
Two Spanish contracting
companies, OHL and Sener, are to
build a 35 MW cogeneration scheme
for the refning arm of PEMEX at a
facility in the north-eastern state of
Tampaulipas.
Cogeneration in Mexico seems
to be having a growth spurt just
now, and with sizeable schemes too.
Assisted by a favourable regulatory
environment and ample reserves of
natural gas at low prices, the sector
has very considerable potential.
Whats needed now is investment
from outside the country in new
projects. And a new national trade
association focused on cogeneration
should help too.
Steve Hodgson
Contributing Editor
Steve Hodgson
1305COSPP_8 8 5/14/13 2:16 PM
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have the space and facilities including production halls,
cranes, paint shops and welding booths to manufacturing
large orders in-house in terms of module size and quantity.
We look forward to welcoming you at the POWER-GEN
Europe 2013 in Vienna from 4
th
until 6
th
of June.
Hall A, booth A161.
What we do.
For coal-red, diesel motor and offshore wind power plants
KRAL offers light oil and heavy fuel oil transfer and unloading
modules, lube oil, high pressure, slop oil and valve modules
up to 600 m/h and 160 bar.
1305COSPP_9 9 5/14/13 2:16 PM
10
Comment
E
very 17 years there is a
phenomenon that takes
place in the northeast of the
US when swarms of cicadas
a locust-like insect emerges
from the ground after almost two
decades of subterranean slumber.
For around one month there is a
non-stop, high-decibel cacophony
of mating calls as these insects fy
around with one thing on their simple
pre-programmed minds. I mention
this because this 17-year cycle will
soon be upon us and will disrupt
the lives and sleep patterns of many
until the cicadas mate, lay their eggs
and die. I also mention this because
it seems that CHP and distributed
generation seem to move in and out
of favour in cycles (perhaps not as
long or as predictable as the mating
seasons of cicadas) and can cause
a great deal of disruption to the
existing utility business model.
As a result of Hurricane Sandy
and low natural gas prices it
seems like there is a high degree
of chatter about the potential for
CHP and distributed generation
throughout the US, and especially
in the northeast. Virtually every
energy conference now seems to
have some mention of distributed
generation, as if the concept just
hatched from the ground.
It seems that the utility industry is
beginning to take serious notice that
its traditional business model faces
a mounting challenge from the
distributed sector. In a recent report
prepared for the Edison Electric
Institute, Disruptive Challenges:
Financial Implications and Strategic
Responses to a Changing Retail
Electric Business, the threat of
distributed generation is thoroughly
examined from a fnancial and
strategic perspective. Much of the
report is focused on the competitive
threat from solar photovoltaics (PV)
as a result of the rapid decline
in panel costs and availability of
government programmes and
benefts, including tax credits and
state renewable portfolio standards.
However, there is surprising candor
about the possibility of customers
cutting the cord as was done in
other industries such as telecoms.
While legacy utilities will not
be easily disrupted by distributed
technology, especially PV, there
is a growing recognition that the
true threat of disruption could
come from distributed gas-fred
generation which is not subject to
the intermittency that limits solar and
wind. The report notes:
Due to the variable nature of
renewable DER, there is a perception
that customers will always need
to remain on the grid. While we
would expect customers to remain
on the grid until a fully viable and
economic distributed non-variable
resource is available, one can
imagine a day when battery storage
technology or micro turbines would
allow customers to be electric grid
independent.
Would a customer cut the cord
from the utility if viable options for
self generation were affordable
and readily available? Fuel cells,
micro-chp, microgrids all supplied
by natural gas could offer reliable
options for round the clock power.
One thing that we have seen time
and time again, is that the new breed
of consumer is not afraid to do things
differently from previous generations.
Younger consumers who are more
tech savvy and untethered feel
little compunction about life without
a landline. We are at the point now
where multi-billion dollar companies
can be run by executives without
even a laptop computer using
just tablets and smartphones.
Reliable and affordable electricity
will become ever more critical to
our digital society. There has been
a transformation in how that power
is provided. Still to be determined is
who will be the provider of that power.
David Sweet
Executive Director, WADE
dsweet@localpower.org
David Sweet
Seventeen-year
Cicadas and Disruptive
Business Models
1305COSPP_10 10 5/14/13 2:17 PM
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Hitachi Power Europe supplies up-to-date, efficient
products. We construct and renew power plants.
We deal in condition-based maintenance. Our green
technologies in energy storage and biomass,
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needs experience
1305COSPP_11 11 5/14/13 2:17 PM
Gas qualitys impact on DG
N
atural gas is an
important fuel
for distributed
generation (DG)
and cogeneration. Running
generators on clean natural
gas can result in large
savings in fuel consumption
by locally using the heat
released during the
production of electricity. On
top of this, emissions will be
realtively low.
Distributed generation
also avoids the need for
long transmission lines, plus
transporting energy over
long distances via pipelines
with natural gas is said to
be 525 times cheaper than
transmitting electricity over
power lines.
Energy can also be stored in
the gas in the pipeline if it is at a
pressure exceeding the value
needed by the customers. So
natural gas, is in effect, a large
natural battery that is excellent
for the long-term back-up of
intermittent renewables, such
as wind and solar.
Traditionally, the majority
of natural gas consumers
received it through pipelines
from a single source. This meant
that the composition of the
gas remained fairly stable. This
enables the users to achieve
optimum performance and
minimum emissions from their
boilers, gas turbines or gas
engines by tuning them to
the prevailing composition of
the fuel.
However, local gas reserves
in industrialised countries are
rapidly diminishing, at the
same time as its popularity
is increasing, due to its
lower-specifc greenhouse
gas emissions and cleaner
combustion.
In response to this, natural
gas in increasingly being
shipped as liquefed nartural
gas (LNG) from areas, such
as the Middle East, Indonesia,
Africa and Australia, to
many countries in Asia.
The US has large shale gas
resources, which might turn
North America into a net
gas exporter, while Europe
increasingly depends on
imports from Russia because
domestic felds in the waters
Natural gas is an excellent fuel for DG and CHP, explains
Dr. Jacob Klimstra, but because of widening differences in
its composition and the introduction of regional
standards governing its quality
concerns are growing.
Whats in the
pipeline?
1305COSPP_12 12 5/14/13 2:17 PM
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corporate and product identity used herein, are trademarks of Caterpillar and may not be used without permission.
2013 Caterpillar. All Rights Reserved.
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1305COSPP_13 13 5/14/13 2:17 PM
off the UK and the Netherlands
are rapidly depleting.
However, dependence
on a single foreign supplier
is unattractive because it
limits the possibilities for price
negotiation. In addition,
political tensions could affect
security of supply.
It is for these reasons that
the European Commission
is now promoting the full
integration of all European
gas transmission systems.Such
integration also aims to allow
greater competition between
gas suppliers, resulting in lower
prices for customers.
However, when gas
comes from multiple sources,
its composition can vary
widely and sometimes
instantaneously, and thereby
affecting the quality of the fuel.
Quality
Expressing the quality of natural
gas is more complicated than
doing the same thing for
power. Customers are happy
if electricity at 50 Hz or 60 Hz
is at a voltage close to the
rated value, has no excessive
harmonic distortion and has
a supply reliability of at least
99.99%. However, with natural
gas, the defnition of quality is
more diverse.
Gas companies generally
express the quality of their fuel
through its composition, its
Wobbe index (WI) and calorifc
value. Additional factors, such
as combustion velocity, knock
resistance, the absence of
sulphur and siloxanes, as well
as frmness in composition,
can be important to users.
The WI is a measure of
energy fow for a given pressure
drop over a restriction. The
majority of gas applications
use a pressure drop when
administering gas to a burner
or carburettor. For the WI, the
volumetric calorifc value H
(MJ/m
3
) of the gas has to be
known, as does the relative
density d =
gas
/
air
of the gas:
WI =
gas
air
Because the quotient of
the two densities (kg.m
3
)
is dimensionless, the WI has
the same dimension as the
calorifc value: MJ/m
3
. If the
WI changes, the power output
of the gas application also
changes unless corrective
steps are taken. The same
applies for the air-to-fuel ratio
, because for most systems
that consume gas, the air-to-
fuel ratio varies in inverse
proportion to the WI:
(new) = WI(initial)/WI(new)
(initial)
The air-to-fuel ratio
determines the temperature of
the fame and the combustion
velocity, so the combustion
process will change with the
WI, and thereby affecting fuel
effciency, thermal load and
emissions.
For example, if the WI drops
from 55 MJ/m
3
to 50 MJ/m
3
, the
initial value of 1.9 increases
to 2.1. If the application is
a gas engine with a venturi
carburettor to prepare the
fuel-air mixture, the engine
would most probably misfre
and stop fully.
If for the same initial value
of 1.9, the WI increased from
50 MJ/m
3
to 55 MJ/m
3
, the new
value of would fall to almost
1.7, resulting in substantially
higher NOx emissions and,
most probably, knocking. In
addition, the power output
would increase by 10% and
potentially leading to system
overload
Standards
Less than a decade ago the US
had big plans for importing LNG
because its domestic resources
were declining and it wanted to
ensure security of supply, plus
natural gas produces lower
greenhouse gas emissions
compared to coal.
Terminals for receiving
LNG were built at major ports
along the east and west
coasts. Up to then the US had
enjoyed reasonably stable gas
compositions, but there were
fears over the consequences
of the differing compositions
of the LNG. This led the Federal
Energy Regulating Committee
(FERC) to approach the US
Natural Gas Council and other
interested parties on how to
deal with the anticipated
problems.
A new committee, NGC+,
was established, with
members from equipment
manufacturers, power plant
companies, pipeline operators,
gas distributors, feedstock
companies and LNG suppliers.
Over the course of 19
meetings, the 71 stakeholders
discussed all aspects of
combustion effciency,
emissions, fame stability and
appliance performance. As a
result, a White Paper on natural
gas interchangeability and
non-combustion end use
1
was
issued on 28 February 2005.
Table 1 gives the agreed
values for some gas indices,
while Figure 2 shows how
these values affect the upper
calorifc value and WI.
In the White Paper, the WI is
allowed to vary in the range
4% around the traditional
average value of 53.16 MJ/
m
3
, while the upper calorifc
value can vary by 6% around
41.17 MJ/m
3
. It is important to
note that the upper calorifc
value is specifed here for
a reference temperature
of 25C, while Table 1 uses
reference conditions for a m
3

of 101.25 kPa and 273.15 K.
These reference conditions
often differ depending on the
country or the organization,
and care should be taken to
take this into account when
comparing different gas
quality standards.
In Europe, the EASEEgas
consortium, made up of
primarily members from
the gas sector, has been
working for almost a decade
on specifcations for the
transborder transfer of
natural gas.
Table 2 lists the gas quality
index values set for this.
Based a mandate from the
Table 1. Limits in gas index values in the US
Index Maximum value
WI 55.06 MJ/m
3
Upper calorifc value 43.73 MJ/m
3
C4
+
gases 1.5 mol %
Inert components 4%
Flow over a restriction: the Wobbe Index
p

P = . H
i
(if this is constant, no change in
energy supply
= c p/
gas

Wobbe = H
i
/
gas
/
air
H
i
= lower calorific value (MJ/m
3
)
= density (kg/m
3
)

Figure 1. Schematic of the Wobbe Index
1305COSPP_14 14 5/14/13 2:17 PM
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1305COSPP_15 15 5/14/13 2:17 PM
Commission, the organization
of gas transmission
operators, ENTSO-G, and the
normalisation committee, CEN,
are now turning this into a
standard.
It appears that in the
EASEEgas proposal, almost any
natural gas available in the
world can be accepted. This is
welcomed by gas traders and
shippers but has signifcnatly
negative consequences for
gas consumers.
A range in the WI between 49
MJ/m
3
and 57 MJ/m
3
means
that a gas-consuming device
can suddenly experience a
decrease of 14% in fuel supply.
In such a case, an initial air-to-
fuel ratio of 2 in a gas engine
or a gas turbine combustor
will instantaneously become
= 2.3, resulting in combustion
instability and misfring. The
gas standards do not exclude
so-called plug fow, which
means that a sudden change
in composition of the gas
supplied can always occur.
A change in the opposite
direction in other words a
sudden jump in the WI from
49 MJ/m
3
to 57 MJ/m
3
will
decrease the air-to-fuel ration
from 2 to 1.7, resulting in
16% more power, a higher
combustion velocity and higher
combustion temperatures.
The power output controller
of a gas engine can normally
handle a rapid change in
output caused by a change
in WI. In engines that feature
a carburettor, the throttle valve
will readjust the amount of
mixture fowing to the engine,
and in gas engines with
electronic gas admission
valves, the readjustment in
power output will be even
faster. However, the air-to-fuel
ratio of carburettor-based
engines takes longer to control
because of the adjustment in
the carburettor setting.
Knock resistance
In gas engines, a gas with
a higher volumetric calorifc
value will generally have a
lower knock resistance the
knock resistance of gaseous
fuels is expressed by the
methane number (MN).
The MN method was
initially developed at the
laboratories of AVL in Graz,
Austria, with a consortium of
German and Austrian engine
manufacturers in the early
1970s. In that programme,
no hydrocarbons higher
than butane were taken into
account. Subsequently, the
initial method was improved to
ft the actual performance of
modern engines. The effects of
higher hydrocarbons, such as
pentane, hexane and heptane
on the methane number are
now included.
Gas engines in stationary
applications for cogeneration
and on-site power production
demonstrate optimum
performance with a MN of 80
or higher. This also applies to
natural-gas-fuelled trucks and
ships. Fuel effciency, power
output and load-step-response
capability are negatively
affected by low MNs.
Some gases within the
EASEEgas range, such as LNG
from Libya, have a MN as low
as 63. Figure 4 shows MNs for
a selection of natural gases
that lie in the EASEEgas range.
Gases with an MN of less
than 60 might even occur if
the specifcations contain
no lower limit for the MN. The
specifcations for gas in the
US guarantee that the MN is
always above 73.
Gas treatment
Shale gas in the US
3
varies
widely in composition from site
to site. To comply with the NGC+
limits, the concentration of
higher hydrocarbons is reduced
by condensing them out (Figure
5) as natural gas liquids (NGLs).
These NGLs help to make shale
gas production proftable.
According to Valerie Wood,
president of EnergySolutions
3
:
NGLs are priced in accordance
with crude oil prices. The
production of high-value NGLs
helps to lower natural gas break-
even prices.
However, gas transmission
operators in Europe refuse
to see removal of higher
hydrocarbons at LNG terminals
as a solution for obtaining
narrower gas specifcations.
Their excuse is that European
and national legislation
prohibits gas transmission
companies from selling NGLs
to refneries. Such an aberration
can easily be rectifed.
Also, rich gases might occur
only occasionally, resulting
in a low utilisation factor
for a treatment installation.
However, that is no excuse.
In electricity supply, peaking
plants necessary to keep the
system stable also have a
limited number of operating
hours per year. Keeping the WI
in a narrow range, even with a
large number of gas sources,
is not a technical problem.
Gasunie in the Netherlands
has maintained the WI of
the L-gas and H-gas within a
range of 2%.
Billing
An important negative aspect
of a wide range of gas
compositions is the variability
in volumetric calorifc value.
As mentioned earlier, the
EASEEgas specifcations
allow an upper calorifc value
of between 36 MJ/m
3
and
48 MJ/m
3
. However,
commercial and domestic
gas consumers use a gas
meter that is based on volume
fow without a correction for
calorifc value.
Gas distribution companies
have a policy of correcting
gas bills for the average
calorifc value over a certain
time span. However, under
the proposed regulations, the
gas composition can change
Figure 3. The range in upper calorifc value and WI proposed by EASEEgas
compared with the much narrower range of the NGC+
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57
u
p
p
e
r

c
a
l
o
r
i
f
i
c

v
a
l
u
e

(
M
J
/
m
3
)

Wobbe Index (MJ/m3)
Brown = EU EASEEgas Red = USA NGC+
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 U
p
p
e
r

c
a
l
o
r
i
f
i
c

v
a
l
u
e

(
M
J
/
m
3
)

Wobbe Index (MJ/m3)
USA NGC+ limits
Figure 2.The range in upper calorifc value and WI, as per the USA NGC+
Table 2. Gas index specifcations as per EASEEgas
Quality Index Unit Min. Max.
WI MJ/m
3
48.96 56.92
Relative density 0.555 0.700
1305COSPP_16 16 5/14/13 2:17 PM
1305COSPP_17 17 5/14/13 2:17 PM
instantaneously and frequently.
Proof of this has already been
seen at a cogeneration
installation at a point at where
three gas streams met.
An owner of a local
generating set, such as a
cogeneration plant for a
greenhouse, might use the
installation to sell electricity to
the grid during times of peak
demand. With todays gas
prices, the proftability of such
plants is only marginal. If the
calorifc value at a given time
is only 36 MJ/m
3
and the gas
company charges the CHP
plant for a calorifc value of
40 MJ/m
3
, it appears that the
electrical effciency of the CHP
plant has dropped from 45%
to 40.5%.
Instantaneous monitoring
of plant performance based
on the quotient of electricity
production and gas fow
will be fawed under such
circumstances.
Optimum adjustment for
minimum NOx emissions is
also not possible with a wide
range in WI.
Widespread concern
It is not only the cogeneration
and on-site power sector that
is worried about the proposed
wide range in gas quality.
BDH, the German association
of energy and environmental
industries, and Figawa, the
countrys association of gas
and water companies, have
voiced their concerns in a
letter to stakeholders.
Most existing gas appli-
ances are not able to cope
with a wide range in gas
composition. In the UK, the
allowed WI is restricted to
between 47.2 MJ/m
3
and 51.2
MJ/m
3
, which is about the
same range as that of the USA
NGC+. Research has shown
that expanding this range is
extremely costly because the
required scale of investment is
factors higher than any profts
that come from acquiring
cheaper gas.
A paper from Jackson, Finn
and Tomlinson
4
propose an
effective method for extracting
higher hydrocarbons from
LNG. Ballasting rich gases
with nitrogen is ofter proposed
to reduce the WI and the
calorifc value. This, however,
is of no use for gas engines
because nitrogen in the fuel
gas does not improve the
knock resistance in modern,
high-performance, lean-burn
engines.
Arguments by the gas
sector that engines and
turbines are just a small
segment in the gas market
does not bear any relationship
to the reality and the future.
Better insulated homes
and solar heat collectors will
drastically reduce the use of
gas for heating purposes. In
contrast, gas use in engines with
the ability to rapidly respond to
the intermittency of renewable
energy from wind and sun will
substantially increase. Next to
that, gas-fuelled cogeneration
is still a favoured way of saving
fuel and reducing greenhouse
emissions.
Unfortunately, the gas
industry is also now trying to
convince countries outside
Europe to adopt the gas quality
range as proposed for that
Figure 4.The MN range of a series of gases that ft the initial
EASEEgas specifcations
y = -4.9945x + 289.33
R = 0.79496
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48
M
e
t
h
a
n
e

N
u
m
b
e
r

Upper calorific value MJ/m3 (25 C, 273.15 K)
MN
Linear (MN)
1305COSPP_18 18 5/14/13 2:17 PM
www.cospp.com Cogeneration & OnSite Power Production | May - June 2013 19
region. Hopefully, democratic
processes will prohibit the
interests of consumers from
being ignored.
In 1986, a major gas quality
conference
5
was held in the
Netherlands in which experts
from gas companies from all
over the world participated.
The main message was clear:
gas quality should be user-led,
not supplier-led, and care has
to be taken for it not to become
politician-led.
In a nutshell
The proposed wide range in
transboundary gas composition
by the gas industry in Europe
has negative consequences for
fuel effciency, power capacity
and emissions of gas-fuelled
equipment. And the aspirations
of European policy makers on
security of supply and open
markets for natural gas will
ultimately result in higher costs
for most gas users.
The economic benefts for
Europe of accepting all gas
available on the world market
regardless of its quality may
well be lower than the extra
costs incurred by adapting
gas consuming equipment for
effciency loss and for emission
increases.
Solutions for reducing the
large range in gas quality
available on the market are
standard, proven and globally
widespread.
In Europe, gas companies
have so far dominated all
policy making on gas quality
without taking into account
the expertise of equipment
manufacturers and users of
gas-fuelled equipment. The
US, in contrast, has followed a
more democratic path.
Finally, a wide range in
calorifc value will further
deteriorate and obscure the
way gas energy deliveries are
measured with gas meters.
And legislation in Europe
should allow gas transmission
companies to sell NGLs.
References
1. Natural Gas Council, White
Paper on Natural Gas
Interchangeability and
Non-Combustion End Use,
28 February 2005.
2. Leiker M, Cartelliery W,
Christoph K, Pfeifer U &
Rankl M, Evaluation of the
Anti-knocking Property of
gaseous Fuels by means of
the Methane Number and
its Practical Application to
Gas Engines, ASME paper
72-DGP-4, April 1972.
3. Darin L George &
Edgar B Bowles, Shale
Gas Measurement and
Associated Issues, Pipeline
& Gas Journal, pp3841,
July 2011.
4. www.natural-gasliquids.
com/editorimages/
downloads/UK%20Gas%20
Paper%2013-01%20(fnal).
pdf
5. G J van Rossum, editor,
Gas quality, Proceedings
of the Congress of Gas
Quality, Groningen, the
Netherlands, 2225 April
1986, ISBN 0-444-42628-0.
This article is available
on-line. Please visit
www.cospp.com
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Quality gas
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Higher hydrocarbons
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Figure 5. Removing higher hydrocarbons from natural gas is common practice
4
1305COSPP_19 19 5/14/13 2:17 PM
Renewable distributed energy
T
he on-site power
industry continues
to grow on the world
stage of energy
production, but that growth
would better serve the need
for sustainable power if
renewable energy was the
dominant resource.
With so many benefts, it is
a paradox that it should have
a history of so many barriers.
Moreover, with natural gas from
shale felds in North America
fooding the market with
historically low gas pricing, we
have a new actor that could
rewrite renewable energys role.
But it is far from the fnal curtain,
and as sustainability policies
grow, so do the opportunities for
clean, on-site power.
Before we examine the
opportunities and challenges
ahead for renewables, let us
turn to an expert organization
for perspective on the impact
of North Americas natural gas
production. According to the
2012 World Energy Outlook
(WEO), by the International
Energy Agency (IEA), North
America is at the forefront of a
sweeping transformation in oil
and gas production that will
affect all regions of the world.
The WEO fnds that the
extraordinary growth in oil and
natural gas output in the US will
mean a sea-change in global
energy fows, and predicts that
America will become a net
exporter of natural gas by 2020
and be almost self-suffcient in
energy, in net terms, by 2035.
Even under the shadow of
cheap gas, the IEA predicts that
renewables could become the
worlds second-largest source
of power generation by 2015
if subsidies can meet a goal of
US$4.8 trillion from now to 2035.
According to the IEA
research, subsidies in 2011
amounted to $88 billion.
In many other countries,
subsidies and the policies that
they refect have proven to be
successful for the renewable
energy industry, and Germany
and Denmark are often cited
as prime examples.
But renewables on-site or in
distributed energy applications
are lagging behind the huge
multi-megawatt projects
dominated by wind and solar
that rely on transmission lines
and utility grids.
Given that distributed energy
resolves issues of transmission
ineffciencies and renewables
People like the idea of decentralized power. They also like the idea of using renewables. So what is stopping
the greater development of distributed renewable energy? Ed Ritchie fnds out that may be changing.
On-site renewables
a history of barriers, a future of opportunities
Solar PV roof panels delivers almost all of Freezes electricity requirements Credit: Solis Partners
1305COSPP_20 20 5/14/13 2:18 PM
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solve sustainability issues, the
industry should be in a much
better position. However, the lag
of renewable energy is painfully
obvious in the birthplace of the
photovoltaic (PV) panel, the US.
But that could change.
Although renewable
distributed energy is far from
an industry heavyweight in
the US, there are still plenty of
companies making money
from it. Utility-scale wind farms
can be very proftable, but not
on-site wind installations, where
projects do not compare with
the levels of on-site PV.
Biogas in agricultural and
municipal installations is viewed
by many as a mature market in
Europe, but is still struggling in
North America. However, cheap
natural gas prices are causing
developers to reassess the
viability of biogas projects.
Solar energy
So that leads to solar PV and
another paradox. Although it is
an industry plagued by barriers
in the US, according to the Solar
Energy Industry Association
(SEIA) at its Solar Energy Focus
conference in Washington DC,
2012 was a historic year for the
US solar industry. There were 3313
MW of PV capacity installed,
earning a growth rate of 76%
over 2011s record deployment
totals. For 2013, SEIA forecasts
more than 4200 MW of PV
and 940 MW of concentrating
solar power.
A project at the distribution
centre of Freeze, a T-shirt
manufacturer in Dayton, New
Jersey, will be contributing
1.82 MW of those 4200 MW. Solis
Partners, of Manasquan, New
Jersey, designed, engineered
and constructed the system
on the roof of Freezes
29,729 m
2
(320,000 ft
2
) facility,
and it supplies about 80% of the
companys annual electricity
needs.
According to Jamie Hahn,
co-founder and managing
director of Solis Partners,
for a successful distributed
renewables project such
as Freezes, it is all about
overcoming barriers and
delivering the customer a
ready-made turnkey package,
to avoid the complications
of fnancing, permitting and
operations.
Business owners have their
core businesses to take care of
so they dont want to manage
a power plant on their roof
or property, says Hahn. To
start, this project could not
have been done without a
power purchase agreement
because the tax equity needed
to monetize 52% of the incentive
structure makes it diffcult for
many businesses.
So this power purchase
agreement has no cost and
the owners dont have to build,
maintain or operate the system.
Instead they get reduced
electricity costs.
Net metering needed
In March 2013, the state of New
Jersey reached 1 GW of installed
solar capacity, putting it in an
exclusive club of just two other
states: California and Arizona.
The incentives are critical, and
a perfect example is Germany,
says Hahn. They have over 50%
of the worlds solar, yet their sun
resources are equivalent to
what we see north of Seattle,
Washington [which averages
226 cloudy days per year].
Germanys PV installations
exceed 7634 MW.
The Freeze project sells power
to the local utility through a
net metering programme, and
Hahn notes that spinning the
meter backwards is critical for
distributed renewables.
The elimination of net
metering benefts has become
an issue in California, where an
rs
1305COSPP_21 21 5/14/13 2:18 PM
organization of solar companies
formed CAUSE (Californians
Against Utilities Stopping Solar
Energy) in response to efforts
by the states investor-owned
utilities to end net metering.
At present, 43 states and
Washington D.C. have net
metering policies, but the
electric utility industry in the US
has long been a major barrier
to net metering. The electrical
grid cannot tolerate large
and sudden power swings or
fuctuations, says Hahn. And as
solar and wind approach 20%
of the amount of power in any
given grid, the need for energy
storage systems becomes
critical to smooth out the peaks
and valleys of renewable power.
The utility industry has a
history of publicising solar and
wind intermittency as a barrier
to renewable technology, but
there are dissenting voices.
In 2007, Citizens for
Pennsylvanias Future spoke to
Karl Pfrrmann, interim president
and CEO of PJM Interconnection,
the worlds largest grid
operator, on the subject of
wind intermittency. Pfrrmann
noted that wind did not pose
signifcant costs as a result of
its variable nature because the
transmission system can readily
accommodate changes in
power fows. As to the impact
on spinning reserves (standby
generators) to mitigate
intermittency, Pfrrmann said
that there were minimal effects
on effciency, with modest costs
deducted from payments to
wind generators.
Confrmation of Pfrrmannss
observations were recently
published by the US National
Renewable Energy Laboratory
in a two-phase project, The
Western Wind and Solar
Integration Study one of the
largest regional wind and solar
integration studies ever carried
out. Phase 1 analysed the
impacts of high penetrations
of wind and solar power. It
found no technical barriers
for high penetrations of wind
and solar power (up to 35%), if
increased balancing authority
co-ordination and sub hourly
scheduling were adopted.
Phase 2 examined new
data to address concerns
expressed by utility companies
about damage to fossil-fuelled
generators during cycling, due
to heat and emissions while
handling intermittency from
renewables.
Researchers and industry
partners analysed data from
cost studies on 400 fossil-
fuelled plants, and found that
the impacts of wind-induced
cycling are minimal, and
capped wear-and-tear costs
at 2% of the value of wind, and
emissions impacts at 3%. So
there is strong evidence of weak
consequences.
Old grid infrastructure
However, according to Ken
Skylar, manager of Renewable
Services at PJM, there is another
barrier to distributed renewables
relating to the design and
age of the infrastructure of the
grid. Upgrades are needed
to the distribution system
because it was not designed to
accommodate large amounts
of variable frequency resources
on these individual feeders,
Ultimately those upgrades
will occur as utilities adopt
Smart Grid technology, as this
technology offers a good return
on investment to utilities, and
access to government funding
programmes.
For example, a recent study
by the US Department of Energy,
entitled Economic Impact of
Recovery Act Investment in the
Smart Grid, found that Smart
Grid projects funded through
the American Recovery and
Reinvestment Act (ARRA)
resulted in roughly a $7 billion
total economic output, 50,000
jobs and a return of $1 billion in
government tax revenue.
The state of Florida recently
completed its Smart Grid with
the help of $200 million in ARRA
funding. Florida Power & Light
reports that in its frst week,
the systems 4.5 million smart
meters and 10,000 grid sensors
identifed 400 malfunctioning
transformers, as well as many
other problems. Smart Grid
technology also helps utilities
take advantage of demand
response programmes, and
could enable distributed
renewables to participate.
Demand response
Reducing a locations electrical
load in response to pricing
signals from grid operators
known as demand response
is now a billion-dollar industry.
One of the worlds leading
curtailment services providers,
EnerNOC, connects more than
100 utilities and grid operators
worldwide to commercial,
institutional and industrial
customers that participate in
demand-response programmes.
The potential energy
reductions from EnerNOCs
$10 million contract with the
Massachusetts Department of
Energy Resources will reduce
electricity consumption in
480 state buildings.
According to Greg Dixon,
senior vice president of
marketing at EnerNOC,
programmes on demand
response are growing, but
distributed energy has not been
a key player.
New York and New England
are hotspots, but few developers
and owners of CHP systems
are aware of this, says Dixon.
If a business is in a demand
response programme, it would
be possible to design a PV
system for its needs.
In the demand response
market, savings from local
utilities and payments from
grid operators such as PJM
are substantial. At DONSCO
Inc, a foundry in Wrightsville,
Pennsylvania, savings from utility
charges amount to $64,200 per
year. The savings through the
PJMs interruptible programme
also equal an annual $30,000,
and $66,000 per year comes
from a synchronous reserves
programme.
Energy storage systems are
equally capable of handling
utility demand-response
requirements, and mitigating
renewable intermittency issues.
For instance, In Kauai,
Hawaii, the utility uses a
1.5 MW battery from Xtreme
Power, Austin, Texas, to act as
a source of spinning reserves,
while providing frequency and
voltage ancillary services for a
3 MW PV system. PJM also has
a Smart Grid demonstration
project using batteries at
residential homes with PV and
wind resources.
Recent events in Germany
could boost the progress of
battery technology and pricing.
On 1 May, the country launched
a support programme for
A battery storage system, supporting small wind at the Santa Rita prison
in California Credit: Chevron Energy Solutions
1305COSPP_22 22 5/14/13 2:18 PM
PV battery storage, with
25 million for the frst year,
then another 25 million for the
second year. Better batteries
and high-performance PV
systems could help avoid a
technical barrier to distributed
renewables that is happening
now, and a fnancial barrier that
is coming in 2017.
Xtreme Power and many other
manufacturers have utility-scale
energy storage systems. And with
numerous technologies such
as compressed air, pumped
storage and a range of battery
types, competition is ferce.
The future of wind power is
in jeopardy in the US due to the
threat of losing the Production
Tax Credit (PTC), an incentive
that provides a 2.2 cent per
kWh beneft for wind, during
the frst 10 years of operations.
On 2 anuary, 2013, a shutdown
was avoided with a temporary
one-year extension of the PTC
as part of the fscal cliff bill.
The immediate future in the
US, however, looks better for the
PV industry. Rather than a PTC,
the US tax code allows for an
investment tax credit (ITC) of
30%. But the PV industry cannot
rely on such incentives for ever.
January 2017 is when the 30%
federal investment tax credit
incentive reduces signifcantly
to 10%, explains Hahn.
Subsidies and incentives
for renewables are also losing
ground in Europe, with Germany,
Spain, Italy Switzerland and
the UK also making cuts. But
according to Maria van der
Hoeven of the IEA, its a sign
that renewable energy is
coming of age and needs less
public support. But she notes
that worldwide incentives for
renewables amounted to $66
billion in 2010, in contrast to fossil
fuel subsidies of $409 billion.
According to the Institute
for Local Self-Reliance (ILSR)
in Washington D.C., incentives
in the US have resulted in
commercial solar achieving
5.5 GW of generation,
operating at grid parity in
2012. But grid parity has been
limited to states with strong
sun and high utility rates, such
as Hawaii.
However, ILSR predicts that
in Southern California and
New York, parity is just around
the corner, and unsubsidised
rooftop commercial output
could rise nationally to
122 GW by 2022. However,
policy makers need to address
signifcant non-cost barriers,
including, archaic utility rules,
net metering caps and so on.
One possibility to overcome
awkward fnancing would be to
tap into the strategies of investor-
owned utilities. Hahn says: Were
waiting on some modifcations
to the tax code. They would
allow limited partnership
structures found in fossil fuel
plant fnancing. Barriers such
as funding, poor infrastructure,
and utility opposition, however,
do not trouble multinational
corporations. Walmart has
announced a programme to
power 100% of its operations
with renewable energy a
six-fold increase in renewables
projects, which is expected
to save more than $1 billion
annually on energy.
Companies that sell to
Walmart are required to show
their sustainability efforts. And
as Walmart has demonstrated,
using distributed renewable
energy is obvious choice for the
cleanest, most effcient source
of power.
Ed Ritchie is a US-based
freelance journalist, who
writes on the decentralized
energy sector.
www.cospp.com
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24 Cogeneration & OnSite Power Production | May - June 2013 www.cospp.com
District heating resurgence in the CEE
D
istrict heating
(DH) is a leftover
of the centralized
economic plan-
ning, guided by the objective
of providing universal access
to housing and utilities,
that traditionally played
the starring role in urban
heating systems in the
planned economies behind
the Iron Curtain. The frst
Soviet electrifcation plan
of 1920, and successive
fve-year plans, emphasized
cogeneration and waste-
heat recycling from turbine
steam for district heating
of urban residential areas
and industrial facilities. Fuel
savings at electric power
stations, the major producer
of waste heat, were an
important performance
indicator for the Soviet Ministry
of Power and Electrifcation.
With a domestic oil
economy devastated by civil
confict, many of Russias
frst power plants used peat,
for lack of alternatives. But
growing urbanisation and the
development of the oil and
Long after the Iron Curtain was lifted, Europes ex-Soviet nations remain reliant on
combined heat and power (CHP) plants feeding district heating schemes for
which renewables could make an attractive fuel source, writes Rachada Raizada.
Warming
for new Europe
1305COSPP_24 24 5/14/13 2:19 PM
citizens served by DH totalled
64% in Latvia, 60% in Lithuania,
53% in Estonia, 50% in Poland,
41% in Slovakia, 38% in
the Czech Republic, 23% in
Romania, 17% in Slovenia
and 10% in Croatia.
The share of recycled
heat in these systems ranges
from a high of 92% for
Romania to a low of
38% in Slovakia and Estonia.
Recycled heat is defned
as: CHP, including from
combustible renewables;
waste-to-energy plants;
industrial processes
independent of the fuel
used for the primary process;
and two thirds of the energy
delivered by heatpumps.
Cogeneration is less
common in Estonia since
most of its electricity came
from oil shale plants in one
region. Meanwhile, mother
Russias DH system boasts a
trench length for the pipeline
system of some 173,000 km.
Direct use of renewables
in heat-only boilers and
non-CHP installations
ranges from a high of around
14% in Estonia, Latvia and
Lithuania to 2% or less in
the Czech Republic, Poland,
Romania and Slovenia.
In the EU-27 countries, the
share of recycled heat in DH
increased from 70% in 1990
to 80% in 2006, with most
from the others category.
The share derived directly
from renewables increased
negligibly. In Germany, which
along with Poland is the
biggest DH market within
the EU, the share of recycled
heat is 89.5% (mainly from
coal, oil and natural gas,
with 10% from combustible
renewables and waste).
From E&Ps viewpoint, a
modern DH system should be
based on capturing waste
heat, and phasing out direct
use of fossil fuels for heating.
Johannes Jungbauer of
the European Affairs Offce
of E&P, says fuel source is
not an accurate indicator
of effciency. Cogen greatly
increases primary fuels
effciency compared
with condensing power
production and heat-only
boilers.
Europe pushes for
energy effciency
With the EU seen as trailing in
its goal of reducing primary
energy consumption by 20%
by 2020, and heat losses from
the EU-wide energy system
estimated at as high as 50%,
energy effciency is now at
the heart of EU policy. In July
2012, the EU Parliaments
Energy Committee
unanimously voted in a new
Energy Effciency Directive
(EED), repealing Directives
2004/8/EC and 2006/32/
EC, and enshrining the
20% effciency target in law
by stipulating mandatory
measures, such as renovating
public buildings and energy-
saving schemes for utilities.
Member States must
complete a comprehensive
assessment by December
2015 of the potential of high-
effciency cogeneration and
effcient district heating/
cooling, set their own
targets and present national
effciency action plans in
2014, 2017 and 2020.
DH offers several benefts
over decentralised heating
in areas of high heat-load
density. But the effciency
and environmental benefts
depend on the fuel source,
technical characteristics of
the heat distribution system
and boiler plants, in addition
to the institutional market
structure. DH enables fuel
switching, and can run on
a variety of fuels, such as
coal, oil, natural gas, peat,
biomass, geothermal and
municipal or industrial waste.
gas industry after World War
II led to the dominance of
fossil fuels for DH across the
communist bloc.
With the transition to market
economies after the collapse
of the Soviet system, these
same countries some of
which have since joined the
European Union (EU) must
grapple with the task of
modernising these networks
without neglecting ambitious
environmental targets amid
diffcult economic times and
rising energy prices.
Euroheat & Power (E&P),
a major European industry
association for the CHP and
district heating and cooling
sectors, estimates in its 2011
survey that in 2009 the share of
Credit: Fortum
1305COSPP_25 25 5/14/13 2:19 PM
26
E&P emphasizes heatings
contribution and particularly
the recuperation of waste
heat to achieving energy
effciency targets. Of the EUs
fnal energy demand, 40% is
for heating (space, water and
low-temperature industrial
processes), and met largely
through imported fuels or
low-effciency electricity. If
progress in achieving the 2020
targets is found insuffcient in
a 2014 review, national energy
effciency targets will be
proposed.
Of course we appreciate it,
says E&Ps Jungbauer. But we
were hoping for more. Article
10, which includes an energy-
effciency obligation scheme,
has been watered down, and
could have been stronger.
Results will depend on how
Member States choose to
implement the directive: The
EED raises awareness but there
are a lot of shalls and shoulds
in the text, he says.
Poland aims for
cleaner power
For the EUs largest coal
producer Poland where
domestic hard coal accounts
for around 74% of energy
production, meeting the
EUs 2020 goal of reducing
CO
2
emissions by 20% will be
particularly challenging, and
further complicated by the EUs
Industrial Emissions Directive,
which necessitates investment
to reduce particulates and
SOx/NOx emissions. In 2013,
the white certifcates scheme
for emissions trading was
introduced to ensure that
energy companies meet their
energy-effciency obligations.
Allocations for CO
2
emissions
are currently obtained free
of charge, but from 2013 the
number of allowances will be
gradually decreased to zero in
2027, and the shortfall will have
to be purchased through the
Polish Power Exchange.
Currently, renewable energy
sources (RES) account for less
than 10% of national energy
production, although Polands
share of the 2020 EU target is
15% energy from RES. Since
2005, Polish support for RES
has consisted of a rainbow of
tradeable renewable energy
certifcates in shades of green,
yellow, red, violet and brown.
These are issued to producers
of renewable energy, providing
them with a secondary
revenue stream. Polands use
of renewables in DH (CHP or
not) in 2009 was around 7%,
most of which was derived
from combustible renewables.
DH is an important industrial
sector in Poland. The Chamber
of Commerce Polish District
Heating estimates that
around 500 companies
operated in this sector,
earning an income of about
4.1 billion (US$5.3 billion) in
2010. With an urban share
of 60%, national DH capacity
is 59,260 MW, served by a
trench length of 19,400 km of
pipeline systems.
The chamber, spurred on
by the Polish Energy Policy
to 2030, has recognised the
potential of cogeneration,
and along with the Polish CHP
Association, has presented
to the Ministry of Economy a
programme for developing
cogeneration from its present
63% level.
National energy
policies must
embrace DH
more closely to
achieve energy
effciency targets
The average proftability of
heating companies is far lower
than the industrial average,
which means that the sector
also faces serious competitive
challenges. This has caused
the sector to contract, and
from 200509 DH capacity
fell from 65,189 MWth to
59,970 MWth, while district
heat sales dropped from
295 PJ to 239 PJ.
Renewables projects
get underway
The RES considered most
feasible for district heating
are biomass, geothermal and
solar, with biomass considered
to be the most viable.
Fortum, a Finnish energy
company, has CHP assets in
operation in Russia, Poland,
Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania,
with a total heat production
capacity of 14,107 MW in
Russia and a combined
2432 MW in the latter
four countries. In 2011, it
announced the inauguration
of a new biomass CHP plant
in Parnu, Estonia, with a
multifuel circulating fuidised
bed (CFB) boiler, offering 100%
fuel fexibility with peat, wood
and industrial waste. It also
invested in a new biofuel CHP
plant in Jelgava, Latvia, the
frst of its scale in the country.
Its Czestochowa CHP plant in
Poland uses hard coal and
co-fres up to 25% biomass in a
186 MWth CFBboiler.
Dalkia has announced two
biomass cogeneration projects
in Poland, its largest biomass
operation to date. Around
700,000 tonnes of biomass
will replace coal, and supply
electricity to the national grid
and heating to the 700,000
inhabitants of Lodz and Poznan,
served by DH. The project will
require a 70 million investment.
Solar and geothermal
energy as fuel sources are
naturally limited by their
availability. Demonstration
solar DH plants (large-scale
solar thermal technology
generating heat from large
collector felds) operate at
competitive costs in countries
such as Sweden, Denmark,
Germany and Austria, but are
new to Eastern Europe.
A consortium of Slovenian
and Austrian companies
completed the frst large-scale
solar thermal plant in Slovenia
in March 2012. Solar collectors
with an area of 842.3 m
2
, or 590
kW, feed into a 93 m
3
storage
tank, which in turn feeds into the
Vransko DH grid, supplying heat
to around 2500 inhabitants.
Iceland, where 99% of the
population is currently served
by DH, is in the enviable
position of being able to use
its geothermal resources to
generate 77% of its district
heating.
Geothermal district heating
dates back to Roman times,
and now has potential in
Poland and Hungary the
latter being considered a
Vronska in Slovenia hosts the countrys frst solar thermal
DH system Credit:EVN
1305COSPP_26 26 5/14/13 2:19 PM
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THE AMERICAN SOCIETY
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hot market by the European
Geothermal Energy Council.
Hungary currently has
around 16 geothermal DH
projects in operation, with
over 500 MWth of installed
capacity, and this number will
double by 2014. PannErgy, a
Hungarian energy company,
focuses on the use of
geothermal resources for DH
energy in the Carpathian
basin. With technology
and know-how supplied by
Icelands Mannvit, and with
the help of partnerships with
municipalities, a 3.2 MWth
plant (replacing a natural gas
boiler) is already in operation
in Szentlorinc, and another will
open soon near Miskolc.
The potential of municipal
and industrial waste as a DH fuel
is signifcant and under-used.
Polish waste- management
legislation adopted in 2011,
which requires the reduction of
land flling from the present 90%
level, opens an opportunity
for investments in waste-to-
energy plants. The EU has also
announced its intention to
phase-out biodegradable
waste going to landfll in
202025.
Currently the Czech Repub-
lic, Slovakia, Poland and
Hungary only host a handful
of installations for generating
heat or power from municipal
waste. Fortum has announced
a new waste-to-energy
CHP plant and distribution
company in Lithuania, in a
joint venture with the city
of Klaipeda. Commercial
operation is planned for early
2014, when 270,000 tonnes of
municipal and industrial waste
will be expected to produce
around 150 GWh of electricity
and 400 GWh of heat annually.
Renewables DH outlook
While RES are associated with
localised energy production,
DH systems work on a central-
ising economies-of-scale prin-
ciple. The EU Energy Roadmap
2050 emphasizes that decen-
tralized and centralized
systems must interact: In the
new energy system, a new
confguration of decentralized
and centralized large-scale
systems needs to emerge, and
will depend on each other,
for example, if local resources
are not suffcient or varying
in time.
CHP DH systems can even
be used to balance fuctuating
electricity production from
intermittent renewables, such
as wind or solar. For example,
on excessively windy days
overcapacity can be shifted
from feeding the grid to using
heat pumps to heat water.
Torshavn, in the Faroe Islands,
is setting up a 10 MW boiler
to link its DH system to the
grid. In Germany a research
project co-ordinated by the
Steinbeis Research Institute
for Solar and Sustainable
Thermal Energy Systems is
also examining solutions for
decentralized feed-in to solar
DH systems.
DHs fuel fexibility, along
with extensive inherited
networks offer great potential
for Central & Eastern Europes
(CEE) energy future. But due
to its synergy aspects, DH has
never ftted neatly into energy
statistics or policy. However,
national energy policies must
embrace DH more closely
to achieve EU energy policy
targets in energy effciency, or
in the use of renewables and
CHP.
Rachana Raizada is a
writes on the energy sector.
www.cospp.com
1305COSPP_27 27 5/14/13 2:19 PM
Project profle: Cogen supporting Germanys engery transition
T
he largest gas engine
yet developed by
GE Jenbacher, the
9.5 MW J920 FleXtra,
has taken its place in
the upgraded municipal
cogeneration facility that
feeds the district heating
system in the city of
Rosenheim, Germany.
The new engine generator
sits beside four existing
Jenbacher engines three
3.35 MW J620 engines
and a 4.4 MW two-stage
turbocharged J624 unit
plus an existing waste
incineration plant.
Stadtwerke Rosenheims
integrated cogen facility now
has an electricity generating
capacity of 36 MW and a
heat generation capacity of
44 MW. It meets about 40% of
the electricity needs and 20%
of the heating requirements
of the city which has more
than 61,000 inhabitants, and
lies 450 metres above sea level
in the upper-Bavarian Alpine
foothills.
This impressive installation
will help meet Germanys goal
to increase power from CHP
from todays 15% to 25% of
the countrys power supply by
2020, as part of its larger energy
transition (Energiewende)
strategy. Germany is already
the largest single market for
CHP in Europe, accounting for
more than 20% of the electricity
from cogeneration across the
EU-27, but it will need many
more new CHP plants to meet
the 25% target that was set last
year in a new CHP law.
Speaking at the start-up
of the expansion of the
Stadtwerke Rosenheim plant,
the Bavarian minister of state
for Environment and Health, Dr.
Marcel Huber, stressed the role
of local government bodies:
The energy transition plan,
Energiewende, can be achieved
only if there is a cooperative
effort, including contributions by
municipal providers.
Investments in innovative,
modern power plants create
an important foundation for
the successful execution of
our energy transition plan,
he added
As part of Energiewende,
Germany plans to close all
nuclear power plants by 2022.
To replace the massive amount
of low-carbon baseload
electricity from the nuclear
power plants, the transition
plan calls for increasing use
of natural gas and renewable
energy, and greater use of
energy effciency technologies.
GE is also keen for Rosenheim
to act as a demonstration of
the role of distributed energy,
to promote energy security
across Europe.
Technology, both
fexible, and effcient
The Rosenheim projects
centrepiece is GEs largest and
newest Jenbacher gas engine,
the 9.5 MW J920 FleXtra, which
GE calls a fexible power
solution. It combines innovation
with power and effciency to
help customers address their
local energy security priorities,
while achieving improved
environmental performance.
GE expects to make the
engine available in 60 Hz
regions of the world in 2014.
The CHP system provides
electricity and thermal power
A Bavarian utility has installed a cogeneration system based on gas-fuelled engines from
GE Jenbacher to supply energy to its district heating scheme. The system is expected to contribute
to Germanys Energiewende programme, and similar schemes could be important to Europes
energy security. Steve Hodgson looks over the data.
Engine-based CHP
contributes to Germanys power transition
Project Profle:
The J920 largest gas engine, the J920 FleXtra Credit: GE
1305COSPP_28 28 5/14/13 2:21 PM
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(hot water) for local residents
and industrial customers. It
has a lower-carbon footprint
than conventional power
plants and boilers, and will
assist Germanys effort to
reduce greenhouse gas
emissions by 40% by 2020.
The engines fast start-up
aids Stadtwerke Rosenheims
operational fexibility, to
overcome the challenges
of intermittency caused by
adding wind and solar energy
supplies to the electricity grid.
The integrated
cogen facility has
a power capacity
of 36 MW and a
heat capacity of
44 MW
The J920 FleXtra has the
highest electrical effciency
in the 10 MW class of gas
engines, of 48.7%, and about
90% effciency in cogeneration
mode, depending on heat
utilization, says GE. Its two-stage
turbocharging design will also
help Stadtwerke Rosenheim
to meet Germanys goal to
improve its energy productivity
related to prime energy
usage by 2.1% annually.
Our fexible J920
technology offers both high
effciency and reliability levels,
which makes it the ideal large
gas engine distributed power
solution for industrial and grid
stabilisation applications, while
also minimising the customers
carbon footprint, said Karl
Wetzlmayer, general manager
of Gas Engines for Power
Generation, GE Power & Water.
GE applied more than 50
years of power generation
experience to the development
of its newest Jenbacher
engine, and more than half a
million engineering hours were
devoted to its design, analysis,
testing and verifcation.
The arrival of the new
engine at Rosenheim was
important for all involved: GE
and Stadtwerke Rosenheim
have shared almost a decade
of gas engine innovation
and cooperation, making the
utility an ideal associate to
showcase the J920 FleXtra,
Wetzlmayer added.
J920 FleXtra engine
Operating a J920 FleXtra at
48.7% electrical effciency
provides the capacity to
produce more than 76 GWh of
electricity per year, says GE. It
also avoids the consumption
of more than 6.4 million kWh
of natural gas per year (at a
gas price of 0.034 (US$0.044)
per kWh.), and the emission
of approximately 1500 tonnes
of CO
2
per year which is
equivalent to the annual
emissions of about 800 cars on
European roads.
In cogeneration mode,
the J920 FleXtra offers an
overall effciency of up to
90%, compared with the
separate production of heat
and electricity by a natural
gas-fred boiler and delivery of
electricity on the EU grid. Key
performance data are shown
in Table 1.
The gas engine prime mover
for on-site generation
The two main types of prime mover used for
cogeneration schemes are gas turbines and gas
engines, although fuel cells have also entered
the picture in recent years. However, one major
difference between cogeneration and other
energy plants, dictated by their production of
heat as well as power, is that most cogeneration
schemes are custom-designed, even at quite
small plant sizes. So it is not easy to generalise
about plant design they are all slightly different.
Nevertheless, generalising a little, gas turbines
are highly suitable for larger-scale plants the
type that serve industrial sites. They also provide
more exhaust heat, which is useful where a large
amount of industrial process heat is required. For
smaller cogeneration plants, more often used
to serve buildings, the reciprocating engine is
the prime mover of choice. This is because of
its greater fexibility in terms of starts-ups and
cycling, and because it is more thermally effcient.
Gas, diesel and dual fuel reciprocating engines
can all be used in cogeneration plant, but gas
engines are usually preferred because they have
considerably lower exhaust emissions and work
well with CHP applications, utilizing the fuel highly
effciently. Gas engines also produce very little in
the way of particulates.
Reciprocating engines are highly successful in
small-to-medium-sized CHP installations, where
the prime movers might typically be, say, 3-10 MW
machines. More power is obtainable using several
engines, and an array of engines also adds
operational fexibility and valuable redundancy.
Reciprocating engines tend generally not to be
designed expressly for cogeneration application,
which requires lots of heat in the exhaust.
Therefore, a chosen engine (gas, diesel or dual
fuel), will be optimized for the application. This is
comparatively easy to achieve by programming
control parameters or through fuel/air system
changes, so that a little thermal effciency is
sacrifced to obtain more exhaust heat.
The lean-burn gas reciprocating engine is
ideal for making best use of natural gas. Such
engines have been increasingly seen in Europe
and elsewhere as being ideal for distributed
power generation, which requires clean, reliable
power for long sometimes intermittent periods
of operation, at lowest cost. Other applications
include standby power for critical loads and
cogeneration systems.
Table 1. Key performance data
Performance data J920 FleXtra
(50Hz/1000 rpm)
J920 FleXtra
(60Hz/900 rpm)
Electrical output 9500 kW 8550 kW
Electrical effciency 48.7% 48.7%
Heat rate 7392 kJ/kWh 7392 kJ/kWh
Thermal output 8100 kW 7300 kW
Total effciency 90% 90%
1305COSPP_30 30 5/14/13 2:22 PM
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GE takes gas engine CHP to Nigerian drug facility
In the past few weeks, GE has announced two more CHP plants based on a series of gas engines to
serve a rather different application: a pharmaceutical factory in Nigeria.
The company is to supply
three of its 4 MW Jenbacher
J624 gas engines and one of its
2 MW J612 units to power a new
factory that will produce billions
of syringes and intravenous drug
products needed each year to
fght malaria across the African
continent.
Clarke Energy, GEs distributor
of Jenbacher gas engines in
Nigeria, will install the 14 MW
cogeneration plant at the factory
on behalf of Nigeria-based
Integrated Medical Industries
Ltd (IMIL), and it is due to go into
production in 2014.
Reliable power supplies are
essential for smooth operation
of the factory, since power
interruptions can damage
batches of syringes. Demand for
electricity in Nigeria is high, and
the national grid has a challenge
ahead in trying to meeting this
demand. The on-site cogeneration
facility, however, will rely on
the countrys own growing gas
distribution network to ensure it
has a reliable fuel supply.
IMIL also selected the
Jenbacher gas engines to take
advantage of natural gas prices,
which are lower than those of
diesel fuel, and the additional
capital expenditure is expected
to be paid off in 12 to 18 months,
according to GE. The power
plant will be installed within
the manufacturing facility, and
will operate in island mode, to
provide reliable on-site electrical
power and heat.
The Jenbacher J624 units will
offer an electrical effciency of
43.1%. In addition, the engines
exhaust will be passed into a
steam generator to produce
steam in a boiler.
GE is scheduled to deliver
the J624 and J612 units in the
third quarter of this year. Clarke
Energy is serving as the single
point of contact from initial
sale, project management,
engineering, installation through
to commissioning, and long-term
maintenance of the power plant.
The J624 Jenbacher engine
three such engines will help to power a
pharmaceuticals factory in Nigeria
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1305COSPP_32 32 5/14/13 2:22 PM
GE explains that the J920
FleXtra gas engine is designed
for a variety of multiple-engine
power plant solutions which
range from remote on-site
power supply to cogeneration
or CHP.
In the latter case, use is
made of jacket water heat
and heat from oil and mixture
coolers, combined with
heat from the gas engine
exhaust. The best total
effciency is achieved when
the heating water circle has
a return water temperature
of 70C and a hot water
temperature of 90C.
The J920 FleXtras two-stage
turbocharging technology
enables a total effciency for
providing power and heat
up to 90% which, according
to the company, is more
than 3% better than that of a
single-stage turbocharging
gas engine. And since about
80% of the operating costs for
gas-fred power plants go on
fuel, this effciency advantage
represents a signifcant saving.
Germany is leading the
way in Europe towards
transforming its energy system
not only in replacing nuclear
power with renewables, but
also in incorporating more
inherently effcient generating
technologies, and introducing
more small-to-medium-scale
distributed generation.
CHP is a key technology
here it always has been
but it is looking likely
that Germanys Energiewende
will be effective in ramping-
up the development of CHP
in that country, and will
demonstrate a way forward
for others as well.
Steve Hodgson is COSPPs
contributing editor.
on line. Please visit
www.cospp.com
Two views of the J920 FleXtra gas engine installed
at Stadtwerke Rosenheim Credit: GE
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Project Profle: On-site renewables project in India improves lives
L
adakh, a remote
district set in Indias
northern-most state, is
enjoying the benefts
from the largest off-grid
renewable energy project in
the world.
The Ministry for New and
Renewable Energy (MNRE)
is spending a jaw-dropping
INR473 billion (US$88.8 million)
on decentralized solar and
hydro technologies to bring
energy security to this remote
mountain region. The obvious
question is: Why Ladakh?
Because we Ladakhis are
closer to God, smiles Jigmet
Takpa, project director of
the Ladakh Renewable
Energy Development Agency
(LREDA). Our sunshine is
high quality. We have an
average of 320 sunny days
every year and the mountain
air is thin and cold, making
the operation of photovoltaic
systems highly effcient. Ladakh
is a solar paradise.
Ladakh, known as the
Land of High Passes, is a high-
altitude cold desert region in
Jammu and Kashmir state,
neighbouring China to the
east and Pakistan to the north.
It is a focus of the 3.5 year
Ladakh Renewable Energy
Initiative (LREI), a 28.3 MW
energy revolution, now in its
fnal year.
Ladakh is taking a fagship
role in national renewable
energy policy. Although
only small, with a sparse
population, its rugged
geography means that many
dispersed communities are
beyond the viable reach
of the regional grid system.
Stand-alone renewables are
the obvious solution. The
harsh environment makes
it the perfect test case for
the technology itself, and
for future policy: to prove to
the government and the
public that renewables have
a valid role to play, says
Dr. Parvind Saxena, director of
MNRE in Delhi.
Electrifying rural areas is a
prime government concern,
and Prime Minister Manoman
Singh has given his personal
The worlds largest off-grid renewable energy initiative in Ladakh consists of 28.3 MW of solar PV, small hydro
and solar thermal in North Indias Jammu and Kashmir province. Duncan McKenzie fnds out how this remote
place came to be the focus of this initiative.
Reaching the summit
for off-grid renewable
Project Profle:
Leh, in Ladakh, India, is beneftting from a major government-backed renewable energy initiative Credit: D. McKenzie/LREDA
1305COSPP_34 34 5/14/13 2:29 PM
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1305COSPP_35 35 5/14/13 2:29 PM
Project Profle: On-site renewables project in India improves lives
commitment to electrifying
every Indian household by
2017. The 2005 programme,
Rajiv Gandhi Grameen
Vidyutikaran Yojana (RGGVY),
has pursued grid electrifcation
of villages, and the 2009
Remote Village Electrifcation
Programme makes off-grid
provision.
Displacing diesel
However, 400 million Indians still
lack access to modern forms
of energy, and 20,000 villages
are too remote, realistically,
ever to be grid-connected.
Beyond the social expecta-
tions, there is also a fnancial
incentive to this initiative. We
noted that, bar a couple of
small hydro projects, almost
the entire region, including
the Border Defence Force,
was using diesel generation
for electricity and kerosene
for space heating, and due
to Ladakhs remote location,
fuel is imported by road at a
very high cost. Harsh winters
close those roads for at least
fve months of the year, exac-
erbating energy vulnerability
and deprivation, says Saxena.
Prior to the LREI, Ladakh
generated a total of 25 MW
electricity. Of some 240 villages,
187 received electrifcation
by microgrid for a few hours
each day, 75% by diesel and
the remainder by small hydro.
A few remote communities
entirely lacked electricity.
The high cost of diesel
generation in Ladakh
currently INR2528/kWh
makes renewable energy very
competitive, says Takpa.
Off-grid solar PV-generated
electricity worked out over
a 20 years system-life in
Ladakh currently comes to
INR1618/kWh And the cost
of solar keeps falling due to
technological development
and scalability.
The November 2012 report
by the International Renewable
Energy Agency (IRENA)
confrmed renewable energy
as the default option for off-grid
electricity provision, with solar
PV now a cheaper option than
diesel in many locations.
LREIs use of dispersed
hydro and solar PV have
rapidly replaced diesel to a
large extent and avoided
unnecessary extension of long,
expensive grid lines. According
to LREDA fgures, the total
expected saving of diesel in
Ladakh from hydro and PV
generation is 35 million litres
per year or approximately
INR1.6 billion annually a
substantial saving for the
government.
Ankur Agarwal, the CEO
of Advanced Renewable
Energy Technologies, says:
The increasing cost of diesel
will be a key demand driver
for solar PV installations in
India, a country that has an
estimated 60 GW of diesel
power capacity. Recent cuts in
government subsidy for diesel
will encourage this trend.
Initiatives background
At LREDAs offces in Leh, Takpa
is consulting with senior project
engineer, Reuben Gergan, a
Cornell-educated Ladakhi.
The dynamic team has
strong links with Indias main
tech providers, collaborating
on R&D and international
scientifc exchanges. LREDA is
a state nodal agency of MNRE,
born in 2000 from the Ladakh
Autonomous Hill Development
Council. Takpa joined in 2001
and oversaw the Remote
Villages Electrifcation Project,
the frst of its kind in India. It
supplied solar home lighting
Conditions in the mountains make the operation of solar PV systems extremely effcient Credit: D. McKenzie/LREDA
1305COSPP_36 36 5/14/13 2:29 PM
Project Profle:
systems to 200 hamlets in the
region, and its success led to
the setting up of a nationwide
programme.
LREDAs 2005 Ladakh Vision
2025 document highlighted
the massive untapped solar,
geothermal, hydro and wind
energy potential of the region,
from which Takpa successfully
proposed the LREI as a catalyst
for development.
Takpas engineering and
conservation background,
and his role as conservator of
forests, make Ladakhs fragile
ecosystem his concern. Growing
tourism and a cash economy
have affected local ecology
and living practice. He promotes
rural livelihoods, ecotourism and
ecosystem management, and
the LREI complements these
needs through renewable energy
and conservation techniques for
housing and agriculture.
Funding/Investment
Central government funding
came from MNREs fnancing
arm, the Indian Renewable
Energy Development Agency
(IREDA), a non-banking fnance
agency that funds mainly rural
projects. Over half of IREDAs
sanctions are for the wind
energy sector, with the rest
for small hydro, biomass and
solar projects.
As an Autonomous Border
Region, Ladakh receives Special
Area Status (strategic, remote,
underdeveloped) and the
highest funding hydro and
solar PV hardware are 100%
funded.
Electricity is then charged
from users. According to Gireesh
Pradhan, secretary for MNRE:
Upfront costs of renewable
energy access systems is
the key barrier, and therefore
complementing subsidies
with funds is a practical way
to solve the frst-cost capital
fnancing problem. Subsidies
for energy access projects
are generally justifed as a
response to inequality and
social expectations in energy
provision.
Ladakh nonetheless suffers
barriers to large investment. The
lack of initial grid connectivity,
the regions remoteness and
the small populations limited
growth potential discourage
large-scale solar projects. The
small capacity of projects has
so far restricted developers
from benefting from Renewable
Energy Certifcates, although a
revision for hydro is proposed.
LREDA has encouraged
incentivisation, including
removal of entry tax on solar
products and provision of
district-level simple clearances.
The LREI undoubtedly
sets new standards for rural
electrifcation, development
and energy conservation. Its
broad initiative takes holistic
approach and amounts
to a fagship for distributed
renewables at a timely
m,oment in Indias energy story.
Further remote regions seem
likely to follow, with the MNRE
currently funding a second
off-graid Special area Project in
Arunachal Pradesh, a remote
north-eastern state, well suited
to small hydropower.
Duncan McKenzie is a
writes on the energy sector.
www.cospp.com
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Email: info@sipos.de
Phone: +49 9187 9227-0
Fax: +49 9187 9227-5111
Harsh winters close those roads
for at least fve months of the year,
exacerbating energy vulnerability
and deprivation
1305COSPP_37 37 5/14/13 2:29 PM
Chinas CHP expansion programme
W
ith the once-
i n- a- decade
handover of
power within
Chinas Communist Party
government complete, the
countrys new administration
is beginning to fnd its
feet. It is a process that
has profound implications
for the cogeneration/CHP
sector in the worlds most
populous nation.
At the heart of the
opportunities related to
cogeneration is a government
plan entitled Guiding Opinions
of the Deployment of Gas-Fired
Distributed Energy. The
document, jointly released by
the National Development and
Reform Commission (NDRC),
National Energy Administration
and Ministry of Finance, sets
goals to develop 5 GW of
gas-fred combined cooling,
heating and power (CCHP) by
2015, and a total 50 GW by 2020.
While this document was
released in 2011, it is only very
recently that these notional
goals have begun to manifest
themselves as tangible
projects for which companies
have been invited to bid.
Importantly, these cogen
targets are under pinned by
detailed energy policies in
Chinas 12th Five-Year Plan for
Energy Development, which
notionally runs from 2011 to
2015, but essentially is a three-
year programme. It includes a
number of overarching policy
targets with an indirect bearing
on the market for cogeneration,
and was unveiled in January
by Chinas State Council.
At its heart this plan is a
blueprint for greater energy
security and reduced energy
Chinas new administration has ambitious cogeneration plans, with a target of 30 GW
of new gas-powered plants, many of which will be CHP-based, by 2015. David Green
scrutinizes the plans and highlights the opportunities for foreign manufacturers.
Cogeneration
taking centre-stage in China
Shanghai is the city thought to offer the best opportunities for overseas equipment makers to bid for industrial-scale cogen projects
Shanghai is the city thought to offer the best opportunities for overseas equipment makers to bid for industrial-scale cogen projects
1305COSPP_38 38 5/14/13 2:31 PM
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intensity, just the kind of
priorities that favour cogen.
The latter aim is perhaps best
encapsulated by a stated
goal of reducing energy
consumption per unit of GDP
by 16%, and CO
2
emissions per
unit of GDP by 17%.
More specifcally, there are
a number of important targets
related to the role of natural
gas in the energy mix, primarily
doubling its share of the total
by 30 GW to 8%, but also that
of raising proven conventional
gas reserves by 3.5 trillion m
3

and building 44,000 km of
natural gas pipelines, as well
as the production of 6.5 billion
m
3
of shale-sourced gas per
year by 2015, increasing to
80 billion m
3
by 2020.
These targets dovetail neatly
with the explicit cogeneration
goals made by the NDRC,
National Energy Administration
and fnance ministry.
China has also tied these
two policy goals in a policy
paper released last June (2012)
entitled the 12th Five Year Plan
for the Development of City
Gas, which notes that every
10,000 m
3
of natural gas
consumed in China saves
annually the consumption of
12.7 tonnes of coal equivalent
and 33 tonnes of CO
2
emissions.
And while restrictions on
gas supply and the high price
of imported gas (relative to
coal) have presented a major
barrier to the accelerated
construction of even mid-scale
gas-fred power plants, China
has already made signifcant
moves to diversify its access
to the fuel via the signing of
agreements to import liquefed
natural gas from neighbours
overseas and pipe in supplies
from Central Asia, Myanmar
and, most recently, Russia.
In March, Moscow and
Beijing signed an historic deal
for Russia to pipe 38 billion m
3

of natural gas to China each
year starting in 2018, with an
option for this to increase to as
much as 60 billion m
3
annually.
In 2011, China consumed
about 130 m
3
, which gives an
indication of the importance
of the agreement in terms of
securing future supplies.
Foreign maunfacturers
set to beneft
These aims and agreements
are important because it is the
gas-fred arena that offers the
most enticing and realisable
cogeneration opportunities,
particularly for foreign
equipment suppliers.
And with the new
administration in place, all
these energy policies are
starting to translate into action.
From late last year China
began opening the door to
cogen. Several projects have
been issued tenders but they
did not ft our portfolio, but
its a nice change to have
people come knocking on
the door asking for bids, says
Luca Febbraio, north east Asia
regional director and vice
president for Power Plants at
Wrtsil China.
The Finnish company, which
specialises in 30 MW to 100 MW
trigeneration projects, has its
eye on a couple of proposals
but the relevant feasibility and
cost-beneft studies have yet
to be granted approval by
the local authorities, in part a
consequence of the lack of a
clear policy framework for how
this kind of industrial-scale
cogeneration project should
work.
Theres a plan from the
Shanghai government to give
an allowance per kWh of CHP.
But it takes a clear price and
a sustained policy framework
for an investor to put his
hand in his pocket, says Tim
Scott, commercial marketing
manager for Caterpillars
Electric Power division.
However, that landscape is
now starting to change.
The Shanghai government
has released a draft plan seen
by Cogeneration & On-site
Power Production that stipulates
gas-fred CHP projects will be
offered a subsidy of CNY1000
(US$162) per kWh of installed
CHP capacity, and have priority
when it comes to supplying
power to the national grid. hat
incentive rises to an additional
CNY2000 if after two years
the project can prove it has
been operating at more than
70% effciency.
Moreover, such CHP projects
will also beneft from receiving
a preferential price for the gas
they use, although the details
of how this might work have
yet to be determined by the
Shanghai authority.
In March, the State Grid
Corporation of China, the
countrys largest state-owned
utility, provided a further
indication of the momentum in
this area by saying that it would
permit easier access to the
power grid for small distributed
energy resource (DER) power
projects of no more than 6
MW that are fuelled by natural
gas, wind and solar energy,
and which could also be
cogeneration plants.
At present, experts estimate
there is no more than several
hundred MW of installed
gas-fred cogen capacity that
fts the type of DER project
called for by the governments
plan, indicating the scale of
potential opportunity in the
feld as the market begins to
open up.
Opening up of market
At the time of going to press
that is exactly what was
happening in Shanghai,
where foreign and local
players were in the process
of bidding for a project at
the Shanghai Disneyland site,
the details of which are not
available to the public as they
are commercially sensitive.
Elsewhere in the city, the
Caterpillar-owned MWM brand
recently secured orders for
two sets of its super-effcient
TCG 2032 V16 natural gas
engines for running a CCHP
plant at the Shanghai Expo
Convention Centre.
In Beijing, GE announced
in January that it had won
the contract to supply
China National Petroleum
Corporation with fve
Jenbacher cogen systems to
power a 16.7 MW on-site CCHP
plant for a new data centre in
the city, the largest gas-engine
CCHP project in the country.
The project is something of a
coup for GE, as it will likely be
used as a model for similar
facilities going forward.
The US company is
particularly well placed to
beneft from the development
of the gas-fred cogeneration
sector, after it signed an
agreement to create a
$100 million joint venture
developing aeroderivative gas
turbines, core devices used
in distributed energy systems,
with the China Huadian
Group. This in turn helped the
US frm secure a contract from
Huadian to supply a 100120
MW cogeneration system for
an industrial park in Fujian.
Slow on policy front
But such examples of concrete
projects are still few and far
between due to the slow
progress on the policy front.
In Beijing, there is another set
of draft guidelines circulating,
but according to Wrtsils
Febbraio it is very light on detail,
though there is apparently
mention of dropping a current
10% tax levied on imported
power equipment.
Every municipality is
looking at a different policy.
Thats why so far there is no
private investment people
are waiting for these drafts to
be fnalised, but its not fast
1305COSPP_40 40 5/14/13 2:31 PM
enough, explains Febbraio.
There is momentum but I
doubt this is going to result in
50 GW by 2020.
Even so, Japans Mitsubishi
Heavy Industries (MHI) just
last month moved to take
advantage of any openings
by signing an agreement
to license its KU gas engine
technologies to ZGPT Diesel
Heavy Industry, a Chinese
manufacturer of stationary and
marine engines. MHI has said
that the licensing agreement
envisages the manufacturing
and marketing of its 14KU30GSI
4450 kW-class gas engine,
which is widely used for DER
projects in Japan, but would
probably be expanded to
include other models and
would also probably be used
in cogeneration projects.
China favours the use
of domestically-produced
equipment over imports.
Against this background, MHIs
agreement with ZGPT gives the
Japanese company greater
scope to sell its products in the
Chinese market.
Interest in large-scale
cogen/CHP
Febbraio also suggests that
because it is imperative, at
least in terms of saving face, for
the government to meet the
stipulated 50 GW target, there
is a very strong possibility that
incentives may be widened to
apply not just to small-scale
DER projects, but also larger
gas-fred cogeneration plants,
as this will have the effect of
ratcheting up relevant installed
capacity fgures.
All the current DER projects
are offcially pilots, so the
government can assess the
economics, Febbraio says.
Yet the assessment process is
bound to take at least two years,
leaving precious little time for
the government to meet its 50
GW installed capacity target
via DER alone. This potentially
opens the policy incentives to
larger gas-fred cogeneration
plants, and with it a broader
spectrum of equipment and
suppliers, he explains.
Irrespective of how this pans
out, and it is impossible to
say with so much still on the
drawing board and each local
government rolling out its own
polices, there has already been
a substantial amount of recent
project approval activity for
larger gas-fred cogeneration
plants on the scale of several
hundred to >1000 MW.
There is a phenomenal
amount of new gas-fred
combined-cycle capacity
coming on line, beyond
what you would expect to be
supported by the economics,
says Gavin Thompson head
of Wood Mackenzies China
Gas and Power research team
in Beijing.
Almost all of this is in coastal
provinces and is a response
to rising peak demand, which
power suppliers are fnding it
diffcult to meet when relying
on electricity transmitted from
interior provinces and seasonal
hydroelectric power. The CCGT
plants are a lot more fexible
and allow the power suppliers
greater leeway to regulate their
power supply, Thompson said.
So there are a number of
non-pure economic factors
driving this, as well as subsidies.
These come in the form of
preferential pricing when
selling to the grid, though the
way this works varies from
province to province.
Major foreign equipment
suppliers must leverage
their offcial and unoffcial
agreements with Chinese
counterparts to get a look in on
these projects, which represent
a substantial policy shift that
has drawn the attention of a
wide selection of companies.
The reality was that China
used to be a very small market,
as there were restrictions on gas
availability, says Pascal Radue,
Alstoms Singapore-based area
vice president for Gas. But with
the increased environmental
concerns the mindset changed
and suddenly there was an
opening of the market it
opened at the same time as we
started to be more aware of it.
Since the start of the FY
201213, Alstom has sold
fve of its E-class gas turbines
worth about 100 million
($130 million) into China, all via
a project-specifc relationship
with Harbin Turbine, which in turn
is a supplier to leading power
utility Huaneng Power.
Alstom is keen to formalise
the arrangement, which it
deems essential to doing
further business in China. This
will bring the company into line
with the other major suppliers
of gas-fred equipment, all
of which have signed similar
agreements. Aside from
the aforementioned tie-up
between GE and Huadian,
other examples include MHI
and Dongfang Electric, as well
as Germanys Siemens with the
Shanghai Electric Group.
Access to projects led by
Huaneng would be a boon
for any overseas gas turbine
supplier, as in a little over a year
the company has signed off on
three cogeneration plants, the
largest of which is a massive
1500 MW facility in Chongqing,
and aims to raise this to fve
projects in the near future.
Theres no specifc plan yet,
but gas-fred cogeneration
is encouraged by the
government, says a Huaneng
spokesman surnamed Zhou. The
company has already worked
out cooperation agreements
with gas suppliers, and is
positioning itself to move away
from coal and towards gas.
However, the scenario remains a
nightmare for potential investors,
as there is again something of a
policy vacuum at the center of
the projects.
The tariff level [of the
generated electricity] has
not been determined, says
Zhou. Each project will have
a different tariff based on the
local price of gas and the
proftability of the plant.
While this presents obvious
problems, power companies
appear content to push on,
safe in the knowledge that
the government will construct
policy around their projects
in a way that makes them
economically viable.
As a case in point, GE, which
is the largest supplier of heavy-
duty gas turbines to China
with an installed capacity of
15,000 MW, in September last
year was commissioned to
supply three of its 9FB gas
turbines for the Datang Gaojing
combined-cycle cogen power
Alstom has sold fve of its E-class gas turbines into China since the start of
FY 201213 for a combined contract value of about 100 million Credit: Alstom
1305COSPP_41 41 5/14/13 2:31 PM
plant under construction in
Beijing. The plant, which is
scheduled to start commercial
operation in stages beginning
October 2013, will generate
more than 1.3 GW of electricity
and operate in tandem with a
district heating solution provided
by Harbin Electric Corp.
At its heart, is
a blueprint for
greater energy
security and
reduced energy
intensity, just the
kind of priorities
that favour
cogen
The confdence to proceed
with such projects without the
necessary fnancial details is in
part borne of a frmly held belief
that the government is serious
about its stated commitments
to improving the environment,
and air quality in particular. I
was surprised because for the
frst time meetings started with
offcials citing environmental
concerns I dont know if its
their own drive or they expect
policy support to come from
that direction, but it was a
signifcant change, notes
Alstoms Radue.
While the increase in
gas-fred cogeneration
plant approvals is primarily
a consequence of the
governments desire to shift
away from dependence on
heavily polluting coal and
hence improve air quality in
major cities such as Beijing
and Shanghai, there is
also another factor at play,
suggests Yang Fuqiang, senior
adviser on Climate, Energy and
Environment at the US-based
Natural Resources Defense
Councils China Programme.
During the recent
economic slowdown and
consequent weaker demand
for power, utilities believed
that cogeneration projects
would be protected and have
frst access to power sales on
the grid, Yang says. Under
a long-standing policy to
encourage CHP development,
cogeneration projects are
guaranteed a smoother
approval process but also
priority to sell their power to
the grid, prompting utilities to
back such projects to ensure
they can sell their power even
during lulls in economic and
industrial activity.
Yang also provides a
useful perspective on how
the cogeneration landscape
will probably develop going
forward. At the moment about
95% of installed cogeneration
capacity in China is thermal
coal. The gas projects have
been slow to catch up for
the simple reason that there
have been restrictions on gas
supply, he says. But in the
major cities that are suffering
from air pollution there is now
a shift to gas for environmental
reasons. It is also a lot easier to
regulate the use of gas-fred
cogeneration facilities to
match demand for both heat
and power, making these
systems more attractive.
Asked about the outlook
for coal, Yang suggests new
capacity is no longer approved
near major cities, but that it
would remain cost effective to
develop coal cogeneration
projects in Chinas regional
mid- to lower-tier cities. Under
an ongoing government drive
to phase out smaller, less
effcient coal plants, only those
coal CHP plants in the range
of 200 MW to 300 MW or larger
now receive the necessary
local government approvals,
wherever they may be.
China aims to have 30% of
its coal-fred power capacity
operating as cogeneration by
2015, against Yangs estimate
of about 27% currently, allowing
scope for the approval of such
projects in smaller cities to
make up the gap. However,
Yang is quick to point out that
the big fve Chinese power
companies (Huaneng, Datang,
Guodian, Huadian and the
China Power Investment
Corporation) dominate
this area, and that they are
experiencing a number of
operational diffculties that
have yet to be resolved.
There are problems in terms
of distributing the heat from
these projects: Who will pay
for the pipe networks? Who is
responsible for maintenance
and quality of heat supply,
and who is responsible for
collecting the payments for the
heating? he asks, adding that
a major beneft of the smaller
gas-fred DER projects is that
having only one consumer
eases the logistics of pricing
and payment.
In Yangs view, it is
Shanghai and the southern
manufacturing hub of
Guangdong province that will
offer the largest opportunities
in terms of small-scale DER. The
[local] governments there are
much more open to foreign
involvement in such projects,
he says. On the other hand, it is
harder to secure the gas supply
than in Beijing, where political
factors often restrict foreign
competition from entering the
market. Yang also highlighted
that the warmer climate in
Chinas south will probably
ensure that the majority of
projects there will require
trigeneration, or CCHP, systems.
Meanwhile, although
secondary in importance
to the other major policy
drives, another signifcant
plan found its way into the
public domain just last month,
when the Ministry of Industry
and Information Technology
released its own Five-Year Plan
for Industrial Energy Saving.
While it is again light on
crucial detail on how sticking
points like grid and heating
connection issues might be
overcome and paid for, the
plan shines a light on the next
step for the promotion of CHP
in China. The plan calls for the
development of cogeneration
in the iron and steel, nonferrous
metals, chemicals, light
industry and others.
It also references the
development of urban
infrastructure to support the
production and distribution
of the generated heat and
electricity, and promotes the
use of back-pressure and
exhaust-condensing steam
turbines, micro turbines, screw
expansion generators and
other equipment.
Given the lack of policy
progress in the more highly
favoured area of gas-fred
cogen, it is tempting to
label such calls as specious.
However, as World Resources
Institute senior associate Sarah
Forbes suggests, China has a
strong precedent in integrating
waste products produced from
industrial process in coal-to-
chemical plants, where it is a
world leader, suggesting that
doing similar with industrial
cogeneration may not be
such a remote possibility.
Theres more coal-to-
chemical going on in China
than anywhere else in the
world, and it is all incredibly
integrated. The growth in the
energy sector here presents an
opportunity to truly integrate
energy across the board.
David Green is a
China-based freelance
journalist, who writes on
energy matters.
www.cospp.com
1305COSPP_42 42 5/14/13 2:31 PM
Innovation in biomass-based fuels
A
slow revolution
in the use of
biomass for fring
or co-fring power
generation is picking up
pace this year as a number
of competing technologies
for the production of
biocoal move more
convincingly towards full
commercialisation.
Biocoal produced through
torrefaction in which dry
biomass such as wood, paper,
food waste and even sewage
waste is slow-heated anoxically
(to avoid combustion) at
200oC to 300oC to reduce
moisture and drive off
low-energy volatile chemicals
offers slightly degraded
fuel with lower emissions and
carbon footprints (it is carbon
neutral) than traditional
biomass, and certainly lower
than coal.
According to the European
Commissions Strategic Energy
Technologies Information
Systems (SETIS), natural gas is
the dominant fuel (about 40%)
for European cogeneration,
while solid fossil fuels account
for 35%, and renewable fuels
chiefy biomass but also waste
are increasing in importance,
and now account for 12% of
the market.
Biomass and coal are mainly,
although not necessarily,
restricted to steam turbine
cogeneration units, according
to SETIS. Whether these are
non-condensing or extraction
steam turbines, they are based
Biocoal is carbon neutral and cost effcient, it offers a similar power output to
coal, and can be burned in existing boilers with little or no modifcation.
Robert Stokes explores its potential as a cogneration fuel.
New Solid Fuel
could offer an effective carbon
neutral option for the future
Under construction: An artists impression of Thermogens future biocoal plant Credit: Thermogen Industries
1305COSPP_43 43 5/14/13 2:31 PM
ARE STRAY ELECTRICAL
CURRENTS DESTROYING
YOUR MACHINERY?
around boilers that can be
fred by coal, wood, solid waste,
gas or nuclear energy. Some
use co-fring (such as coal and
biomass), while others run only
on biomass.
So how does biocoal play
into the cogeneration and
on-site power production story?
Figuring it out requires a little
patience, as the torrefaction
tale is currently being told
from the perspective of what
it could do for large coal-fred
power plants.
Investors in torrefaction are
dazzled by the prospect of shiny
black pellets of biocoal that
will sell globally in high volume
as a commodity that attracts
speculative investment from
the markets, hedge funds and
others. Most business plans for
commercial-scale torrefaction
plants hinge on selling black
pellets to large power stations
with a view to extending their
operational life by using
biocoal for co-fuelling to
reduce the carbon footprint
and emissions to below the
statutory thresholds, and
prevent closure of the plants.
Using biocoal in co-fring
reduces CO
2
, NOx and
SOx emmissions, as well as
carbon payments due under
emissions trading schemes or
similar low-carbon policies.
Biocoal can comprise up to
40% of the energy source for
co-fring stations, with little or
no modifcation of the burners
needed. This is double the 20%
ceiling that limits the use of
white pellets, a wood biomass
that, unlike biocoal, is not
completely dried; indeed, 5%
to 10% is the normal range for
white pellets where the power
plant has not been ftted to
store, handle and mill them.
Some large power plants
are already using biomass. The
German utility RWEs Tilbury B
station in the UK runs entirely
on white pellets from
renewable sources
of wood. The Swedish
utility Vattenfalls
Danish plants run
partly on biomass.
Biocoal is likely to fnd
a similar role.
Easy handling/
storage
While prolonging the
existence of large, coal-
fred power stations
may jar with apostles
of cogeneration
and on-site power
production, there is no
reason why biocoal
cannot offer similar
benefts to these forms of
generation, its supporters say.
Biocoal is a new
commodity that is a lot easier
to handle and store, has
higher energy density than
traditional biomass, is low
CO
2
and low sulphur, says
Michael Wild, principal partner
at the Vienna-based project
managers and consultants
Wild & Partner.
The frm lists several
good reasons for torrefying
biomass: it broadens the
feedstock base available:
it signifcantly reduces
transport and handling costs,
and it shows practically
zero biodegradation when
stored this is because it is
hydrophobic (water repellent),
so does not need the 24/7
temperature control and
watertight storage that white
pellets require. Torrefying also
reduces the investment that
co-fring with biomass needs,
as it can often simply be mixed
with coal and left with it in the
open air.
In addition, it reduces
the derating of generators
that goes with non-standard
operating conditions; it
can be adapted for clients
requirements; it burns better
and more cleanly than
traditional biomass; it has a
large variety of applications,
and it can help develop the
biomass market towards
commoditisation.
While biomass tends to be
wet and in the wrong place,
biocoal can go anywhere,
adds Wild. It maximises the
ability to concentrate valuable
biomass resources into higher-
energy black pellets, then
move them wherever they
are needed for cogeneration
and on-site power production,
large-scale power generation,
as a feedstock for chemicals
or gasifcation or even in
domestic stoves that currently
burn wood pellets.
The higher-energy density
of biocoal compared with
traditional biomass means it
can generate the same power
output from less throughput,
so plant size can be more
compact.
You can also achieve
higher temperatures, Wild
confrmed to Cogeneration &
On-Site Power Production. So
you can get into high-effciency
steam cycles. And if you were
thinking about putting biocoal
into a gasifcation unit, the gas
fre could be physically smaller
and the energy effciency
would be better than with
IBTC chairman Michael Wild predicts big things for
torrefes biomass Credit: Wild & Partner
1305COSPP_44 44 5/14/13 2:31 PM
traditional biomass, where a
lot of the energy would be
going into drying woodchip.
With biocoal, you get more
hydrogen, which could be
used for transport, and you
could create the syngas you
get back into liquid fuels.
Biocoals history
Research and development
of biocoal stretches back
beyond a decade. But it is
no longer a myth, says Wild,
whose own company is part of
the Austrian ACB consortium,
that also includes technology
company Andritz AG and
the Austria-based biomass-
combustion technology
supplier Polytechnik Luft- und
Feuerungstechnik GmbH.
And experience is growing
in making and using this
fuel. The best known biocoal
production installations
in continuous operation
include: New Biomass Energy,
(Mississippi, USA), which in
January made its third bulk
shipment (3,600 tonnes) of
black pellets in a year, for
co-fring tests by a major, but
unidentifed, European utility;
and Andritz ACB (Austria)
whose pilot pellet production
plant in Frohnleiten started up
last autumn.
Other torrefaction plants
of note include Andritz/ECN
(Denmark); Stramproy Green
(Steenwijk, the Netherlands);
Topell Energy (The Hague, the
Netherlands), which has a
commercial-scale torrefaction
plant at Duiven and will sell and
license its torrefaction to other
plants worldwide; and Torr
Coal (Sittard, the Netherlands),
which has a production plant
in Dilsen-Stokkem, Belgium.
Microwave technology
All biocoals are not equal
though. Diverse technologies
in demonstration projects to
date have centred mainly on
various forms of turbo-drying
of materials, including wood
chips and forestry waste, and
municipal waste.
However, an innovative
way to produce high-quality
torrefed biomass, which uses
microwave heating, is now
progressing towards commer-
cialisation after encouraging
trials with a prototype in the UK.
The Targeted Intelligent
Energy System (TIES) system
developed by Rotawave a
subsidiary of the Aberdeen-
based Energy Environmental
Group, which owns the
intellectual property for
TIES allows extraction of
water, petroleum products
and organic oils at very low
cost from resources including
biomass, oil drill cuttings
and refnery, and food waste
TIES involves the combined
use of microwave and a
unique ceramic phase-
separation drum in a process
that maximises heat and
mass transfer. According to
Rotawave, this reduces plant
size, material hold-ups and
operating costs. The solid
end-products vary from inert
minerals to high-calorifc-
value chars that can be
pelletised.
TIES, which Rotawave
licenses out, is currently used
to activate carbon
regeneration, for sterilisation
and rendering of food wastes,
pyrolysis, soil decontamination,
extraction of oils from
biomass and conversion
into renewable fuels.
Working with wood is quite
diffcult, Rotawaves technical
director Garth Way told
Cogeneration and On-Site
Power Production. It is a good
insulator, and usually comes
in a range of moistures and in
different particle sizes.
The technical magic
weve brought to it is that
while only 10% of the
energy needed to convert
the wood to biocoal is actually
microwave, that little amount
gives you the confdence
that it is cooked right through
or, to use a chefs analogy,
is it cooked in the middle?
The company says tests
have shown that Rotawave
TIES biocoal pellets have a
moisture content of less than
5% by weight as received.
Fully cooked wood that
is drier than white pellets,
and in which carbonisation
is limited, produces
more batch consistency,
making pelletisation easier
and more stable.
Other biocoal technologies
have really struggled with
consistency, says Way. Weve
been technically assessed by
Black & Veatch, by Leeds and
other universities, and have
had independent assessors in
to check our numbers.
Those numbers were aired
in a conference presentation
in London in April, when
Way compared coal, green
wood chips, wood pellets
(white pellets) and Rotawave
TIES biocoal pellets across
a range of parameters. The
numbers were:
Gross calorifc value, as
received (MJ/kg): coal: 25;
biocoal pellets: 24; white
pellets: 18; and wood chips: 10.
Bulk density (kg/m
3)
:
biocoal pellets: 750; coal: 700;
white pellets: 650; and wood
chips: 285.
Energy density (GJm
3
):
biocoal pellets: 18; coal: 17.5;
white pellets: and 11.05; wood
chips: 2.85.
To compare the volume
of each fuel required for a
specifed amount of energy,
energy densities expressed as
m
3
per 36 GJ: wood chips: 12.6;
white pellets: 3.3; coal: 2.1;
and biocoal pellets: 2. MWh
per tonne: coal: 6.94; biocoal
pellets: 6.67; white pellets: 4.72;
and wood chips: 2.78.
www.tedomengines.com, info@tedomengines.com, +420 483 363 642
Power range: 80 - 210 kW
Fuels: NG, Biogas, LPG,
Diesel, Biodiesel and others
ENGINES AND GENERATOR SETS
Reliable heart for your
cogeneration unit
1305COSPP_45 45 5/14/13 2:31 PM
Thus, the conclusion is, a
container of Rotawave TIES
biocoal will be almost as
heavy as the same volume
of coal but it packs more
energy for the same volume of
material and is not far behind
coal in the power that can
be generated from a tonne.
Rotawave TIES biocoal beats
white pellets out of sight on
energy density.
No need for boiler
modifcation
But what does it behave like
in an unmodifed boiler will
it foul the system or produce
unwanted slag?
Rotawave announced in
April that year-long technical
trials part-funded by the UK
governments Technology
Strategy Board, with the
UK utility giant SSE and the
University of Leeds, revealed
that TIES gives a quicker, more
effcient, lower carbon, lower
capital cost option than direct
biomass for co-fring coal-fred
power plants.
The company concluded
that biocoal produced in this
way could be introduced into
coal-fred generation as a way
to reduce carbon emissions
with minimal or no need for
capital-intensive refurbishment
to adapt plant to the new fuel.
Way says there are no
reasons why biocoal made
like this could not also be
used for cogeneration and
on-site power production
across a range of systems
and generating capacities.
He expresses an interest in
cooperating with the industry.
If anyone is interested in
exploring this, then come and
talk to us, he says. In general,
biocoal is an alternative to
white pellets biomass. If you
are generating power, you
know that carbon costs are
going to hit you. If you want to
get benefts from government
incentives and regulations in
many countries, you will be
asking what is the best way of
getting a carbon neutral fuel
into existing infrastructure.
The European Union (EU)
incentivises the use of biomass
that comes from a renewable
bio-source a provision that
rules out waste. So would or
should biocoal be considered
as a renewable source?
Why wouldnt it be? Way
responds. Weve done a lot
of work looking at the carbon
footprint of our supply chain.
One charge levelled at
using microwave technology
to make biocoal is that it must
surely involve heavy electricity
consumption. This suggestion
is a red herring, counters Way.
The electricity cost in one
TIES biocoal project moving
towards commercialisation
is only about 2% of the sales
price of the product per tonne.
So it is not a massive factor.
What would it cost to convert
existing plant? Rotawave has
not worked through examples
for typical cogeneration and
on-site power production, but
calculations for large
power stations are
worth rehearsing to
reinforce some of the
fundamentals involved.
The UKs Department
of Energy and Climate
Change estimates the
cost of converting a
coal-fred power station
to traditional biomass,
(rather than biocoal),
to be around US$700
per kW of generation
capacity. For a typical
500 MW plant, that works
out at an eye-watering
$350 million.
But it starts to get
interesting when
these costs are broken down.
Materials storage and handling
which are both easier and
far cheaper with biocoal
accounts for around 69% to
89% of cost, while combustion
and emission control cover the
rest some 11% to 31%; the
range under each heading
refects differences for various
facets of the project project
management, engineering,
procurement, construction
and commissioning.
Using this example, our
proposition is that you would
save 180 million ($280 million)
of the 225 cost by using
biocoal instead of traditional
biomass, says Way.
We can go even further. In
the tests weve done, we did
not modify the plant and we
co-fred at about 20% biocoal.
The plant was happy: fame
stability was OK, the milling
amps were OK (there would
be no extra wear on milling
machinery that grinds the
pellets), and the reject rate
on the milling was OK. There
were no signs of incomplete
combustion of biocoal, which
was a good indicator, though
the test was obviously not for
thousands of hours.
Way concedes that this
applies to all well-made
torrefed material within the
right specifcation, although
Rotawave claims signifcant
benefts for biocoal produced
by TIES. The door is open to
the cogeneration industry to
discuss how the technology
might be tailored to its needs.
One high-profle convert
to TIES biocoal is Cate Street
Capital (Portland, New
Hampshire), a US-based
cleantech venture capital frm.
In 2011, it agreed a deal valued
at more than $20 million for its
portfolio company Thermogen
Industries to secure exclusive
rights to use the Rotawave
technology to make torrefed
wood for sale in North America.
Thermogen had evaluated
several different torrefaction
technologies, including
those using indirect heating
and drying. None of the
processes were able to
produce consistently torrefed
material, capable of being
successfully pelletised at
commercial scale with
the exception of Rotawaves
TIES, Thermogen CEO and
president Richard M Cyr
told Cogeneration & On-Site
PowerProduction.
This game-changing
technology could revolutionise
the use of torrefed wood on
Rotawaves Garth Way invites discussion with
cogeneration Credit: Rotawave
Microwave is the key to Rotawaves torrefaction process Credit: Rotawave
1305COSPP_46 46 5/14/13 2:31 PM
ADVANCING ASIAS ENERGY FUTURE
INVITATION TO PARTICIPATE
POWER -GEN Asia, co-located with Renewable Energy World Asia, is the regions leading
exhibition and conference dedicated to the power generation, renewable energy and
transmission and distribution industries.
Attracting 7,000 delegates and attendees from over 60 countries from South East Asia
and around the world, nowhere else gives you the opportunity to reach and meet senior
executives and industry professionals in one place at the same time, providing key
networking and business opportunities.
The POWER-GEN Asia and Renewable Energy World Asia conference programmes have
become the major annual platforms for the industry to discuss the topics and issues of
today and are regularly contributed to with keynote speeches from Government Ministers
and Governors of the regions utility companies.
Leading Industry Exhibition
Discover new ideas, technologies and developments at the regions foremost exhibition for
the conventional power and renewable energy generation industries and source the latest
products and services from leading companies and suppliers from around the world.
EARLY BIRD DISCOUNT REGISTER TODAY!
Register yourself and your colleagues by 6 September 2013 as conference delegates and
beneft from the Early Bird Discount Rate, plus free entry to the exhibition.
WE INVITE YOU TO JOIN US IN BANGKOK, THAILAND FROM 2-4 OCTOBER 2013
There is no better place to meet the key decision makers in the power industry.
2 4 October 2013
IMPACT Exhibition & Convention Centre
Bangkok, Thailand
www.powergenasia.com
www.renewableenergyworld-asia.com
OWNED AND PRODUCED BY: PRESENTED BY:
www.powergenasia.com
www.renewableenergyworld-asia.com
OFFICIAL SUPPORTERS:
1305COSPP_47 47 5/14/13 2:31 PM
a worldwide scale. It is smart
technology that creates a new
energy commodity in mass
quantities that is effcient,
environmentally sensitive and
renewable, Cyr adds.
Thermogens main
production facility is now being
built at Millinocket, Maine, and
Cyr says the company expects
to complete construction and
begin production of its Aurora
Black torrefed wood pellets in
mid-2014. At full capacity, it is
designed to 454,000 tonnes of
Aurora Black annually.
In February, Thermogen
also signed a letter of intent to
build a torrefed wood pellet
manufacturing facility on
land adjacent to a terminal
at Eastport, Maine. This will
be capable of producing
181,000272,000 tonnes of
torrefed wood pellets annually,
and Thermogen aims to
start construction as early as
possible in 2014.
Thermogen says its mission
is to help preserve and extend
the life of existing energy
infrastructure by making it
possible for coal-fred power
plants and large institutions
that burn coal to use more
biomass effciently as they
strive to meet emerging
environmental regulations and
energy policies.
Aurora Black can
supplement the use of coal in
existing facilities or replace it
altogether, says Cyr. In either
scenario, Aurora Black helps
coal burners reduce harmful
emissions, meet newer, more
stringent clean air standards,
and cost-effectively meet
renewable energy goals.
The production facilities
in Millinocket and Eastport
are strategically located to
transport product effciently
and ship it overseas, or to
transport it by rail and truck to
domesticmarkets.
According to a 2007
study led by the University of
Aberdeen, and a 2012 report
by the London-based market
analysts and consultants
Hawkins Wright, the global
market opportunity for torrefed
wood is estimated to be many
tens of millions of tonnes per
year by the year 2020.
The study by Hawkins
Wright into the supply chain
economics of torrefed
biomass stresses that its main
advantage is in the way that
its higher energy density
reduces sensitivity to the cost
of transport.
The study found that
each shipment of torrefed
fuel carries about 40% more
energy by volume than
conventional white pellet, and
well over three times that of
wood chip. Importantly, this
means that torrefed fuel can
compete with white pellet
when shipped in smaller
vessels, creating fexibility for
suppliers and traders, say
the consultants.
Industry cooperation
The studies have identifed
a clear market for torrefed
wood as a new form of clean,
sustainable and energy-dense
fuel, says Thermogens Cyr.
As suppliers gear up
to exploit this, Way says:
I dont think there is too much
competition between torrefed
biomass people. In fact,
we need to be hitting the
market with millions of tonnes
pretty rapidly.
Rotawave is a member
of the International Biomass
Torrefaction Council (IBTC),
formed in December 2012
under the aegis of Aembio,
the Brussels-based European
Biomass Association. IBTC is
signifcant as it provides a
shop front trade body to
promote the technology for
the frst time.
Weve all been discussing
what we can share to help
each other commercially and
to shape public perception,
Way says. One issue exercising
the industry is whether it can
develop an international
standard for black pellets
so that customers can be
certain about the quality
and characteristics of what
they are buying, whatever
the source. Theres a massive
opportunity for this material to
become a new form of energy
transfer in a solid form, says
Wild, who chairs the IBTC.
Secure and reliable supplies
of biocoal at competitive
prices are just what a range
of industries including
cogeneration and on-site
power have been waiting for.
On costs, Rotawaves Way
says: I would suggest that if
you converted to 100% biocoal
in 2013 in the UK, it would
be cheaper than coal, and
our modelling suggests that
between now and 2030 the line
on the graph showing price
versus time will remain below
70 per MWh for 100% biocoal
fring, while the equivalent
cost for 100% coal, with
carbon costs and renewables
subsidies included where they
apply to these fuels, would be
above 170 per MWh.
While such fgures are based
around a model of large power
plants, Rotawave is convinced
that cogeneration and on-site
power production would
beneft signifcantly too.
Projections will vary by
location, depending on local
taxes and subsidies. However,
the biocoal industry is clearly
confdent of its long-term future
as it believes that fnancial
penalties on coal, combined
with the commoditisation and
incentivisation of renewables,
will continue to widen the
generating cost advantages
of torrefed biomass.
Robert Stokes is a freelance
journalist, who writes on the
energy sector.
www.cospp.com
Thermogens Richard Cyr (left) foresees a positive future for biocoal sales in the
US and abroad Credit: Thermogen Industries
1305COSPP_48 48 5/14/13 2:31 PM
17-19 March 2014
Cape Town International Convention Centre
Cape Town, South Africa
INVITATION TO EXHIBIT
The inaugural DistribuTECH Africa is a must attend event for
any company involved in the power and water transmission and
distribution industry..
With Africas electricity consumption expected to grow at a
rate of 3.4% per year until 2020, DistribuTECH 2013 is
expected to play an important role in the expanding market
and lead the way in the advancement of the transmission and
distribution industry.
This annual forum not only provides the ideal opportunity
to address technological challenges, but also launch new
products and showcase your company amongst an audience
of key decisions makers from leading international operators,
manufacturers and suppliers.
BOOK YOUR BOOTH TODAY
For booth and sponsorship enquiries, please contact:
Leon Stone
Exhibit Sales Manager - Rest of the World
T: +44 (0) 1992 656 671
F: +44 (0)1992 656 700
E:leons@pennwell.com

Andrew Evans
Exhibition Sales - Africa
T: +27 (21) 913 5255
F: +27 (0) 86 770 7447
E: andrewe@pennwell.com
WWW. DISTRIBUTECHAFRICA.COM
EQUIPPING
UTILITIES FOR
THE FUTURE
NEW PENNWELL EVENT COMING TO AFRICA
Co-located with
Owned &
Produced by: Presented by: Host Utility Sponsor:
Supporting
Organization:
1305COSPP_49 49 5/14/13 2:31 PM
The World Alliance for Decentralized Energy (WADE) was established in 1997 as a non-proft
research and promotion organization whose mission is to accelerate the worldwide development
of high effciency cogeneration (CHP) and decentralized renewable energy systems that deliver
substantial economic and environmental benefts.
Executive Director: David Sweet
1513 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036
Tel: +1 202 667 5600 Fax: +1 202 315 3719 web: www.localpower.org
SPECIAL REPORT FROM WADE CANADA ON SUSTAINABILITY:
University of Calgarys Energy Performance Initiative
April 30, 2013 By Evvi Rollins, freelance writer for WADE Canada
WADE CANADA SPOKE WITH JOANNE PERDUE, CHIEF SUSTAINABILITY OFFICER AT
THE UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY
Calgary, Canada: With the recent
announcement that the University of
Calgarys Energy Environment and
Experiential Learning building has received
Leadership in Energy and Environmental
Design (LEED) Platinum certifcation, the
University is now home to two of only four
Platinum projects on Canadian post-
secondary education campuses. Add
to this an LEED Gold project and four
additional projects now in for certifcation,
the University is emerging as one of
Canadas leaders in green buildings
in post secondary education. A key
contributor to this success is mandatory
energy performance requirements
for new buildings. Behind this success
though, is a much larger plan to lead in
slashing institutional operating costs and
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
Since the 2008 signing of the University
and College Presidents Climate Change
Statement of Action for Canada
(UCPCCSAC), the University of Calgary,
along with about 28 other universities and
colleges across Canada, has developed
and implemented a plan to drive down
institutional greenhouse gas emissions
and sharpened their focus on research
initiatives to address the climate change
challenge. A similar declaration in the
United States has nearly 700 university
and college president signatories.
In 2010, after input from students, faculty,
and technical staff, the University released
a Climate Action Plan. This established
institutional goals and strategies for how
the University will reduce institutional
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
Ambitious targets were set: GHG emission
reductions of 45% by 2015, and 80% by
2050. Strategies touch most aspects of
institutional operations from business
travel and waste management to energy
supply and community engagement.
The Universitys Energy Performance
Initiative (EPI) addresses GHG emissions
in the built environment the largest
contributor to institutional emissions.
Following are six key strategies within the
EPI program:
Rethinking energy supply: As the ageing
central heating and cooling plant was
nearing capacity, the University needed
to upgrade and expand capacity.
This provided the opportunity to rethink
energy supply given that procurement
of electricity from the largely coal fred
provincial grid was resulting in very
high institutional emissions. Last year,
installation of a 13 MW cogeneration
system (combined heat and power)
was completed in a retroft of the central
heating and cooling plant. The university
now produces 100% of the base-load
of electricity on campus, displacing a
signifcant portion of electricity historically
purchased from the provincial grid. Waste
heat is captured and used for space
heating and domestic water on main
campus. The completed project has led to
an 80,000 metric tonnes annual emissions
reduction. With a fve-year payback on the
incremental cost of co-generation, this
also represents a very good economic
and business strategy for the university.
Controlling emissions growth from new
buildings. Since every time a new building
is added, overall emission reductions
become more of a challenge. To control
growth a change in design standards
was implemented to establish mandatory
energy performance requirements for all
new buildings and major retrofts.
Retroftting of existing buildings. Three
phases of existing building retrofts are now
complete, totalling more than 35,000 tonnes
of emissions reductions. A master plan for
the 4th phase is fnished, and a 5th phase
is in the wings for the Foothills Medical
Campus. Collectively, Phases 4 and 5
have the emissions reduction potential to
go the extra distance to the 2020 target of a
60% reduction.
Existing building recommissioning. Just
as a car needs tuning up over time, the
university is committed to bringing buildings
back to their optimal performance as they
deteriorate over time. Following completion
of a recommissioning pilot project this
summer, an ongoing programme and
continuous improvement process will be
rolled out across campus.
Demand reduction and occupant
engagement. Despite greater energy
effciency in the overall buildings, the
University of Calgarys Energy Environment and
Experiential Learning building
Credit: Tom Arban Architectural Photography
1305COSPP_50 50 5/14/13 2:32 PM
WADE PARTICIPATES IN IHS CERAWEEK 2013
Houston, USA: The annual
global meeting of the
prestigious IHS CERAWeek
2013 was held in Houston on
March 4-8, 2013. WADE was
represented by David Sweet,
Executive Director at the event.
The theme for 2013 is
Drivers of Change: Geopolitics,
Economics and the Energy
Future. The energy industry
is undergoing a profound
transformation driven by new
technologies, shifts in global
demand, regulatory uncertain-
ties and the new realities and
cost structure of supply.
At the same time, continuing
and growing economic
uncertainty, particularly in
Europe and emerging Asia
along with geopolitical
tensions in the Middle East,
Asia, Africa and Latin America
all pose new risks and
challenges as companies
invest to meet future energy
needs.
IHS CERAWeek 2013 offered
new insights into the energy
future and on the strategic
and investment responses by
producers, consumers and
policy-makers.
IHS CERAWeek is the
leading gathering of senior
energy decision-makers from
around the world, which
provided presentations from
over 300 speakers, including
senior industry executives,
government offcials and
thought leaders, discuss in the
changing energy playing feld.
For more information on
all the issues covered at this
IHS CERAWeek, as well as
on who spoke, please visit
http://ceraweek.com/2013/
Attendees at a networking session at the IHS CERAWeek 2013
density of energy use inside buildings is
rising. To address this demand reduction
and engage users of the buildings
is key. A few initiatives in support of
this include:
A desktop computer power-down pilot
program was successfully completed
and will be rolled out across campus.
This complements energy-effciency
standards for all desktop computing
equipment.
An exterior lighting upgrade program is
underway to retroft all exterior lighting
to LED.
An assessment of the 1,000 or so
research-related refrigeration units has
been completed. A sterling engine
-80C freezer pilot is underway.
A peer-to-peer engagement project
called Sustainability On will involve the
campus community in energy effciency
and sustainability. Using the principles
of community-based social marketing,
the sustainability offce has trained
70 coordinators across departments
and residences who then train their
peers to take action on sustainability.
There are building-to-building
competitions, which have made
reductions of up to 24% in energy use
over a three-week period.
Staff capacity building. Driving
emissions down and keeping them
down requires a diverse, engaged
and knowledgeable internal team. To
support this, the university has invested
in training and education programmes
aimed at both building operations
staff and technical engineering staff.
Additionally, a new energy-management
system provides operating staff with
the capacity to analyse energy-use
data to observe trends or changes
in energy-use patterns. Opportunities
for greater effciency or corrective action
can be identifed and promptly acted
upon to help save energy and costs.
Energy Performance Initiative Results
toDate:
Approximately $7.4 million in annual
cost avoidance
An equivalent of a 35% reduction in
Main Campus GHG emissions
positioning the University at the forefront
of progress on Canadian campuses,
and putting them well on the way to
achieving the 2015 target of a 45%
reduction.
Enhanced staff engagement and pride
from working on innovative projects that
make a tangible difference in reducing
operating costs and GHG emissions.
For further information regarding the
University of Calgarys energy initiatives and
the Sustainability On program, please visit
http://www.ucalgary.ca/sustainability/.
WADE AT COGEN
EUROPE
Brussels, Belgium: In April, the international
cogeneration industry gathered in
Brussels, Belgium for COGEN Europes
20th annual conference. According to
the results of a snapshot survey
presented at the conference, the
economic crisis has softened demand for
cogeneration in Europe. Despite the tepid
near-term outlook, there are several bright
spots in Europes cogeneration market.
For example, in Germany, the Energy
Transition programme (Energiewende)
has increased payments for electricity
generated by cogeneration plants,
and reaffrmed cogenerations priority
access to the grid. Meanwhile, the
ene.feld project marks a major milestone
for fuel cell micro-CHP technologies
in Europe. The project will install up to
1000 residential fuel cell units in 12
countries over the next fve years. William
Pentland, the Director of Energy Markets
and Regulation, participated in a Panel
Debate on views of cogeneration
outside the EU, which also included
representatives from Japan, Mexico and
Australia. Pentland emphasized that
the shale gas revolution is likely to have
signifcant long-term impacts on the
cogeneration industry in the United States.
1305COSPP_51 51 5/14/13 2:32 PM
WILLIAM PENTLAND JOINS WADE AS DIRECTOR
FOR MARKETS & REGULATIONS
WADE welcomes William Pentland onboard as
Director of Markets & Regulations.
William Pentland is the Chair of the Northeast
Clean Heat and Power Initiative, and a member
of the Advisory Board for the Maryland Clean
Energy Center. Previously, Mr Pentland served
as the Senior Director of Market Development
at ClearEdge Power, Inc, a micro-CHP fuel cell
manufacturer.
Prior to joining ClearEdge, Mr. Pentland
focused on the full spectrum of barriers and
misconceptions about distributed generation
and energy-effciency technologies as
the Senior Energy Systems Analyst at the
Pace Energy and Climate Center in White
Plains, New York.
He has written about about energy
and environmental issues for Forbes, The
Nation, Mother Jones and several other
publications. Mr. Pentland previously practiced
law in New York City at the law frms Paul, Weiss,
Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison LLP and Jenner &
Block, LLP. He is a graduate of Stanford Law
School and Occidental College.
Mr. Pentland can be reached at
WPentland@localpower.org.
William Pentland, Director of
Markets & Regulations, WADE
WADE THAI PRESENTS AT CLEAN POWER ASIA 2013
Bangkok, Thailand: The World
Alliance for Thai Decentralized
Energy Association (WADE
THAI), the Thai chapter of World
Alliance for Decentralized
Energy (WADE) played a
key role in Clean Power Asia
2013 held on 29-30 April 2013
at Bangkok Convention Centre
at Central World.
The 3rd annual Clean
Power Asiaprovided a superior
platform for public and private
power generating utilities/
IPPs, government bodies
and policy makers, legal
and fnancial advisors, and
technology solution and
service providers interested in
renewable energy initiatives,
projects and technologies.
As one of the main
supporting organizations,
WADE THAI endorsed the
event to its network of
more than 500 relevant
stakeholders in the energy
and environment sector in
Asia. Dr. Ludovic Lacrosse,
one of WADE THAI Directors
presented at the event on
Decentralized Energy: A Local
Solution for Global Problems,
and chaired conference
sessions on Risk Identifcation
and Mitigation, Integrating
Renewable Energy into
the Grid and Carbon
Emission Trading.
The event was also
endorsed by Thailands
EGAT, MEA and PEA, as well
as the Ministry of Energys
Department of Alternative
Energy Development and
Effciency. Delegates in an interactive session at the Clean Power Asia conference
WADE CHAIRS AT ANNUAL CONFERENCE ON
MICROGENERATION AND RELATED TECHNOLOGIES
Naples, Italy: In April,
researchers, manufacturers
and policy experts convened
in Naples for the third annual
International Conference on
Microgeneration and Related
Technologies.
The multi-disciplinary
proceedings focused on
barriers and opportunities to
deployment of high-effciency
distributed energy systems
and diffusion of low-carbon
microgeneration technologies
for residential and small
commercial applications.
Many of the papers presented
at the conference, which will
appear in a special issue
of the journal Applied Thermal
Engineering, addressed
building-integration strategies
and grid interconnection
policies affecting deployment
of microgeneration
technologies. William Pentland,
the Director of Energy Markets
and Regulation at the World
Alliance for Decentralized
Energy, chaired the Industry
Day Program held on
the second day of the
conference. Pentland and
several of the other industry
representatives emphasized
the need for robust policies
and programmes to support
the commercialisation of
microgeneration technologies.
In particular, streamlining the
grid interconnection process
was identifed as a critical
priority for policymakers in Italy
and several other EU countries.
1305COSPP_52 52 5/14/13 2:32 PM
Conference & Exhibition
4 - 6 March 2014 | Expocentre, Moscow, Russia Federation
Co-located with:
www.russia-power.org
For any other queries relating to the
conference, please contact:
Emily Pryor
Conference Manager
T: +44 1992 656 614
F: +44 1992 656 700
E: emilyp@pennwell.com
For information on exhibiting and
sponsorship at Russia Power, please
visit www.russia-power.org or contact:
International:
Gilbert Weir Jnr
Sales Manager
T: +44 (0)1992 656 617
F: +44 (0)1992 656 700
E: gilbertw@pennwell.com
Russia and CIS:
Natalia Gaisenok
Sales Manager
T: +7 495 249 49 15
F: +7 495 249 49 15
E: nataliag@pennwell.com
Svetlana Strukova
Sales Manager
T: +7 495 249 49 15
F: +7 495 249 49 15
E: svetlanas@pennwell.com
Russia Power, now in its 12th year, is the key conference and exhibition to explore
business opportunities and meet new partners and the industrys most infuential
decision makers in the Russian and international power sector.
Over three days, Russia Power will feature a thought-provoking two-track conference
programme combined with a world class exhibition foor featuring the preeminent
organizations from the global power sector.
With support and recognition by the Russian Ministry of Energy and the Council of
Power Producers, the two-day 2013 event featured 105 exhibitors and attracted
5,500 attendees from 64 countries.
SUBMIT AN ABSTRACT FOR RUSSIA POWER
Deadline for submissions Friday 2 August 2013
The Advisory board of Russia Power is now accepting abstracts for its 2014 conference.
Why not apply your know-how of business strategies and technological advances by
submitting an abstract for Russia Power 2014 and impart your knowledge alongside
the leading decision-makers in the Russian power industry.
For information on Themes and Topics and how to submit your abstract,
please visit the Russia Power event site www.russia-power.org and select the
Conference tab.
System Operator of Russia
Owned and Produced by: Presented by: In Partnership with: Supported by:
Promoting Modernization
Effciency and Innovation
The 12th Russia Power conference and exhibition
returns to the Expocentre, Moscow on 4 - 6 March 2014. SAVE
THE
DATE
1305COSPP_53 53 5/14/13 2:32 PM
Conference & Exhibition
1719 March 2014
Cape Town International Convention Centre
Cape Town, Republic of South Africa
www.powergenafrica.com
www.distributechafrica.com
Owned and Produced by: Presented by:
POWER-GEN Africa combines with DistribuTECH Africa for the frst
time to provide an extensive coverage of the power needs, resources,
and issues facing the electricity and water generation, transmission
and distribution industries across sub-Saharan Africa.
Africas energy requirements continue to expand with the rapid growth
and development throughout the continent, driving the need for more
widespread and reliable electricity.
Together POWER-GEN Africa and DistribuTECH Africa will bring
together world leading power and water equipment suppliers,
operators and developers from government utilities, commercial,
manufacturing and consulting sectors as well as offcials and ministers
tasked with energy policy in this dynamic region of the world.
The three day event will feature multi-track conference sessions and
an extensive combined exhibition featuring the leading suppliers from
both the International and African power sectors, demonstrating their
latest technologies.
EQUIPPING AFRICAS
ENERGY FUTURE
WE LOOK FORWARD TO SEEING YOU
IN CAPE TOWN IN 2014
Leon Stone
Exhibition Sales
Rest of the World
Phone: +44 (0) 1992 656 671
Email: leons@pennwell.com
Andrew Evans
Exhibition Sales
Africa
Phone: +27 (21) 913 5255
Email: andrewe@pennwell.com
Tom Marler
Exhibition Sales
Renewables & Hydropower
Phone: +44 (0)1992 656 608
Fax: +44 (0)1992 656 700
Email: tomm@pennwell.com
INVITATION TO PARTICIPATE
Co-located with:
Utility Sponsors:
Supported by:
1305COSPP_54 54 5/14/13 2:34 PM
Send details of your event to Cogeneration and On-Site Power Production:
Diary of events
Diary
IDEAs 104th Annual
Conference & Trade Show
Miami, FL, US
25 June 2013
International District Energy
Association, 24 Lyman Street, Suite
230 Westborough, MA 01581, US
Tel: +1 508 366 9339
Fax: +1 508 366 0019
e-mail: idea@districtenergy.org
web: www.districtenergy.org
ASME Turbo Expo
San Antonio, TX, US
37 June 2013
IGTI, 6525 The Corners, Parkway
Suite 115, Norcross, GA 30092, US
Tel: +1 404 847 0072
Fax: +1 404 847 0151
e-mail: igti@asme.org
web: www.asme.org
21st European Biomass
Conference and Exhibition
Copenhagen, Denmark
37 June 2013
EU BC&E, Via Giacomini, 28, 50132
Firenze, Italy
Tel: +39 055 5002280 ext. 221
e-mail: biomass.conference@
etaforence.it
web: www.conference-biomass.
com
POWER-GEN Europe
Vienna, Austria
46 June 2013
Crispin Coulson, PennWell
International, The Water Tower,
Gun Power Mills, Powdermill Lane,
Waltham Abbey,
Essex EN9 1BN, UK
Tel: +44 1992 656 646
Fax: +44 1992 656 700
e-mail: crispinc@pennwell.com
web: www.powergeneurope.com
Renewable Energy World
Europe
Vienna, Austria
46 June 2013
Lee Catania, PennWell
Waltham Abbey,
Essex EN9 1BN, UK
Tel: +44 1992 656 647
Fax: +44 1992 656 700
e-mail: leec@pennwell.com
web: www.renewableenergyworld-
europe.com
4th AEBIOM Bioenergy
Conference
Brussels, Belgium
1719 June 2013
Anamaria Olaru, Event Manager,
European Biomass Association,
Renewable Energy House, Rue
dArlon 63, 1040 B Belgium
Tel: +32 24 00 10 29
e-mail: olaru@aebiom.org
web: www.aebiom.org
SR Heat & Bioenergy Seminar
Perth, Scotland, UK
18 June 2013
Pamela Barne, admin offcer
6th Floor, Tara House, 46 Bath Street,
Glasgow, G2 1HG, UK
Tel: +44 141 353 4980
E. pbarnes@scottishrenewable.
com
web: www.scottishrenewables.com
Sustainability Wekk 2013
Brussels, Belgium
2428 June 2013
EUSEW
Tel: +32 23403068
e-mail: info@eusew.eu
EUSEW Seminar: A Heat
Action for 2030 and beyond
27 June 2013
Brussels, Belgium
Stefan Craenen, COGEN Europe
Avenue des Arts 3-4-5, 1210 Brussels,
Belgium
Tel: +32 2 772 82 90
Fax:+32 2 772 50 44
e-mail: stefan.craenen@
cogeneurope.eu
web:www.cogeneurope.eu
UK AD & Biogas 2013
Birmingham, UK
34 July 2013
Anaerobic Digestion & Biogas
Association
Tel: +4420 3176 0503
e-mail: enquiries@adbiogas.co.uk
web:www.adbiogas.co.uk
RWM in partnership with
CIWM
Birmingham, UK
1012 September 2013
Tel: +44 203 033 2159
Fax: +44 20 7728 4200
i2i Events Limited, Top Right Group
Limited, The Prow, 1 Wilder Walk,
London W1B 5AP, UK
e-mail: robin.hayes@
i2ieventsgroup.com
web: www.rwmexhibition.com
POWER-GEN Brasil
Sao Paulo, Brazil
2416 September 2013
Wendy Lassau, PennWell
Corporation, 1421 South Sheridan
Rd, Tulsa, OK 74112, US
Tel: +1 918 832 9391
e-mail: wendyl@pennwell.com
web: www.powergenbrasil.com
POWER-GEN Asia
Bangkok, Thailand
24 October 2013
Waltham Abbey,
Essex EN9 1BN, UK
Tel: +44 1992 656 647
Fax: +44 1992 656 700
web: www.powergenasia.com
Renewable Energy World
Asia
Bangkok, Thailand
24 October 2013
Crispin Coulson, PennWell
Waltham Abbey,
Essex EN9 1BN, UK
Tel: +44 1992 656 646
Fax: +44 1992 656 700
web: www.powergenasia.com
2nd International DHC+,
Research Conference
Brussels, Belgium
56 November 2013
Ingo Wagner, DHC+ Technology
Platform
web: www.cvent.com
POWER-GEN International
Orlando, FL, US
1214 November 2013
Stephanie Moore, PennWell
Corporation, 1421 South Sheridan
Rd, Tulsa, OK 74112, US
Tel: +1 918 832 9382
e-mail: stephaniem@pennwell.com
web: www.power-gen.com
1305COSPP_55 55 5/14/13 2:34 PM
Diary
Diary
CHPA Conference and
Awards Dinner 2013
London, UK
27 November 2013
UK CHPA, 6th Floor, 10 Dean Farrar
Street, London, SW1H 0DX, UK
Tel: +44 20 3031 8740
E-mail: info@chpa.co.uk
web: www.chpa.co.uk
2014
27th Annual Campus Energy
Conference & Distribution
Workshop
Atlanta, GA, US
17-21 February 2014
Tel: +1 508 366 9339
Fax: +1 508 366 0019
Russia Power
Moscow, Russian Federation
46 March 2014
Crispin Coulson, PennWell Interna-
tional, The Water Tower, Gun Power
Mills, Powdermill Lane, Waltham
Abbey,
Essex EN9 1BN, UK
Tel: +44 1992 656 646
Fax: +44 1992 656 700
web: www.powergeneurope.com
The Solar Show
Johannesberg, South Africa
1011 March 2014
Terrapinn Ltd, First Floor, Modular
Place, Turnberry Offce Park, 48
Grosvenor Road, Bryanston 2021,
South Africa
Tel: +27 11 516 4015 | Fax: +27 11
463 6000 | enquiry.e-mail: za@
terrapinn.com
web: www.terrapinn.com
POWER-GEN Africa
Cape Town, South Africa
1719 March 2014
Waltham Abbey,
Essex EN9 1BN, UK
Tel: +44 1992 656 647
Fax: +44 1992 656 700
web: www.powergenafrica.com
Power & Electricity World
Asia
Singapore
2225 April 2014
Terrapinn Pte Ltd, 1 Harbourfront
Place, #18-01/06 Harbourfront
Tower 1, Singapore, 098633,
Tel: +65 6222 8550
Fax: +65 6226 3264
e-mail: enquiry.sg@terrapinn.com
web: www.terrapinn.com
POWER-GEN India &
Central Asia
New Delhi, India
57 May 2014
Sue McDermott, PennWell
Waltham Abbey,
Essex EN9 1BN, UK
Tel: +44 1992 656 6326
Fax: +44 1992 656 700
e-mail: suemc@pennwell.com
web: www.power-genindia.com
IDEAs 105th Annual
Conference & Trade Show
Miami, FL, US
811 June 2013
Tel: +1 508 366 9339
Fax: +1 508 366 0019
APROVIS ENERGY SYSTEMS GMBH 32
CAMFIL FARR GROUP 33
CATERPILLAR INC. 13
DISTRIBUTECH AFRICA 2014 CONFERENCE & EXHIBITION 49
DRESSER RAND 19
ELLIOTT GROUP IFC
EMERSON PROCESS MANAGEMENT SRL 15
EXXON MOBIL LUBRICANTS AND SPECIALITIES 4-5
HILLIARD CORPORATION 17
HITACHI POWER EUROPE 11
KRAL AG 9
MAN DIESEL SE 1
MAXIMUM TURBINE SUPPORT 35
MTU MAINTENANCE GMBH 29
OPRA TURBINE B.V. 7
POWER-GEN AFRICA 2014 CONFERENCE & EXHIBITION 54
POWER-GEN ASIA 2013 CONFERENCE & EXHIBITION 47
PRECISION ICE BLAST 39
PROTO MANUFACTURING LTD 18
REGELTECHNIK KORNWESTHEIM GMBH OBC
SEL 21
SIPOS AKTORIK 37
SOHRE TURBOMACHINERY INC 44
TEDOM 45
UNIVERSAL ACOUSTIC & EMMISSION TECHNOLOGIES 23
WELLAND & TUXHORN 27
WOOD GROUP GTS IBC
YOUNG & FRANKLIN 31
Advertisers index
COSPP Webcard
1305COSPP_56 56 5/14/13 2:34 PM
1305COSPP_C3 C3 5/14/13 2:07 PM
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1305COSPP_C4 C4 5/14/13 2:07 PM

COSPP Cogeneration May June 2013

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