Maths - Ijmcar - A Study On The Structure of - C Meera

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org
International Journal of Mathematics and
Computer Applications Research (IJMCAR)
ISSN(P): 2249-6955; ISSN(E): 2249-8060
Vol. 4, Issue 3, Jun 2014, 17-32
TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

A STUDY ON THE STRUCTURE OF RIGHT TERNARY N-GROUPS
A. UMA MAHESWARI
1
& C. MEERA
2

1
Department of Mathematics, Quaid-E-Millath Government College for
Women (Autonomous), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
2
Department of Mathematics, Bharathi Womens College (Autonomous),
Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

ABSTRACT
Right ternary near-ring (RTNR) is a generalisation of its binary counterpart. In this paper right ternary N-group
(or N-module) of an RTNR N is defined and its basic algebraic properties are given. The substructures of a right ternary
N-group (N-subgroups, normal subgroups, ideals) and the factor N-groups are also defined and homomorphism theorems
on right ternary N-groups are obtained. The concept of faithful right ternary N-groups and monogenic right ternary
N-groups are given in this generalised setting and every commutative RTNR is realized as M() (an RTNR of all mappings
of an additive group ) where is a faithful right ternary N-group. A simple monogenic right ternary N-group is
characterised in terms of maximal left ideals of N. If is a faithful IFP right ternary N-group then N is shown as an
IFP-RTNR. The three types of N-groups are defined and the relationships among them are established.
AMS Classification: 20N10, 16Y30, 16D10, 16D25
KEYWORDS: Zero-Symmetric RTNR, Constant RTNR, Biunital Element, Normal Subgroup
1. INTRODUCTION
Near-rings are appropriate structures to study non-linear functions on finite groups. The set of all functions on
groups under pointwise addition and composition are typical examples of near-rings. Just in the same way as R-modules
over a ring R are used in ring theory, N-groups play an important role in the theory of near-rings.
The fundamental properties of algebraic structures can deeply be understood and further be developed in their
n-ary context. Ternary algebraic structures [1, 3] have applications in Mathematical and theoretical physics. Lister [1]
characterized additive subgroups of rings which are closed under triple ring product.
The authors introduced right ternary near-rings (RTNR) [7] and have studied their properties [4]. In this paper
N-groups of an RTNR N are defined and their algebraic properties are studied. The substructures of N-group namely
N-subgroups and ideals are considered. The factor right ternary N-groups are defined and homomorphism theorems on
right ternary N-groups are obtained. It is proved that in a zero-symmetric RTNR every ideal of a right ternary N-group is
an N-subgroup. The kernel of an N- homomorphism and the image of an onto N-homomorphism are shown as ideals.
The definition of Noetherian quotient of two subsets of a right ternary N-group and the basic properties as given in [2] are
established in this generalized setting.
The faithful right ternary N-groups and monogenic right ternary N-groups are defined and the process of
embedding a commutative RTNR in M() (an RTNR of all mappings of ) where is a faithful right ternary N-group is
18 A. Uma Maheswari & C. Meera

Impact Factor (JCC): 4.2949 Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 3.0
described. If a right ternary N-group is faithful IFP right ternary N-group then N is shown as an IFP-RTNR. The three
types of right ternary N-groups are defined and the relationships among them are established.
2. PRELIMINARIES
In this section the basic definitions and results needed for the rest of the sections are given.
Definition 2.1 [7] Let N be a non-empty set together with a binary operation + and a ternary operation [ ]:
NNN N. Then (N, +, [ ]) is a right ternary near-ring (RTNR) if
(RTNR-1) (N, +) is a group.
(RTNR-2) [[xyz] uv] = [x [yzu] v] = [xy [zuv]] = [xyzuv] for every x, y, z, u, v N.
(RTNR-3) [(x + y) z w] = [x z w] + [y z w] for every x, y, z, w N.
Similarly left ternary near-ring and lateral ternary near ring can be defined.
Example 2.2 [7] Let be a group written additively with identity element 0. Then under point-wise addition and
composition the following sets of mappings from into form RTNR.
M() = { f: }
M
0
() = { f: | f(0) = 0 }
M
c
() = {f: | f is constant}.
Definition 2.3 [5] Let N be an RTNR. Then N
0

= {n N | [n 0 0] = 0} is the zero-symmetric part of N .If N = N
0
then N is called a zero-symmetric RTNR.
Definition 2.4 [6] An element e in N is called an idempotent element if [eee] = e.
Definition 2.5 [7] Let N and N be RTNRs. Then a mapping h: N N is called an RTNR homomorphism if (i) h
(m+ n) = h (m) + h (n) and (ii) h ([mnr]) = [h (m) h (n) h(r)] for every m, n, r N.
Definition 2.6 [7] Let N be a right ternary near-ring. Let I be a normal subgroup (N, +). Then I is called (i) a right
ideal of N if [ INN ] I (ii) a left ideal if [ t t (t +i) ] - [ t t t ] I (iii) a lateral ideal if [ t ( t + i ) t ] - [ t t t ] I for
every t, t, t N, i I. I is called a two-sided ideal if it is a left and right ideal of N and I is an ideal of N if it is a left, right
and lateral ideal of N.
Definition 2.7 [6] A non-empty subset H of N is called an N- subgroup of N if (i) H is a subgroup of (R, +) (ii)
[NNH] H (iii) [NHN] H (iv) [HNN] H.
If (i) and (ii) hold then H is called a left N-subgroup. If (i) and (iii) hold then H is called a lateral N-subgroup. If
(i) and (iv) hold then H is called a right N-subgroup
Theorem 2.8 [6] If N is an RTNR and if x N, then [Nxx] is a left N-subgroup of N
Definition 2.9 [4] If N is an RTNR then N
c
= {t N | [t 0 0] = t} is called the constant part of N and N is a
constant RTNR if N = N
c

A Study on the Structure of Right Ternary N-Groups 19

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Definition 2.10 [4] If N is an RTNR then an element e N is a left (resp. right, lateral) unital element if
[e e x] = x ([x e e] = x, [e x e] = x) for every xN.
Theorem 2.11 [4] If I is an ideal an RTNR N then (N/I, +, [ ]) is an RTNR.
Definition 2.12 [4] If N is an RTNR then N is said to have Insertion of Factor Property (IFP) if for all x, y, z N
[xyz] = 0 [xuyvz] = 0 for all u, v N.
3. RIGHT TERNARY N-GROUPS
In this section right ternary N-groups are defined and their structural properties are obtained. The substructures of
N-group namely N-subgroups and ideals are considered. The factor N-groups are then defined and the most important
theorem namely homomorphism theorem on right ternary N-groups is proved. It is proved that in a zero-symmetric RTNR
every ideal of a right ternary N-group is an N-subgroup. The kernel of an N- homomorphism and the image of an onto
N-homomorphism are shown as ideals.
Definition 3.1 Let (N, +, [ ]) be an RTNR and (, +) be a group with additive identity o. Then is said to be a
right ternary N-group if there exists a mapping [ ]
: N N satisfying the conditions

(RTNG-1) [n + m x ]
= [n x ]
+ [m x ]

(RTNG-2) [[n m u] x ]
= [n [m u x] ]
= [n m [u x ]
]

for all and n, m, u N.
Notation 3.2 A right ternary N-group is denoted by
N
.
Example 3.3 (i) If (, +) = (N, +) then every RTNR is a right ternary N-group and is denoted by
N
N
(ii) Let (M (), +, [ ]) = N .Define [ ]
: N N by [f g ]
= f(g()), f, g N and .Then (, +,[ ]
) is
a right ternary N-group.
In what follows 0 and o denote the identity elements of N and respectively.
Proposition 3.4 Let
N
be a right ternary N-group. Then
[0 x ]
= o for every x N and .

[n x ]
= [n x ]

for every and n, x N.
[n u o]
= o for every n ,u N
0
.
[n x ]
= [n 0 o]
for every n N
c
, x N, ,
Proof: (i) Let x N,.Consider [0 x ]
=[0+0 x ]
= [0 x ]
+ [0 x ]
.Hence [0 x ]
= o.
(ii) From (i), o = [0 x ]
= [n + (n) x ]
= [n x ]
+ [n x ]
.Hence [n x ]
= [n x ]
.
(iii) Let n,u N
0
. Consider[n u o]
= [n u [0 x ]
= [[n u 0] x ]
= [0 x ]

= o .
(iv) n N
c
, , x N consider [n x ]
= [[n 0 0] x ]

= [n [0 0 x] ]
= [n 0 [0 x ]
= [n 0 o]

.
Definition 3.5 A subgroup of
N
is said to be an N-subgroup of
N
if [N N ]


Remark 3.6 (i) A left N-subgroup of N is an N-subgroup of
N
N.
(ii) If
N
is described as an N-module then the N-subgroups are the sub modules of
N
.
Definition 3.7 If
N
and
N
are any two right ternary N-groups then h :
N

N
is an N-homomorphism if h
( + ) = h() + h() , and h([n x ]
) = [n x h()]
n, x N.
Note 3.8 (i) A one-one (resp. onto) N-homomorphism is called an N-monomorphism (N-epimorphism)
(ii) An N-homomorphism from to is called an N-endomorphism.
Notation 3.9 If there is a 1-1, onto, N-homomorphism from to then it is denoted as
N
and is read as is
N-isomorphic to
Definition 3.10 If h: is an N-homomorphism then (i) ker h = { | h () = o}.
(ii) Im h = { | h () = , }.
Lemma 3.11 If h: is an N-homomorphism then (i) h (o) = o (ii) h () = h ().(iii) ker h, Im h are
N
0
-subgroups of and respectively.
Proof The proof of (i) and (ii) are obvious.
(iii) Consider, , ker h. Then h( ) = h() h() = o. Hence ker h.Also let for every n, u N,
ker h,[n u ]
[N
0
N
0
ker h]
.Consider h([n u ]
) = [n u h()]
= [n u o]
= o [n u ]

ker h n, u N
0
.Thus ker h
is an N-subgroup of . Obviously, Im h is subgroup of . Now, let Im h.Then [n u ]
= [n u h()]
= h([n u ]
)
Im h. Thus [N N Im h]
Im h.
Definition 3.12 (i) A subgroup of is called a normal subgroup of if , , +
(ii) A normal subgroup of is called an ideal of if , and n, x N, [n x (+)]
- [n x ]

.
Remark 3.13 (i) {o} and are trivial ideals of .
(ii) If I is a left ideal of N then I is an ideal of the N-group
N
N.
Lemma 3.14 Let and ' be any two right ternary N-groups. Then
If h: is an N-homomorphism then ker h is an ideal of
If h: is an onto N-homomorphism then Imh is an ideal of '
Proof: Clearly ker h is a subgroup of . Let and ker h. Consider h( + ) = h() + h() h() = o as
ker h. Thus + ker h and hence ker h is a normal subgroup of .Let n, x N, , ker h. Consider
h([n x (+)]
[n x ])= [n x h(+)]
[n x h()]= [n x h()]
[n x h()]= o.Hence [n x (+)]

- [n x ] ker h. Thus
ker h is an ideal of .
(ii) If ', ' Imh then '- ' =h()-h() = h(- ) Imh.Now let ' ' and ' Imh.Then ' + ' - ' = h( ) + h
( ) - h( ) = h( + -) Imh. Also if Im h then [n u +']
- [n u '] = [n u h(+)]
- [n u h()]

=h( [n u +]
-

[n u ]
)Im h. Thus Im h is an ideal of '.

Proposition 3.15: If N is a zero-symmetric RTNR and if is an ideal of
N
then is an N-subgroup of
N
.
Proof: Let N be a zero-symmetric RTNR and be an ideal of
N
.Then is a subgroup of
N
. Now let n, x N
and .Consider [n x ]
= [n x ]
o = [n x ]
[n x o]
= [n x o +]
[n x o]

as is an ideal of
N
.Thus is
an N-subgroup of
N
.
Remark 3.16 Let be an ideal of a right ternary N-group . Define for a,b, a ~ b iff a b.Then this relation
is an equivalence relation on and the corresponding equivalence class of a is given by [a]= a + ={ a + | }.
Theorem 3.17 If is an ideal of a right ternary N-group and / = { + | } then / is a right ternary
N-group.
Proof: Let be an ideal of a right ternary N-group and / = { + | }.
Define for every ,' , + and [ ]
/
as ( + ) + ( + ) = + + and [ ]
/
: N N / / by [n m +
]
/
= [n m ]

+ . Then (/,+) is a group and [n + m x ( + )]
/
= [ n+m x ]

+ = [n x ]
+ + [m x ]

+.
Similarly[[n m u] x ( + )]
/
= [[n m u ]x ]

+ = [ n m [u x ]

+ ]
/
=[n m [u x +]
/
]
/
.Thus / is a right
ternary N-group called a factor right ternary N-group (or) quotient right ternary N-group.
Remark 3.18 If I is an ideal of a right ternary N- group N then N/I is an N-group.
Theorem 3.19 (Homomorphism theorem for right ternary N-groups)
If is an ideal of
N
then the canonical mapping :/ is an N-epimorphism and / is an N-homomorphic
image of
If h: is an N-epimorphism with ker h = then /
N
.
Proof: (i) The natural projection from to / is the N-epimorphism, : / with () = + for every
.Hence / is an N-homomorphic image of .
(ii) Let h: be an N-epimorphism with ker h = . Then using the mapping : /' defined by
( + ) = h() for every ,it follows that /
N
.
Theorem 3.20 Let h: be an N-epimorphism. Then
h induces a one-one correspondence between the set of all ideals of
N
containing ker h and the set of all ideals of
N

for all ideals of with '.

Proof: Let h: be an N-epimorphism with ker h. Then it is easily seen that h () is an ideal of
N
. If is an
ideal of
N
and h
-1
(') is an ideal of
N
whenever ' is an ideal of
N
.


Let be the set of all ideals of containing ker h and be the set of all ideals of
N
. Define : by ()
= h() for every . Then sets up a 1-1 correspondence between and .
For all ideals ' of containing an ideal define : / / by ( + ) = + for every + /.Then
is an onto N- homomorphism with ker =
and hence by Theorem 3.19(ii),

Remark 3.21 If N is a zero-symmetric RTNR then the above theorem holds for N-subgroups also.
Lemma 3.22 Let N be an RTNR. Then (i) for x N and , [N x ]
is an N-subgroup of w.r.to x . (ii) [N

c
0
o]
if is an N-subgroup of .
Proof: (i) Let N be an RTNR and x N, . Let , [N x ]
= E (say).Then = [n x ]
- [n x ]
= [n
n x ]
E.Thus E is a subgroup of .Consider [N N E]
then = [u v [n x ]
= [[u v n] x ]
[N x ]
= E.
Thus [N N E]
E. Hence E is an N-subgroup of . (ii) Let be an N-subgroup of . Then [N N ]
.But [N 0 o]

[N N ]
.Hence [N
c
0 o]
as N = N
0
+ N
c
and [N
0
0 o]

={ o }.
Remark 3.23 [N
c
0 o]
= [N 0 o]
is the smallest of all N-subgroups of and is denoted as .

Proposition 3.24 If N = N
0
then
= {o}.
For , x N, = [N
c
x ]

.

N

N
N
c
.
Proof. (i) Follows from Remark3.23.
(ii) Follows from Proposition 3. 4 (iv)
(iii) Define : N
c
[N
c
0 0]
N
by (n
c
) = [n
c
0 0]
N
n
c
N
c
.
Then is easily seen to be well defined and 1-1. Also (n
c
+ n
c
) = (n
c
) + (n
c
). Now ([n
c
n
c
n
c
]
N
) = [n
c
n
c

[n
c
0 0]
N
] = [n
c
n
c
(n
c
)]
N
.Thus is an N-homomorphism and is obviously onto. Hence
N
N
c
.
Definition 3.25 (i) A right ternary N-group is said to be simple if {o} and are the only ideals of
N
.
(ii) A right ternary N-group is said to be N-simple if and are the only N-subgroups of
N
.
Proposition 3.26 If a right ternary N-group is simple then all N-homomorphic images of
N
are N-isomorphic
either to {o} or to
N
.
Proof: Let
N
be the N-homomorphic image of
N
. Then there is an N-epimorphism h:
N

N
with ker h.
Since
N
is simple, ker h = {o} or .By Theorem 3.19(ii) /ker h . i.e., /{o}
N
or /
N
. Hence
N
or
N
{o}
Proposition 3.27 If N = N
0
and if a right ternary N-group is simple then is N-simple.

Proof: If N = N
0
then by Proposition 3.15 the ideals of are N-subgroups of . Since is N-simple and are
its only N-subgroups. Also as N = N
0
, = {o}. Hence {o} and are the only ideals of and hence is simple.
Theorem 3.28 A proper ideal of a right ternary N-group is maximal in if / is simple.
Proof: Let be a proper ideal of a right ternary N-group which is maximal. If / is an ideal of / where
is an ideal of and then since is a maximal ideal of it is seen that / = or / = /.Thus / is maximal
in /. Hence / is simple. Conversely, let / be simple and be any ideal of such that . Then / is an ideal
of /. This implies that / = or / as / is simple. Thus = or .Hence is a maximal ideal of .
Analogous to the Noetherian quotient of two subsets
1
,
2
of a right ternary N-group in binary near-ring the
following definition is given.
Definition 3.29 If N is an RTNR and
1
,
2
are any two non-empty subsets of a right ternary N-group , then (
1

:
2
) = {x N | [x n
2
]

1
, n N,
2

2
} , (o : ) = {x N | [x n ]
= o n N, } and (o: ) ={x N | [x n

]
= o n N} (annihilator of ).
Theorem 3.30 If
1
and
2
are any two non-empty subsets of a right ternary N-group then the following
assertions hold:
(
1
:
2
) is a subgroup of N-group N if
1
is a subgroup of
N
.
(
1
:
2
) is a normal subgroup of
N
N if
1
is normal subgroup of
N
.
(
1
:
2
) is an N-subgroup of
N
N if
1
is an N-subgroup of
N
.
(
1
:
2
) is an ideal in
N
N if
1
is an ideal of
N
.
Proof: (i) Since for every
2

2
and n N, [0 n
2
]

= o
1
, (
1
:
2
) is a non-empty subset of N. If h
1
, h
2
(
1
:
2
) then as
1
is a subgroup of
N
, h
1
h
2
= [xy n
2
]

1
.Thus (
1
:
2
) is a subgroup of N.
(ii) If h (
1
:
2
), u N then [u+hu n
2
]

1 ,
as
1
is normal subgroup of
N
.
(iii) Let (
1
:
2
) = H and let w [N N H].Consider for u, v N, h H
[w n
2
]

= [u v h] n
2
]

= [u v [h n
2
]

]
[N N
1
]

1
as
1
is an N-subgroup of
N
.
(iv) If
1
is an ideal of
N
then it is a normal subgroup of
N
and hence by (ii) (
1
:
2
) is a normal subgroup of
N
N.
Now consider h (
1
:
2
).Then [[n x n
1
+h]
N
[n x n
1
]
N
u
2
]
N
= [[n x n
1
+h]
N
u
2
]

[[n x n
1
] u
2
]

= [n x ([n
1
u
2
]
+ [h
u
2
]

)]
[n x [n
1
u
2
]

]

1
as
1
is an ideal of
N
.Thus (
1
:
2
) is an ideal of
N
N.
Corollary 3.31 (i) If
N
is a right ternary N-group then (o : ) is a left ideal of N .
(ii) If is an ideal of
N
then (o : ) is a two sided ideal of N.
Proof: (a) Take
1
= {o} and
2
= {}in Theorem 3.30 (iv).Then it follows that (o : ) is a left ideal of N.
(b) Take
1
= {o} and
2
= in Theorem 3.30(iv).Then it follows that (o : ) is a left ideal of N. Let (o : ) = H
and x H. Now for u, v N consider[x u [v n ]
[x u ]
{o} [[x u v] n ]
{o} [x u v] H [H N N]

H. Hence H is a right ideal of N. Thus (o : ) is a two sided ideal of N.
Proposition 3.32 If is a subset of a right ternary N-group , then
I

=
) : (o ) : (o and (o : ) is a left ideal of

N.
Proof. Let and x (o : ).Then for all n N , [x n ]
= o [x n ]
= { o } x (o : )
Let y (o : ). Then [y n ]
= { o } [y n ]
= o .Hence y (0 : )
I

) : (o y .Thus
I

=
) : (o ) : (o
and obviously (o : ) is a left ideal of N.
Proposition 3.33 If and are any two right ternary N-groups and
N

N
then (o : ) = (o' : ).
Proof: Let and be any two right ternary N-groups such that
N

N
.Then there exists h: , h() =
such that h is 1-1 and N-epimorphism. Now let x (o : ) [x n ]
= o h([x n ]

) = h(o) [x n h()]
= o' [x n
']

= o'

x (o' : '). Thus (o : ) (o' : ). Retracing the steps (o' : ) (o : ). Hence (o : ) = (o' : ).
Theorem 3.34 If N is an RTNR and is a right ternary N-group then for every x N and , N/ (o: )
N

[N x ]
.
Proof: Define for x N and , h: N [N x ]
by h(n) = [n x ]

n N. Then h is obviously well defined
and onto. It is easily seen that h(n+n) = h(n) + h(n).Now h([n n n]) = [n n [n x ]
= [n n h(n)]
. Thus h is an
N-homomorphism and ker h = {n N | [n x ]
= o} = (o: ). Thus by Theorem 3.19, N/(o: )

N
[N x ]
.
4. FAITHFUL RIGHT TERNARY N-GROUP, MONOGENIC RIGHT TERNARY N-GROUP AND IFP
RIGHT TERNARY N-GROUP
In this section faithful and monogenic right ternary N-groups are defined. It is proved that every commutative
RTNR can be embedded in M () where is a faithful right ternary N-group. A simple right ternary N-group is
characterised in terms of maximal left ideals of right ternary N-group N. If a right ternary N-group is faithful IFP right
ternary N-group then N is shown as an IFP-RTNR.
Definition 4.1 A right ternary N-group is called a faithful right ternary N-group if (o : ) = {0}.
Example 4.2 (i) Let N = {0, a, b, c, x, y} and + be defined as in Table 1 and for x, y, z N, let the ternary
operation [ ] be defined by [xyz] = (x. y).z where is defined as in Table 2 then N is an RTNR. Let = {0, x, y}.
Then (0:) = {0}
Table 1 Table 2
+ 0 a b c x y

. 0 a b c x y
0 0 a b c x y 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
a a 0 y x c b a 0 0 0 0 a a
b b x 0 y a c b 0 0 0 0 b b
c c y x 0 b a c 0 0 0 0 c c
x x b c a y 0 x 0 0 0 0 x x
y y c a b 0 x y 0 0 0 0 y y


(ii) Let N = {0, a, b, c, x, y} and + be defined as in Table 3 and for x, y, z N, let the ternary operation [ ] be
defined by [xyz] = (x. y).z where. is defined as in Table 4 then N is an RTNR. Let = {0, x, y}.Then (0:) {0}.
Table 3 Table 4
+ 0 a b c x y

. 0 a b c x y
0 0 a b c x y 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
a a 0 y x c b a a a a a a a
b b x 0 y a c b a a b b b b
c c y x 0 b a c a a c c c c
x x b c a y 0 x 0 0 x x x x
y y c a b 0 x y 0 0 y y y y

Definition 4.3 Let be a right ternary N-group of an RTNR N. Then for x N there exists , N is
monogenic by w.r.to x if [N x ]
= and N is monogenic by if there exists and for every x N, [N x ]
= .
Definition 4.4 A right ternary N-group is strongly monogenic if is monogenic and [Nx]

= {o} or for every
x N and .
Remark 4.5 In general, {o} is not the smallest N-subgroup of a right ternary N-group but in a monogenic
N
0
-group,{o} is the smallest N
0
- subgroup.
Example 4.6 (i) Let N = {0, x, y, z}. Define + as in Table 5 and the ternary operation [ ] on N by [xyz] = (x. y).z
for every x, y, z in N where is defined as in Table 6. Then (N, +, [ ])is a right ternary near-ring. Let = N. Then is a right
ternary N-group and is monogenic by = z w.r.to y as [Ny]
= [Nyz]
= . Moreover is strongly monogenic as [Nx]
=
{0} or for all xN.
Table 5 Table 6
+ 0 x y z

. 0 x y z
0 0 x y z 0 0 0 0 0
x x 0 z y x 0 0 x x
y y z 0 x y 0 0 y y
z z y x 0 z 0 0 z z

(ii) Let N ={0,i,a,b,c,d,e,f,g} and let + be defined as in Table 7 and the ternary operation [ ] be defined as [f g h] =
f g h where is defined as in Table 8. Then N is an RTNR. If = Z
3
= {0, 1, 2} then is a right ternary N-group (using
Table 9) and is monogenic by =1 w.r. to i, d, f, g. Also N is monogenic by =2 w.r.to i, d, f, g but N is not monogenic. It
is also noted that N is strongly monogenic as [Nx]

= {0 } or for all xN , .
Table 7
+ 0 i a b c d e f g
0 0 i a b c d e f g
i i f c d g e b 0 a
a a c b 0 d i f g e
b b d 0 a i c g e f
c c g d i e f 0 a b
d d e i c f g a b 0
e e b f g 0 a c d i
f f 0 g e a b d i c
g g a e f b 0 i c d


Table 8
NN 0 1 2
0 0 0 0
i 0 1 2
a 0 0 1
b 0 0 2
c 0 1 0
d 0 1 1
e 0 2 0
f 0 2 1
g 0 2 2

Table 9
0 i a b c d e f g
0 i a b c d e f g
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
i 0 i a b c d e f g
a 0 a 0 a 0 0 c c d
b 0 b 0 b 0 0 e e g
c 0 c a 0 c d 0 a 0
d 0 d a a c d c d d
e 0 e b 0 e g 0 b 0
f 0 f b a e g c i d
g 0 g b b e g e g g

(iii) Let N = {0, x, y, z}. Define + as in Table 10 and the ternary operation [ ] on N by [xyz] = (x. y).z for every x,
y, z in N where. is defined as in Table 11. Then (N, +, [ ]) is a right ternary near-ring. Let = N. Then is a right ternary
N-group and is monogenic by for all as [Nx] = for all xN and .
Table 10 Table 11
+ 0 x y z

. 0 x y z
0 0 x y z 0 0 0 0 0
x x 0 z y x x x x x
y y z 0 x y y y y y
z z y x 0 z z z z z

Theorem 4.7 If N is a commutative RTNR and
N
is faithful then N is embeddable in M ().
Proof: Since
N
is faithful, (o : ) = {0}. Define h : N M() by h(n) = f
n
, n N where f
n
: is defined
by f
n
() = [nx]

, x N. Obviously h is well defined. Consider ker h = {n N | h(n) = 0} = {n N | f
n
= 0} = {n
N | f
n
() = o, } = {n N | [n u ]
= o, u N, } = (o : ) = {0}, as
N
is faithful.Thus h is 1-1. Obviously
h(n + n) = h(n) + h(n).
Consider x N , (f
n

f
n
f
n
)() = f
n
(f
n
(f
n
())) = f
n
(f
n
[n x ]
) = f
n
(n u [n x ]
) = [n v n u [n x ]
= [[n v n u n] x ]
= [[n n n] [v u x] ]
= [[n n n] y ]
= f
[n n n]
() f
n
f
n
f
n
= f
[n n n]
. i.e., h([n n n]) = h(n)
h(n) h(n) proving that h is an RTNR homomorphism. Hence N is embeddable in M ().
Remark 4.8 In the above theorem the commutativity of N is necessary. For, consider N in Example4.2 (i) then N
is a non- commutative RTNR. Let ={0,x,y}.Then (0:) ={0} and if = y and u = 0 then f
[ycx]
(y) = 0 . Also (f
y
f
c
f
x
) (y)
= [y m c n x l y]=[y x c x x x y]= y and hence (f
y
f
c
f
x
) f
[ycx]
.

Theorem 4.9 Let a right ternary N-group be faithful. Then the following statements are equivalent.
= {o}
N
c
= {0}
N = N
o

Proof: (i) (ii): By Proposition 3.4 (iv) [N
c
x ]
= [N
c
0 o]

x N, .

[n
c
x ]
= [n
c
0 o] = o (given) = [0 x ]
by Proposition 3.4 (i)

[n
c
0 x ]
= 0 n
c
0 (o : ) = {0} n
c
= 0 N
c
= {0}
(iii): Follows from the decomposition of N as N = N
o
+ N
c
and by hypothesis.
(i) Let N = N
0
. Then N
c
= {0} =[N
c
0 o]
= [0 0 o]
= {o}.
Theorem 4.10 If
N
is monogenic by
0
w.r.to x N and L is a left ideal of N then [L x
0
]
is an ideal of
N
.
Proof: If is monogenic by
0
then [N x
0
]
= = [n x
0
]
. It can be easily seen that [L x

0
]
is a
normal subgroup of
N
. Consider for L, [n x ( + [ x
0
]
[n x ]
= [n x [n x
0
]
+ [ x
0
]
[n x ]
= [n x
[[n+] x
0
]
] [n x [n x
0
]]= [n x (n+) [n x n] x
0
]
[L x
0
]
as L is a left ideal of N.
Proposition 4.11 If e is a left unital element of N and
N
faithful then e is a bi-unital element of N.
Proof: Let
N
be faithful. Consider [n [n e e] x ]
= [n x ]
[[n e e] x ]
= [n x ]
[n [eex] ]
= [n x ]
[n x ]

= o [n [n e e ]] (o : ) = {0} n = [n e e].Thus e is a bi-unital element of N.
Proposition 4.12 If
N
is monogenic by
0
then
If e is a left unital element of N then [e e ]
= .
If is N
0
-simple ( is considered as an N
0
-group) then either [N x ]
= {o} or for each x N and .

N

N
N/(o:
0
)

N
is simple iff (o:
0
) is a maximal left ideal of N or = N.
Proof: Let N be monogenic by
0
. Then [Nx
0
]
= for each x N [nx

0
]

= .
Let e be a left unital element of N.Consider [e e ]
= [e e [n x
0
]
= [[e e n] x
0
]
= [n x
0
]

=
0
.
Let be N
0
-simple.Now [N x ]
= { o }or [N x ]
= , since for each x N, [N x ]
is an N
0
-subgroup of .
Define h: N by h (n) = [n x
0
]
for each x N. Then h(N) = as N is monogenic by

0
.Hence h is onto.
Consider h(n + n) = h(n) + h(n) and h([n n n]) = [n n [n x
0
]

] = [n n h(n)]
. Thus h is an
N- homomorphism and ker h = {n N | [n x
0
]

= o} = (o :
0
).Hence N/(o :
0
)
N

N
.
If
N
is simple then {o} and are the only ideals of . Now (o:
0
) = {0} or (o:
0
) =N. since (o:
0
) is an ideal of
N. If (o:
0
) = N then using (c), (o:
0
) is a maximal left ideal. If (o:
0
) = {0} then
N
=N. Conversely if (o:
0
) is a
maximal left ideal of N then N/ (o:
0
) is simple. Hence by (c),
N
is simple.

Proposition 4.13 If is an N-subgroup of a right ternary N-group and E is an ideal of then + E is an
N-subgroup of .
Proof: Since E is a normal subgroup of and is a subgroup, + E is a subgroup of . Let , E.
Consider for x,y N , [x y + ]
= [x y ]
- [x y ]
+[x y + ]
= [x y ]
- ([x y + ]
- [x y ]
) + E. Hence
+ E is an N-subgroup of .
Remark 4.14 If
1
and
2
are N-subgroups then
1
+
2
need not be an N-subgroup. e.g Let N be as in Example
4.2 (i). Let
1
= {0,a} and
2
= {0,b}.Then they are N-subgroups of = N but
1
+
2
={0,a,b,y} is not a subgroup as y + y
= x is not in
1
+
2
.
Definition 4.15 A right ternary N-group is called an IFP right ternary N-group if [n x ]
= 0 [n u x v ]
= 0
for all u, v N.
Remark 4.16 Every IFP-RTNR is an IFP right ternary N- group.
Definition 4.17 An element in a right ternary N-group is called a torsion free element if for n N, [n x ]
= 0
n = 0 for every x N.
Example 4.18 (i) Let N = {0, x, y, z} and + be defined as in Table 12 and the ternary operation [ ] be defined as [a
b c] = (a.b).c where. is defined as in Table 13.
Table 12 Table 13
+ 0 x y z . 0 x y z
0 0 x y z 0 0 0 0 0
x x 0 z y x 0 0 x x
y y z 0 x y 0 0 z y
z z y x 0 z 0 0 y z

Let = N. Then x is a torsion free element in N for [n u x] = 0 u N n = 0. Similarly y, z are also torsion
free elements.
(ii) Let N = {0, x, y, z} and + be defined as in Table 14 and the ternary operation [ ] be defined as [a b c] = (a.b).c
where is defined as in Table 15. Let = N. Then x is not a torsion free element as [n u x] = 0 u N holds even if n 0.
Table 14 Table 15
+ 0 x y z . 0 x y z
0 0 x y z 0 0 0 0 0
x x 0 z y x 0 x 0 x
y y z 0 x y 0 0 y y
z z y x 0 z 0 x y z

Lemma 4.19 If is an IFP right ternary N-group with a torsion free element then N is an IFP-RTNR.
Proof: Let be an IFP N-group and be a torsion free element. Let [x y z] =0for all x, y, z N. Then by
Proposition 3.4 (i), u N, [[x y z] u ]
= 0 [x y [z u ]
= 0 [x m y n [z u ]
= 0 m,n N [[x m y n z] u
]
= 0 [x m y n z] = 0 as is a torsion free element. Hence N is an IFP-RTNR.

Corollary 4.20 If is a faithful IFP right ternary N-group then N is an IFP-RTNR.

Proof: Let be a faithful IFP right ternary N-group. Then (o : ) = {0}. This implies that for all x N [n x ]
= o with n = 0. Thus every element is torsion free and hence by the above lemma N is an IFP-RTNR.
5. TYPES OF N-GROUPS
In this section the three types of N-groups are defined and the relationships among them are established.
Definition 5.1 A monogenic N-group with {o} is said to be of type 0 if is simple, type 1 if is simple and
strongly monogenic and type 2 if is N
0
-simple.
Proposition 5.2 Let be an N-group. Then the following assertions hold.

N
is of type 2
N
is of type 1
N
is of type 0.
If
N
is of type 1 or 2 then = {o} or =
Proof: (i) Let
N
be of type 2. Then is monogenic by (say) [N x ]
= with {o} and is N

0
-simple.
If is any proper ideal of then as is an N
0
group , will be a proper N
0
subgroup of which is not possible as is
N
0
-simple. Now as N = N
0
, ={o} and are the only ideals of and hence is simple. Moreover as is N
0
-simple by
Proposition 4.12(b) , x N either [N x ]
= {o} or but [N x ]
{o} This implies that

N
is strongly
monogenic. Thus is of type1. Now let
N
be of type 1 then is simple and hence is of type 0. (ii) Let
N
be of type 1.
Then {o} and are the only ideals of and
N
is strongly monogenic, i.e., , x N, [N x ]
= {o} or [N x ]
=
[N 0 o]
= {o} or [N 0 o]
= . i.e., = {o} or = .If

N
is of type 2 then by (i) it is of type 1 and hence
= {o} or = .
Lemma 5.3 Let be a right ternary N-group and be a subset of . Then

N
is faithful iff
0
N
and
C
N
are faithful.
is an ideal of
N
iff is an ideal of
0
N

is an N-subgroup of
N
iff is an N
0
-subgroup of
0
N

Proof
Let (o : ) = {0}. Then {x N | [x n ]
= o n N and } = {0}. In particular, {x N

0
| [x n ]
= o n
N, } = {0} (1)and {x N
c
| [x n ]
= o n N and } = {0} (2)

Conversely let (1) and (2) be true.Consider x N. Then x = n
0
+ n
c
. Now [x n ]
= [n
0
n ]
+ [n
c
n ]
= o + o =
o for all n N and . Moreover [n
0
n ]
= o n
0
= 0 and [n
c
n ]
= o n
c
= 0. Since x = n
0
+ n
c
= 0 + 0 = 0. Thus
[x n ]
= o with x = 0implies that

N
is faithful.
Let be an ideal of
N
. Then [x y +]
[x y ]
for all , and x,y N and hence [x y +]
[x
y ]
for all , and x,y N

0
also. Hence is an ideal of
0
N
. Conversely let be an ideal of
0
N
. Consider for all x, y N, [x y +]
[x y ]
= [n
0
+n
c
y (+)]
[n
0
+n
c
y ]
= [n
0
y (+)]
+ [n
c
y (+)]


[n
c
y ]

-[ n
0
y ]
= [n
0
y (+)]
+ [n
c
0 o]
[n
c
0 o]
[n
0
y ] = [n
0
y (+)]
[n
0
y ] .
Let be an N-subgroup of
N
. Then [N N ] . This implies that is an N
0
-subgroup as [N
0
N
0
]
[N N ]

. Conversely let be an N
0
-subgroup of . It is noted that = [N
c
0 o]
[N N ]
.Consider for x, yN,

[x y ]
= [n
0
+n
c
y ]
= [n
0
y ]
+ [n
c
y ]
= [n
0
y ] + [n
c
0 o]
as .Thus is an N-subgroup .
Corollary 5.4 Let be an N-group. Then

N
is simple if and only if
0
N
is simple.

0
N
is monogenic by then
N
is monogenic by .
If
0
N
is strongly monogenic then either
N
is strongly monogenic or {o} .
If is N
0
-simple then is N-simple.
Proof: (i) Let
N
be simple. Then {o} and are the only ideals of
N
. Now by Lemma 5.3 (ii) {o} and are the
only ideals of
0
N
. Hence
0
N
is simple. Converse follows from Lemma 5.3 (ii).
(ii) Let [N
0
x ]
= for all x N. Then as [N

0
x ] [N x ], [N x ]
. Thus [N x ]
= as [N x ]

proving that
N
is monogenic by .
(iii) Let
0
N
be strongly monogenic. Then [N
0
x ]
= { o } or [N
0
x ] = x N and .
Case (i): Let [N
0
x ]
= for all x N and .Then [N

0
x ]
= +. Hence
N
is strongly monogenic.
Case (ii): If [N
0
x ] = { o } then [N x ]
= [N
0
x ]
+ [N
c
x ]
and hence [N x ]
= [N
c
x ]
{ o }.
Also . If = then is strongly monogenic. Thus either
N
is strongly monogenic or {o} and .
(iv) Let be N
0
-simple.Then and are the only N
0
-subgroups of and by Lemma 5.3 (iii) , and are the
only N-subgroups of and hence is N-simple.
Note 5.5 The converse of (ii) need not be true as can be seen from Example4.5 (iii).
Theorem 5.6 Let
N
be a right ternary N-group and {0, 1, 2}. Then

N
is of type
0
N
is of type or [N
0
x ]
= {o} for all .

0
N
is of type (for = 1 let in
N
, = {o} or = ) then
N
is of type
Proof: (i) If
N
is of type 0 then
N
is simple. By Corollary 5.4 (i) this implies that
0
N
is simple. Also since
N

is monogenic by , [N x ]
= . Hence by Lemma 5.3 (iii) [N x ]
is an N
0
-subgroup. By Theorem 4.10, [N
0
x ]
is a left
ideal of
N
as N
0
is a left ideal of N. Thus [N
0
x ]
= {o} or [N
0
x ]
= as
N
is simple. Suppose [N
0
x ]
= then
0
N

is monogenic. Thus
0
N
is of type 0.If [N
0
x ]
= {o} then(i) follows. If

N
is of type 1 then
N
is simple and strongly
monogenic. By Proposition 5.2 (ii) = {o} or = . If = {o} then for every , = [N x ]
= [N
0
x ]
+ [N
c
x ]
=

[N
0
x ]
+ = [N
0
x ]
. This implies that

0
N
is strongly monogenic. Since
N
is simple by Corollary 5.4 (i)
0
N
is
simple. Thus
0
N
is of type 1. Now if = then [N
0
x ]
= {o} Hence either

0
N
either is of type 1 or [N
0
x ]
= {o}.
If
N
is of type 2 then
N
is N
0
-simple. i.e., {o} and are the only N
0
-subgroups and hence
0
N
is N
0
-simple. Thus
0
N

is of type 2.
(Let
0
N
be of type 0 then
0
N
is simple and monogenic. Hence by Corollary 5.4 (i) and (ii),
N
is simple and
monogenic. Thus
N
is of type 0. Let
0
N
be of type 1. i.e.,
0
N
is simple and strongly monogenic. Since
0
N

is simple = {o} or = . Hence by Corollary 5.4 (iii),
N
is strongly monogenic. Also by Corollary 5.4 (i)
N

is simple. Hence
N
is of type 1. Let
0
N
be of type 2. Then
0
N
is N
0
-simple. Hence by Corollary 5.4 (iv)
N
is
N
0
-simple. Hence
N
is of type 2.
6. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper right ternary N-groups were defined and some of the properties of substructures of an RTNR, via
right ternary N- groups were obtained. The results on faithful right ternary N-groups and monogenic right ternary N-groups
introduced in this generalised setting can further be investigated in a zero-symmetric RTNR with desecending chain
condition on N- subgroups. A characterisation theorem for a simple monogenic right ternary N-group and an embedding
theorem for a commutative RTNR were given. The inter relationship between the different types of right ternary N-groups
can further be explored. This theory can further be developed by introducing - modular left ideals and -primitive RTNR.
REFERENCES
1. Lister, W.G. (1971). Ternary Rings, Transactions of American Math. Soc., 154.
2. Pilz, G. (1983), Near rings, Mathematic studies 23, North Holland Publishing Company.
3. Sukhendu Kar. (2010), Ternary semiring An Introduction, VDM Verlag Dr. Muller, 2010.
4. ISBN-10:3639004019ISBN-13: 978- 3639004014.
5. Uma Maheswari, A., & Meera, C. (2014), An Insight into Right Ternary Near-rings, International Journal of
Mathematical Sciences, ISSN: 2051-5995, 34(1).
6. Uma Maheswari, A., & Meera, C. (2013), Fuzzy Soft Prime Ideals over Right Ternary Near-ring, International
Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, 85(3), 507529, doi: 10.12732/ijpam.v85i3.7.
7. Uma Maheswari, A., & Meera, C. (2013), Quasi-ideals and Bi-ideals of a Right Ternary Near-ring, International
Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 4(5).
8. Uma Maheswari, A., & Meera, C. (2012), Fuzzy soft right ternary near-rings, International Journal of Computer
Applications, 57(6).

Maths - Ijmcar - A Study On The Structure of - C Meera

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: N N satisfying the conditions

= f(g()), f, g N and .Then (, +,[ ]

= o for every x N and .

[n x h()]= o.Hence [n x (+)]

)Im h. Thus Im h is an ideal of '.

for all ideals of with '.

and hence by Theorem 3.19(ii),

is an N-subgroup of w.r.to x . (ii) [N

E.Thus E is a subgroup of .Consider [N N E]

E. Hence E is an N-subgroup of . (ii) Let be an N-subgroup of . Then [N N ]

is the smallest of all N-subgroups of and is denoted as .

= o n N, } and (o: ) ={x N | [x n

) : (o ) : (o and (o : ) is a left ideal of

= o} = (o: ). Thus by Theorem 3.19, N/(o: )

= and N is monogenic by if there exists and for every x N, [N x ]

= . Moreover is strongly monogenic as [Nx]

by Proposition 3.4 (i)

. It can be easily seen that [L x

= {o} or for each x N and .

= for each x N [nx

= , since for each x N, [N x ]

for each x N. Then h(N) = as N is monogenic by

= 0 [x m y n z] = 0 as is a torsion free element. Hence N is an IFP-RTNR.

= with {o} and is N

{o} This implies that

= . i.e., = {o} or = .If

= o n N and } = {0}. In particular, {x N

= o n N and } = {0} (2)

= o with x = 0implies that

for all , and x,y N and hence [x y +]

for all , and x,y N

.Consider for x, yN,

= for all x N. Then as [N

= for all x N and .Then [N

= {o} for all .

= . Hence by Lemma 5.3 (iii) [N x ]

= {o} then(i) follows. If

. This implies that

= {o} Hence either

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