PCS-978 Data Sheet

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Overview
Features
Functions
Function Arrangement
Protection Functions
Communication
Hardware
Technical Data
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7
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22
24
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01
Overview
PCS-978 is a microprocessor-based relay designed
for the protection of a two-winding transformer, three-
winding transformer or auto-transformer in any voltage
level, protection of a shunt reactor, which provides up to
36 analog input channels including current and voltage
inputs.
Overview
PCS- 978 pr ovi des f ul l t r ansf or mer pr ot ect i ons
confi gurabl e by user. Anci l l ary functi ons of faul t
diagnostic, disturbance records, event records and
communication function are integrated in the relay.
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Features
General Features
Confgurable Function
Modules of PCS-978 equipment adopt intelligent design,
amount of input and output modules and module slot
position are confgurable. User can increase or decrease
the amount of AC input module, binary input module
and binary output module, and terminals of those
modules can be defned according to actual requirement.
Besides, configurability is also reflected in software
design of equipment, which means that user can hide
the protective element not used or add new protective
module not in standard confguration.
Parallel Calculation of Double DSP system
The har dwar e of equi pment compr i ses a 32-
bi t mi croprocessor and t wo 32-bi t di gi t al si gnal
processors (DSP). Those processor can operate in
parallel companied by fast A/D converter. The 64-bit
microprocessor performs logic calculation and the DSP
performs the protection calculation. High performance
hardware ensures real time calculation of all protection
relays within a sampling interval.
Independent Fault Detector
Independent fault detectors in fault detector DSP module
for connecting power supply of output relays. The
relay can drive a tripping output only when protection
element on protection DSP module operates with the
fault detector in the fault detector DSP module operating
simultaneously. This kind of independent supervision
of tripping outputs using fault detectors can avoid
any maloperation possibly caused by any hardware
component failure. This highly increases the security.
Please refer to Chapter Hardware for details.
Confgurable Tripping output
The tripping output contacts can be configured by
tripping matrix and suitable to any mode of tripping.
Fault Recording Function
- Event records including 1024 binary input events
and 1024 alarm events
- Disturbance records including 64 fault reports,
and 64 disturbance waveforms, and file format
of wavef orm i s compat i bl e wi t h i nt ernat i onal
COMTRADE91 and COMTRADE99 fi l e. Up to
80 analog inputs and 200 binary inputs can be
recorded, and three oscillography triggering modes
are supported, which are protection pickup triggering,
manual triggering, and remote triggering through
PCS-Explorer software.
User HMI Interface
The HMI interface with an LCD and a 9-button keypad
on the front panel is very friendly to the user.
Communication Ports
- One front RS-232 port
- RS-485 ports and Ethernet ports communication with
SCADA or RTU
- One rear RS-485 with clock synchronization.
- One rear RS-232 or RS-485 with printer.
- GOOSE communication function (optional module)
Clock Synchronizations
Various GPS clock synchronizations: second/minute
pul se vi a bi nary i nput or RS-485, message vi a
communication ports and IRIG-B synchronization.
Features
02
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Features
Transformer Current
Differential Protection
Maxi mum si x group CT i nputs for di fferenti al
protection.
Protection for 2-winding, 3-winding transformer and
auto-transformer.
24 vect or groups avai l abl e f or t wo-wi ndi ng
transformer.
288 vect or gr oups avai l abl e f or 3- wi ndi ng
transformer.
Optional inrush current distinguished principles:
harmonic criterion (second harmonic and third
harmonic) or waveform distortion.
There are two optional modes for harmonic criterion:
self-adaptive blocking mode and phase-to-phase
cross blocking mode. Self-adaptive blocking mode
can enhance ability of differential protection to
avoid maloperation during transformer energization
effectively and ensure high speed of differential
protection for faults under normal operation.
Fifth harmonic or third harmonic criterion applied
continuously to detect overexciation condition.
Three slopes biased differential protection are
confgurable by users.
Unrestrained instantaneous differential protection is
equipped.
Distinct method of phase shifting
During transformer energization, Y transfer method is
used to adjust phase angle of secondary current on each
side of the transformer, and thus the faulty and healthy
phase can possess its characteristic. Therefore, restraint
current and differential current can be phase-segregated,
which can distinguish the faulty phase from phase only
with inrush current characteristic when transformer is
energized.
Hi gh sensi t i ve and securabl e DPFC bi ased
differential protection
DPFC biased current differential protection is regardless
of the load current and is sensitive to small internal fault
current within the transformer. Its performance against
current transformer saturation is also good.
Reliable biased current differential protection
Biased current differential protection with initial restraint
slope consists of sensitive and conventional differential
elements as well as independent CT saturation criterion.
Differential CT circuit failure detection
With the adoption of voltage and current combination
met hod, CT secondar y ci r cui t f ai l ur e can be
distinguished.
Restricted Earth Fault Protection
Maximum 4 group CT and 1 neutral CT inputs for
REF protection, and the maximum current inputs
applied for an auto-transformer with two circuit
breakers at HV and MV sides respectively.
Maximum 3 REF protections for each side of a
three-winding transformer
Inrush current has no effect on REF protection.
RFE protection has high sensitivity to internal
earth faults because there is no load current in the
restraint current.
The tap of transformer has no effect on REF
protection.
CT Transient detection function based on the ratio
of residual current to positive-sequence current is
adopted to eliminate the influence of difference of
transient characteristic to REF protection.
CT saturation detection function based on 2nd and
3rd harmonics is adopted to avoid maloperation of
REF protection during an external fault.
Winding Differential Protection
Maximum 5 group CT inputs applied for an auto-
transformer with two circuit breakers at HV and MV
sides respectively.
NR Electric Co., Ltd.
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NR Electric Co., Ltd. NR Electric Co., Ltd.
Features
Maximum 3 winding differential protections for each
side of a three-winding transformer.
Inrush current has no effect on winding differential
protection.
Winding differential protection has high sensitivity to
internal earth faults because there is no load current
in the restraint current.
The tap of transformer has no effect on winding
differential protection.
CT transient detection function based on the ratio
of residual current to positive current is adopted
to eliminate the influence of difference of transient
characteristic to winding differential protection.
CT saturation detection function based on 2nd and
3rd harmonics is adopted to avoid maloperation of
winding differential protection during an external
fault.
Reactor Current Differential Protection
Reliable CT transient characteristic distinguishing
method
During reactor energization, inrush current similar to
that of transformer occurs. There is great decaying DC
component in inrush current, which may result in the
difference of transient transfer characteristics between
CTs at two ends of reactor, and therefore differential
current occurs. Inrush current can be distinguished to
avoid maloperation of current differential protection by
detecting harmonic of differential current and measured
current and adopt i ng asynchronous met hod f or
recognition of CT saturation.
Hi gh sensi t i ve and securabl e DPFC bi ased
DPFC biased current differential protection is regardless
of the load current and is sensitive to small internal
fault current within the reactor. Its performance against
current transformer saturation is also good.
Reliable biased current differential protection
Biased current differential protection with initial restraint
slope consists of sensitive and conventional differential
elements as well as independent CT saturation criterion
and harmonic blocking.
Differential CT Circuit Failure Detection
With the adoption of voltage and current combination
met hod, CT secondar y ci r cui t f ai l ur e can be
distinguished.
Reactor Inter-Turn Fault Protection
Current of CT at head end of reactor is adopted for
the protection calculation.
Inter-turn protection consists of zero-sequence
power directional element and zero-sequence
impedance element with high reliability.
The amplitude of residual voltage is compensated
to ensure zero-sequence power directional element
can distinguish direction correctly when system
impedance is too low.
Inter-turn fault protection is blocked by CT and VT
circuit failure.
Overexcitation Protection
Voltage for protection calculation is RMS of three
phase voltages and not affected by frequency
fuctuation.
Overexcitation multiple is calculated by voltage and
frequency.
Two-stage definite-time overexcitation protection
and one-stage definite-time overexcitation alarm
element are equipped.
One-stage inverse-time overexcitation protection
including tripping and alarm functions is equipped.
Overexcitation inverse-time curve is sectional linear
curve, which has high adaptivity.
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Features
Mechanical Protection
High-power relays are adopted to improve the anti-
inference ability of mechanical protection.
Mechanical protection does not maloperate if
110Vac (or 220Vac) voltage is connected to the
terminal of mechanical relay signal input by mistake.
Provide 4 mechanical signal input channels for
tripping instantaneously or with time delay.
Temperature Protection
Being applied to protection of a transformer or a
reactor.
Receiving 6 DC signals (4~20mA or 0~5V) from
external temperature transducers to convert to
temperature values.
Impedance Protection
Two stage phase-to-phase impedance protection
elements.
Two stage phase-to-earth impedance protection
elements
Power swing blocking releasing function.
Phase Overcurrent Protection
Four-stage phase overcurrent protecti on wi th
independent logic, current and time delay settings.
Stage 1, stage 2 and stage 3 are definite-time
characteristic, stage 4 can be selected as defnite-
time or inverse-time characteristic. The inverse-time
characteristic is selectable, among IEC and ANSI/
IEEE standard inverse-time characteristics and a
user-defned inverse-time curve.
Voltage control element can be selected to control
each stage phase overcurrent protection.
Directional element can be selected to control
each stage phase overcurrent protection with three
options: no direction, forward direction and reverse
direction.
Second harmonic can be selected to block each
stage phase overcurrent protection.
Ground Overcurrent Protection
Four-stage ground overcurrent protection with
independent logic, current and time delay settings.
Stage 1, stage 2 and stage 3 are definite-time
characteristic, stage 4 can be selected as defnite-
time or inverse-time characteristic. The inverse-time
characteristic is selectable, among IEC and ANSI/
IEEE standard inverse-time characteristics and a
user-defned inverse-time curve.
Directional element can be selected to control each
stage ground overcurrent protection with three
options: no direction, forward direction and reverse
direction.
Second harmonic can be selected to block each
stage ground overcurrent protection.
Measured neutral current or calculated residual
current can be selected for the calculation of ground
overcurrent protection.
Negative-sequence overcurrent
protection
Two-stage negative-sequence overcurrent protection
with independent logic, current and time delay
settings.
Stage 1 is definite-time characteristic, stage 2
can be selected as definite-time or inverse-time
Features
02
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Features
characteristic. The inverse-time characteristic is
selectable, among IEC and ANSI/IEEE standard
inverse-time characteristics and a user-defined
inverse-time curve.
Phase Overvoltage Protection
Two-stage phase overvol tage protecti on wi th
independent logic, voltage and time delay settings.
Stage 1 and stage 2 definite-time characteristic,
stage 2 can be selected as defnite-time or inverse-
time characteristic. T The inverse-time characteristic
is selectable among IEC and ANSI/IEEE standard
inverse-time curve.
Phase voltage or phase-to-phase voltage can be
selected for protection calculation.
1 out of 3 or 3 out of 3logic can be selected for
protection criterion.
Residual Overvoltage Protection
Two-stage residual overvoltage protection with
independent logic, voltage and time delay settings.
Stage 1 is definite-time characteristic, stage 2
can be selected as definite-time or inverse-time
characteristic. The inverse-time characteristic is
selectable among IEC and ANSI/IEEE standard
inverse-time curve.
Undervoltage Protection
Four-stage definite-time undervoltage protection
with independent voltage and time delay settings.
The rate of change of voltage blocking function is
equipped.
Thermal Overload Protection
Thermal overload protection has following functions:
- Thermal time characteristic of IEC 60255-8 is
adopted.
- One stage for alarm and one stage for trip.
- Fundamental current or 1st to 7th harmonic current
is used for protection calculation.
Measurement
Energy metering (active and reactive energy are
calculated)
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Functions
03
Functions
Protective Functions
Transformer biased current differential protection 87T
Transformer unrestrained current differential protection 50/87UT
Transformer DPFC biased current differential protection 7/87DT
Reactor biased current differential protection 87R
Reactor unrestrained current differential protection 50/87UR
Reactor

DPFC biased current differential protection 7/87DR
Biased restricted earth fault protection 64REF
Biased winding differential protection 87W/87N
Inter-turn fault protection 32G, 21G,
Defnite-time/Inverse-time overexciation protection 24
Underfrequency/Overfrequency protection 81U/O
Mechanical protection MR
Temperature protection 26
Phase-to-phase/Phase-to-earth impedance protection 21P/G
Defnite-time/Inverse-time phase overcurrent protection 50/51/67P
Defnite-time/Inverse-time ground overcurrent protection 50/51/67G
Defnite-time/Inverse-time ground negative-sequence protection

50/51Q
Defnite-time/Inverse-time residual overvoltage protection 59G
Defnite-time/Inverse-time phase overvoltage protection 59P
Undervoltage protection 27
Thermal overload protection 49
Breaker failure protection 50BF
Pole disagreement protection 62PD
Phase overcurrent alarm element 50PAlm
Residual overvoltage alarm element 59GAlm
CT saturation detection
Inrush current detection
Overexcitation detection
Harmonic blocking function
Power swing blocking releasing function PSBR
VT circuit failure supervision VTS
CT circuit failure supervision CTS
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Functions
Miscellaneous functions
Miscellaneous functions
Measurement
24 samples per cycle for current and voltage measurement
Energy metering
Confgurable function
Programmable tripping output matrix
Programmable binary input
Programmable binary output
Programmable LED indicators
Confgurable protection function
Self-supervision
Rel ay hardware supervi si on and secondary ci rcui t
supervision
Oscillography
function
Disturbance recording
64 fault reports
64 disturbance waveforms
Trigger mode
(1) Protection picks up to trigger
(2) Manual trigger on keypad.
(3) Remote trigger through PCS-Explorer software
Event recording
1024 supervison alarm events
1024 binary input events
1024 device log events
Local HMI LCD and keypad
Remote HMI
PCS-Explorer software or substation automation system
software
Rear communication ports to
host
Ports type
RS-485
RJ45 Ethernet
Fiber optic (abbreviated as FO) Ethernet
Protocol type
IEC 60870-5-103
IEC 61850-8-1
DNP 3.0
(Specifed when order)
Rear communication port to printer One RS-485 or RS-232
Time synchronisation Pulse per second/minute (PPS/PPM)
Clock message via communication ports
IRIG-B via RS-485 differential level
Input and output Up to 36 AC analog input channels
6 DC analog input channels
4 fxed binary input +up to 25 confgurable binary inputs
2 equi pment al arm and fai l output contacts (al arm
NO(normally open) and fail NC(normally closed))
11 signal output contacts (NO)
Up to 22 output contacts (NO) for tripping
(Specifed when order)
10 setting groups are available
Voltage and current drift auto-adjustment
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Function
arrangement
04

*
*
MVS
*
87T
7/87DT
50/87
DIFF
PCS-
49
THEM
HVS
50G,51G.67G
DT, IDMT
*
*
*
64
24
> * * / f U
59P
DT, IDMT
OV
59G
DT, IDMT
Mechanical signals or
transducer si gnals
fr om transformer
3U0
3I0
Cal
27
DT
UV
50PAlm
DT
OC Alar m
MR,
TempProt (26)
50BF
50P, 51P, 67P

DT, IDMT
OC
81U,81O
UF,OF
62PD
PoleDisag
21
,
50Q, 51Q
DT, IDMT
NegOC

LVS
*
PCS-
HVS
*
*
*
CW
*
MVS
*
*
*
87T
7/87DT
50/87
DIFF
64
3U0
Cal
50G,51G.67G
DT, IDMT
50P, 51P, 67P

DT, IDMT
OC
49
THEM
59P
DT, IDMT
OV
27
DT
UV
59G
DT, IDMT
3I0
50PAlm
DT
OC Alarm
signals from
transformer
87W
Cal
50BF
24
> * * / f U
81U,81O
UF,OF
62PD
PoleDisag
MR,
TempProt (26)
21
,
50Q, 51Q
DT, IDMT
NegOC
Figure 1 Function diagram 1 for protecting a three-winding transformer
Figure 2 Function diagram 2 for protecting an auto-transformer
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10

* * *
Shunt
react or
52
52
52
Bus I
Bus II
Neut ral
eart hing react or
CT1
CT2
CT3
VT
Li ne
* * *
PCS-
87R
7/87DR
50/87
DIFF
87N
NeuDiff
3I0
3I0
32G
21G
IntTurn
3I0
50P, 51P
DT, IDMT
OC
50N, 51N
DT, IDMT
OC
49
THEM
MR
signals or
transducer signals
from reactor
50G, 51G
DT, IDMT
OC
Figure 3 Function diagram 3 for protecting a reactor
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Protection
Functions
05
Transformer Current Differential Protection
(87T)
Current differential protection includes biased differential
protection, unrestrained differential protection, DPFC
bi ased di fferenti al protecti on. Bi ased di fferenti al
protection is three-slope differential protection with
biased characteristic. Unrestrained differential protection
is to accelerate the operating speed for transformers
severe internal faults without biased characteristic and
blocking elements. DPFC biased differential protection
calculated by current variation has high sensitivity to
inter-turn faults and high impedance fault) under heavy
load. Above three differential protection elements work
coordinately to form the high-speed current differential
protection with high sensitivity.
Sensitive Biased Differential Protection
The currents used in this section analysis and the
following analysis have been corrected, that means the
currents for following calculation are the products of the
actual secondary current of each side multiplying its own
correction coeffcient
The sensitive biased differential protection with low
pickup setting and restraint slope is much more sensitive
for a slight internal fault. Four blocking elements, CT
saturation, inrush current, CT circuit failure (optional)
and overexcitation (optional) have also been included for
the protection in order to prevent it from the unwanted
operation during an external fault.
restraint current
[87T.I_Knee1]
[87T.I_Knee2]
0.8
Ir(pu)
0
[87T.I_Biased]
Id(pu)
1.2
Differential
current
[87T
.S
lope2]
[87T.I_Instant]
O
p
e
r
a
t
in
g
a
r
e
a
o
f

s
e
n
s
it
iv
e
B
ia
s
e
d
D
if
f
.
[8
7
.S
lo
p
e
3
]
K
=
0
.6
[87T.Slope1]
K
=
2
Figure 4 Operation characteristic curve of transformer
sensitive biased differential protection
Conventional Biased Differential
Protection
Conventional biased differential protection with higher
setting and restraint coeffcient comparing with sensitive
biased differential protection is blocked only by an inrush
current detection.
Restraint current
0.8 Ir (pu)
0
Id (pu)
1.2
Differential
current
[87T.I_Instant]
O
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g

a
r
e
a

o
f
c
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
a
l

b
i
a
s
e
d

D
i
f
f
.
K
=
2
K
=
0
.6
Figure 5 Operation characteristic curve of transformer
conventional biased differential protection
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12
Unrestrained Instantaneous Differential
Protection
Unrestrained instantaneous differential protection for
transformer is to accelerate the operation speed for
transformers internal fault. The element has no blocking
element but to guard that the setting must be greater
than the maximum inrush current.
DPFC Biased Differential Protection
Element
DPFC Concept
DPFC (Deviation of Power Frequency Component) is the
power frequency component of fault component, which is
the differential value between the sampling value at this
time point and that at a cycle before.
Operation Characteristic
CT Saturation Detection
There are two CT saturation conditions, i.e. transient CT
saturation and stable CT saturation. If an external fault
or an inter fault occurs, primary current of CT increases
greatl y and secondary current of CT consi sts of
fundamental component, DC component and harmonic
component. The decaying DC component results in
remanent magnetism in magnetic core, and with the
accumulation of remanent magnetism CT goes into CT
saturation state called transient CT saturation. With the
time passed, the DC component decays to zero almost
and CT is still saturated caused by AC excitation, which
is called stable CT saturation.
In order to prevent an unwanted operation of sensitive
biased differential protection caused by transient or
steady state saturation of CT during an external fault,
the second and third harmonics of secondary current
of individual CTs are used for the protection equipment
to discriminate saturation of three-phase CT. If CT
saturation is detected, then sensitive biased differential
element will be blocked.
Overexcitation Detection
When a transformer is overexcited, the exciting current
will increase sharply which may result in an unwanted
operati on of di fferenti al protecti on. Therefore the
overexcitation shall be discriminated to block differential
protection. The third or fifth harmonic of differential
current can be selected to determinate overexcitation.
2pu
Differential
current
0.2pu
K=0.75
K=0.6
Restraint current
K
=
m
Ir
Id
0.333pu
1.2pu
Figure 6 Operating characteristic curve of DPFC biased
differential protection for transformer
The value of m is not greater than 1. For the phase with
maximum restraint current, m is equal to 1, and for other
phases, m is less than 1.
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Reactor Current Differential Protection
(87R)
If an earth fault or phase-to-phase fault of reactor occurs,
current differential protection can operate quickly to clear
the fault to avoid the reactor from damages or reduce
the maintenance cost as low as possible. Different to
transformer current differential protection based on
electromagnetic balance, reactor current differential
protection is based on Kirchhoff's law, so it is needed to
develop current differential protection according to the
actual application of reactor not only to use transformer
current differential protection to protect reactors.
Sensitive Biased Differential Protection
The currents used in this section analysis and the
following analysis have been corrected, that means the
currents for following calculation are the products of the
actual secondary current of each side multiplying its own
correction coeffcient
The sensitive biased differential protection with low
pickup setting and restraint slope is much more sensitive
for a slight internal fault. Three blocking elements, CT
saturation, CT circuit failure (optional) have also been
included for the protection in order to prevent it from the
unwanted operation during an external fault.

Restraint current
KP 0.8pu
0
[87R.I_Biased]
D
if
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l

c
u
r
r
e
n
t
[87R.I_Instant]
K
K
=
0
.6
O
p
e
ra
tin
g
a
re
a
o
f
s
e
n
s
it iv
e
b
ia
s
e
d
D
if
f.
[87R
.Slop
e]
Ir
Id
1.2pu

Restr aint cur rent
0.8pu
0
D
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l

c
u
r
r
e
n
t
[87R.I_Instant]
K
=
0
. 6
O
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g

a
r
e
a

o
f
c
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
a
l
b
i
a
s
e
d
D
i
f
f
.
I r
I d
1.2pu
Conventional Biased Differential
Protection
Conventional biased differential protection with higher
setting and restraint coeffcient comparing with sensitive
biased differential protection is blocked only by an inrush
current detection.
Figure 8 Operation characteristic curve of reactor
conventional biased differential protection
Unrestrained Instantaneous Differential
Protection
Unrestrained instantaneous differential protection for
reactor is to accelerate the operation speed for reactors
internal fault. The element has no blocking element
but to guard that the setting must be greater than the
maximum unbalanced current caused by inrush current.
Figure 7 Operation characteristic curve of reactor
sensitive biased differential protection
Protection
Functions
05
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14
DPFC Biased Differential Protection
Element
Operation Criterion
DPFC (Deviation of Power Frequency Component)
biased differential protection reflects variation of load
condition to perform a sensitive protection for the reactor.
Lab tests show that it is more sensitive than the biased
differential relay under the heavy load condition.
Operation Characteristic
Figure 9 Operating characteristic curve of reactor DPFC
biased differential protection
The value of m is not greater than 1. For the phase with
maximum restraint current, m is equal to 1, and for other
phases, m is less than 1.
Advantages of DPFC differential protection
DPFC biased differential protection has the higher anti-
CT saturation characteristic, the sensitivity of which
to slight inter-turn fault is maintained during normal
operation of transformer. Floating threshold patent
technology is adopted to prevent maloperation of DPFC
differential protection due to system frequency deviation,
external faults and CB tripping process.

2pu
Differential
current
0.2pu
K=0.75
K=0.6
Restraint current
K
=
m
Ir
Id
0. pu
1.2pu
The sensitivity of current differential protection is
improved greatly when DPFC differential protection is
enabled, especially in the situation turn-to-turn fault
during heavy load operation.
CT Saturation Detection
During reactor energization or a system disturbance,
decaying DC component is caused because magnetic
flux of reactor can not change suddenly. The decaying
DC component will result in transient CT saturation and
differential current occurs correspondingly. CT saturation
shoul d be detected and bl ock reactor di fferenti al
protection to prevent it from maloperation during this
situation.
There are two methods adopted to distinguish CT
saturation: harmonic criterion and asynchronous method
for the recognition of current transformer saturation. If
any phase differential current is caused by CT saturation,
the sensitive biased differential element will be blocked.
Once an internal fault is distinguished by asynchronous
method, harmonic criterion is not used to judge CT
saturation any more.
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Restricted Earth Fault Protection (64REF)
The Restricted Earth Fault (REF) protection is meant
to protect a single winding of a power transformer. The
winding which should be protected must be earthed.
In the case of delta windings, the winding must be
earthed by an earthing transformer, which must be
electrically placed between the winding and the current
transformers.
REF protection is a kind of differential protection, so
it calculates differential current and bias current. The
differential current is a vectorial difference of the neutral
current (i.e. current fowing in the neutral conductor) and
the residual current from the lines. For internal faults, this
difference is equal to the total earth fault current. REF
protection operates on the fault current only, and is not
dependent on eventual load currents. This makes REF
protection a very sensitive protection.
REF protection can be applied to protection of two-
winding transformer, three-winding transformer or auto-
transformer.
Operation Characteristic Curve

[64 .I_Knee]
d
i
i
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l

c
u
r
r
e
n
t
[x.64 .I_Biased]
restraint current
K
=
m
I0d
I0r
[64 .Slope]
The value of m is defined by the branch number for
REF protection calculation. For example, there are two
branches at HV side (wye winding with neutral point
earthed), so there are three branches constitute the REF
protection of HV side and m is equal to 3.
Detection of CT Transient Characteristic
Difference
Non-identical CT characteristics can cause unbalance
current. During phase-to-phase faults and three-phase
faults, the unbalance of three-phase CTs results in
residual current which may lead to maloperation of RFE
protection. Therefore, positive sequence current restraint
blocking criterion is adopted to prevent maloperation of
REF protection in above mentioned conditions.
When the residual current of each side REF protection
is greater than 0 times positive sequence current, it is
decided that zero-sequence current is caused by a fault
and release REF protection.
Winding Differential Protection (87W/87N)
When each si de and common wi ndi ng of aut o-
transformer are installed with three phase CTs, winding
di fferenti al protecti on can be equi pped. Wi ndi ng
differential protection is based on Kirchhoff's law, so
inrush current has no effect on it. Winding differential
protecti on consi sts of phase wi ndi ng di fferenti al
protection and residual winding differential protection.
Residual winding differential protection adopts the
calculated residual current of each side and common
winding for the protection calculation and three-phase CT
polarity is easy to be checked. The operation principle of
which is similar to that of REF protection, but compared
to REF protection, winding differential protection can
operate not only during internal earth faults but also
during phase-to-phase faults.
Protection
Functions
05
Figure 10 Operating characteristic of REF protection
www.nrelect.com
16
Operation Characteristic Curve Residual Power Directional Element
The phase angle of residual current leading residual
voltage is nearly 90 degree if an inter-turn fault of
reactor winding occurs. The residual current phase leads
the residual voltage phase if an internal single-phase
earth fault occurs; and the residual current phase lags
the residual voltage phase if an external single-phase
earth fault occurs. Therefore, the phase angle between
residual current and residual voltage can be used to
distinguish internal faults from external faults. The zero-
sequence impedance of system very small compared
to that of reactor, so the residual voltage detected by
the relay will not be sensitive to operate and need to be
compensated.
Zero-sequence Impedance Element
Zero-sequence i mpedance of react or i s usual l y
thousands of ohms which is greater than that of system.
When an inter-turn fault or internal single-phase earth
fault of reactor occurs, the impedance detected by the
relay is exactly the zero-sequence impedance of system.
If an external single-phase fault of reactor occurs, the
impedance detected by the relay is the zero-sequence
impedance of reactor. According to different values of
measured impedances, inter-turn faults (or internal fault)
and external earth faults can be distinguished.
0.5 In
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l

c
u
r
r
e
n
t
[87W.I_Biased]
restraint current
K
=
m
Iwd
Iwr
[87W.Slope]
Figure 11 Operating characteristic curve of winding
The val ue of m i s defi ned by the branch number
for winding differential protection. For example, the
protection is applied for protecting an autotransformer
including HV side, MV side and common winding and m
is equal to 3.
Inter-Turn fault Protection (IntTurn)
Shunt reactors as the key equipment are widely applied
in extra-high voltage and ultra-high voltage level power
system, which has a dominate effect on safe operation
of the power system. The inter-turn fault is a common
internal fault occurred in reactor, but current differential
protection cannot operate during inter-turn faults.
Considering ground overcurrent protection cannot
be taken as the fast protection for inter-turn faults, a
dedicated protection for inter-turn protection of reactor is
needed to be equipped.
Inter-turn faul ts i n reactors present a formi dabl e
challenge to the protection engineer. The current and
voltage changes encountered during an inter-turn fault
can be of similar magnitude as load variation, and
therefore, sensitive, reliable protection schemes should
be considered.
17
www.nrelect.com
Overexcitation Protection (24)
Overexcitation results from excessive applied voltage,
possibly in combination with below-normal frequency.
Such condition may occur when a unit is on load, but
are more likely to arise when it is on open circuit, or at a
loss of load occurrence. Transformers directly connected
to generators are in particular danger to experience
overexcitation condition.
During overexcitation, field current of transformer rises
greatly to cause excessive heating and severe damage.
The transformer, working magnetic flux density near
the knee point, is subject to overexcitation. Frequency
range for normal operation is 45~55Hz for 50Hz working
frequency of power system and 55~65Hz for 60Hz
working frequency of power system.
Fi gure 12 shows i nverse-t i me charact eri st i c of
overexcitation protection.
Inverse-time characteristic curve can be specified by
several overexcitation multiple settings, and the relation
between various settings of n and t are:
n0n1 n2 n3 n4 n5 n6 n7 n8 n9
t0 t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7 t8 t9
Frequency Protection (81)
In case of frequency decline due to lack of active power
in the power system, underfrequency protection operates
to shed part of the load according to the declined value of
frequency to re-balance the power supply and the load.
On the contrary, if the power frequency of regional rises
due to the active power excess demand, overfrequency
protection operates to perform generator rejection to
shed part of the generators automatically according to
the rising frequency so that power supply and the load
are re-balanced.
Mechanical Protection (MR)
I f t here i s a f aul t i n t ransf ormer body, wi ndi ng
temperature relay, oil temperature relay and Buchholz
relay (or called gas relay) integrated in transformer will
operate to send signals to transformer relay. Mechanical
protection of transformer relay will repeat these signals
to send alarm signals, or send tripping command
directly or send tripping command with time delay to
prevent transformer from damage. Inputs of mechanical
protection are operation signals of transformer integrated
relay, and it is generally required to repeat those signals
through high-power relays to improve the anti-inference
ability of the protection.
Transformer relay repeats external signal through high-
power relays and send them to CPU through opto-
coupler circuits. After CPU receives those signals,
transformer relay will record them as events and send
tripping command with settable time delays. Because
the drop out time of mechanical input signals is usually
too long, the setting [MR.t_PW_n] (n=1, 2, 3, and 4)
can be set to avoid the relay sending long-time tripping
command.
Protection
Functions
05
t(s)
n0
n1
n2
n4
t1 t3 t4
n3
n5
t0
n6
n7
n8
n9
t2 t5 t6 t7 t8 t9
* *
/ f U
0
Figure 12 Inverse-time characteristic of overexcitation protection
www.nrelect.com
18
Temperature Protection (26)
Temperature protecti on i s appl i ed for protecti ng
transformer or reactor from being damaged by over
temperature due to overloads or other reasons.
The protection device can receive signals from external
temperature transducers and convert these signals into
digital data as required via DC analog input module
NR1410B. The actual operati on temperature of a
transformer can be calculated with the following equation
after setting the range of temperature measurement
(minimum temperature setting corresponds to 4mA or
0V, and maximum temperature setting corresponds to
20mA or 5V).
When phase overcurrent prot ect i on and ground
overcurrent protection can not meets the sensitivity
r equi r ement of t r ansf or mer backup pr ot ect i on,
impedance may be configured. The operation mode of
power system has little effect on impedance protection,
so impedance protection cooperates with protections of
adjacent equipment more easily.
Impedance protection consists of phase-to-phase
impedance protection and phase-to-earth protection. CT
polarity of each side is at busbar side, and directions of
settings are based on this polarity.
In addition, power swing blocking is adopted to avoid
maloperation of distance protection resulting from power
swing.
Figure 13 Operating characteristic of phase-to-phase
impedance relay
p
Z
jx
R
m
n
Z
p
Z
jx
R
m
n
Z
Figure 14 Operating characteristic of phase-to-earth
impedance relay
19
www.nrelect.com
Protection
Functions
05
Ground Overcurrent Protection (50/51G)
During normal operation of power system, there is
trace residual current whereas a fault current flows to
earth will result in greater residual current. Therefore
residual current is adopted for the calculation of ground
overcurrent protection.
In order to improve the selectivity of ground overcurrent
protection in power grid with multiple power sources,
directional element can be selected to control ground
overcurrent protection. For application on transformer
circuits, second harmonic also can be selected to block
ground overcurrent protection to avoid the effect of
sympathetic current on the protection.
Ground overcurrent protection consists of following three
elements:
- Ground overcurrent element: each stage equipped
with one independent ground overcurrent element.
- Directional element: one directional element
equipped shared by all ground overcurrent elements,
and each stage protection can select protection direction.
- Harmonic blocking element: one harmonic blocking
element shared by all ground overcurrent elements.
Negative-Sequence Overcurrent Protection
(50/51Q)
Negative-sequence overcurrent protection is applied
as the backup protection for generator. When an
unsymmetrical short-circuit fault or a three-phase fault
occurs in power system, there is negative-sequence
current generated in stator winding of generator, and
the negative-sequence current will produce an opposite
rotating magnetic field in air gap. Therefore, harmonic
currents occur in rotor, which make some parts with
great current density be locally burned and even result
in the retaining ring loosing due to heat to lead to great
damage of generator. Negative-sequence overcurrent
protection is equipped to prevent generator from such
damage.
Phase Overvoltage Protection (59P)
In the power system, when users operating circuit
breakers or a faul t occurri ng, system parameters
wi l l change, whi ch can cause the power system
electromagnetic energy converting and transferring and
overvoltage will appears in the system. Overvoltage
protection is equipped for the protection of electric
equipment and its insulation.
Residual Overvoltage Protection (59G)
A single phase earth fault occurrence in ungrounded
system or Peterson coil grounded system will result in
residual overvoltage, so residual overvoltage protection
is equipped to prevent protected equipment being
damaged by residual overvoltage in this condition.
Undervoltage Protection (27)
The increase of reactive power load leads to voltage
decreasing, and voltage quality cannot be satisfied
only through AVR and OLTC voltage regulation. In this
situation, undervoltage protection should operate to shed
part of loads to make voltage recovery to the normal
level.
Undervoltage protection has following functions:
Four-stage definite-time undervoltage protection
with independent voltage and time delay settings.
The rate of change of voltage blocking function is
equipped.
Thermal Overload Protection (49)
Thermal overload protection has following functions:
Thermal time characteristic of IEC 60255-8 is
adopted.
One stage for alarm and one stage for trip.
Fundamental current or 1st to 7th harmonic current
is used for protection calculation.
www.nrelect.com
20
Breaker Failure Protection (50BF)
Breaker failure protection is applied for intertripping
each side of transformer when trip signals of breaker
failure protection of busbar or other device are received.
When the binary input of external tripping is energized
and current element picks up, a trip command will be
issued after a delay to trip circuit breakers at each side
of transformer.
When the binary input of external tripping is energized
and current element picks up, a trip command will be
issued after a delay to trip circuit breakers at each side
of transformer.
Current criteria include phase current criterion, zero-
sequence current criterion, negative-sequence current
criterion and DPFC current criterion. If any current
criterion is satisfied and current flowing through the
protective equipment is detected, current element of
breaker failure protection picks up.
Pole Disagreement Protection (62PD)
With voltage level involved, the switching equipment
usual l y consi st s of si ngl e pol e devi ces t hat are
not mechanically linked, with each pole having an
i ndependent operati ng mechani sm. Wi th such an
arrangement, the possibility exists that one pole may
not operate coincidentally with the other poles, thus
creating an undesirable imbalance in system voltages
or, in case the switching equipment were called upon to
clear a fault, might fail to remove the faulted source from
service. So that if a pole disagreement fault is detected,
after a certain delay, the transformer relay will initiate a
trip command to trip all poles of the switching equipment.
Phase Overcurrent Alarm Element (50PAlm)
During overload operation of a power transformer, great
current results in greater heat to lead temperature of
transformer increase and if the temperature reaches
too high values the equipment might be damaged. The
insulation within the transformer will have forced ageing.
The phase overcurrent alarm element is equipped to
monitor the load of transformer winding, and when load
current exceeds the transformer limit load current, phase
overcurrent alarm element can be applied to issuing
alarm signals to remind feld operators.
Besides, during overload of transformer, it is needed to
initiate cooling system (such as cooling fan) and blocking
OLTC function of the tap of transformer. Therefore phase
overcurrent alarm element can also be applied to the
initiation of cooling system and the blocking of OLTC
function.
Residual Overvoltage Alarm Element
(59GAlm)
A single phase earth fault occurrence in ungrounded
system will result in high residual overvoltage, so
residual overvoltage alarm element is equipped to issue
alarm signal for reminding users in this condition.
Three-Phase Current Element (Curr3P)
Three-phase current element is responsible for pre-
processi ng three phase currents and cal cul ati ng
sequence components, amplitudes and phases of
three phase currents, etc. All calculated information of
three-phase current element is for the protection logic
calculation.
CT circuit abnormality supervision
If any one of the following two criteria is met, the
corresponding alarm signal will be issued after 10s, and
it will be reset after 10s if equipment returns to normal
condition.
1) Calculated residual current is greater than 0.06In or
greater than 0.2 times maximum phase current.
2) Negative-sequence current is greater than 0.1In or
greater than 0.4 times maximum phase current.
21
www.nrelect.com
CT circuit failure supervision
When current of the element is engaged in the calculation
of transformer differential protection, restricted earth fault
protection or winding differential protection, the CT circuit
failure supervision function of each protection is carried
out in the corresponding protection element and please
refer to corresponding sections for details.
Current detection
When any phase current is greater than 0.04In, inputted
current signals are decided valid and the valid signal is
outputted for programmable logic application.
Three-Phase Voltage Element (Volt3P)
Three-phase voltage element is responsible for pre-
processi ng three phase vol tages and cal cul ati ng
sequence components, amplitudes and phases of
three phase currents, etc. All calculated information of
three-phase voltage element is for the protection logic
calculation
VT circuit abnormality supervision
If one of following two criteria is met and there is no
operation of any fault detectors VT circuit abnormality
alarm will be issued after 10s. The abnormality alarm
will be reset after 10s if equipment returns to normal
condition.
When the secondary phase-to-phase voltage of VT is
equal to 100V:
1) Positive sequence voltage is less than 30 V and any
phase current is greater than 0.04 In.
2) Positive sequence voltage is less than 30 V and the
breaker is in closed position.
3) The negative sequence voltage is greater than 8 V.
4) The 3rd harmonic magnitude of phase voltage is
greater than 10V.
If the secondary phase-to-phase rated voltage is set
to 110V, all corresponding operating voltage will be
adjusted in the same ratio.
Residual Current Element (Curr1P)
Resi dual current el ement i s responsi bl e for pre-
processing measured residual current and calculating
the magnitude and the phase angle of residual current,
etc. All calculated information of three-phase current
element is for the protection logic calculation
Residual Voltage Element (Volt1P)
Resi dual vol tage el ement i s responsi bl e for pre-
processi ng resi dual vol t age and cal cul at i ng t he
magnitude and the phase angle of residual voltage, etc.
All calculated information of three-phase voltage element
is for the protection logic calculation
Protection
Functions
05
www.nrelect.com
22
Communication
RS-485 Interface
Thi s protecti ve devi ce provi des two rear RS-485
communication ports, and each port has three terminals
in the 12-terminal screw connector located on the back
of the relay and each port has a ground terminal for the
earth shield of the communication cable. The rear ports
provide RS-485 serial data communication and are
intended for use with a permanently wired connection to
a remote control center.
IEC60870-5-103 Communication
The IEC specification IEC60870-5-103: Telecontrol
Equipment and Systems, Part 5: Transmission Protocols
Section 103 defines the use of standards IEC60870-
5-1 to IEC60870-5-5 to perform communication with
protecti ve devi ce. The standard confi gurati on for
the IEC60870-5-103 protocol is to use a twisted pair
EIA RS-485 connection over distances up to 500m.
It also supports to use an Ethernet connection. The
relay operates as a slave in the system, responding to
commands from a master station.
IEC60870-5-103 Interface over Serial Port
The IEC60870-5-103 interface over serial port (RS-485)
is a master/slave interface with the protective device as
the slave device. It is properly developed by NR.
The protective device conforms to compatibility level 2;
compatibility level 3 is not supported.
The following IEC60870-5-103 facilities are supported by
this interface:
Initialization (reset)
Time synchronization
Event record extraction
General interrogation
General functions
Disturbance records
IEC60870-5-103 Interface over Ethernet
The IEC60870-5-103 interface over Ethernet is a master/
slave interface with the relay as the slave device. It is
properly developed by NR too. All the service of this
relay is based on generic functions of the IEC60870-5-
103. The following table lists all the group number of this
relay. And this relay will send all the relevant information
about group caption to the SAS or RTU after establishing
a successful communication link.
Figure 15 EIA RS-485 bus connection arrangements
Ethernet Interface
Each devi ce i s connected wi th an exchanger vi a
communication cable, and thereby it forms a star
structure network. Dual-network is recommended in
order to increase reliability. SCADA is also connected to
the exchanger and will play a role of master station, so
the every equipment which has been connected to the
exchanger will play a role of slave unit.

Master
Slave Slave Slave
E
I
A

R
S
-
4
8
5
120 Ohm
120 Ohm
SCADA
Switch: Net A
Switch: Net B
Figure 16 Ethernet communication structure
Commnication

06
23
www.nrelect.com
Communication
Messages Description for IEC61850
Protocol
The PCS-978 series relays support IEC 61850 server
services over TCP/IP communication protocol stacks.
The TCP/IP profle requires the PCS-978 series relays to
have an IP address to establish communications.
MMS protocol
IEC 61850 specifies the use of the Manufacturing
Message Specifcation (MMS) at the upper (application)
layer for transfer of real-time data. This protocol has
been in existence for a number of years and provides
a set of services suitable for the transfer of data within
a substation LAN environment. IEC 61850-7-2 abstract
services and objects are mapped to actual MMS protocol
services in IEC61850-8-1.
Client/server
This is a connection-oriented type of communication.
The connection and communication activity is initiated
and controlled by the client. Substation computers
running HMI programs or SOE logging software are
considered as IEC61850 clients. Substation equipment
such as protection relays, meters, RTUs, instrument
transformers, tap changers, or bay control units are
considered as servers.
Please note that gateways can be considered as clients
and servers subject to the communication object.
When retrieving data from IEDs within the substation,
the gateways are considered as servers whereas
transmitting data to control centers, the gateways are
considered as clients.
Peer-to-peer
This is a non-connection-oriented, high speed type of
communication usually between substation equipment,
such as protection relays. GOOSE is the method of peer-
to-peer communication.
Substation confguration language (SCL)
A substation confguration language is a number of fles
used to describe IED confgurations and communication
systems according to IEC 61850-5 and IEC 61850-
7. Each confi gured devi ce has an IED Capabi l i ty
Description (ICD) fle and a Confgured IED Description
(CID) fle. The substation single line information is stored
in a System Specification Description (SSD) file. The
entire substation confguration is stored in a Substation
Confguration Description (SCD) fle. The SCD fle is the
combination of the following items: individual ICD fles,
SSD file, communication system parameters (MMS,
GOOSE control block, SV control block), as well as
GOOSE/SV connection relationship amongst IEDs.
www.nrelect.com
24
Hardware

PCS-
TRANSFORMER RELAY
G
R
P
ENT
E
S
C
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
HEALTHY
ALARM
TRIP

NR1401
DANGER
NR1156
1 2 3
4 5 6
NR1401
DANGER
NR1156
1 2 3
4 5 6
NR1523 B NR1521 NR1521 NR1504 NR1301
11
1
9
3
10
8
7
6
4
5
2
12
BO_ 1
BO_
OPTO+
BO_FAIL
BO_
BO_ 2
OPTO-
+
-
BO_FAIL
5V
BO_ BO_FAIL
OK
ON
ETHERNET
NR1102M

Ia
Ib
Ic
0401
0402
0403
0404
0405
0406
0413
0417
0415
0414
0416
0418
Ua
Ub
Uc T
h
re
e
-p
h
a
se
v
o
lta
g
e
P
P
P
P
P
BO_FAIL
BO_
P
P
P
BO_FAIL
BO_
P
P
P
Power
Supply
+
-
OPTO+
OPTO-
External DC power
supply
Power supply for
opto-coupler (24V)
Mul tiplex
RJ (Front)
Grounding
1201
1202
1207
1209
1214
1221
1208
1216
1215
+
+
+
+
+
+
Not used
Not used
Power supply supervision
BI_TimeSyn
BI_06
BI_07
BI_12
BI_13
BI_18
1222
0101
0102
0103
0105
0106
0107 SGND
RTS
TXD
SYN+
SYN-
SGND
C
lo
c
k S
Y
N
P
R
IN
T
0104
0101
0102
0103
485-1A
485-1B
SGND
C
O
M
(o
p
to
n
a
l) 0104
1501
1502
1513
1514
BO_ _1-1
BO_ _1-2
BO_ _1-3
BO_ _2-1
BO_Si gnal_1-1
BO_Signal_4
B
O
m
od
u
le
1
fo
r
trip
B
O
m
o
d
u
le fo
r s
ig
n
a
l
*
B
I m
o
d
u
le
c
a
n
b
e
in
d
ep
e
n
d
e
n
t c
o
m
m
o
n
te
rm
in
a
l
T
o
th
e
s
cre
e
n
o
f o
th
e
r c
o
a
x
ia
l
c
a
b
le
w
ith
s
in
g
le
p
o
in
t e
a
rth
in
g
Ia
Ib
Ic
0407
0408
0409
0410
0411
0412
Ia
Ib
Ic
0601
0602
0603
0604
0605
0606
0419
0423
0421
0420
0422
0424
Ua
Ub
Uc T
h
re
e
-p
h
a
s
e
v
o
lta
g
e
0613
0617
0615
0614
0616
0618
Ua
Ub
Uc T
h
re
e
-p
h
a
s
e
v
o
lta
g
e
0607
0608
3I0
N
e
u
tra
l cu
rre
n
t
0609
0610
0611
0612
T
h
re
e
-p
h
a
s
e
cu
r
re
n
t
T
h
re
e
-p
h
a
s
e
c
u
rre
n
t
T
h
re
e
-p
h
a
s
e
c
u
rr
e
n
t
A B C
CB3
HV side
CB1
MV side
CB2
*
*
*
LV side
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
A B C A B C
BO_ _2-2
BO_ _3-1
BO_ _3-2
BO_ _4-1
BO_ _4-2
BO_ _5-1
BO_ _5-2
BO_ _6-1
BO_ _6-2
BO_ _6-3
BO_ _7-1
B
O
m
o
d
u
le
2
fo
r trip
BO_ _7-2
BO_ _8-1
BO_ _8-2
BO_ _9-1
BO_ _9-2
BO_ _10- 1
BO_ _10- 2
1521
BO_Prot
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1515
BO_Signal _5
1517
BO_Signal_6
1519
BO_Si gnal_7
1516
1518
1520
1522
Electrical
Ethernet
SCADA
Grounding
Screw
3I0
3I0
Ethernet A
Ethernet B
Optical
Ethernet
SCADA
PCS-
0619
0620
0621
0622
0623
0624
R
e
s
e
rv
e
d
v
o
lta
g
e

in
p
u
t
1503
1504
BO_Signal_1-2
1505
1506 BO_Signal_2-1
1507
1508
BO_Signal_2-2
1509
1510 BO_Signal_3-1
1511
1512 BO_Signal_3-2
1203 + BI_Print
1204 + BI_Maintenance
1205 + BI_RstTarg
1206 + BI_05
AI module 1
AI module 2
P
W
R
m
o
d
u
le
M
O
N
m
o
d
u
le
Ethernet C
Ethernet D
O
p
tio
n
a
l
Ethernet C
Ethernet D
O
p
tio
n
a
l

P
P
P
P
P
BO_FAIL
BO_
P
P
P
BO_FAIL
BO_
P
P
P
Power
Supply
+
-
OPTO+
OPTO-
External DC power
supply
Power supply for
opto-coupler (24V)
Multiplex
RJ (Front)
Grounding
0101
0102
0103
0105
0106
0107 SGND
RTS
TXD
SYN+
SYN-
SGND
C
lo
c
k
S
Y
N
P
R
IN
T
0104
0101
0102
0103
-1A
-1B
SGND
C
O
M
(o
p
to
n
a
l) 0104
BO_ _1-1
BO_ _1-2
BO_ _1-3
BO_ _2-1
B
O
m
o
d
u
le
1
fo
r
trip
T
o
th
e
s
c
re
e
n
o
f o
th
e
r c
o
a
x
ia
l
c
a
b
le
w
ith
s
in
g
le
p
o
in
t e
a
r
th
in
g
BO_ _2-2
BO_ _3-1
BO_ _3-2
BO_ _4-1
BO_ _4-2
BO_ _5-1
BO_ _5-2
BO_ _6-1
BO_ _6-2
BO_ _6-3
BO_ _7-1
B
O
m
o
d
u
le
2
fo
r trip
BO_ _7-2
BO_ _8-1
BO_ _8-2
BO_ _9-1
BO_ _9-2
BO_ _10-1
BO_ _10-2
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
Electrical
Etherne
SCADA Ethernet C
Ethernet D
Grounding
Screw
Ethernet A
Ethernet B
O
p
tio
n
a
l
Ethernet C
Ethernet D
O
p
tio
n
a
l
Optical
Ethernet
SCADA
PCS-
SV from
/EVT at
each side
transformer
N
E
T
-D
S
P
m
o
d
u
le
1
F
O
in
te
r
fa
c
e
fo
r S
V
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
(L
C
T
y
p
e
)
TX
RX
TX
RX
TX
RX
Ch1
Ch2
Ch8
N
E
T
-
D
S
P
m
o
d
u
le
2
F
O
in
te
r
fa
c
e
fo
r S
V
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
U
p
to
8
(L
C
T
y
p
e
)
TX
RX
TX
RX
TX
RX
Ch1
Ch2
Ch8
RX Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
M
U
TX
1501
1502
1513
1514
BO_Signal_1-1
BO_Signal_4
B
O
m
o
d
u
le
fo
r s
ig
n
a
l
1521
BO_Prot
1515
BO_Signal_5
1517
BO_Signal_6
1519
BO_Signal_7
1516
1518
1520
1522
1503
1504
BO_Signal_1-2
1505
1506
BO_Signal_2-1
1507
1508
BO_Signal_2-2
1509
1510
BO_Signal_3-1
1511
1512 BO_Signal_3-2
1201
1202
1207
1209
1214
1221
1208
1216
1215
+
+
+
+
+
+
Not used
Not used
Power supply supervision
BI_TimeSyn
BI_06
BI_07
BI_12
BI_13
BI_18
1222
*
B
I m
o
d
u
le
c
a
n
b
e
in
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t c
o
m
m
o
n
te
rm
in
a
l
1203 + BI_Print
1204 + BI_Maintenance
1205 + BI_RstTarg
1206 + BI_05
RX IRIG-B
(optional)
P
W
R
m
o
d
u
le
M
O
N
m
o
d
u
le
Figure 17 Front view of PCS-978
Figure 18 Typical rear view of PCS-978
Figure 19 Typical wiring of PCS-978 (conventional CT/VT) Figure 20 Typical wiring of PCS-978 (ECT/EVT)
Hardware
07
25
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Technical Data
Electrical Specifcations
Analog Input Ratings
Alternating Analog current
Phase rotation ABC
Nominal frequency 505Hz, 605Hz
Rated Current (In) 1A 5A
Linear to 0.05In~40In
Thermal withstand
-continuously
-for 10s
-for 1s
-for half a cycle
4In
30In
100In
250In
Burden < 0.15VA/phase @In < 0.25VA/phase @In
Current input channel Maximum 36
Alternating Analog voltage
Phase rotation ABC
Nominal frequency 505Hz, 605Hz
Rated Voltage (Un) 100V~130V 200V (residual voltage input)
Linear to 1~170V 1-233V
Thermal withstand
-continuously
-10s
-1s
200V
260V
300V
220
380
420
Burden at rated < 0.20VA/phase @Un < 0.80VA/phase @Un
Voltage input channel Maximum 18 Maximum 9
Technical
data
08
Power Supply
Standard IEC 60255-11:2008
Rated Voltage 110Vdc/125Vdc, 220Vdc/250Vdc
Variation 80~300Vdc
Permissible AC ripple voltage 15% of the nominal auxiliary voltage
Burden
Convent i onal
substation
< 25W @ Quiescent condition without binary input signals
Digital
substation
<40W @ Quiescent condition without binary input signals
www.nrelect.com
26
Technical Data
Module Description Module Type Burden (W)
MON Module (Management) 64M DDR
(2 x RJ45 Ethernet + RS485 (Syn) + RS232 (printer))
NR1102A 6
NR1102B 6
NR1102C 6
NR1102M 6
(2 x RJ45 + 2 x FO(ST)) Ethernet + RS485 (Syn) + RS232 (printer)
NR1102J 6
NR1102I 6
(2 x RJ45 Ethernet + 2 x RS485 + RS485 (Syn) + RS232 (printer))
NR1101E 6
DSP Module
(36 analog sampling channels, for conventional CT/VT.)
NR1156 3.5
DSP Module
(No analog sampling channel, ECVT signal from NR1136 via motherboard)
NR1151 3.5
DSP Module
(8 stream channels from ECVT directly.)
NR1152 3.5
Mechanical Relay Module NR1533A 0.3 (without IO burden)
BO Module (11 output contacts) NR1521A 0.3 (without BO burden)
Signal Output Module (11 signal contacts in 4 groups) NR1523B 0.3 (without BO burden)
Signal Output Module (11 signal contacts) NR1521C 0.3 (without BO burden)
BI Module (11 individual binary inputs) NR1503 0.3
BI Module (18 binary inputs, common negative) NR1504 0.3
PWR Module (Power Supply) NR1301A *
AI Module (AC Analogue Input Module 12 channels) NR1401A 0 (AC Analog input module)
DC Analogue Input Module (6 channels) NR1410B 2.5
NET-DSP 2 (8 stream ECVT AI)
(total 8 ports connected, 0.35W/port, i.e. one port is disconnected and 0.35W is
reduced)
NR1136A 6.7
NET-DSP 2 (6 stream ECVT AI + 1 x FO (IRIG-B Syn))
reduced)
NR1136C 6
Chassis+Bus+HMI module - -
27
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Technical Data
Transducer Input
Standard IEC 60255-1: 2009
Input range 0-20mA 0-5V
Input resistance 235 4.4k
Accuracy class 0.5 class 0.5
Transducer nput channel 6
Binary Input
Rated Voltage 24Vdc 48Vdc 110Vdc 125Vdc 220Vdc 250Vdc
Rated current drain 1.2mA 2.4mA 1.1mA 1.25mA 2.2mA 2.5mA
Pickup voltage 13V~17V 26V~34V 60.5V~77V 70~87.5V 121V~154V
Dropout voltage 50% of pickup voltage
Maximum permissible voltage 100Vdc 300Vdc
Withstand voltage 2000Vac, 2800Vdc (continuously)
Resolving time for logic input <1ms
Binary input channel Maximum 18
Binary Output
Output type Tripping contact Signal contact
Output mode Potential free contact
Continuous carry
5A@380Vac
5A@250Vdc
8A@380Vac
8A@250Vdc
Pickup time <8ms (typical 3ms) <10ms
Dropoff time <5ms <5ms
Breaking capacity (L/R=40ms)
0.65A@48Vdc
0.30A@110Vdc
0.15A@220Vdc
1.20A@48Vdc
0.50A@110Vdc
0.25A@220Vdc
Burden 300mW 400mW
Maximal system voltage
380Vac
250Vdc
380Vac
250Vdc
Test voltage across open contact 1000V RMS for 1min 1000V RMS for 1min
Short duration current
6A@3s
15A@0.5s
30A@0.2s
-
Contact number Maximum 22 Maximum 22
Durability 10,000 operations minimum 10,000 operations minimum
Technical
data
08
www.nrelect.com
28
Technical Data
Mechanical Specifcations
Mounting Way Flush mounted
Chassis color Silver grey
Weight per device Approx. 15kg (Including 2 AC AI modules)
Chassis material Aluminum alloy
Location of terminal Rear panel of the device
Device structure Plug-in modular type @ rear side, integrated frontplate
Protection class
Front side IP40, up to IP51 (With cover)
Other sides IP30
Rear side, connection terminals IP20
Module Description Module Type Weight(kg)
NR1102A 0.4
NR1102B 0.4
NR1102C 0.4
MON Module (Management) 256 DDR
NR1102M 0.4
NR1102J 0.4
NR1102I 0.4
(2 x RJ45 Ethernet + 2 x RS485 + RS485 (Syn) + RS232 (printer))
NR1101E 0.4
DSP Module
(36 analog sampling channels, for conventional CT/VT.)
NR1156 0.2
DSP Module
(No analog sampling channel, ECVT signal from NR1136 via motherboard)
NR1151 0.2
DSP Module
(8 stream channels from ECVT directly.)
NR1152 0.2
Mechanical Relay Module NR1533A 0.35
BO Module (11 output contacts) NR1521A 0.2
Signal Output Module (11 signal contacts in 4 groups) NR1523B 0.3
Signal Output Module (11 signal contacts) NR1521C 0.2
BI Module (11 individual binary inputs) NR1503 0.2
BI Module (18 binary inputs, common negative) NR1504 0.2
PWR Module (Power Supply) NR1301A 0.6
29
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Technical
data
08
Technical Data
AI Module (AC Analogue Input Module 12 channels) NR1401A 2.4
DC Analogue Input Module (6 channels) NR1410B 2.4
NET-DSP 2 (8 stream ECVT AI)
reduced)
NR1136A 0.3
NET-DSP 2 (6 stream ECVT AI + 1 x FO (IRIG-B Syn))
reduced)
NR1136C 0.3
Chassis+Bus+HMI module - 6.8
Ambient Temperature and Humidity Range
Standard IEC 60225-1: 2009
Operating temperature -40C to +70C (Readability of display may be impaired below -20C)
Transport and storage
temperature range
-40C to +70C
Permissible humidity 5%-95%, without condensation
Pollution degree 2
Altitude <3000m
Communication Port
EIA-485 Port
Baud rate 4.8kbit/s, 9.6kbit/s, 19.2kbit/s, 38.4kbit/s, 57.6kbit/s, 115.2kbit/s
Protocol IEC 60870-5-103:1997
Maximal capacity 32
Transmission distance <500m
Safety level Isolation to ELV level
Twisted pair Screened twisted pair cable
Ethernet Port
Connector type RJ-45 ST, SC (Multi mode)
Transmission rate 100Mbits/s
Transmission standard 10Base-T/100Base-TX 100Base-FX
Transmission distance <100m <2km (1310nm)
Protocol IEC 60870-5-103:1997, DNP 3.0 or IEC 61850
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30
Technical Data
Optical Fibre Port
For Station Level
Characteristic Glass optical fber
Connector type ST
Fibre type Multi mode
Transmission distance <2km
Wave length 1310nm
Transmission power Min. -20.0dBm
Minimum receiving power Min. -30.0dBm
Margin Min +3.0dB
For Process Level
Characteristic Glass optical fber
Connector type LC
Fibre type Multi mode
Transmission distance <2km
Wave length 1310nm
Transmission power Min. -20.0dBm
Minimum receiving power Min. -30.0dBm
Margin Min +3.0dB
Print Port
Type RS-232
Baud Rate 4.8kbit/s, 9.6kbit/s, 19.2kbit/s, 38.4kbit/s, 57.6kbit/s, 115.2kbit/s
Printer type EPSON 300K printer
Clock Synchronization Port
Type RS-485
Transmission distance <500m
Maximal capacity 32
Timing standard PPS, IRIG-B
31
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Technical Data
Type Tests
Environmental Tests
Dry cold test IEC60068-2-1:2007
Dry heat test IEC60068-2-2:2007
Damp heat test, cyclic Per IEC60068-2-30:2005
Mechanical Tests
Vibration IEC 60255-21-1:1988 Class I
Shock and bump IEC 60255-21-2:1988 Class I
Electrical Tests
Dielectric tests Test voltage 2kV, 50Hz, 1min
Impulse voltage tests Test voltage 5kV
Overvoltage category III
Insulation resistance
measurements
Isolation resistance >100M@500VDC
Electromagnetic Compatibility
1MHz burst disturbance test
IEC 60255-22-1:2007
Common mode: class III 2.5kV
Differential mode: class III 1.0kV
Electrostatic discharge test
IEC60255-22-2:2008 class IV
For contact discharge: 8kV
For air discharge: 15kV
Radio frequency interference
tests
IEC 60255-22-3:2007 class III
Frequency sweep
Radiated amplitude-modulated
10V/m (rms), f=80~1000MHz
Spot frequency
Radiated amplitude-modulated
10V/m (rms), f=80MHz/160MHz/450MHz/900MHz
Radiated pulse-modulated
10V/m (rms), f=900MHz
Fast transient disturbance tests
IEC 60255-22-4:2008
Power supply, I/O, Earth: class IV, 4kV, 2.5kHz, 5/50ns
Communication terminals: class IV, 2kV, 5kHz, 5/50ns
Technical
data
08
www.nrelect.com
32
Technical Data
Surge immunity test
Per IEC 60255-22-5:2008
Power supply, AC input, I/O port: class IV, 1.2/50us
Common mode: 4kV
Differential mode: 2kV
Conducted RF Electromagnetic
Disturbance
IEC 60255-22-6:2001
Power supply, AC, I/O, Comm. Terminal: Class III, 10Vrms, 150 kHz~80MHz
Power Frequency Magnetic Field
Immunity
IEC 61000-4-8:2001
class V, 100A/m for 1min, 1000A/m for 3s
Pulse Magnetic Field Immunity
IEC 61000-4-9:2001
class V, 6.4/16s, 1000A/m for 3s
Damped oscillatory magnetic
feld immunity
IEC 61000-4-10:2001
class V, 100kHz & 1MHz100A/m
Auxiliary power supply
performance
IEC60255-11: 2008
Voltage dips: Up to 500ms for dips to 40% of rated voltage without reset
Voltage short interruptions: 100ms for interruption without rebooting
Transformer Current Differential Protection
Biased Differential Protection
Current setting of knee point 1 [87T.I_Knee1] 0.1~1pu, 0.001pu steps
Current setting of knee point 2 [87T.I_Knee2] 4~8pu, 0.001pu steps
Pickup up setting [87T.I_Biased] 0.05 ~ 5pu, 0.001pu steps
Slope 1 setting [87T.Slope1] 0.1~0.9, steps 0.001
2nd harmonic setting for inrush current
[87T.K_Hm2_Inrush]
0.05~0.3, steps 0.001
3rd harmonic setting for inrush current
[87T.K_Hm3_Inrush]
0.05~0.3, steps 0.001
3rd or 5th harmonic setting for overexcitation
[87T.K_Hm3/Hm5_OvExc]
0.05~0.3, steps 0.001
Tolerance of 2nd and 3rd harmonic settings 0.01
Tolerance of 5th harmonic settings 0.02
Tolerance of operating current 5% of operating current or 0.02pu, whichever is greater
Drop-off to pickup ratio 95%
Operating time (Without blocking criteria)
50Hz: 30ms( Id>2x[87T.I_Biased])
60Hz: 25ms( Id>2x[87T.I_Biased])
Drop-off time 30ms
33
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Technical Data
Instantaneous Differential Protection
Current setting [87T.I_Instant] 0.05 ~ 20pu, 0.001pu steps
Tolerance of current setting 2.5% of setting or 0.02pu, whichever is greater
Operating time
50Hz: 20ms( Id>1.5x[87T.I_Instant])
60Hz: 20ms( Id>1.5x[87T.I_Instant])
Drop-off time 30ms
DPFC Current Differential Protection
Pickup current value 0.2pu
Tolerance of operating current 10%
Slope 1 value 0.6 (fxed)
Slope 2 value 0.75 (fxed)
Operating time
50Hz: 30ms (
d
I >2x0.2pu)
60Hz: 25ms (
d
I >2x0.2pu)
Drop-off time 30ms
Restricted Earth Fault Protection
Current setting of knee point [64REF.I_Knee] 0.1~4In, 0.001In steps
Pickup up setting [64REF.I_Biased] 0.05 ~ 5In, 0.001In steps
Time delay setting [64REF.Slope] 0~20s, 0.001s steps
Restraint slope setting [64REF.t_Op] 0.20~0.75. steps 0.001
Tolerance of operating current 5% of operating current or 0.02In, whichever is greater
Operating time
(Without time delay, without blocking criterion)
50Hz: 30ms (I0d>2[64REF.I_Biased])
60Hz: 25ms (I0d>2[64REF.I_Biased])
Tolerance of time setting 1% of setting +30ms (I0d>2x[64REF.I_Biased])
Drop-off time 30ms
Technical
data
08
www.nrelect.com
34
Technical Data
Winding Differential Protection
Current setting of knee point [87W.I_Knee] 0.1~4In, 0.001In steps
Pickup up setting [87W.I_Biased] 0.05 ~ 5In, 0.001In steps
Restraint slope setting [87W.Slope] 0.20~0.75. steps 0.001
Tolerance of operating current 5% or 0.02In, whichever is greater
Operating time (Without blocking criterion)
50Hz: 30ms (Iwd>2[87W.I_Biased])
60Hz: 25ms (Iwd>2[87W.I_Biased])
Tolerance of time setting 1% of setting +30ms (I0d>2x[87W.I_Biased])
Drop-off time 30ms
Reactor Differential Protection
Biased Differential Protection
Pickup up setting [87R.I_Biased] 0.05 ~ 5pu, 0.001pu steps
Slope setting [87R.Slope] 0.1~0.9, steps 0.001
Tolerance of operating current 5% of operating current or 0.02pu, whichever is greater
Instantaneous Differential Protection
Current setting [87R.I_Instant] 0.05 ~ 20pu, 0.001pu steps
Tolerance of current setting 2.5% of setting or 0.02pu, whichever is greater
Operating time
50Hz: 20ms( Id>1.5x[87R.I_Instant])
60Hz: 20ms( Id>1.5x[87R.I_Instant])
Drop-off time 30ms
Reactor Inter-turn Fault Protection
Operating time without delay 60ms
35
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Technical Data
Overexcitation Protection
Defnite time
* *
/ f U
setting [24DT1.K_Set] 0.1~4In, 0.001In steps
Defnite time delay setting [24DT1. t_Op] 0.1 s~9999s, 0.001s steps
Inverse time
* *
/ f U
setting
[24IDMT.Kn_Set], n=0,1,9
1.0~1.7 pu, 0.001 steps
IInverse time delay setting
[24IDMT.t0_Op], n=0,1,9
0.1 s~9999s, 0.001s steps
Tolerance of
* *
/ f U setting 2.5% of setting or 0.01 whichever is greater
Cooling time setting [24IDMT.t_Cooling] 0.1~9999s, 0.001s steps
Drop-off to pickup ratio of definite-time overexcitation
protection
97%
Tolerance of operating time of defnite-time overexciation
protection
1% of setting +30ms (at 1.5 times
* *
/ f U
setting)
Tolerance of operating time of inverse-time overexcitation
protection
2.5% of operating time or 30ms, whichever is greater
Drop-off time of defnite-time overexcitation protection 30ms
Mechanical Protection
Delay pickup up time setting [MR.t_DPU_n], n=1,2,3,4 0~3600s, 0.001s steps
Pulse width setting [MR.t_PW_1], n=1,2,3,4 0~10s, 0.001s steps
Time setting tolerance 1% of Setting +30ms
Temperature Protection
Temperature setting
[26.Tmax(min)_Transducer], [26.T_Trp(Alm)]
-1000~1000C, 0.01C steps
Time setting [26.t_Op(Alm)] 0.01~4800s, 0.001s steps
Tolerance of temperature setting [26.T_Trp(Alm)] 0.5%x([26.Tmax_Transducer]-[26.Tmin_Transducer])
Drop-off to pickup ratio 95%x([26.T_Trp]-[26.Tmin_Transducer])
Tolerance of time setting 1% + 40ms (at 1.5 times temperature setting)
Drop-off time 30ms
Technical
data
08
www.nrelect.com
36
Technical Data
Relay characeristic angel [21.RCA] 1~89 deg, 0.01deg steps
Impedance setting [21.ZP(G)n.Z_Fwd(Rev)] n=1, 2 0.05~200, 0.01 steps
Time setting [21.ZP(G)n.t_Op] n=1, 2 0.05 ~ 20s, 0.001s steps
Tolerance of impedance setting 2.5%xSetting or 0.5/In, whichever is greater
Tolerance of time setting 1%xsetting + 40ms (at 1.5 times impedance setting)
Drop-off time 30ms
Current setting of fault detector for PSBR [I_OC_PSBR] 0.04~150A, 0.001 steps
Tolerance of current setting 2.5% of setting or 0.02In, whichever is greater
Phase Overcurrent protection
Instantaneous and Definite-time Phase Overcurrent Protection
Current setting [50/51Pn.I_Set], n=1, 2, 3 0.04In~30In, 0.001A steps
Tolerance of current setting of DT OC 2.5% of setting or 0.02In, whichever is greater
Operating time of instantaneous OC
50Hz: 25 ms (at 2 times current setting)
Time delay setting [50/51Pn.t_Op], n=1, 2, 3 0.00~3600s, 0.001s steps
Tolerance of time setting of DT OC 1% of setting +30ms (at 2 times current setting)
Drop-off time 30ms
Inverse-time Phase Overcurrent
Pickup current setting [50/51P4.I_Set] 0.04In~30In, 0.001A steps
Tolerance of current setting of IDMT OC 2.5% of setting or 0.02Un, whichever is greater
Multiple of the maximum operating current to the pickup
setting [50/51P4.K_Iset]
10~40, 0.001 steps
Time multiplier setting [50/51P4.TMS] 0.05~3.2, 0.001 steps
Minimum delay setting [50/51P4.tmin] 0.0~20s, 0.001s steps
Constant K [50/51P4.K] 0.0~120, 0.001 steps
Constant C [50/51P4.C] 0.0~20s, 0.001s steps
Exponent alpha [50/51P4.Alpha] 0.02~5, 0.001 steps
Operating time of IDMT OC
2.5% of operating time or 30ms, whichever is greater(for current between
1.2 and 20 multiples of pickup)
Drop-off time 30ms
37
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Technical Data
Control and Blocking Element
Phase-to-phase undervoltage setting
[50/51P.Upp_VCE]
2~200V, steps 0.001V
Negative-sequence voltage setting
[50/51P.U2_VCE]
2~200V, steps 0.001V
Tolerance of voltage setting 2.5% of setting or 0.01Un, whichever is greater
Drop-off to pickup ratio of voltage element 95%
Relay characteristic angle [50/51P.RCA] 0~360 deg, steps 1 deg
Tolerance of relay characteristic angle 3 deg
Minimum polarizing voltage 2% of rated voltage of VT
2nd harmonic for inrush [50/51P.K_Hm2] 0.05~1.0, steps 0.001
Current setting of releasing inrush blocking
[50/51P.I_Rls_HmBlk]
0.04~30In, steps 0.001
Tolerance of current setting of releasing inrush blocking 2.5% of Setting or 0.02In, whichever is greater
Ground Overcurrent Protection
Instantaneous and Definite-time Ground Overcurrent Protection
Current setting [50/51Gn.3I0_Set], n=1, 2, 3 0.04In~30In, 0.001A steps
Tolerance of current setting of DT ROC 2.5% of setting or 0.02In, whichever is greater
Operating time of instantaneous ROC
Time delay setting [50/51Gn.t_Op], n=1, 2, 3 0.00~3600s, 0.001s steps
Tolerance of time setting of DT ROC 1% of setting +30ms (at 2 times current setting)
Drop-off time 30ms

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Technical Data
Inverse-time Ground Overcurrent Protection
Pickup current setting [50/51G4.3I0_Set] 0.04In~30In, 0.001A steps
Tolerance of current setting of DT ROC 2.5% of setting or 0.02In, whichever is greater
setting [50/51G4.K_Iset]
10~40, 0.001 steps
Time multiplier setting [50/51G4.TMS] 0.05~3.2, 0.001 steps
Minimum delay setting [50/51G4.tmin] 0.0~20s, 0.001s steps
Constant K [50/51G4.K] 0.0~120, 0.001 steps
Constant C [50/51G4.C] 0.0~20s, 0.001s steps
Operating time of IDMT ROC
2.5% of operating time or 30ms, whichever is greater(for residual current
between 1.2 and 20 multiples of pickup)
Drop-off time 30ms
Control and Blocking Element
Relay characteristic angle [50/51G.RCA] 0~360 deg, 1 deg steps
Tolerance of relay characteristic angle 3 deg
Minimum polarizing voltage 2% of rated voltage of VT
2nd harmonic for inrush [50/51G.K_Hm2] 0.05~1.0, steps 0.001
Current setting of releasing inrush blocking
[50/51G.I_Rls_HmBlk]
0.04~150A, steps 0.001
Tolerance of current setting of releasing inrush blocking 2.5% of setting or 0.02In, whichever is greater

Negative-Sequence Overcurrent Protection
Instantaneous and Definite-time Negative-Sequence Overcurrent Protection
Current setting [50/51Q1.I2_Set] 0.04In~30In, 0.001A steps
Tolerance of current setting of DT NegOC 2.5% of setting or 0.02In, whichever is greater
Operating time of instantaneous NegOC
Time delay setting [50/51Q1.t_Op] 0.00~3600s, 0.001s steps
Tolerance of time setting of DT NegOC 1% of setting +30ms (at 2 times current setting)
Drop-off time 30ms
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Technical Data
Inverse-time Negative-Sequence Overcurrent Protection
Pickup current setting [50/51Q2.I2_Set] 0.04In~30In, 0.001A steps
Tolerance of current setting of DT NegOC 2.5% of setting or 0.02In, whichever is greater
setting [50/51Q2.K_Iset]
10~40, 0.001 steps
Time multiplier setting [50/51Q2.TMS] 0.05~3.2, 0.001 steps
Minimum delay setting [50/51Q2.tmin] 0.0~20s, 0.001s steps
Constant K [50/51Q2.K] 0.0~120, 0.001 steps
Constant C [50/51Q2.C] 0.0~20s, 0.001s steps
Operating time of IDMT NegOC
2.5% of operating time or 30ms, whichever is greater(for negative-
sequence current between 1.2 and 20 multiples of pickup)
Drop-off time 30ms

Phase Overvoltage Protection
Instantaneous and Definite-time Phase Overvoltage Protection
Voltage setting [59P1.U_Set] 2~200V, 0.001V steps
Tolerance of voltage setting of DT OV 2.5% of setting or 0.1V, whichever is greater
Operating time of instantaneous OV
50Hz: 35ms(at 1.2 times voltage setting)
60Hz: 30ms(at 1.2 times voltage setting)
Time delay setting [59P1.t_Op] 0.00~3600s, 0.001s steps
Tolerance of time setting of DT OV 1% of setting +30ms (at 1.2 times voltage setting)
Drop-off time 30ms
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Technical Data
Inverse-time Phase Overvoltage Protection
Pickup voltage setting [59P2.U_Set] 2~200V, 0.001V steps
Tolerance of voltage setting of IDMT OV 2.5% of setting or 0.02In, whichever is greater
setting [59P2.K_Iset]
10~40, 0.001 steps
Time multiplier setting [59P2.TMS] 0.05~3.2, 0.001 steps
Minimum delay setting [59P2.tmin] 0.0~20s, 0.001s steps
Constant K [59P2.K] 0.0~120, 0.001 steps
Constant C [59P2.C] 0.0~20s, 0.001s steps
Operating time of IDMT OV
2.5% of operating time or 30ms, whichever is greater (for voltage between
Drop-off time 30ms
Residual Overvoltage Protection
Instantaneous and Definite-time Residual Overvoltage Protection
Voltage setting [59G1.3U0_Set] 2~200V
Tolerance of voltage setting of DT ROV 2.5% of setting or 0.1V, whichever is greater
Operating time of instantaneous ROV
50Hz: 35ms (at 1.2 times voltage setting)
60Hz: 30ms (at 1.2 times voltage setting)
Time delay setting [59G1.t_Op] 0s~3600s, 0.001s steps
Tolerance of time setting of DT ROV 1% of setting +30ms (at 1.2 times voltage setting)
Drop-off time 30ms
Inverse-time Residual Overvoltage Protection
Pickup voltage setting [59G2.3U0_Set] 2~200V
Tolerance of voltage setting of IDMT OV 2.5% of setting or 0.1V, whichever is greater
setting [59G2.K_Iset]
10~40, 0.001 steps
Time multiplier setting [59G2.TMS] 0.05~3.2, 0.001 steps
Minimum delay setting [59G2.tmin] 0.0~20s, 0.001s steps
Constant K [59G2.K] 0.0~120, 0.001 steps
Constant C [59G2.C] 0.0~20s, 0.001s steps
Operating time of IDMT OV
2.5% of operating time or 30ms, whichever is greater (for residual voltage
between 1.2 and 2 multiples of pickup)
Drop-off time 30ms
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Technical Data
Undervoltage Protection
Voltage setting of DT UV [27.UVn.U_Set] n=1,2,3,4 10~100V
Lowest voltage threshold of voltage recovery 2.5% of setting or 0.02In, whichever is greater
[27.U_Recov] 10~100V
Tolerance of voltage setting 2.5% of setting or 0.1V, whichever is greater
Operating time of UV at zero time delay
50Hz 20ms (at 0.8 times voltage setting)
60Hz:20ms (at 0.8 times voltage setting)
Time setting of DT UV [27.UVn.t_Op] n=1,2,3,4 0.05~100s
Time setting of fault recovery [27.t_Recov] 0~100s
Tolerance of time setting 1% of setting +30ms (at 0.8 times voltage setting)
du/dt setting [27.du/dt_Blk] 0~100V/s
Drop-off time 30ms
Thermal Overload Protection
Base current setting range [49.Ib_Set] 0.04In~30In, 0.001In steps
Transformer thermal time constant [49.Tau] 0~100s, 0.001s steps
Thermal overload coeffcient for trip [49.K_Trp] 1~3, 0.001 steps
Thermal overload coeffcient for alarm [49.K_Alm] 1~3, 0.001 steps
Operating time
2.5% of operating time or 30ms, whichever is greater(for current between
Drop-off time 30ms
Characteristic curve
IEC hot time-current limit characteristic curve (adopted curve in the relay)

IEC hot cold-current limit characteristic curve
Technical
data
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Technical Data
Breaker Failure Initiation
Range of phase current setting [50BF.Ip_Set] 0.04In~30In, 0.001In steps
Range of residual current setting
[50BF.3I0_Set]
0.04In~30In, 0.001In steps
Range of negative sequence current setting
[50BF.I2_Set]
Current setting tolerance 2.5% of setting or 0.02In, whichever is greater
Time setting range [50BF.tn_Op] n=1, 2 0s~20s, 0.001s steps
Time setting tolerance 1% of setting +30ms (at 2 times current setting)
Drop-off time 20ms
Pole Disagreement Protection
Range of residual current setting
[62PD.3I0_Set]
Range of negative sequence current setting
[62PD.I2_Set]
Current setting tolerance 2.5% of setting or 0.02In, whichever is greater
Range of time setting [62PD.t_Op] 0s~20s, 0.001s steps
Range of time setting [62PD.t_Alm] 0s~20s, 0.001s steps
Time setting tolerance 1% of setting +30ms (at 2 times current setting)
Drop-off time 30ms
Phase Overcurrent Alarm Element
Current setting [50PAlmn.I_ Set],n=1,2 0.04In~30In. 0.001A steps
Tolerance of current setting 2.5% of setting or 0.02In, whichever is greater
Operating time without time delay
50Hz: 25ms (at 2 times current setting)
60Hz: 23ms (at 2 times current setting)
Time setting [50PAlmn.t_Op], n=1,2 0s ~ 3600s, 0.001s steps
Tolerance of time setting 1% of setting +30ms (at 2 times current setting)
Drop-off time 30ms
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Technical Data
Residual Overvoltage Alarm Element
Voltage setting [59GAlm.3U0_Set] 2~200V
Tolerance of voltage setting 2.5% of setting or 0.1V, whichever is greater
Time delay setting [59GAlm.t_Op] 0s~3600s, 0.001s steps
Tolerance of time setting 1% of setting +30ms (at 1.2 times voltage setting)
Drop-off time 30ms
Management Functions
Clock Performance
Real time clock accuracy 3s/day
Accuracy of GPS synchronization 1ms
External time synchronization IRIG-B (200-98), PPS, IEEE1588 or SNTP protocol
Binary Input Signal
Resolution of binary input signal 1ms
Binary input mode Potential-free contact
Resolution of SOE 2ms
Technical
data
08

PCS-978 Data Sheet

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PCS-978 Data Sheet

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